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Viva L'italia Revista de Italianística de la Facultad de Lenguas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Número especial – año 2011 STUDI ITALIANI ESTUDIOS ITALIANOS 150° ANIVERSARIO DE LA UNIDAD DE ITALIA Trinidad Blanco de García Studi italiani = Estudios italianos. - 1a ed. - Córdoba : Salida al Mar Ediciones; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 2011. 326 p. ; 24x17 cm. ISBN 978-987-25031-4-7 1. Ensayo. I. Título. CDD 864 Massimiliano Fuksas Disegno di copertina Clorindo Testa Disegno di controcopertina Copyright 2011, Área de Italianística de la Facultad de Lenguas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. Velez Sarfield 187 - 5000 Córdoba - República Argentina. IMPRESO EN ARGENTINA Queda hecho el depósito que prevé la ley 11.723 ISBN Studi Italiani – Estudios Italianos Revista de Italianística de la Facultad de Lenguas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba NÚMERO ESPECIAL 1861-2011: 150º Aniversario de la Unidad de Italia curado por Donatella Cannova Secretarios de Redacción Gigliola Mavolo Maria Luisa Polimeno Comité Científico Remo Bodei (University of California, Los Angeles) Ernesto Galli della Loggia (Istituto di Scienze Umane (SUM) di Firenze-Napoli) Javier Moyano (Universidad Nacionál de Córdoba) Nora Sforza (Universidad de Buenos Aires) Sarah Zappulla Muscarà (Università degli Studi di Catania) Studi Italiani – Estudios Italianos Revista de Italianística de la Facultad de Lenguas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Directora Trinidad Blanco de García Secretarios de Redacción Maria Luisa Polimeno Antonella Tinti Consejo de Redacción Titulares Adriana Barbano de Raineri Norma Ceballos Aybar Julio Alfredo Manzanelli Silvana Marchiaro María Inés Milano de Heizenreder Egle Navilli de Scotta Massimo Palmieri Silvina Voltarel Suplentes Mariela Bortolon Magdalena Bussone Beatriz Pedrotti Autoridades de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Rectora Carolina Scotto Vicerrectora Hebe S. Goldenhersch Decana de la Facultad de Lenguas Silvia N. Barei Vicedecana Miriam A. Carballo Comité Científico Franco Bertaccini (Università degli Studi di Bologna-Forlì) Sarah Zappulla Muscarà (Università degli Studi di Catania) Remo Bodei (University of California, Los Angeles) Nora Sforza (Universidad de Buenos Aires) Sergio Sánchez (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) Aldo Eynard (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) INDICE DONATELLA CANNOVA, Premessa P. 15 SILVIA N. BAREI, Presentación P. 19 SEZIONE I DAL SORGERE DELLA NAZIONE AL DIBATTITO SULLA “SECONDA REPUBBLICA” SERGIO ROMANO, L’Unità italiana come problema internazionale P. 25 ERNESTO GALLI DELLA LOGGIA, Nord e Sud nel Risorgimento: l’unificazione italiana lontana dai miti P. 31 JADRANKA BENTINI, L’altra metà del Risorgimento P. 45 GIOVANNI SABBATUCCI, Stato e classe dirigente nell’Italia unita P. 51 SALVATORE LUPO, Compleanno italiano P. 59 RICCARDO GUASTINI, La “costituzionalizzazione” dell’ordinamento P. 65 SEZIONE II LA CONQUISTA DELLA LINGUA IL RISORGIMENTO TRA LETTERATURA E MELODRAMMA FRANCESCO SABATINI, Italiano e unità - 150 anni d’Italia e d’Europa P. 93 TULLIO DE MAURO, Italiano e dialetti dall’Unità all’età della Repubblica P. 97 PAOLO PUPPA, La vera Storia dell’Innominato P. 103 SARAH ZAPPULLA MUSCARÀ, Stefano Pirandello e lo stivale di Garibaldi P. 111 VINCENZO CONSOLO, Risorgimento e letteratura - Il romanzo post-risorgimentale siciliano P. 117 GUIDO SALVETTI, Il sistema-musica nel primo cinquantennio dall’Unità d”Italia P. 131 GIOVANNI BIETTI, Il melodramma e il Risorgimento P. 151 SEZIONE III IL PATRIMONIO ARTISTICO-ARCHITETTONICO E LA SUA CONSERVAZIONE RENATO BARILLI , Da Giovanni Fattori e compagni una lezione di glocalismo P. 169 LIVIO SACCHI, La condizione italiana P. 175 ANTONIO PAOLUCCI, Una politica per i beni culturali P. 187 SEZIONE IV L’ITALIA E IL NUOVO MONDO NORA SFORZA, Mazzini e la “Generazione del ‘37” nel Río de la Plata: un esempio della circolazione delle idee fra l’Europa e l’America P. 197 JAVIER MOYANO, Inmigración, procesos de enriquecimiento y participación política. La inserción de empresarios italianos y sus familias en los grupos gobernantes en Córdoba. Segunda mitad del siglo XIX y primeras décadas del XX P. 207 CECILIA GARGANO Y DIEGO HURTADO, Entre la historia y la Historia: la trayectoria de Aldo Mieli en la Argentina P. 223 HORACIO GNEMMI BOHOGÚ, Sobre la impronta italiana en la arquitectura argentina - A propósito de la conmemoración de la unidad de Italia P. 235 JORGE DUBATTI, Sobre el teatro italiano en la Argentina P. 251 GIAN PIERO BRUNETTA, Gli emigranti nel cinema italiano e americano P. 259 SEZIONE V LA PAROLA DEI FILOSOFI MASSIMO CACCIARI, Leopardi platonicus! P. 279 REMO BODEI, La filosofia italiana: ascesa e declino della sua vocazione civile P. 295 UMBERTO GALIMBERTI, Senza confine P. 303 NOTE SUGLI AUTORI P. 309 A Leonardo, cittadino del mondo Premessa del curatore Il progetto di pubblicare un numero speciale, dedicato ai 150 anni dell’U- nità d’Italia, di Studi Italiani/Estudios Italianos, rivista che da qualche anno l’Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Córdoba e la Facoltà di Lingue della Universidad Nacional de Córdoba vengono pubblicando congiuntamente come forum dell’italianistica in Argentina, nasce con l’intento di tratteg- giare, necessariamente in maniera incompleta, diremmo quasi “macchia- iola”, il percorso tracciato dal nostro Paese in questo arco temporale, in- crociandone gli aspetti più specificamente storico-politici con le fasi della costruzione socio-culturale e linguistica del Paese. Grazie all’apporto di autorevoli personalità del mondo della cul- tura, sia in Italia che in Argentina, che hanno generosamente risposto al nostro appello con i contributi, quasi sempre originali, qui presentati, sia- mo in grado di offrire quello che ci sembra un valido strumento di studio, analisi e riflessione sull’Italia: dal suo emergere quale Nazione nel 1861, al suo essere oggi un Paese che ha ceduto quote della sua sovranità agli organi dell’Unione Europea in un lungo, problematico ma quanto straor- dinario progetto di costruzione di una nuova entità economico-politica, e che si muove su uno scenario internazionale del tutto inedito e in continua accelerazione, in cui protagonisti vecchi e nuovi della geopolitica mon- diale si affacciano con esiti tutt’altro che scontati, interpellandoci sulle conseguenze, per l’Italia ma anche per l’Occidente tutto, dei nuovi assetti globali. Muovendoci in campi di studio di area umanistica, in ciò seguendo la vocazione di Studi Italiani/Estudios Italianos, abbiamo riunito gli inter- venti in diverse sezioni che spaziano dalla storia alla lingua e letteratura, dal teatro al melodramma, dall’arte all’architettura, aprendo una finestra 16 sulle relazioni tra l’Italia e il Nuovo Mondo, e lasciando infine la riflessio- ne sul divenire alla parola dei filosofi. Al di là dell’inevitabile parzialità ed incompletezza del ritratto abbozzato, ci sembra importante esser riusciti a raccogliere punti di vista multipli, a volte in contrasto tra di loro, sul Paese nel suo farsi e nel suo essere, che danno conto dell’estrema complessità italiana. La sezione storica traccia appunto il percorso compiuto dall’Italia Dal sorgere della Nazione al dibattito sulla “seconda Repubblica”. Af- facciatasi tardi sulla già affollata ribalta delle Nazioni occidentali ottocen- tesche, come leggiamo nell’intervento di Sergio Romano, l’Italia si trovò fin da subito impegnata a cercarvi una sua collocazione, in ciò affidandosi alle abilità politiche di Cavour prima e dei suoi successori in seguito, che riuscirono a volgere in loro favore un contesto internazionale dove i con- trastanti interessi delle grandi potenze finirono appunto per favorirne il suo consolidamento interno e il suo posizionamento in Europa. Nonostante l’improvvisa accelerazione del processo di unificazio- ne determinatosi tra la primavera del 1859 e la primavera del 1861, si potrebbe dire semplificando che l’intera storia dell’Italia unita è segnata dal ritardo con cui essa si costituì. A cui si aggiunge quell’altro “vizio co- stitutivo” che fin da subito si presentò nella sua complessità ai responsabili del nuovo Stato unitario, ovvero quella “questione meridionale” di cui si dibatte da quasi un secolo e mezzo e che trova ora in tempi recenti un suo corrispettivo nella nuova “questione settentrionale” che fa da sfondo al di- battito sul federalismo (cfr. Ernesto Galli della Loggia e Salvatore Lupo). Con queste problematiche vecchie e nuove tutte le classi dirigenti che si sono succedute al governo della Nazione hanno dovuto fare i conti, con una volontà, ora più forte ora più debole, di porvi riparo (cfr. Giovanni Sabbatucci). Così, per esempio, nella sezione La conquista della lingua l’inter- vento di Tullio De Mauro punta l’attenzione su quello sconfinato analfabe- tismo che arrivò in dote all’Italia unita e a quella grande varietà di lingue e dialetti presenti nel nuovo territorio nazionale, che resero indispensabili un’opera di alfabetizzazione attraverso l’istituzione dell’obbligo scolasti- co elementare e l’adozione di una lingua comune, ovvero di quell’italiano fin lì parlato da una ristrettissima cerchia di élites plurilingui, che alterna- vano nella lingua orale l’uso del dialetto con quello spesso del francese e che riservavano l’italiano all’uso scritto. Una lunga e sofferta conquista della lingua che può dirsi interamente compiuta in tempi recenti. 17 Non manca l’attenzione all’affermarsi in letteratura e attraverso il melodramma di tematiche risorgimentali che ancora oggi risultano produt- tive (v. per esempio Vincenzo Consolo e il suo romanzo risorgimentale). Nella stessa
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