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Culture and Education System and Energy Sector of Indonesia

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Culture and Education System and Energy Sector of Indonesia Culture and Education System and Energy Sector of Indonesia Introduction of Indonesia The name Indonesia was derived from Latin Indus, meaning "India", and Greek nesos, meaning "island― The economy is largely based on agriculture, manufacturing and mining, although growth in these sectors is slowing down. Other sectors, such as electricity, gas and drinking water, construction, trade, hotel and restaurant and transport are expected to post an increasing contribution. The country's vast extent, complex shape and wide range of altitudes and climates form the basis of a wonderful natural richness. There are total 17,508 islands in Indonesia. Out of these five are large islands and rests are small in size. Kalimantan (539,450 sq.km) Sumatra (473,606 sq.km) Papua (421,952 sq.km) Sulawesi (189,035 sq.km) Java including Madura (132,035 sq.km) Indonesia Facts & Figures Capital City Jakarta (+7 GMT) Chief of State President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO. Currency Indonesian rupiah Major Languages Bahasa Indonesia, English, Dutch, Javanese, and other local dialects. Primary Religions Muslim, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist. Main Airports Bali, Denpasar (DPS) (Ngurah Rai), Java, Jakarta (CGK) (Soekarno-Hatta) Indonesia Coastline 54,720 km Population The population of Indonesia was estimated at 237,512,352 in 2008. Famous Tourist Bali, Ubud, Jakarta, North Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Attractions Best Time to Visit Between May to September. CULTURE SYSTEM OF INDONESIA Symbolism The national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, is an old Javanese expression usually translated as "unity in diversity" first formulated by President Sukarno in 1945. Base on Five Principles: Belief in one supreme God; Just and civilized humanitarianism; Indonesian unity; Popular independence governed by wise policies arrived at through consideration and representation; and Social justice for all Indonesian people. Indonesia was clear from the beginning as the successor of the Netherlands East Indies. sion usually translated as "unity in diversity." National Identity Ethnic groups Group % Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15% Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2% Banjar 1.7% Other or unspecified 29.9% Religion Religion % Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, Other or unspecified 3.4% Indonesian Unit In Indonesia nuclear family of husband, wife, and children is the most extensive domestic unit. An omission is the traditional, pastoral matrilineal Minangkabau, for whom the domestic unit still comprises co resident females around a grandmother with married and unmarried daughters and sons in a large long-established house. Some societies, such as the Karo of Sumatra, exist in big houses with multiple hearths and bedchambers that belong to connected or even distinct nuclear family units. Inheritance Muslim inheritance favors males over females as do the background of many traditional societies. Tradition generally favors males, but actual practice frequently give females inheritance. Relative Groups Indonesia ethnic groups have strong relationship grouping based upon Patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral descent. Government does not provide social security, joblessness insurance, old age care, or legal support. Socialization Guests are served with a slight bow, and elders are passed by juniors with a bow. Handshakes are suitable between men. Confrontation should be met with smiles and quiet manner, and direct eye contact should be avoided, especially with social superiors. Social servants wear neat uniforms to work, as do schoolchildren and teachers. Religious Beliefs In the Indonesia the Javanese are predominantly Muslim, although many are Catholic or Protestant, and many Chinese in Java and somewhere else are Christian, mainly Protestant. Islam in Indonesia is of the Sunni variety, with small hierarchical direction. Two most important Muslim organizations, (1)Nahdatul Ulama (NU) and (2)Muhammadiyah, equally found in Java, have play an important responsibility in learning, the follower of freedom effort, and policy after freedom. Death and the spirit world Funerals, similar to marriages, call for a rallying of people, neighbors, and associates, and surrounded by many ethnic groups social status may be expressed through the wealth or simplicity of funerals. Secular Celebrations The most important national festival is Independence Day 17 August, which is obvious by parades and displays in Jakarta and regional and district capitals. Youth are often well-known Kartini Day, 21 April, honors Indonesia's first female emancipationist; schools and women's organizations grasp activities that day. New Year's is famous 1 January when businesses close and local fairs with firework are held in some places. On Bali a lunar calendar New Year's Day is celebrated with fasting, prayer, quiet, and inactivity. All people must remain indoors and without lights on so that hazardous spirits will think Bali is empty and will leave. The Arts and Humanities Preservation of art and craft people and objects, such as house structural design, batik and tie-dye weaving, wood carving, silver and gold working, statuary, puppets, and basketry, are under threat from the global arts and crafts market, local demands for cash, and altering resident values. Graphic Arts Traditional hand-puppet or animal carvings of the mountain Batak of Sumatra or the upriver Dayak of Kalimantan are now mostly for tourists, though they once showed rich creativity. Batik cloth varies very much in creativity, clarification, excellence, and cost. Performance Arts Performance arts are different and consist of: Javanese and Balinese gong-chime orchestras and shadow plays, Sundanese bamboo orchestras, Muslim orchestral music at family proceedings or Muslim holiday happiness, trance dances from east Java, the spectacular barong dance or the chimpanzee dances for tourists on Bali, Batak puppet dances. EDUCATION SYSTEM OF INDONESIA Education in Indonesia is under the duty of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Religious Affairs. In that there is 90.4% literacy level in Indonesia, in that male education literacy level 94% and female literacy level 86.8% of total population as per 2010 census. In Indonesia age 15 and over can read and write so it increases literacy level of Indonesia. Literacy Definition : Age 15 and over can read and write Total population : 90.4% Male : 94% Female : 86.8% Education expenditures : 2.8% of GDP School hours Schools are also open six days a week in Indonesia from Monday to Saturday. As well as their usual study, children can choose to join extra activities after school hours. Children can learn traditional dances, join gamelan orchestras or spend time playing their favorite sports. Subjects All students learn Bahasa Indonesia which is the official language of Indonesia. In regional areas, students may also study the local language and in high school students learn English, which is the official foreign language. As well as languages, most students study maths, science, geography, history, arts and crafts. Some schools offer sports like soccer and volleyball but these tend to be larger private schools that can afford playing fields. All children in Indonesia are also required to study Pancasila, the five guiding principles of the Indonesian government. Types of Education The system consists of seven types of education, they are: • General education prioritizes expansion of general knowledge and improvement of skills for the student. Specialization is also needed in the last grade; • occupational/technical education prepares students in mastering a number of definite occupational/technical skills needed for employment; • Special education provides important skills and abilities for students with substantial and/or mental disabilities; • Service-related education aims at increasing abilities required for a government official or a candidate to apply a certain task; • Religious education prepares students to play a role which demand the mastery of specific information about religion and related subject; • Academic-oriented education focuses primarily on improving the mastery of science; and • Professional education prepares students primarily on mastering specialized or job- related knowledge and skills. Comparison between India and Indonesia Comparison on the basis of culture system of India and Indonesia Indian national motto is ―Vasudev Kutumbakam‖ it means ―all world is one family‖ but in Indonesia national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, is an old Javanese expression usually translated as "unity in diversity.― Indian peoples believe in Dharma, Customs, Beliefs, traditions, languages, arts, values,. While in Indonesian people follow many cultural practices and being influenced by Hinduism Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity. There are different dance pattern in India as per different religions and areas, and same in Indonesia their dance pattern change as per religions and areas. India has traditionally joint family culture but now rapid growth in Nuclear family whereas in Indonesia there is nuclear family. In Indonesia whether serving tea to guests, while india is concern with tea or coffee and sweet water or cold drink to the guests, only the right hand is used to give or receive, following people. In Indonesia Guests are served with a slight bow, and elders are passed by juniors with a bow while in India same system followed by people but the most work done
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