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Cloning & Transgenesis DOI: 0.4172/2168-9849.1000E119 ISSN: 2168-9849 & Trans g ge in n n e s o l i s C Kumar, Clon Transgen 2015, 4:2 Cloning & Transgenesis DOI: 0.4172/2168-9849.1000e119 ISSN: 2168-9849 Editorial open access Cloning: A Vital Tool for the Production Transgenics Awanish Kumar* Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India *Corresponding author: Awanish Kumar, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, Tel: +91-8871830586; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: June 15, 2015; Acc date: June 15, 2015; Pub date: June 18, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Kumar A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Editorial from cells of preimplantation embryos of rabbits [5], pigs [6], monkeys [7], sheep [8], cattle and some endangered species [9]. The aim of biotechnology is to understand the biochemical, cellular, and functional aspect of all the proteins encoded in the genome. Cloning may also be useful for the preservation of extinct and Molecular cloning or recombinant DNA technology (RDT) is an endangered species, production or food quality traits and in important practice in research labs that is used to create copies of a therapeutics where patients may be able to clone their own nuclei to particular gene for downstream applications, such as sequencing, make healthy tissue that could be used to replace diseased tissue mutagenesis, genotyping or heterologous expression of a protein. without the risk of immunological rejection. Treatments are also being Heterologous expression is used to produce large amounts of a protein developed for a range of some incurable human diseases, such as of interest for functional and biochemical analyses. It is a traditional cancer, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, sickle cell anemia, Parkinson's technique frequently used to know about biochemical and functional disease and muscular dystrophy [3]. Many valuable pharmaceutical aspect which involves the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from products can now be made using transgenic animals such as mice, one organism to other via a self-replicating genetic material plasmid. rabbits, sheep, goats, pigs and cows. Haemoglobin as a blood substitute Cloned genes have been integrated randomly into the host genome for human protein C, ATryn an anticoagulant, insulin for the treatment of the production of transgenic organism (TO) or genetically modified diabetes, monoclonal antibodies as vaccines growth hormones for the organism (GMO). Any organism whose genetic material has been treatment of deficiencies. A pig was engineered to produce fatty acid altered using RDT is known as TO/GMO. Recombinant DNA may omega-3 through the expression of a roundworm gene [10]. contain DNA from the same or similar species (cisgenic or intragenic), Transgenic pigs also produced the phytase enzyme, which breaks or may contain DNA from different organisms that could not down the indigestible phosphorus. The animal is able to digest cereal naturally interbreed (transgenic). Foreign DNA is introduced into the grain phosphorus with this enzyme. Chinese scientists Dr. Gray organism and then transmitted through the germ line so that every Richard developed genetically engineered transgenic cows with genes cell, including germ cells, of the organism contains the same modified from human beings to produce milk that would be the same as human genetic material. If the germ cell line is altered, characters will be breast milk in 2011 [11]. This could potentially benefit those mothers passed on to succeeding generations in normal reproduction but if the who cannot produce breast milk. Jabed et al. [12] also developed a somatic cell line alone is altered, only the organism itself will be genetically engineered cow in New Zealand that produced allergy-free affected, not its offspring. Cloning can also be achieved by nuclear milk. transfer where the genetic material from one cell is placed into a Cloning has great power for transgenics production and using recipient cell i.e. unfertilized egg and its genetic material is removed by frequently to cure diseases such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, cancer. It the process enucleation [1]. revolutionized the genetics. Undoubtedly, the relationship between A no. of foreign genes has been introduced into plants, animals and cloning and transgenics has travelled a long journey and both remain microbes. Bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the lab, inseparable due to the outstanding capacity of organism to improve because of their simple genetics [2]. After that several GM plants and for serving the human, environment and economy. From above animals have been developed [3]. New plant varieties have been discussion it is clear that molecular cloning has been used as an created using bacterial and viral genes that confer tolerance against effective weapon or tool for the production of valuable transgenic disease and drought, high yielding varieties and allow plants to endure animals and plants for useful products. In conclusion, the cloning herbicides and pesticides. It also allows farmers to use less herbicide process has great promise for potential gains in biomedicine and and water. Golden rice (a GM crop) provides high amount of vitamin agriculture. Judicious application of cloning can bring more benefits to A which was developed by International Rice Research Institute mankind throughout the world. Further development of the cloning (IRRI), Philippine. DroughtGard maize developed by Monsanto process will advance the commercialization of this technology for the became the first drought-resistant GM crop to receive US marketing benefit of society. approval. Modified Jatropha plant offers improved qualities of biofuel. A plant Enogen has been genetically modified to convert its starch to References sugar for ethanol. GM plants and microbes have been used for Briggs R, King TJ (1952) Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells bioremediation of contaminated soils and water bodies. Numerous 1. into enucleated frogs' eggs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 39: 455-463. transgenic mice, rat and fruit fly have been developed for studying 2. Melo EO, Canavessi AM, Franco MM, Rumpf R (2007) Animal various aspects of normal mammalian biology in research [4] Animals transgenesis: state of the art and applications. J Appl Genet 48: 47-61. can be cloned by nuclear transfer for improving livestock to produce 3. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL (2000) New York: W. H. Freeman. animals that are larger, more resistant to diseases, grow faster and 4. Wakayama T, Yanagimachi R (1999) Cloning of male mice from adult tail- more productive. Numerous mammalian species have been cloned tip cells. Nat Genet 22: 127-128. Clon Transgen Volume 4 • Issue 2 • e119 ISSN:2168-9849 CTG, an open access journal Citation: Kumar A (2015) Cloning: A Vital Tool for the Production Transgenics . Clon Transgen 4: e119. doi:0.4172/2168-9849.1000e119 Page 2 of 2 5. Chesne P, Adenot PG, Viglietta C, Baratte M, Boulanger L, et al. (2002) 9. Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, Diaz F, Moraes CT, Farin PW, et al. (2000) Cloning of Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. an endangered species (Bos gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer. Nature Biotechnology 20: 366-369. Cloning 2: 79-90. 6. Polejaeva IA, Chen SH, Vaught TD, Page RL, Mullins J, et al. (2000) 10. Lai L, Kang JX, Li R, Wang j, Witt WT, et al. (2006) Generation of cloned Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Nature Biotechnology 24: 407: 86-90. 435-436. 7. Meng L, Ely JJ, Stouffer RL, Wolf DP (1997) Rhesus monkeys produced by 11. Gray Richard (2011) Genetically modified cows produce 'human' milk. nuclear transfer. Biol Reprod 57: 454-459. 12. Jabed A, Wagner S, McCracken J, Wells DN, Laible G (2012) Targeted 8. Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH (1997) Viable microRNA expression in dairy cattle directs production of -lactoglobulin- offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385: free, high-casein milk". Proceedings of the National Academy of 810-813. Sciences 109: 16811-16816. Clon Transgen Volume 4 • Issue 2 • e119 ISSN:2168-9849 CTG, an open access journal.
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