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Globalização Militar E a Ordem Militar Internacional: Comparando As Indústrias De Defesa Do BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China E África Do Sul)

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Globalização Militar E a Ordem Militar Internacional: Comparando As Indústrias De Defesa Do BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China E África Do Sul) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA ANTONIO HENRIQUE LUCENA SILVA Globalização Militar e a Ordem Militar Internacional: comparando as indústrias de defesa do BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) Niterói/RJ Setembro de 2015 PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA CURSO DE DOUTORADO Tese Globalização Militar e a Ordem Militar Internacional: comparando as indústrias de defesa do BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) ANTONIO HENRIQUE LUCENA SILVA Tese para apresentação perante Banca Examinadora do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como exigência final para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência Política, na área de Estudos Estratégicos Data de aprovação: 08/09/2015 Banca Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Luiz Pedone – Orientador da Tese e Presidente da Banca Examinadora (UFF) Examinador Titular Interno: Prof. Dr. Eurico de Lima Figueiredo (PPGCP/UFF) Examinador Titular Interno: Prof. Dr.Waldimir Pirró e Longo (INEST/UFF) Examinador Titular Externo: Prof. Dr.Williams da Silva Gonçalves (UERJ) Examinador Titular Externo: Profª. Drª. Maria Regina Soares de Lima (IESP-UERJ) Examinador Suplente Interno: Prof. Dr. Márcio Rocha (PPGEST/UFF) Examinador Suplente Externo: Prof. Dr. William de Sousa Moreira (EGN) S586 Silva, Antonio Henrique Lucena. Globalização militar e a Ordem Militar Internacional: comparando as indústrias de defesa do BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) / Antonio Henrique Lucena Silva. – 2015. 286 f. ; il. Orientador: Luiz Pedone. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Política) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de Ciência Política, 2015. Bibliografia: f. 269-286. 1. Globalização militar. 2. Indústria de defesa. 3. Ordem Militar Internacional. 4. BRICS. I. Pedone, Luiz. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. Aos meus queridos sobrinhos, Catarina Lucena Candeas e Jorge Miguel de Almeida Menezes Lucena Silva: porque vocês serão protagonistas de uma nova era. Agradecimentos Agradeço a D-us por tudo. Aos meus pais, Valdemiro Amaro da Silva e Margarida Lucena de Melo, sou grato pelo dom da vida e pelo incentivo dado para o meu aprendizado. À Maria Braz de Lucena, querida avó, obrigado por ser um exemplo de perseverança e moralidade para os seus netos. A sua bravura nos altos dos seus 101 anos é algo invejável. Aos meus irmãos, Ana Paula e Valdemiro Júnior, agradeço por tudo que representam e por serem um referencial de moralidade, ética, perseverança e dedicação aos meus estudos. Também gostaria de agradecer os meus queridos sobrinhos, Catarina Lucena Candeas e Jorge Miguel de Almeida Menezes Lucena Silva. À Alessandro Warley Candeas, meu cunhado, grande amigo e companheiro, deixo o meu muito obrigado por todas as nossas discussões, sempre muito frutíferas. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Luiz Pedone, agradeço a sua receptividade na UFF e a orientação dedicada ao trabalho. Além de professor e orientador, posso dizer que também ganhei um amigo. Muito obrigado pela relação construtiva e harmoniosa e pela a forma como conduziu o diálogo entre orientando-orientador. Ao Prof. Dr. Eurico de Lima Figueiredo, o grande timoneiro do INEST, expresso o meu agradecimento pela receptividade na querida UFF e pelo espírito de liderança sempre presente. A Paulo Teixeira de Araújo, o “astronauta” (in memoriam), também manifesto o meu muito obrigado. Apesar de não estar presente na conclusão desse trabalho, tenho certeza que enviará força das estrelas e zelará por todos que estão “aqui embaixo”. Ao amigo Wellington Dantas Amorim, gostaria de demonstrar a minha gratidão pelo o apoio, pela a acolhida para o exame de ingresso no doutorado, pela parceria nos artigos publicados em conjunto e a pela sua amizade especial, pois, como diria Abraham Lincoln, “a melhor parte da vida está nas suas amizades”. Aos amigos e colegas da turma de doutorado de 2011, gostaria de expor o meu agradecimento pelo convívio diário durante as aulas e pelo o aprendizado constante. Agradeço a amizade dos queridos Cláudio Rogério Flôr e Dulcinéa Duarte de Medeiros. Querida “Dulci” e seu marido Leandro, deixo-lhes os meus votos de vida longa e próspera e um abraço no meu “sobrinho de coração”, o Theo. Sou grato tanto a Universidade Federal Fluminense como ao INEST, centros de excelência de ensino e pesquisa. Registro o meu agradecimento pelos conhecimentos adquiridos, direta e indiretamente, através dos professores Thiago Rodrigues, Carlos Henrique Aguiar Serra, Waldimir Pirró e Longo, Carlos Sávio Teixeira, Inês Patrício, Marcial Suarez e Renato Lessa. Quero externar também o meu obrigado pela aceitação da Prof. Dr. Maria Regina Soares de Lima em participar desse trabalho desde o início de sua análise. Aos professores de metodologia Derek Beach (Universidade de Aahus) e Dirk Berg-Schlosser (Phillips University Marburg), gostaria de exprimir o meu agradecimento pelos conhecimentos transmitidos durante os cursos da International Political Science Association da IPSA. Ao amigo e coordenador do curso de Relações Internacionais da Faculdade Damas, Prof. Dr. Thales Cavalcanti Castro, agradeço a confiança em mim depositada e todo o apoio dado ao longo desta caminhada. De forma geral, também quero agradecer à Faculdade Damas da Instrução Cristã pelo suporte institucional dispensado para a realização do presente trabalho. Agradeço também a convivência com colegas e amigos que, de uma forma e de outra, sempre me incentivaram ao longo desse processo como Augusto Teixeira Jr., Elton Gomes dos Reis, Gustavo de Andrade Rocha, Bianor Teodósio Neto, Marcelly Magliano, Ianê Azevedo, Victor Anunciação, Maria Lucinete do Nascimento, Clóvis Fernandes, Vanusa Lucena, Amanda Carrazzoni, Alessandra Leal, José Mário Wanderley, Marco Tulio Freitas, Alexandre Gonçalves e Sivoneide Vasconcelos, dentre todos os outros que, equivocadamente, não tenham sido citados. Agradeço em especial à toda a família Lucena. Vocês fizeram parte dessa história. RESUMO Por que Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul, apesar de estarem em contextos geopolíticos diversos, traçam políticas de desenvolvimento das suas indústrias de defesa? Com base nessa pergunta, este trabalho pretende examinar e analisar comparativamente as políticas de desenvolvimento das indústrias de defesa do Brasil, da Rússia, da Índia, da China e da África do Sul (BRICS) com o fim de averiguar o tipo de relações desses países com as suas indústrias. A hipótese é que o desenvolvimento militar-industrial realizado por esses países tenha visado o desenvolvimento das indústrias de defesa atrelando, a esse processo, o interesse de cunho geopolítico para o exercício da liderança regional. A nossa variável independente (Indústria de Defesa) e a nossa variável dependente (Liderança Regional) possuem como manifestação empírica as políticas de desenvolvimento da indústria de defesa (VI) e a manutenção das suas esferas de influência (VD). Utilizaremos a metodologia de Most Different Similar Outcome (MDSO) combinado com o método de análise de trajetória das indústrias de defesa. Os métodos serão empregados de forma comparativa fazendo análise cross-case com os países selecionados, tendo como base os mecanismos formulados. Identificamos mudanças nas políticas dos países, principalmente no período pós Guerra Fria, no que concerne a política de armamentos. O Brasil e a África do Sul podem ser considerados outliers enquanto a VI se confirma para a Rússia, a Índia e a China. Sobre este último, pode se considerar que a política de desenvolvimento chinesa seja a mais consistente dentre os países analisados. Pequim possui como meta ascender ao 1º tier de produtores de armas e evidencia, também, mudanças do sistema internacional. Palavras-chave: Globalização Militar; Indústria de Defesa; Ordem Militar Internacional; BRICS. ABSTRACT Why Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, being in diferent geopolitical contexts, do trace policies to develop their defense industries? Based in this question, these work seeks to examine and analyze comparatively the development policies of defense industries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa in order to understand what kind of relationship that these countries have with their industries. The hypothesis is that the military-industrial development carried out by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) aim to develop their defense industries linking to this process the geopolitical nature interest to exercise regional leadership. Our independent variable (defense industry) and our dependent variable (Regional Leadership) have the empirical manifestation of the defense industry development policies (VI) and maintaining their spheres of influence (VD). The methodology of Most Different Similar Outcome (MDSO) combined with the path-dependent method has been used to trace the trajectories of the countries defense industries. The methods will be employed in a comparative cross-case analysis with the countries selected based on formulated mechanisms. Changes in the policies of the countries has been identified, mainly after the Cold War, in relation to the armaments policy. Brazil and South Africa can be considererd as outliers while the VI confirms for Russia, India and China. About the last one, the chinese development policy can be considered the most consistente of the countries analised. Beijing
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