DOCSLIB.ORG

Ophir Pass Fen), San Juan Mountains, Colorado

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ophir Pass Fen), San Juan Mountains, Colorado Restoration plan for a rare high elevation sloping fen (Ophir Pass fen), San Juan Mountains, Colorado. By Rod Chimner, Ph.D. (Michigan Technological University) Project Summary and Objectives: We will restore 0.65 ha (1.6 acres) of a unique iron fen in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. This large and very steep fen (up to 21% slope) has six ditches (a total combined length ~700 ft) that are having a severe impact on the fen by lowering the water table, eliminated plant cover from a large area, and is causing a reversal of peat accumulation. This site is also undergoing severe frost heave and erosion that is preventing colonization of plants, and allowing direct runoff of large amounts of sediments directly into the Middle Fork of Mineral Creek. Therefore, our objective is to restore natural hydrological and vegetation conditions by filling and blocking 6 ditches, replanting the large bare area, and eliminating sediment runoff into the stream. We will restore the Ophir Pass fen by plugging and filling all six ditches, planting Sphagnum and sedges in the restored ditches and bare areas, stabilize steep slopes with coir matting, straw wattles, and excelsior mulch, and conducting pre and post vegetation and hydrologic monitoring. Community and student volunteers will assist with vegetation planting and post monitoring. This project is a collaboration of Mountain Studies Institute, U.S. Forest Service, Michigan Technological University, and Durango Mountain Resort. Project Description and Need: Fens have been thought to be rare in the continental Western U.S. because of the hot and dry climate. However, it has recently become apparent that fens are numerous in the higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains and they support endemic and widely disjunct taxa and unique communities (Cooper and Andrus 1994, Chimner et al. 2010). Fens require perennially saturated soils produced by nearly constant ground water inflow to accumulate peat. Even small water diversions or depletions can reverse the process of peat accumulation that has been ongoing in many fens for more than 10,000 years (Chimner and Cooper 2002) and lead to fen destruction (Chimner and Cooper 2003). Typical fens in the Southern Rocky Mountains have a pH that range from slightly acidic (~pH 5.5) to slightly basic (pH > 7.5) depending on the type of bedrock that groundwater comes in contact with (Chimner et al. 2010). However, there are some very rare and unique “iron fens” in the Southern Rocky Mountains that are very acidic (pH = 3.0 - 4.5) from the weathering of iron pyrite, which naturally creates acidic groundwater (Cooper et al. 2002, Simon 2004, Chimner et al. 2010). These iron fens have very unique plant communities that are usually dominated by Sphagnum mosses. For example, at Chattanooga Fen in the San Juan Mountains, a population of an arctic peat moss, Sphagnum balticum, occurs disjunct by more than 2000 kilometers from its main range near Hudson’s Bay in Canada (Cooper et al. 2002). Ophir Pass fen is one of the steepest and most visible fens in the San Juan Mountains (Fig. 1). Ophir Pass fen is located near the top of Ophir Pass Road, which is the main 4x4 road that thousands of visitors drive from Silverton to Telluride on each year. Despite that this fen is seen by thousands of tourists looking for beautiful mountain scenery, Ophir Pass fen is one of the most severely damaged fens in the San Juan Mountains (Fig. 1). Ophir Pass fen was recently ranked as very high priority for restoration by a San Juan Mountain assessment of fens (Chimner et al. 2010). Ophir Pass fen is 0.65 ha in size, with 0.21 ha unvegetated, and is one of the highest (3,517 m asl) and steepest fens (up to 21% slope) in the San Juan Mountains. The centroid location of Ophir Pass Fen is approximately at latitude 37_ 50’ 59” N and longitude 107_ 46’ 18” W. This large and very steep fen has six ditches that are having a severe impact on the fen by lowering the water table, eliminated plant cover from a large area, and is causing a reversal of peat accumulation (Fig. 2). This site is also undergoing severe frost heave and erosion that is preventing colonization of plants, and allowing direct runoff of large amounts of sediments directly into a creek (Fig. 3) (Chimner 2011). Therefore, our objective is to restore the natural hydrological and vegetative conditions in Ophir Pass fen. Restoration plan for Ophir Pass fen Detailed Methods: The methods for restoring Ophir Pass fen will be described in three sections: upper ditches (ditches 1-4), lower ditches (ditches 5-6), and the bare area (see Fig. 2 for ditch numbers). Upper Ditch Restoration: Ditches 1-4 are ditches that cut across the upper portion of the fen (Fig. 2). They are very shallow and fully vegetated, a testament to how old they are. Despite how old and shallow they are, the ditches are still capturing groundwater, and funneling water and sediments into the adjacent stream. Because the ditches are shallow and fully vegetated, I propose that ditches 1-4 be restored by ditch blocking. Ditch plugs will be constructed by using a combination of peat bags (filled with bare peat on site) and Excelsior bales. Ditch plugs will be constructed by first digging a trench across the ditch (width of an Excelsior bale). Sod will be set aside to be used in the re -vegetation. After the trench is dug, Excelsior bales will be laid end to end in the trench so it traverses the length of the ditch. The Excelsior bale will stick up roughly 1 ft (~30 cm) above the soil surface. Filled peat bags will be placed end to end around the excelsior bales. This will create a more mounded plug vs. a vertical wall from using just Excelsior alone. Once the Excelsior bales and peat bags are in place, bare peat will be used to cover the entire plug (a few inches deep), then the sod will be placed on the bare peat. Once the ditch plugs are fully vegetated, they should last indefinitely; allowing the ditches to slowly fill in over time. Once in place, the ditch plugs would keep water from flowing down the ditches and into the Middle Fork of Mineral Creek, and instead will flow down the wetland, keeping it wet. The number of ditch plugs per ditch varies with the length and steepness of the ditch. Ditch 1 is a small ditch that should only require 1 ditch plug at the lower end of the ditch. Ditch 2 is the deepest of the upper ditches, but is also the shortest. Ditch 2 will require 2 ditch plugs, one in the middle and one in the end. Ditches 3 and 4 are long and shallow ditches. Both ditches will require 4 ditch plugs spaced out evenly along the ditches. Each ditch plug will require 2 excelsior bales and 10 peat bags. In total, the four upper ditches will require 11 ditch plugs, 22 excelsior bales, and 110 peat bags. Lower Ditches: We will restore the lower ditches (ditches 5 & 6) of Ophir Pass fen by filling them. Ditches 5 & 6 are much deeper then the upper ditches, averaging about 1 m in depth and 2 meters wide for a total combined length of ~225 ft. Soil from the original ditch digging was placed along side the ditch and now forms a spoil pile berm along the ditches. A survey of the site (Fig. 2), indicated that there is not enough fill in the spoil pile to completely fill in either ditch 5 or 6. However, ditch 5 is a very short ditch that is adjacent to a large mound of dried out peat. That mound of peat needs to be removed to make a level slope, allowing for natural water flow. So we will use the extra dried peat next to the ditch, along with the spoil pile, to completely fill in ditch 5 using a small backhoe. Ditch 6 the most destructive ditch because it is a long (175’), deep, and is perpendicular to the groundwater flow. It is also too big for ditch plugs and there is not enough spoil material along the ditch available for filling. Therefore, out best option for restoring ditch 6 is to fill with Excelsior bales, topped with peat. This technique was successfully tested in Chattanooga fen in 2009. For this method, all sedges will be first scraped off from in the ditches and on the berms. The scraped off plant sod will be carefully set aside and placed back on the bare soil when backfilling in that section is completed. After the plants are removed, bales of Excelsior will be placed by hand into the ditch. Given the length of the ditch, roughly 150 bales will be required to fill in this ditch. After the bales are in place, peat from the ditch berm and from the nearby bare area (see methods below) will be used to pack around the bales. We will also put at least 6 inches on top of the bales for the plants to grow into. Unlike the Chattanooga ditch that is on a slope, this ditch is flat. So I do not think that plywood will be needed. However, if we feel that wood is needed, we will insert pieces of plywood, perpendicular across the ditch, to keep the new fill from moving. Plant sod will then be placed on top of the ditch fill, which will revegetate most of the ditch. Any remaining bare areas will be planted by hand (see below for methods).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Irrigation Ditches and Their Operation
    Irrigation Ditches and their Operation Fact Sheet No. 6.701 Natural Resources Series|Water by R. Waskom, E. Marx, D. Wolfe, and G. Wallace* Water Laws and until its completion. Otherwise, the water Quick Facts Regulations right is forfeited. In addition to a priority date, a water right is recorded based on the • Water rights in Colorado are Current western water law originated location where the water will be diverted or considered a private property during the California gold rush in 1848. Back withdrawn, the amount to be withdrawn, and right. Water rights can be sold then miners would divert water from streams the beneficial use to which it will be put. or inherited, and prices may while mining for gold. Just like the claim on In Colorado, water rights are considered a mining stake, a rule was established stating vary according to supply and a private property right. Water rights can that the first miner to use the water had the demand. be sold or inherited and prices may vary first right to it. After the first miner’s right according to supply and demand. The • Ditch companies coordinate was established, the second miner’s right was consumptively used portion of a water the use, ensure proper recognized, and so on. Claims left abandoned right may be transferred to another area or maintenance and efficient were available to others. Miners brought this use with approval of the water court, with operation of surface water system to Colorado during the gold rush the stipulation that other water rights are of 1859.
    [Show full text]
  • Fenland Drainage Ditches
    FENLAND DRAINAGE DITCHES LOCAL HABITAT ACTION PLAN FOR CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND PETERBOROUGH Last Updated: April 2009 1 CURRENT STATUS 1.1 Context This Habitat Action Plan is intended to cover drainage ditch habitats within the Fenlands of Cambridgeshire – these are characterised by supporting aquatic and marginal habitats and by forming a network which, by virtue of strategic pumping stations, have been traditionally used to drain the fenland and make it suitable for cultivation and habitation. The area or indeed the total length of ditches in the county is not accurately known but it is clearly a large resource. The Action Plan can also be used as guidance for other drainage ditches outside the fenland area. In East Anglia, drainage ditches have been vital to the maintenance of high quality agricultural land and in the Fenland Landscape Area of Cambridgeshire are still a dominant and highly characteristic landscape feature. Drainage ditches can vary in size from small roadside cuts to 30m wide agricultural drains which, connected together, comprise a large linear, mainly freshwater system. The flow of water in Fenland Landscape Area ditches is typically slow moving and is artificially regulated. However, some smaller drains can be dry, especially in summer. The drainage ditch network connects with streams and rivers which are covered by a separate Rivers and Streams LHAP. 1.2 Biological status Although an artificial habitat, drainage ditches and their associated banks are of high value for a broad range of wildlife. There are many plants
    [Show full text]
  • City of Fort Lupton
    CITY OF FORT LUPTON 2018 MUNICIPAL WATER EFFICIENCY PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The City of Fort Lupton (City or Fort Lupton) is a business and family friendly municipality located at the intersection of Highway 85 and Highway 52 in Weld County. The City lies on the quieter eastern plains but is in close proximity to the main throughway of Interstate 25, with easy access to the Cities of Boulder, Greeley and the Denver metropolis. The South Platte River flows through the west side of the City, originating from snowmelt in the high-altitude areas of the Colorado Rockies. Fort Lupton residents enjoy a panoramic view of the scenic Rocky Mountains while being located only 30 minutes from the Denver International Airport. Fort Lupton provides water to its growing number of residents, commercial businesses, industries and agricultural water users and serves a population of approximately 8,160 people. The purpose of this Municipal Water Efficiency Plan (MWEP or Plan) is to guide Fort Lupton in the process of water efficiency planning and implementation as it continues to grow and develop. This Plan will aid the City in water conservation to complement its existing comprehensive master planning activities and community goals. The benefits of water efficiency activities may include delaying the purchase of costly water supplies and infrastructure upgrades; reducing wastewater flows and treatment and associated costs; and improved water management and stewardship. Fort Lupton’s goal is to optimize its existing water supplies and system through practical conservation measures while maintaining its high quality of life for residents. The City’s current water resources portfolio is comprised of treated (or potable) and non-potable water supplies.
    [Show full text]
  • Predictive Modelling of Spatial Biodiversity Data to Support Ecological Network Mapping: a Case Study in the Fens
    Predictive modelling of spatial biodiversity data to support ecological network mapping: a case study in the Fens Christopher J Panter, Paul M Dolman, Hannah L Mossman Final Report: July 2013 Supported and steered by the Fens for the Future partnership and the Environment Agency www.fensforthefuture.org.uk Published by: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK Suggested citation: Panter C.J., Dolman P.M., Mossman, H.L (2013) Predictive modelling of spatial biodiversity data to support ecological network mapping: a case study in the Fens. University of East Anglia, Norwich. ISBN: 978-0-9567812-3-9 © Copyright rests with the authors. Acknowledgements This project was supported and steered by the Fens for the Future partnership. Funding was provided by the Environment Agency (Dominic Coath). We thank all of the species recorders and natural historians, without whom this work would not be possible. Cover picture: Extract of a map showing the predicted distribution of biodiversity. Contents Executive summary .................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6 Biological data ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Water-Budget Approach to Restoring a Sedge Fen Affected by Diking and Ditching
    Journal of Hydrology 320 (2006) 501–517 www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol A water-budget approach to restoring a sedge fen affected by diking and ditching Douglas A. Wilcoxa,*, Michael J. Sweatb,1, Martha L. Carlsona, Kurt P. Kowalskia aUS Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA bUS Geological Survey, 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5, Lansing, MI 48911, USA Received 10 May 2005; revised 23 May 2005 Abstract A vast, ground-water-supported sedge fen in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA was ditched in the early 1900 s in a failed attempt to promote agriculture. Dikes were later constructed to impound seasonal sheet surface flows for waterfowl management. The US Fish and Wildlife Service, which now manages the wetland as part of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, sought to redirect water flows from impounded C-3 Pool to reduce erosion in downstream Walsh Ditch, reduce ground-water losses into the ditch, and restore sheet flows of surface water to the peatland. A water budget was developed for C-3 Pool, which serves as the central receiving and distribution body for water in the affected wetland. Surface-water inflows and outflows were measured in associated ditches and natural creeks, ground-water flows were estimated using a network of wells and piezometers, and precipitation and evaporation/evapotranspiration components were estimated using local meteorological data. Water budgets for the 1999 springtime peak flow period and the 1999 water year were used to estimate required releases of water from C-3 Pool via outlets other than Walsh Ditch and to guide other restoration activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Drainage Ditches: All Shapes and Sizes
    This isInsert the Your ImageTitle Here of My Presentation PRESENTER’S NAME - DATE © Insert Image Credit Drainage Ditches – All shapes and sizes Narrow and Deep Drainage Ditches Wide with Large capacity Drainage Ditches Typical at 6-8ft wide and fairly steep banks Farming right up to the edge of the bank Common Ditch Problems 2-Stage Ditches A tool in the Toolbox Example Projects Costs and Figures for 2-Stage Ditch Projects 2 Stage Ditches Kosciusko County 2:1 side slopes 2100 feet project 10-12 foot benches on both sides 4ft ESB on toe of side slope Seeded and soil spread on site 5 tile outlets repaired Cost = $13,500 $6.43/linear foot Funded by TNC and IDEM Kosciusko County After Site flooded twice and held up to the test 5 years later Kosciusko County 900 feet project Seeding and erosion blanket on entire side slope Benches 15 feet on both sides Cost = $12,150 $13.50/linear foot Funded through EQIP Howard County Project completed with State Road Highway dollars through Mitigation 3,696 feet project Tile outlets drop onto SCOUR STOP instead of rip rap Seeded and erosion blanket installed Cost = $447,709 Funded by Mitigation dollars Wells County 1200 feet project One side excavation and seeding - $8100.00 Entire bench width on one side Newton County 1000 feet Erosion blanket place on both sides Seeded 3:1 to near 4:1 side slopes 865 cu. yds. material - $14,000 Funded by landowner, TNC, and County maintenance funds seed and erosion measures on 25,800 sq.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief for Petitioner ————
    No. 18-260 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ———— COUNTY OF MAUI, Petitioner, v. HAWAI‘I WILDLIFE FUND; SIERRA CLUB - MAUI GROUP; SURFRIDER FOUNDATION; WEST MAUI PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION, Respondents. ———— On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ———— BRIEF FOR PETITIONER ———— COUNTY OF MAUI HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP MOANA M. LUTEY ELBERT LIN RICHELLE M. THOMSON Counsel of Record 200 South High Street MICHAEL R. SHEBELSKIE Wailuku, Maui, Hawai‘i 96793 951 East Byrd Street, East Tower (808) 270-7740 Richmond, Virginia 23219 [email protected] (804) 788-8200 COLLEEN P. DOYLE DIANA PFEFFER MARTIN 550 South Hope Street Suite 2000 Los Angeles, California 90071 (213) 532-2000 Counsel for Petitioner May 9, 2019 WILSON-EPES PRINTING CO., INC. – (202) 789-0096 – WASHINGTON, D. C. 20002 i QUESTION PRESENTED In the Clean Water Act (CWA), Congress distin- guished between the many ways that pollutants reach navigable waters. It defined some of those ways as “point sources”—namely, pipes, ditches, and other “discernible, confined and discrete conveyance[s] … from which pollutants are or may be discharged.” 33 U.S.C. § 1362(14). The remaining ways of moving pollutants, like runoff or groundwater, are “nonpoint sources.” The CWA regulates pollution added to navigable waters “from point sources” differently than pollution added “from nonpoint sources.” It controls point source pollution through permits, e.g., id. § 1342, while nonpoint source pollution is controlled through federal oversight of state management programs, id. § 1329. Nonpoint source pollution is also addressed by other state and federal environmental laws. The question presented is: Whether the CWA requires a permit when pollu- tants originate from a point source but are conveyed to navigable waters by a nonpoint source, such as groundwater.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Johns Levee and Drainage District Attempt to Mitigate Internal Flooding Lois Wright Morton and Kenneth R
    doi:10.2489/jswc.71.4.91A FEATURE St. Johns Levee and Drainage District attempt to mitigate internal flooding Lois Wright Morton and Kenneth R. Olson hen the Mississippi River reaches Figure 1 87.9 m (290 ft) above sea level A riverboat on the Mississippi River can be seen passing the outlet of Main Ditch, W near New Madrid, Missouri, which drains through the 454 m frontline levee gap at New Madrid, Missouri, to the bottomlands adjacent to the river and Mississippi River. farmland, roads, ditches and wetlands begin to flood. Concurrently, at the lower end of the New Madrid Floodway the rising Mississippi backs up into Main Ditch (figure 1), the 454 m (1,500 ft) gap in the frontline levee designed to drain the Floodway and St. Johns Levee and Drainage District to the river (figure 2). When this occurs, the Main Ditch gates Copyright © 2016 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. on the setback levee (figure 3) are closed Journal of Soil and Water Conservation to protect the St. Johns Bayou basin from Mississippi River backflow. However, with the Main Ditch gates closed, precipitation within the basin has no outlet as it drains to the Main Ditch channel. This causes tributary streams to back up and flood a substantive portion of agricultural lands and the town of East Prairie, Missouri. For example, the 19 cm (7.5 in) of rain during the first three days of May of 2011 backed up local floodwater in the St. Johns Bayou Whenever heavy snowmelt and pro- GEOLOGICAL HISTORY 71(4):91A-97A basin all the way to East Prairie.
    [Show full text]
  • MEASURING FLOW in an IRRIGATION DITCH Because You Can’T Control What You Don’T Measure
    MEASURING FLOW IN AN IRRIGATION DITCH Because you can’t control what you don’t measure Caleb Carter point every second. This is equivalent considerations for determining which ncreased demand for limited water to approximately: type is best. Iamounts is making a contentious • 450 gallons per minute (gpm). Some general guidelines to ob- topic even more so in Wyoming and • 1 acre-inch per hour (1 inch of tain accurate results include: across the West. Using water more water covering 1 acre). • The ditch or canal must have a efficiently is more important than • 2 acre-feet per day (24 hours) (2 shallow grade with a relatively ever. feet of water covering 1 acre). straight segment upstream and uniform cross-section with little Most irrigation water in Wyoming Open ditch flows are typically turbulence. is delivered through canals and measured using a weir, flume, or a ditches. Knowing how much water is submerged orifice installed in a chan- • Weirs require more slope than flowing in a ditch can help determine nel. Water flows over a notch (weir), flumes or submerged orifices. if there is enough water and when to through a channel (flume), or through • The location must not cause ex- turn it off. a submerged hole (submerged cessive sediment loading, debris buildup, or flooding of surround- Measuring flow orifice) of predetermined size, and a depth reading is taken. Flows are de- ing areas. Rate of flow in an irrigation ditch termined using a table or graph. Each is measured in cubic feet per second has advantages and disadvantages Weirs (cfs), corresponding to a cubic foot Weirs are simplest to install and and specific conditions in which it will volume of water (1-foot wide, 1-foot use.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Drainage Law
    Illinois Drainage Law Including Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control, Permit Requirements for Construction in Streams or Floodways, and Federal Wetlands Provisions By D. L. Uchtmann and Bernard Gehris College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Cooperative Extension Service • Circular 1355 The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of attorneys Mary Perlstein, Champaign, Illinois, and David Rolf, Springfield, Illinois, for their assistance with the 1991 circular on this topic. The authors would also like to ac- knowledge the valuable assistance of Gene Barickman, state biologist, Natural Resources Conservation Service, regard- ing the discussion of wetlands. Cover photo: A well-maintained drainage ditch. Edited by Peggy Currid and Pam Johnson Designed by Krista L. Sunderland Formatted by Oneda VanDyke Urbana, Illinois December 1997 Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dennis R. Campion, Interim Director, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The Illinois Cooperative Extension Service provides equal opportunities in programs and employment. 2M—12-97—UI Printing Division—PC Printed on recycled paper. Illinois Drainage Law Including Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control, Permit Requirements for Construction in Streams or Floodways, and Federal Wetlands Provisions This circular was written by Donald L. Uchtmann, professor of agricultural law and Extension specialist, and by Bernard Gehris, research assistant in agricultural law. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Cooperative Extension Service • Circular 1355 I Contents Preface .................................................................................... v Part I. Illinois Rules of Drainage .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • ARABLE LAND in the UNITED STATES. the PUKPOSE of This Article Is to Describe, Only In
    ARABLE LAND IN THE UNITED STATES. By O. E. BAKER, Agriculturist, and H. M. STRONG, Assistant in Agricultural Geography, Office of Farm Management. THE PUKPOSE of this article is to describe, only in out- line, the location and extent of present arable, nonarable, and potentially arable land in the United States, with a view to providing those interested in land utilization with a broad, generalized conception of the subject. PRESENT ARABLE LAND. It will be seen from map 1 that most of the present arable land in the United States ("improved land " according to the Census terminology) lies east of the 100th meridian, and is concentrated in a triangular area roughly bounded by a line from southwestern Pennsylvania across Kentucky and Missouri to central Oklahoma, thence northerly to north central North Dakota, and thence southeasterly across Min- nesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan to the point of beginning. In this region, which includes only one-fifth of the land of the United States, are produced four-fifths of the corn, three- fourths of the wheat and oats, and three-fifths of the hay crop of the Nation. No region in the world of equal size af- fords so favorable natural conditions for the growth of corn, the most productive per acre of the food crops, and few regions possess so favorable conditions for the culture of the small grain and hay crops. Outside this region the only areas where more than half of the land area was improved farm land in 1910 were central and western New York, southeastern Pennsylvania and ad- joining sections of New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia, the Nashville Basin and Tennessee Eiver Valley in Tennessee, a few counties in the Piedmont of Georgia and in the upper Coastal Plain of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, two counties in the Delta of Louisiana, the Black Waxy Prairie of Texas, the valleys of California, and the plateau of south- eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and adjacent sec- tion of Idaho.
    [Show full text]
  • Drainage Ditches in Western Irrigated Lands 5-3 Curves in Ditches 5-3
    NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK SECTION 16 DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND CHAPTER 5. OPEN DITCHES FOR DRAINAGE - DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE Contents Page General 5-1 Location 5-1 Channel location under nonerosive conditions 5-2 Channel location under erosive conditions 5-2 Location of diversion ditches 5-3 Layout of ditches in humid areas 5-3 Location of drainage ditches in western irrigated lands 5-3 Curves in ditches 5-3 Required Capacities 5-4 Drainage coefficients 5-4 General 5-4 Effect of outlet capacity on selection of drainage coefficients 5-5 Coefficients for subsurface drainage 5-5 Coefficients for surface drainage 5-6 Determination of coefficient "C" for use in surface drainage formula 5-6 Example for computing "C" values 5-14 Computation of design flow 5-14 Combining flows from areas on which different coefficients are used to compute design flow 5-14 Drainage coefficients for steep and other areas 5-15 Total storm runoff and peak flow 5-15 Volume of runoff 5-15 Peak runoff and hydrographs 5-18 Design Standards 5-18 Channel design 5-18 Value of "n" for design 5-18 Channel section 5-19 Depth 5-19 Bottom width 5-19 Side slopes 5-19 Ditch stability 5-20 Berms and spoil banks 5-20 Design Procedure 5-21 General 5-21 Establishing the hydraulic gradeline 5-22 Computing ditch sizes at junctions - 20-40 rule 5-23 Computing equivalent drainage area 5-24 Flow from reservoirs into drainage systems 5-27 1 Hydraulic design at culverts Hydraulic design at bridges Computing cross section of ditch Allowance for initial sedimentation
    [Show full text]