Anti-Predator Responses of Squid Throughout Ontogeny
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Evolutionary and Homeostatic Changes in Morphology of Visual Dendrites of Mauthner Cells in Astyanax Blind Cavefish
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.094680; this version posted May 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Research Article 2 Evolutionary and homeostatic changes in morphology of visual dendrites of 3 Mauthner cells in Astyanax blind cavefish 4 5 Zainab Tanvir1, Daihana Rivera1, Kristen E. Severi1, Gal Haspel1, Daphne Soares1* 6 7 1 Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark NJ 8 07102 9 10 11 12 Short Title: Astyanax Mauthner cell ventral dendrites 13 14 15 *Corresponding Author 16 Daphne Soares 17 Biological Sciences 18 New Jersey Institute of Technology 19 100 Summit street 20 Newark, NJ, 07102, USA 21 Tel: 973 596 6421 22 Fax: 23 E-mail: [email protected] 24 Keywords: Evolution, neuron, fish, homeostasis, adaptation 25 26 Abstract bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.094680; this version posted May 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 27 Mauthner cells are the largest neurons in the hindbrain of teleost fish and most amphibians. Each 28 cell has two major dendrites thought to receive segregated streams of sensory input: the lateral 29 dendrite receives mechanosensory input while the ventral dendrite receives visual input. -
Life in the Fast Lane – from Hunted to Hunter Middle School Version
Life in the Fast Lane: From Hunted to Hunter Lab Activity: Dissection of a Squid-A Cephalopod Middle School Version Lesson by Kevin Goff Squid and octopi are cephalopods [say “SEFF-uh-luh-pods”]. The name means “head-foot,” because these animals have VIDEOS TO WATCH gripping, grasping arms that emerge straight from their heads. Watch this short clip on the Shape of Life At first glance, they seem totally different from every other website to become familiar with basic mollusc anatomy: creature on Earth. But in fact, they are molluscs, closely related • “Mollusc Animation: Abalone Body to snails, slugs, clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops. Like all Plan” (under Animation; 1.5 min) modern day molluscs, cephalopods descended from simple, Note the abalone’s foot, radula, and shell- snail-like ancestors. These ancient snails crept sluggishly on making mantle. These were present in the seafloor over 500 million years ago. Their shells resembled the snail-like ancestor of all molluscs an umbrella, probably to shield them from the sun’s intense ultraviolet radiation. When all sorts of new predators appeared on the scene, with powerful jaws or crushing claws, a thin shell was no match for such weapons. Over time, some snails evolved thicker shells, often coiled and spiky. These heavy shells did a better job of fending off predators, but they came with a price: They were costly to build and a burden to lug around. These snails sacrificed speed for safety. This lifestyle worked fine for many molluscs. And, still today, nearly 90% of all molluscs are heavily armored gastropods that crawl around at a snail’s pace. -
The Pax Gene Family: Highlights from Cephalopods Sandra Navet, Auxane Buresi, Sébastien Baratte, Aude Andouche, Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli, Yann Bassaglia
The Pax gene family: Highlights from cephalopods Sandra Navet, Auxane Buresi, Sébastien Baratte, Aude Andouche, Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli, Yann Bassaglia To cite this version: Sandra Navet, Auxane Buresi, Sébastien Baratte, Aude Andouche, Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli, et al.. The Pax gene family: Highlights from cephalopods. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2017, 12 (3), pp.e0172719. 10.1371/journal.pone.0172719. hal-01921138 HAL Id: hal-01921138 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01921138 Submitted on 13 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License RESEARCH ARTICLE The Pax gene family: Highlights from cephalopods Sandra Navet1☯, Auxane Buresi1☯, SeÂbastien Baratte1,2, Aude Andouche1, Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli1, Yann Bassaglia1,3* 1 UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, MuseÂum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversiteÂs, Paris, France, 2 Univ. Paris Sorbonne-ESPE, Sorbonne UniversiteÂs, Paris, France, 3 Univ. Paris Est CreÂteil-Val de Marne, CreÂteil, France ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 Pax genes play important roles in Metazoan development. Their evolution has been exten- sively studied but Lophotrochozoa are usually omitted. -
Octopus Consciousness: the Role of Perceptual Richness
Review Octopus Consciousness: The Role of Perceptual Richness Jennifer Mather Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; [email protected] Abstract: It is always difficult to even advance possible dimensions of consciousness, but Birch et al., 2020 have suggested four possible dimensions and this review discusses the first, perceptual richness, with relation to octopuses. They advance acuity, bandwidth, and categorization power as possible components. It is first necessary to realize that sensory richness does not automatically lead to perceptual richness and this capacity may not be accessed by consciousness. Octopuses do not discriminate light wavelength frequency (color) but rather its plane of polarization, a dimension that we do not understand. Their eyes are laterally placed on the head, leading to monocular vision and head movements that give a sequential rather than simultaneous view of items, possibly consciously planned. Details of control of the rich sensorimotor system of the arms, with 3/5 of the neurons of the nervous system, may normally not be accessed to the brain and thus to consciousness. The chromatophore-based skin appearance system is likely open loop, and not available to the octopus’ vision. Conversely, in a laboratory situation that is not ecologically valid for the octopus, learning about shapes and extents of visual figures was extensive and flexible, likely consciously planned. Similarly, octopuses’ local place in and navigation around space can be guided by light polarization plane and visual landmark location and is learned and monitored. The complex array of chemical cues delivered by water and on surfaces does not fit neatly into the components above and has barely been tested but might easily be described as perceptually rich. -
Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus Dofleini) Care Manual
Giant Pacific Octopus Insert Photo within this space (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual CREATED BY AZA Aquatic Invertebrate Taxonomic Advisory Group IN ASSOCIATION WITH AZA Animal Welfare Committee Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Aquatic Invertebrate Taxon Advisory Group (AITAG) (2014). Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual. Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD. Original Completion Date: September 2014 Dedication: This work is dedicated to the memory of Roland C. Anderson, who passed away suddenly before its completion. No one person is more responsible for advancing and elevating the state of husbandry of this species, and we hope his lifelong body of work will inspire the next generation of aquarists towards the same ideals. Authors and Significant Contributors: Barrett L. Christie, The Dallas Zoo and Children’s Aquarium at Fair Park, AITAG Steering Committee Alan Peters, Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park, AITAG Steering Committee Gregory J. Barord, City University of New York, AITAG Advisor Mark J. Rehling, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Roland C. Anderson, PhD Reviewers: Mike Brittsan, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Paula Carlson, Dallas World Aquarium Marie Collins, Sea Life Aquarium Carlsbad David DeNardo, New York Aquarium Joshua Frey Sr., Downtown Aquarium Houston Jay Hemdal, Toledo -
Loudness-Dependent Behavioral Responses and Habituation to Sound by the Longfin Squid (Doryteuthis Pealeii)
1 2 Loudness-dependent behavioral responses and habituation to sound by the 3 longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) 4 5 6 T. Aran Mooney1*, Julia E. Samson1, 2, Andrea D. Schlunk1 and Samantha Zacarias1 7 8 9 1Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA 10 2Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA 11 12 13 *Corresponding author: [email protected], (508) 289-2714 14 15 16 Keywords: noise, bioacoustics, soundscape, auditory scene, invertebrate 17 18 19 20 1 21 Abstract 22 Sound is an abundant cue in the marine environment, yet we know little regarding the 23 frequency range and levels which induce behavioral responses in ecologically key marine 24 invertebrates. Here we address the range of sounds that elicit unconditioned behavioral responses 25 in squid Doryteuthis pealeii, the types of responses generated, and how responses change over 26 multiple sound exposures. A variety of response types were evoked, from inking and jetting to 27 body pattern changes and fin movements. Squid responded to sounds from 80-1000 Hz, with 28 response rates diminishing at the higher and lower ends of this frequency range. Animals 29 responded to the lowest sound levels in the 200-400 Hz range. Inking, an escape response, was 30 confined to the lower frequencies and highest sound levels; jetting was more widespread. 31 Response latencies were variable but typically occurred after 0.36 s (mean) for jetting and 0.14 s 32 for body pattern changes; pattern changes occurred significantly faster. These results 33 demonstrate that squid can exhibit a range of behavioral responses to sound include fleeing, 34 deimatic and protean behaviors, all of which are associated with predator evasion. -
A Review of the Diversity in Motor Control, Kinematics and Behaviour Paolo Domenici1,* and Melina E
© 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2019) 222, jeb166009. doi:10.1242/jeb.166009 REVIEW Escape responses of fish: a review of the diversity in motor control, kinematics and behaviour Paolo Domenici1,* and Melina E. Hale2 ABSTRACT 1978a; Weihs, 1973) and neural control (Eaton et al., 1977; Eaton and The study of fish escape responses has provided important insights Hackett, 1984), and it focused on a small number of species (mainly into the accelerative motions and fast response times of these animals. goldfish, trout and pike). As a result, fish escapes were seen as In addition, the accessibility of the underlying neural circuits has made stereotyped responses (Webb, 1984a). This basic high-acceleration the escape response a fundamental model in neurobiology. Fish escape response was described as occurring in three stages: stage 1 ‘ ’ escape responses were originally viewed as highly stereotypic all-or- (see Glossary), the preparatory stage, in which the body bends none behaviours. However, research on a wide variety of species has rapidly with minimal translation of the centre of mass; stage 2 (see ‘ ’ shown considerable taxon-specific and context-dependent variability Glossary), the propulsive stroke, when the fish accelerates away from in the kinematics and neural control of escape. In addition, escape-like its initial position; and stage 3, in which the fish either continues motions have been reported: these resemble escape responses swimming or starts gliding (Weihs, 1973). The first two stages have kinematically, but occur in situations that do not involve a response to a been the focus of most literature on escape response kinematics threatening stimulus. -
Three-Dimensional Observations of Swarms of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia Superba) Made Using a Multi-Beam Echosounder
ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 57 (2010) 508–518 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research II journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 Three-dimensional observations of swarms of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) made using a multi-beam echosounder Martin J. Cox a,n, Joseph D. Warren b, David A. Demer c, George R. Cutter c, Andrew S. Brierley a a Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK b School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, USA c Advanced Survey Technology Program, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA article info abstract Article history: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) aggregate in dense swarms. Previous investigations of krill swarms Accepted 30 October 2009 have used conventional single- or split-beam echosounders that, with post-processing, provide a two- Available online 11 November 2009 dimensional (2-D) view of the water column, leaving the third dimension to be inferred. We used a multi-beam echosounder system (SM20, 200 kHz, Kongsberg Mesotech Ltd, Canada) from an inflatable Topical issue on ‘‘Krill Biology and Ecology.’’ boat (length=5.5 m) to sample water-column backscatter, particularly krill swarms, directly in 2-D and, The issue is compiled and guest-edited by the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), with post-processing, to provide a three dimensional (3-D) view of entire krill swarms. The study took International Council for the Exploration of the place over six days (2–8 February 2006) in the vicinity of Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Sea (ICES), and Global Ocean Ecosystem Antarctica (62.41S, 60.71W). -
Temperament, Reward and Punishment Sensitivity, and Clinical Disorders: Implications for Behavioral Case Formulation and Therapy
International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy Volume 1, No. 1, 2005 Temperament, reward and punishment sensitivity, and clinical disorders: Implications for behavioral case formulation and therapy Richard F. Farmer University of Canterbury Abstract Recent research in psychology, psychiatry and neuroscience has demonstrated reliable associations between temperament and individual differences in sensitivity and responsiveness to environmental cues and behavioral consequences. Temperament–influenced behavior patterns evident in infancy have also been found to predict behavioral tendencies in adulthood. Such observations suggest that neurophysiological structures and physiological events associated with temperament concepts exert a mediating or moderating influence between current environmental events and behavior. This paper summarizes relevant research on individual differences in sensitivity and responsiveness to environmental cues and behavioral consequences with reference to Jeffrey Gray’s neuropsychological theory of temperament. Implications of temperament research for behavioral case formulation and therapy are described. Key words. Temperament, reward sensitivity, punishment sensitivity, behavioral case formulation, behavior therapy The concept of temperament is emerging as a potentially important consideration in behavioral case formulation and therapy. There are at least three reasons why temperament may be important: (a) in a variety of studies temperament constructs have been linked to individual differences in reward and punishment sensitivity (e.g., Gray & McNaughton, 2000), (b) individual differences in temperament have been postulated to affect environments in which they are expressed, and that such environments, in turn, reciprocally affect future displays of temperamentally–influenced behavior (e.g., Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans, 2000), and (c) temperament has emerged as an influential factor in the form or expression of several varieties of psychopathology (e.g., Claridge & Davis, 2003). -
Cephalopods Between Science, Art, and Engineering: a Contemporary Synthesis
REVIEW published: 13 June 2018 doi: 10.3389/fcomm.2018.00020 Cephalopods Between Science, Art, and Engineering: A Contemporary Synthesis Ryuta Nakajima 1*, Shuichi Shigeno 2†, Letizia Zullo 3, Fabio De Sio 4 and Markus R. Schmidt 5* 1 Department of Art and Design, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States, 2 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy, 3 Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy, 4 Department of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany, 5 Biofaction KG, Vienna, Austria Cephalopods are outstanding animals. For centuries, they have provided a rich source Edited by: Tarla Rai Peterson, of inspiration to many aspects of human cultures, from art, history, media, and spiritual The University of Texas at El Paso, beliefs to the most exquisite scientific curiosity. Given their high esthetical value and United States “mysteriously” rich behavioral repertoire they have functioned as boundary objects (or Reviewed by: Karen M. Taylor, subjects) connecting seemingly distinct thematic fields. Interesting aspects of their being University of Alaska Fairbanks, span from the rapid camouflaging ability inspiring contemporary art practices, to their United States soft and fully muscular body that curiously enough inspired both gastronomy and Emily Plec, Western Oregon University, (soft) robotics. The areas influenced by cephalopods include ancient mythology, art, United States behavioral science, neuroscience, genomics, camouflage technology, and bespoken *Correspondence: robotics. Although these might seem far related fields, in this manuscript we want to Ryuta Nakajima [email protected] show how the increasing scientific and popular interest in this heterogeneous class of Markus R. -
Environmental Effects on Fish Escape Responses
Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 8-2015 Environmental effects on fish escape responses: impact of flow on the escape performance of the Hawaiian stream goby, Sicyopterus stimpsoni Kelly Diamond Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Diamond, Kelly, "Environmental effects on fish escape responses: impact of flow on the escape performance of the Hawaiian stream goby, Sicyopterus stimpsoni" (2015). All Theses. 2232. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2232 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FISH ESCAPE RESPONSES: IMPACT OF FLOW ON THE ESCAPE PERFORMANCE OF THE HAWAIIAN STREAM GOBY, SICYOPTERUS STIMPSONI A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Biological Sciences by Kelly M. Diamond August 2015 Accepted by: Dr. Richard W. Blob, Committee Chair Dr. Heiko L. Schoenfuss Dr. Michael J. Childress Dr. Michael W. Sears ABSTRACT The ability of fish to escape from predators is a critical behavior for their survival. Experimental measurements of escape performance in fishes have typically been based on trials conducted in still water; however, such environmental conditions are rare in nature due to waves and currents that expose fishes to unsteady and/or directional flow. I examined the effects of water flow and predator attack direction on the escape behavior of fish, using juveniles of the amphidromous Hawaiian goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni as a model system. -
Through the Looking Glass
THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS OF CEPHALOPOD COLOUR PATTERNS A skin-diver's guide to the Octopus brain. A. PACKARD Dept. of Zoology, University of Naples "Federico II ", Via Mezzocannone 8, Napoli 80134 and Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", I-Napoli 80121, Italy Dept. of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland. 1. Introduction Our supporting organisation, NATO, has shown itself ready to revise its military thinkingin face of the latest facts. As scientists we should be equally flexible. In the zoological realm,what had long been quoted as the most brilliant example of analogous structures and of convergent evolution - the similarity of the vertebrate and the cephalopod eye, despite their separate phylogenetic histories - is now revealed as having within it the seeds of an ancienthomology: perhaps as ancient as animal life itself. I refer to the recent discovery [38] that the same Homeobox gene family responsible for morphogenesis in the eye primordia of insects and of vertebrates is also contained in the germ cells of squids. It invites us to consider that the rules of Vision operating in the field of evolution - not so very different from the military field - are universal rules that have to do less with the nature of light and optics than with the tasks that can be performed with information extractable from an illuminated world. Emphasis on tasks, in turn suggests that the skin of cephalopods - clearly a successful group of animals- might be a very convenient way of arriving at these rules. Its capacity for colour change and its repertoire of signals andcompositions have, over millions of years, been directed at and tuned by the eyes that occupy behaviour space [29].