DOCSLIB.ORG

The Morphology and Evolution of the Ventral Gill Arch Skeleton in Batoid Fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Morphology and Evolution of the Ventral Gill Arch Skeleton in Batoid Fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea) <oologzcal Journal ofhe Lznnean SocieQ (199l), 102: 75-100. With 10 figures The morphology and evolution of the ventral gill arch skeleton in batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea) TSUTOMU MIYAKE AND JOHN D. MCEACHRAN Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 431, Canada and Department of Wildlqe and Fisheries Sciences, Texas AdYM University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A. Received July 1988, reuised manuscript accepted October I990 The ventral gill arch skeleton was examined in some representatives of batoid fishes. The homology of the components was elucidated by comparing similarities and differences among the components of the ventral gill arches in chondrichthyans, and attempts were made to justify the homology by giving causal mechanisms of chondrogenrsis associated with the vcntral gill arch skeleton. The ceratohyal is present in some batoid fishes, and its functional replacement, the pseudohyal, seems incomplete in most groups of batoid fishes, except in stingrays. The medial fusion of the pseudohyal with successive ceratobranchials occurs to varying degrees among stingray groups. The ankylosis between the last two ceratobranchials occurs uniquely in stingrays, and it serves as part of the insertion of the last pair of coracobranchialis muscles. ‘The basihyal is possibly independently lost in electric rays, the stingray genus Urotrygan (except U. dauzesz) and pelagic myliohatoid stingrays. ‘I‘he first hypobranchial is oriented anteriorly or anteromedially, and it varies in shape and size among batoid fishes. It is represented by rami projecting posterolaterally from the basihyal in sawfishes, guitarfishes and skates. It consists of a small piece ofcartilage which extends anteromedially from the medial end of the first ccratobranchial in electric rays. It is a large cartilaginous plate in most of stingrays. It is absent in pelagic myliobatoid stingrays. The remaining hypobranchial cartilages also vary in shape and size among batoid fishes. Torpedo and possibly the Jurassic Be1emnobali.r and Spathobatis possess the generalized or typical chondrichthyan ventral gill arch structure in which the hypobranchials form a X-shaped pattern. In the electric ray Hypnos and narkinidid and narcinidid electric rays, the hypobranchial components are oriented longitudinally along the mid-portion of the ventral gill arches. They form a single cartilaginous plate in the narkinidid electric rays, Narcine and Diplobatis. In guitarfishes and skates, the second hypobranchial is unspecialized, and in skates, it does not have a direct contact with the second ceratobranchial. In both groups, the third and fourth hypobranchials are composed of a small cartilage which forms a passage for the afferent branches of the ventral aorta and serve as part of the insertion of the coracobranchialis muscle. In sawfishes and stingrays, the hypobranchials appear to be included in the medial platc. In sawfishes, the second and third components separately chondrify in adults, but the fourth component appears to be fused with the middle medial plate. In stingrays, a large medial plate appears to include thr second through to the last hypohranchial and most of the basibranchial copulae. The medial plate probahly develops independently in sawfishes and stingrays. Because thc last basibranchial copula appears to be a composite of one to two hypobranchials and at least two basibranchial copulae, the medial plate may be formed by several developmental processes of chondrogenesis. More detailed comparative anatomical and developmental studies are needed to unveil morphogenesis and patternings of the ventral gill arch skeleton in batoid fishes. KEY WORDS:-- Batoids - ehondrichthyans ~ ontogeny - homology 75 0024-4082/91/050075 + 26 $03.00/0 0 1991 The Linnean Society of London 76 T. MIYAKE AND J. D. MCEACHRAN CONTENTS Introduction .................... 76 Material and methods .................76 Development of ventral gill arch skeleton .............77 Ventral gill arch skeleton in holocephalans and sharks ..........78 Ventral gill arch skeleton in batoid fishes .............81 Discussion .................... 93 Acknowledgements ..................97 References .................... 98 Abbreviations used in figures ................99 Appendix ..................... 99 INTRODUCTION Batoid fishes comprise 400 to 500 living species in five subgroups (pristoids, rhinobatoids, rajoids, torpedinoids and myliobatoids) within recent elasmobranchs (Compagno, 1973, 1977; McEachran, 1982). The earliest known batoids are rhinobatoid-like fishes from the Lower Jurassic (Saint-Seine, 1949; Cappetta, 1987; Carroll, 1988). Anatomical studies of the group have been extensive (Gegenbaur, 1865, 1872; Parker, 1879; Garman, 1913; Allis, 1923), and they have provided an important basis for studying phylogenetic interrelationships of batoid fishes (White, 1937). However, recent phylogenetic studies have not produced a consensus of interrelationships of the taxa (Maisey, 1984a, 1986) and there is disagreement as to whether batoid fishes are monophyletic (Compagno, 1973, 1977) or diphyletic (Jarvik, 1977). Lack of consensus among these studies (Compagno, 1973, 1977; Heemstra & Smith, 1980; Maisey, 1984b) appears to be due in part to their lack of comprehensive anatomical comparisons of the major taxa. The gill arch skeleton has been well studied in fishes and has been used to infer phylogenetic interrelationships of osteichthyan fishes (Nelson, 1969; Lauder & Liem, 1983). In chondrichthyans, the ventral gill arch skeleton has been described by Gegenbaur ( 1872), Garman ( 19 13), Holmgren ( 1940, 1941), Hamdy (1956, 1957, 1973) and Hamdy & Khalil (1973). These studies revealed that chondrichthyans are unique in possessing a C-shaped pattern of hypobranchial cartilages and that the pattern of batoid fishes is considerably modified from the generalized condition in chondrichthyans (Nelson, 1969; Miyake, 1988). Thus, specialization of the ventral gill arch skeleton in batoid fishes makes it difficult to homologize the components throughout chondrichthyans (Miyake, 1988). Preliminary results of studies of the ventral gill arch skeleton in batoid fishes are presented here. Attempts were made to trace homologous components of the ventral gill arch skeleton throughout the major taxa of batoid fishes, and causal explanations of developmental processes are given to support our discussions on homology of the ventral gill arch skeleton in batoid fishes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Structures of the ventral gill arch skeleton in chondrichthyans were examined from gross dissections, from cleared and stained specimens and from X-radiographs of specimens. Embryos and juvenile specimens were cleared and double-stained with Alcian Blue (Kodak 14091) and Alizarin (Alizarin sodium EVOLU'I'ION OF BATOIDS 77 sulphonate, Fisher Scientific Company) for cartilage and calcified cartilage, respectively (Dingerkus & Uhler, 1977). All specimens illustrated in the figures are listed in the Appendix. Homologies of the components of the ventral gill arch skeleton in batoid fishes were elucidated by comparing the components of the ventral gill arch skeleton among chondrichthyans. Causal explanations of developmental processes are offered to support our perceptions of homology of the ventral gill arch skeleton in chondrichthyans based on our conceptual framework of homology (Miyake el al., in press). DEVELOPMENT OF VENTRAL GILL ARCH SKELETON The pattern of the ventral gill arch skeleton in recent elasmobranchs can be elucidated from the blastematic condensation and subsequent chondrification of the skeleton in the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias embryos (Holmgren, 1940; El-Toubi, 1952; Jollie, 1971) (Fig. 1) and in some embryos of batoid fishes (Holmgren, 1940). The first horizontal blastema forms medially between the blastemas of the presumptive ceratohyal or pseudohyal. Because this portion of the skeleton articulates with the ceratohyal in adult holocephalans and sharks (Fig. 2) and with either the ceratohyal or pseudohyal in adult batoid fishes, it is considered to be the basihyal component. However, it either comprises the basihyal and the first hypobranchial (Miyake, 1988) or merely represents the first basibranchial copula (Nelson, 1969). According to Jollie (1971) the lateral longitudinal portion of the blastema is a component of the presumptive first hypobranchial. This blastema is continuous with the diagonally oriented first ceratobranchial blastema. In most sharks, the first pair of hypobranchials is either the distolateral ramus of the basihyal, as seen in Squalus acanthias, or is not chondrified. In some sharks the first hypobranchial is represented by a small piece of cartilage between the basihyal and the first ceratobranchial. In batoid fishes, the first pair of hypobranchials is either the distolateral ramus of the basihyal or a separate cartilage. In the 50 mm embryo of Raja (Raja)clavata, the basihyal and the first pair of hypobranchials are present as separate components A B C D Figure 1. Early development of the ventral gill arch skeleton in Squalus aranlhias Linnacus. A, 35-37 mm TL; B, 48 mm TL; C, 67 mm TL; D, 102 mm TL. A from Jollie (1971: fig. 8); B from Holmgren (1940: fig. 68); C and D from El-Toubi (1952: figs 3, 5). The star indicates where the blastema of the first hypobranchial develops. Arrow heads indicate a topographic relationship of hypobranchials with their corresponding ceratobranchials. 7a T. MIYAKE AND J. D. MCEACHRAN (Holmgren, 1940: fig. 138). At later
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bibliography Database of Living/Fossil Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) Papers of the Year 2016
    www.shark-references.com Version 13.01.2017 Bibliography database of living/fossil sharks, rays and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) Papers of the year 2016 published by Jürgen Pollerspöck, Benediktinerring 34, 94569 Stephansposching, Germany and Nicolas Straube, Munich, Germany ISSN: 2195-6499 copyright by the authors 1 please inform us about missing papers: [email protected] www.shark-references.com Version 13.01.2017 Abstract: This paper contains a collection of 803 citations (no conference abstracts) on topics related to extant and extinct Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) as well as a list of Chondrichthyan species and hosted parasites newly described in 2016. The list is the result of regular queries in numerous journals, books and online publications. It provides a complete list of publication citations as well as a database report containing rearranged subsets of the list sorted by the keyword statistics, extant and extinct genera and species descriptions from the years 2000 to 2016, list of descriptions of extinct and extant species from 2016, parasitology, reproduction, distribution, diet, conservation, and taxonomy. The paper is intended to be consulted for information. In addition, we provide information on the geographic and depth distribution of newly described species, i.e. the type specimens from the year 1990- 2016 in a hot spot analysis. Please note that the content of this paper has been compiled to the best of our abilities based on current knowledge and practice, however,
    [Show full text]
  • Extinction Risk and Conservation of the World's Sharks and Rays
    RESEARCH ARTICLE elife.elifesciences.org Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays Nicholas K Dulvy1,2*, Sarah L Fowler3, John A Musick4, Rachel D Cavanagh5, Peter M Kyne6, Lucy R Harrison1,2, John K Carlson7, Lindsay NK Davidson1,2, Sonja V Fordham8, Malcolm P Francis9, Caroline M Pollock10, Colin A Simpfendorfer11,12, George H Burgess13, Kent E Carpenter14,15, Leonard JV Compagno16, David A Ebert17, Claudine Gibson3, Michelle R Heupel18, Suzanne R Livingstone19, Jonnell C Sanciangco14,15, John D Stevens20, Sarah Valenti3, William T White20 1IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; 2Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; 3IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, NatureBureau International, Newbury, United Kingdom; 4Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, United States; 5British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 6Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; 7Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Panama City, United States; 8Shark Advocates International, The Ocean Foundation, Washington, DC, United States; 9National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand; 10Global Species Programme, International Union for the Conservation
    [Show full text]
  • Batoidea; Chondrichthyes)
    Underwood, C. J., Johanson, Z., Welten, M., Metscher, B., Rasch, L. J., Fraser, G. J., & Smith, M. M. (2015). Development and evolution of dentition pattern and tooth order in the skates and rays (batoidea; chondrichthyes). PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0122553. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122553 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1371/journal.pone.0122553 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Public Library of Science at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122553. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ RESEARCH ARTICLE Development and Evolution of Dentition Pattern and Tooth Order in the Skates And Rays (Batoidea; Chondrichthyes) Charlie J. Underwood1*, Zerina Johanson2, Monique Welten2, Brian Metscher5, Liam J. Rasch3, Gareth J. Fraser3, Moya Meredith Smith2,4 1 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, 3 Department
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Classification of Elasmobranchs
    An introduction to the classification of elasmobranchs 17 Rekha J. Nair and P.U Zacharia Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi-682 018 Introduction eyed, stomachless, deep-sea creatures that possess an upper jaw which is fused to its cranium (unlike in sharks). The term Elasmobranchs or chondrichthyans refers to the The great majority of the commercially important species of group of marine organisms with a skeleton made of cartilage. chondrichthyans are elasmobranchs. The latter are named They include sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. These for their plated gills which communicate to the exterior by organisms are characterised by and differ from their sister 5–7 openings. In total, there are about 869+ extant species group of bony fishes in the characteristics like cartilaginous of elasmobranchs, with about 400+ of those being sharks skeleton, absence of swim bladders and presence of five and the rest skates and rays. Taxonomy is also perhaps to seven pairs of naked gill slits that are not covered by an infamously known for its constant, yet essential, revisions operculum. The chondrichthyans which are placed in Class of the relationships and identity of different organisms. Elasmobranchii are grouped into two main subdivisions Classification of elasmobranchs certainly does not evade this Holocephalii (Chimaeras or ratfishes and elephant fishes) process, and species are sometimes lumped in with other with three families and approximately 37 species inhabiting species, or renamed, or assigned to different families and deep cool waters; and the Elasmobranchii, which is a large, other taxonomic groupings. It is certain, however, that such diverse group (sharks, skates and rays) with representatives revisions will clarify our view of the taxonomy and phylogeny in all types of environments, from fresh waters to the bottom (evolutionary relationships) of elasmobranchs, leading to a of marine trenches and from polar regions to warm tropical better understanding of how these creatures evolved.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Revision of the South American Freshwater Stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) (Batoidei, Myliobatiformes, Phylogeny, Biogeography)
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1985 A systematic revision of the South American freshwater stingrays (chondrichthyes: potamotrygonidae) (batoidei, myliobatiformes, phylogeny, biogeography) Ricardo de Souza Rosa College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons, Oceanography Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Rosa, Ricardo de Souza, "A systematic revision of the South American freshwater stingrays (chondrichthyes: potamotrygonidae) (batoidei, myliobatiformes, phylogeny, biogeography)" (1985). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616831. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-6ts0-6v68 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Pagefs)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Back Matter (PDF)
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE YORKSHIRE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 309 INDEX TO VOLUME 55 General index unusual crinoid-coral association 301^ Lake District Boreholes Craven inliers, Yorkshire 241-61 Caradoc volcanoes 73-105 Chronostratigraphy Cretoxyrhinidae 111, 117 stratigraphical revision, Windermere Lithostratigraphy crinoid stems, N Devon 161-73 Supergroup 263-85 Localities crinoid-coral association 301-4 Lake District Batholith 16,73,99 Minerals crinoids, Derbiocrinus diversus Wright 205-7 Lake District Boundary Fault 16,100 New Taxa Cristatisporitis matthewsii 140-42 Lancashire Crummock Fault 15 faunal bands in Lower Coal Measures 26, Curvirimula spp. 28-9 GENERAL 27 Dale Barn Syncline 250 unusual crinoid-coral association 3Q1-A Acanthotriletes sp. 140 Dent Fault 257,263,268,279 Legburthwaite graben 91-2 acritarchs 243,305-6 Derbiocrinus diversus Wright 205-7 Leiosphaeridia spp. 157 algae Derbyshire, limestones 62 limestones late Triassic, near York 305-6 Diplichnites 102 foraminifera, algae and corals 287-300 in limestones 43-65,287-300 Diplopodichnus 102 micropalaeontology 43-65 origins of non-haptotypic palynomorphs Dumfries Basin 1,4,15,17 unusual crinoid-coral association 301-4 145,149,155-7 Dumfries Fault 16,17 Lingula 22,24 Alston Block 43-65 Dunbar-Oldhamstock Basin 131,133,139, magmatism, Lake District 73-105 Amphoracrinus gilbertsoni (Phillips 1836) 145,149 Manchester Museum, supplement to 301^1 dykes, Lake District 99 catalogue of fossils in Geology Dept. Anacoracidae 111-12 East Irish Sea Basin 1,4-7,8,10,12,13,14,15, 173-82 apatite
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin No 7.Qxd
    Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy Leonard J.V. Compagno 1 and Phillip C. Heemstra 2 1 Shark Research Centre, Iziko-South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa, e-mail [email protected] 2 South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa, e-mail [email protected] (Submitted 7 December 2006; accepted 23 February 2007) ABSTRACT . A new genus and species of sleeper ray, Electrolux addisoni (Family Narkidae), with two dorsal fins is described from two adult males (total lengths 50 and 52 cm) caught on a shallow reef off the east coast of South Africa. Electrolux is distinguished from other genera of Narkidae by its prominent spiracular papillae, the morphology of its nostrils, nasal curtain, mouth, jaws, chondrocranium, basibranchial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and unique and complex colour pattern. It has higher vertebral, pectoral radial, tooth and intestinal valve counts than other narkids and reaches a greater size than all species with the possibly exception of Typhlonarke aysoni . Taxonomic definitions are provided for the electric rays, for the family Narkidae, and for Electrolux, as well as keys to families of electric rays and to the genera of Narkidae. The systematics of the narkid genus Heteronarce is reviewed and the genus validated. Members of the Narkidae may include the smallest, or at least the shortest, living chondrichthyans ( Temera hardwickii and an undescribed species of Narke ). Electrolux addisoni is a reef-dweller that eats polychaete worms and small crustaceans, and has been photographed and videotaped by divers while actively feeding in the daytime.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Elasmobranch Assemblages in a Data-Poor Country from the Eastern Tropical Pacific Using Baited Remote Underwater Vide
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Monitoring elasmobranch assemblages in a data‑poor country from the Eastern Tropical Pacifc using baited remote underwater video stations Mario Espinoza1,2,3*, Tatiana Araya‑Arce1,2, Isaac Chaves‑Zamora1,2,4, Isaac Chinchilla5 & Marta Cambra1,2 Understanding how threatened species are distributed in space and time can have direct applications to conservation planning. However, implementing standardized methods to monitor populations of wide‑ranging species is often expensive and challenging. In this study, we used baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) to quantify elasmobranch abundance and distribution patterns across a gradient of protection in the Pacifc waters of Costa Rica. Our BRUVS survey detected 29 species, which represents 54% of the entire elasmobranch diversity reported to date in shallow waters (< 60 m) of the Pacifc of Costa Rica. Our data demonstrated that elasmobranchs beneft from no‑take MPAs, yet large predators are relatively uncommon or absent from open‑fshing sites. We showed that BRUVS are capable of providing fast and reliable estimates of the distribution and abundance of data‑poor elasmobranch species over large spatial and temporal scales, and in doing so, they can provide critical information for detecting population‑level changes in response to multiple threats such as overfshing, habitat degradation and climate change. Moreover, given that 66% of the species detected are threatened, a well‑designed BRUVS survey may provide crucial population data for assessing the conservation status of elasmobranchs. These eforts led to the establishment of a national monitoring program focused on elasmobranchs and key marine megafauna that could guide monitoring eforts at a regional scale.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Fishes a Field Guide to Common Species Caught by Bottom, Midwater, and Surface Fishing Cover Photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola Lalandi), Malcolm Francis
    New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing Cover photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola lalandi), Malcolm Francis. Top left – Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), Malcolm Francis. Centre – Catch of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), Neil Bagley (NIWA). Bottom left – Jack mackerel (Trachurus sp.), Malcolm Francis. Bottom – Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), NIWA. New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No: 208 Prepared for Fisheries New Zealand by P. J. McMillan M. P. Francis G. D. James L. J. Paul P. Marriott E. J. Mackay B. A. Wood D. W. Stevens L. H. Griggs S. J. Baird C. D. Roberts‡ A. L. Stewart‡ C. D. Struthers‡ J. E. Robbins NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241 ‡ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6011Wellington ISSN 1176-9440 (print) ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-1-98-859425-5 (print) ISBN 978-1-98-859426-2 (online) 2019 Disclaimer While every effort was made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, Fisheries New Zealand does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications/ A higher resolution (larger) PDF of this guide is also available by application to: [email protected] Citation: McMillan, P.J.; Francis, M.P.; James, G.D.; Paul, L.J.; Marriott, P.; Mackay, E.; Wood, B.A.; Stevens, D.W.; Griggs, L.H.; Baird, S.J.; Roberts, C.D.; Stewart, A.L.; Struthers, C.D.; Robbins, J.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Migratory Chondrichthyan Fishes
    Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals Secretariat provided by the United Nations Environment Programme 14 TH MEETING OF THE CMS SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL Bonn, Germany, 14-17 March 2007 CMS/ScC14/Doc.14 Agenda item 4 and 6 REVIEW OF MIGRATORY CHONDRICHTHYAN FISHES (Prepared by the Shark Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission on behalf of the CMS Secretariat and Defra (UK)) For reasons of economy, documents are printed in a limited number, and will not be distributed at the meeting. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copy to the meeting and not to request additional copies. REVIEW OF MIGRATORY CHONDRICHTHYAN FISHES IUCN Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group March 2007 Taxonomic Review Migratory Chondrichthyan Fishes Contents Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................iii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives......................................................................................................................... 1 2 Methods, definitions and datasets ............................................................................................. 2 2.1 Methodology....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Chondrichthyan Fishes Inhabiting the Northern Gulf of Mexico Part 1: Batoidea
    Zootaxa 4803 (2): 281–315 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4803.2.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:325DB7EF-94F7-4726-BC18-7B074D3CB886 An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyan fishes inhabiting the northern Gulf of Mexico Part 1: Batoidea CHRISTIAN M. JONES1,*, WILLIAM B. DRIGGERS III1,4, KRISTIN M. HANNAN2, ERIC R. HOFFMAYER1,5, LISA M. JONES1,6 & SANDRA J. RAREDON3 1National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, 3209 Frederic Street, Pascagoula, Mississippi, U.S.A. 2Riverside Technologies Inc., Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, 3209 Frederic Street, Pascagoula, Missis- sippi, U.S.A. [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2687-3331 3Smithsonian Institution, Division of Fishes, Museum Support Center, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, U.S.A. [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8295-6000 4 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8577-968X 5 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5297-9546 6 [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-7156 *Corresponding author. [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-1127 Abstract Herein we consolidate the information available concerning the biodiversity of batoid fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico, including nearly 70 years of survey data collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories and their predecessors. We document 41 species proposed to occur in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions to the Skeletal Anatomy of Freshwater Stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes): 1
    Zoosyst. Evol. 88 (2) 2012, 145–158 / DOI 10.1002/zoos.201200013 Contributions to the skeletal anatomy of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes): 1. Morphology of male Potamotrygon motoro from South America Rica Stepanek*,1 and Jrgen Kriwet University of Vienna, Department of Paleontology, Geozentrum (UZA II), Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Abstract Received 8 August 2011 The skeletal anatomy of most if not all freshwater stingrays still is insufficiently known Accepted 17 January 2012 due to the lack of detailed morphological studies. Here we describe the morphology of Published 28 September 2012 an adult male specimen of Potamotrygon motoro to form the basis for further studies into the morphology of freshwater stingrays and to identify potential skeletal features for analyzing their evolutionary history. Potamotrygon is a member of Myliobatiformes and forms together with Heliotrygon, Paratrygon and Plesiotrygon the Potamotrygoni- dae. Potamotrygonids are exceptional because they are the only South American ba- toids, which are obligate freshwater rays. The knowledge about their skeletal anatomy Key Words still is very insufficient despite numerous studies of freshwater stingrays. These studies, however, mostly consider only external features (e.g., colouration patterns) or selected Batomorphii skeletal structures. To gain a better understanding of evolutionary traits within sting- Potamotrygonidae rays, detailed anatomical analyses are urgently needed. Here, we present the first de- Taxonomy tailed anatomical account of a male Potamotrygon motoro specimen, which forms the Skeletal morphology basis of prospective anatomical studies of potamotrygonids. Introduction with the radiation of mammals. Living elasmobranchs are thus the result of a long evolutionary history. Neoselachians include all living sharks, rays, and Some of the most astonishing and unprecedented ex- skates, and their fossil relatives.
    [Show full text]