DOCSLIB.ORG

In-Vitro Study of Anti-Fusarium Effect of Thymol, Carvacrol, Eugenol And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In-Vitro Study of Anti-Fusarium Effect of Thymol, Carvacrol, Eugenol And atholog P y & nt a M Oukhouia et al., J Plant Pathol Microbiol 2017, 8:10 l i P c f r o o b DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000423 l i Journal of a o l n o r g u y o J ISSN: 2157-7471 Plant Pathology & Microbiology ReviewResearch Article Article OpenOpen Access Access In-vitro Study of Anti-Fusarium Effect of Thymol, Carvacrol, Eugenol and Menthol Oukhouia M1, Sennouni CI1, Jabeur I1, Hamdani H1 and Remmal A2* 1Faculty of Science Dhar El-Mahraz, Atlas-Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco 2Faculty of Science Dhar El-Mahraz, Atlas-Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah and Industrial Laboratory of Veterinary Alternatives (LIAV, LLC) Fez, Morocco Abstract This study aims at shedding light on the anti-fusarium action of some Major Compounds (MCs) of Essential oils (EOs). To this end, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) was used as fungal model. A screening of four MCs was conducted in order to identify the most active one with the highest anti-Fusarium effect, using both agar and broth dilution methods. The obtained data revealed that thymol, with its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values was the most effective, with concentrations between 0.25 mg ml-1 and 1 mg ml-1. Among the four compounds tested, thymol and carvacrol showed anti-Fusarium activity by inhibiting the germination and destroying Fod conidia. As a preliminary test, we have also tested the applicability of thymol on soil disinfection, with very promising results. The antifungal activity of the four MCs used in this study involves inhibition of germination and destruction of Fod conidia. Thymol, the most effective MC, has shown great effect on soil disinfection. This work is a preliminary contribution aiming at developing an alternative product, environmental friendly, safe for both the workers and consumers, with high anti-Fusarium activity. Keywords: Major compounds; Essential oils; Fusarium oxysporum f. Culture media sp. dianthi; Fungicidal action; Soil disinfection Potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Biokar, France) was used for fungus Introduction identification [9]. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) (Biokar, France) and Malt extract broth (MEB) were used Fusarium wilt in carnations is a vascular disease caused by the for fungus culture and antifungal test [10]. fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod). It is the most common and serious fungal disease that attacks carnations worldwide [1]. The Preparation of conidial suspension fungus can cause big financial losses to the floriculture industry. To Conidia of fod were harvested from 7-day-old cultures in PDA control the Fusarium wilt, growers use systemic fungicides like methyl by pouring a sterile 0.9% aqueous solution of NaCl onto the culture bromide [1], chloropicrin and benomyl [2]. Beside the fact that these plates and scraping the plate surface with a bent glass rod to facilitate chemicals are toxic to humans and the environment [3], they can also the release of conidia. The number of conidia cells was adjusted to 106 cause selection for resistant mutated pathogen [4]. ml-1 and was determined by transferring 10 µl of the sample suspension of Fod conidia to a Malassez chamber for microscopic examination Severe epidemics of Fusarium wilt in the 1980s and 1990s have and counting. Fod conidia were counted in 10 different fields utilizing caused a strong reduction in the acreage devoted to the carnation standard techniques [11]. industry in some areas of Southern Europe, such as Italy, France, and Spain [5]. Fusarium has obliged the industry players to leave Europe Anti-fungal agents and the United States towards other countries such as Colombia and Four MCs were used in this study: Thymol; Carvacrol; Eugenol and Morocco [5]. Despite the availability of cultivars that are relatively Menthol, all were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). resistant to some strains of Fod, Fusarium wilt remains a threatening Each MC was dispersed in a suspension containing 0.2% agar in sterile disease for this crop wherever it is grown [5]. distillated water in order to maintain viscosity to disperse MCs without adding solvent or detergent [12]. A stock suspension of 100 mg ml-1 for Several publications from our laboratory have previously reported each MC was then prepared. in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of some EOs and their MCs, especially the phenolic compounds such as thymol, carvacrol and Determination of anti-Fusarium effect of MCs in agar medium eugenol [6-8]. The MCs were added to the medium at the concentrations of (0; The major aim of the present work was to elucidate the in vitro antifungal activity of some MCs of EOs on the growth of Fod in order to develop an alternative to chemical fungicides. *Corresponding author: Remmal A, Faculty of Science Dhar El-Mahraz, P.O. Box 1796, Atlas-Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah and Materials and Methods Industrial Laboratory of Veterinary Alternatives (LIAV, LLC) Fez, Morocco, Tel: (+212) 661532398; E-mail: [email protected] Fungal strain Received October 04, 2017; Accepted October 19, 2017; Published October 23, 2017 The Fod strain used in this study was isolated in our laboratory from a diseased carnation plant collected from a greenhouse of Prim’Rose Citation: Oukhouia M, Sennouni CI, Jabeur I, Hamdani H, Remmal A (2017) In-vitro Study of Anti-Fusarium Effect of Thymol, Carvacrol, Eugenol and Menthol. J Plant Company (Azemmour, Morocco). Pathol Microbiol 8: 423. doi: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000423 The Fod strain identification was done using a conventional method Copyright: © 2017 Oukhouia M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed based on the colony’s macroscopic characteristics and the microscopic under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original appearance of conidia [9]. author and source are credited. J Plant Pathol Microbiol, an open access journal ISSN: 2157-7471 Volume 8 • Issue 10 • 1000423 Citation: Oukhouia M, Sennouni CI, Jabeur I, Hamdani H, Remmal A (2017) In-vitro Study of Anti-Fusarium Effect of Thymol, Carvacrol, Eugenol and Menthol. J Plant Pathol Microbiol 8: 423. doi: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000423 Page 2 of 6 0.125; 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4 mg ml-1) from a stock suspension and poured The Fod conidial destruction assay in sterile Petri dishes (90 × 16 mm). The determination of anti-Fusarium Each MC was tested in increasing concentrations i.e., 0; 0.0625; effect of each MC in SDA medium was carried out by the inoculation of 0.125; 0.25; 0.5 and 1 mg ml-1. 10 µl calibrated drop (104 conidia) in agar plates containing increasing concentrations of MCs. Three Petri dishes were considered for each 100 µl of freshly prepared conidia suspension (106 ml-1) was put in concentration, each petri dish contained three calibrated drops of Fod direct contact with 900 µl of MC at various concentrations in sterile and the petri dish were incubated for 5 days at 27°C. 0.9% aqueous solution of NaCl containing 0.2% agar. The diameter of mycelial colony of Fod was measured in centimeters The Fusarium conidia destruction assay was evaluated after an for each concentration of all the MCs used and was compared to the incubation at 27°C for 24 h. control agar plate. As control tube, we used a 900 µl aqueous solution of sterile 0.9% 6 -1 The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the of NaCl containing 0.2% agar and 100 µl of 10 ml freshly prepared lowest antifungal agent concentration at which no mycelial growth was conidia suspension. visually observed. The number of conidia was determined in a Malassez chamber (as previously described) after 1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h of incubation at 27°C The anti-fusarium effect of MCs was expressed by the percentage of and the percentage of conidial destruction was calculated using the growth inhibition of Fod and calculated using the following formula [13]: following equation [14]: I(%) = (Dc-Di)/Dc × 100 I(%) = (Nc-Ni)/Nc × 100 Where Dc and Di represent respectively the mycelial growth Where Nc and Ni represent respectively the number of conidia in the diameters in control and in treated petri dishes. control and the treated tubes. Determination of anti-Fusarium effect of MCs in liquid Fusarium density in the soil medium 18 aliquots of 100 g sterilized soil were placed in sterile 400 ml The determination of anti-fusarium effect of MCs in liquid medium plastic boxes. Fod was incorporated into sterilized soil (previously sifted (MEB) was conducted in triplicate using sterile 96 well microplates by through a 2-mm sieve, and then was autoclaved 30 min at 121°C) at an adding 20 µl of conidial suspension of Fod (2 × 104 conidia ml-1) and 70 inoculum density of 106 spores per gram of soil. µl of increasing concentrations of MCs (0; 0.0625; 0.125; 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2 Experimental treatments were: (1) uninfested and untreated and 4 mg ml-1) to 160 µl of MEB medium in order to have a final volume soil, only water added as a check for residual populations of Fod (not of 250 µl in each well. After 5 days of incubation at 27°C, the mycelial included in analysis); (2) infested and untreated soil, only water added; growth was assessed by measuring optical density (OD) at 600 nm using (3) infested and treated soil with thymol. Four concentrations of thymol spectrophotometer (J.P. Selecta). were used for treatments (0.25; 0.5; 1 and 2 mg g-1 of soil) and each The anti-Fusarium effect of MCs was expressed by the percentage of concentration was calculated per gram of soil.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
    Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Anticarcinogenic and Antiplatelet Effects of Carvacrol S
    Experimental Oncology �� ������� ��� ���ne ��� Exp Oncol ��� �� � ������� ANTICARCINOGENIC AND ANTIPLATELET EFFECTS OF CARVACROL S. Karkabounas1, *, O. K Kostoula1, 5, T. Daskalou1, P. Veltsistas2, M. Karamouzis4, I. Zelovitis1, A. Metsios1, P. Lekkas1, A. M. Evangelou1, N. Kotsis1, I. Skoufos3 1Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece 2Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece 3Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Hygiene of Animals, Department of Animal Production, Technological Education Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece 4Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalonica, Greece 5Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece Aim: To investigate the effect of carvacrol on chemical carcinogenesis, cancer cell proliferation and platelet aggregation, and to find possible correlation between all these processes and the antioxidant properties of carvacrol. Materials and Methods: 3,4-benzopyrene-induced carcinogenesis model using Wistar rats was used. Leiomyosarcoma cells from Wistar rats were used to study carvacrol antiproliferative activity in vitro. The carvacrol antiplatelet properties were investigated with platelet aggregation assay and flow cytometry technique. The production of thromboxane B2, final metabolite of platelet aggregation, was evaluated by radioimmunoassay. Results: Our study revealed significant anticarcinogenic properties of carvacrol. We observed 30% decrease of 3,4 benzopyrene carcinogenic activity in vivo. Antiproliferative activity of carvacrol (IC50) was 90 μM and 67 μΜ for 24 h and 48 h of incubation of cells, respectively. Carvacrol possessed also mild antiplatelet effect, inducing the decrease of thromboxane A2 production in platelets and as a result — restrictive expression of the GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor. Conclusion: Our data demon- strated that carvacrol possesses anticarcinogenic, antiproliferative and antiplatelet properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6—Clove Oil (Eugenol)
    Chapter 6—Clove Oil (Eugenol) OH CH3 O Eugenol Chapter 6: Clove oil 6-2 6 Table of Contents — Clove Oil (Eugenol) 6.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 6-4 6.2 CLOVE OIL AND EUGENOL TOXICITY TO HUMANS AND LEVELS OF CONCERN ................ 6-6 6.2.1 HEALTH EFFECTS ...................................................................................................................................... 6-7 6.2.1.A Acute Effects—Sensitization ........................................................................................................... 6-7 6.2.1.B Acute Effects—Skin, Eyes and Respiratory System ........................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1.C Acute Effects—Systemic Poisoning ................................................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1.D Effects in Human Cells .................................................................................................................... 6-8 6.2.1.E Levels of Concern for Humans ........................................................................................................ 6-8 6.2.2 PESTICIDE ILLNESS REPORTS .................................................................................................................... 6-9 6.3 EUGENOL TOXICITY TO ANIMALS AND PLANTS AND LEVELS OF CONCERN .................... 6-10 6.3.1 MAMMALS .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Carvacrol and Cinnamaldehyde Inactivate Antibiotic-Resistant <I
    234 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 73, No. 2, 2010, Pages 234–240 Carvacrol and Cinnamaldehyde Inactivate Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Buffer and on Celery and Oysters SADHANA RAVISHANKAR,1* LIBIN ZHU,1 JAVIER REYNA-GRANADOS,1 BIBIANA LAW,1 LYNN JOENS,1 AND MENDEL FRIEDMAN2 1Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, 1117 East Lowell Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721; and 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/73/2/234/1679919/0362-028x-73_2_234.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 MS 09-228: Received 20 May 2009/Accepted 25 September 2009 ABSTRACT The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella is of concern to food processors. The objective of this research was to identify antimicrobial activities of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol against antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica in phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) and on celery and oysters. Twenty-three isolates were screened for resistance to seven antibiotics. Two resistant and two susceptible strains were chosen for the study. S. enterica cultures (105 CFU/ml) were added to different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% [vol/vol]) in PBS, mixed, and incubated at 37uC. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 5, and 24 h for enumeration. Celery and oysters were inoculated with S. enterica (106–7 CFU/ml), treated with 1% cinnamaldehyde or 1% carvacrol, incubated at 4uC, and then sampled for enumeration on days 0 and 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Managing the Transition Using Essential Oils Vs
    MENOPAUSE: UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE TRANSITION USING ESSENTIAL OILS VS. TRADITIONAL ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE by Melissa A. Clanton A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma of Aromatherapy 401 Australasian College of Health Sciences Instructors: Dorene Petersen, Erica Petersen, E. Joy Bowles, Marcangelo Puccio, Janet Bennion, Judika Illes, and Julie Gatti TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures............................................................................ iv Acknowledgments........................................................................................ v Introduction.................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 – Female Reproduction 1a – The Female Reproductive System............................................. 4 1b - The Female Hormones.............................................................. 9 1c – The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy....................................... 12 Chapter 2 – Physiology of Menopause 2a – What is Menopause? .............................................................. 16 2b - Physiological Changes of Menopause ..................................... 20 2c – Symptoms of Menopause ....................................................... 23 Chapter 3 – Allopathic Approaches To Menopausal Symptoms 3a –Diagnosis and Common Medical Treatments........................... 27 3b – Side Effects and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy ...... 32 3c – Retail Cost of Common Hormone Replacement
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Eugenol, Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Citronellol
    molecules Article The Effects of Eugenol, Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Citronellol, and Terpineol on Escherichia coli Biofilm Control as Assessed by Culture-Dependent and -Independent Methods Magdalena A. Olszewska 1,* , Astrid G˛edas 1 and Manuel Simões 2,* 1 Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszy´nski1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 LEPABE–Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.O.); [email protected] (M.S.); Tel.: +48-89-5233729 (M.A.O.); +351-22508-1654 (M.S.); Fax: +351-22508-1449 (M.S.) Received: 14 May 2020; Accepted: 5 June 2020; Published: 6 June 2020 Abstract: Bacterial biofilms contribute to problems with preserving food hygiene, jeopardizing any conventional intervention method used by the food industry. Hence, the approach of using essential oil (EO) compounds effective in biofilm control has considerable merit and deserves in-depth research. In this study, the effect of selected EO compounds (eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, citronellol, and terpineol) was assessed on Escherichia coli biofilm control by plate count, resazurin assay, and Syto® 9/PI (-/propidium iodide) staining coupled with flow cytometry (FCM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The selected EO compounds effectively inhibited the growth of planktonic E. coli at low concentrations of 3–5 mM, revealing a high antimicrobial activity. EO compounds markedly interfered with biofilms too, with trans-cinnamaldehyde causing the most prominent effects. Its antibiofilm activity was manifested by a high reduction of cell metabolic activity (>60%) and almost complete reduction in biofilm cell culturability.
    [Show full text]
  • Terpenes from Essential Oils and Hydrolate of Teucrium Alopecurus
    www.oncotarget.com Oncotarget, 2018, Vol. 9, (No. 64), pp: 32305-32320 Research Paper Terpenes from essential oils and hydrolate of Teucrium alopecurus triggered apoptotic events dependent on caspases activation and PARP cleavage in human colon cancer cells through decreased protein expressions Fatma Guesmi1,2, Amit K. Tyagi1, Sahdeo Prasad1 and Ahmed Landoulsi2 1Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 2Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Correspondence to: Fatma Guesmi, email: [email protected] Keywords: Teucrium alopecurus; oily fractions; water soluble fractions; human colon cancer cells; gene expression Received: February 23, 2018 Accepted: July 29, 2018 Published: August 17, 2018 Copyright: Guesmi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ABSTRACT This study focused on characterizing the Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic fractions of Teucrium alopecurus in the context of cancer prevention and therapy. The goal was also to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved and to determine its efficacy against cancer by triggering apoptosis and suppressing tumorigenesis in human colon cancer. The data here clearly demonstrated that oily fractions of Teucrium alopecurus act as free radical scavengers, antibacterial agent and inhibited the proliferation of HCT-116, U266, SCC4, Panc28, KBM5, and MCF-7 cells in a time- and concentration- dependent manner. The results of live/dead and colony formation assays further revealed that Teucrium essential oil has the efficacy to suppress the growth of colon carcinoma cells.
    [Show full text]
  • The Synthesis of Vanillin
    The synthesis of vanillin - learning about aspects of sustainable chemistry by comparing different syntheses La síntesis de la vainilla - aprendiendo sobre aspectos de química sostenible mediante la comparación de diferentes síntesis NICOLE GARNER1, ANTJE SIOL2 , INGO EILKS1 1 Institute for Science Education, University of Bremen, 2 Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Germany, [email protected] Abstract • Prevention This paper discusses one way of integrating the aspects of sustainable chemistry into • Atom Economy secondary and undergraduate chemistry education. Two different synthesis reactions • Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses for vanillin are presented, which both use isoeugenol as the starting reagent. Whereas • Designing Safer Chemicals the first synthesis is performed using conventional chemistry techniques, second • Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries approach employs strategies inspired by sustainable chemistry. The discussion • Design for Energy Efficiency covers how comparison of these two experiments can aid in learning about selected • Use of Renewable Feedstocks sustainable chemistry principles. • Reduce Derivatives Key words: education for sustainable development, chemistry education, green • Catalysis chemistry, vanillin • Design for Degradation • Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention Resumen • Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention Este artículo analiza una manera de integrar los aspectos de la química sostenible en la escuela secundaria y en bachillerato.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Activity of Carvacrol Against Different Types of Bacteria
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.4, No.9, 2014 Antibacterial Activity of Carvacrol against Different Types of Bacteria Ilham Abass Bnyan *, Aumaima Tariq Abid , Hamid Naji Obied College of Medicine, University of Babylon. Hilla, PO Box, 473, Iraq *E. mail: [email protected] Abstract In the present study, antibacterial efficiency of Carvacrol was studied on nine types of pathogenic bacteria isolated from different clinical samples, S. aureus , S. epidermidis , St. pneumonia , E. coli , Klebsiella pneumonia , Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeroginosa , Enterobacter spp. and Serratia spp. the inhibitory effects of this oil were compared with standard antibiotics, ciprofloxacin. The inhibition effect of Carvacrol in different concentration of bacterial growth were studied, the results showed that there is a great inhibition growth on all studied bacterial isolates except Pseudomonas aeroginosa . Keywords : Carvacrol, Antibacterial, Thymus, Vulgaris, Ciprofloxacin. Introduction An alternative strategies or more effective agents exhibiting activity against microorganism are of great interest (Dorman and Deans, 2000). Natural drugs could represent an interesting approach to limit the emergence and the spread of these organisms, which currently are difficult to treat (Lambert et al ., 2001). The spread of anti-drug resistant strains of microorganisms necessitates the discovery of new classes of antibacterial and compounds that inhibit these resistance mechanisms. Natural products continue to play major role active substances, model molecules for the discovery, and validation of drug targets (Bnyan, et al ., 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Snapshot: Mammalian TRP Channels David E
    SnapShot: Mammalian TRP Channels David E. Clapham HHMI, Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA TRP Activators Inhibitors Putative Interacting Proteins Proposed Functions Activation potentiated by PLC pathways Gd, La TRPC4, TRPC5, calmodulin, TRPC3, Homodimer is a purported stretch-sensitive ion channel; form C1 TRPP1, IP3Rs, caveolin-1, PMCA heteromeric ion channels with TRPC4 or TRPC5 in neurons -/- Pheromone receptor mechanism? Calmodulin, IP3R3, Enkurin, TRPC6 TRPC2 mice respond abnormally to urine-based olfactory C2 cues; pheromone sensing 2+ Diacylglycerol, [Ca ]I, activation potentiated BTP2, flufenamate, Gd, La TRPC1, calmodulin, PLCβ, PLCγ, IP3R, Potential role in vasoregulation and airway regulation C3 by PLC pathways RyR, SERCA, caveolin-1, αSNAP, NCX1 La (100 µM), calmidazolium, activation [Ca2+] , 2-APB, niflumic acid, TRPC1, TRPC5, calmodulin, PLCβ, TRPC4-/- mice have abnormalities in endothelial-based vessel C4 i potentiated by PLC pathways DIDS, La (mM) NHERF1, IP3R permeability La (100 µM), activation potentiated by PLC 2-APB, flufenamate, La (mM) TRPC1, TRPC4, calmodulin, PLCβ, No phenotype yet reported in TRPC5-/- mice; potentially C5 pathways, nitric oxide NHERF1/2, ZO-1, IP3R regulates growth cones and neurite extension 2+ Diacylglycerol, [Ca ]I, 20-HETE, activation 2-APB, amiloride, Cd, La, Gd Calmodulin, TRPC3, TRPC7, FKBP12 Missense mutation in human focal segmental glomerulo- C6 potentiated by PLC pathways sclerosis (FSGS); abnormal vasoregulation in TRPC6-/-
    [Show full text]
  • Trpa1) Activity by Cdk5
    MODULATION OF TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CATION CHANNEL, SUBFAMILY A, MEMBER 1 (TRPA1) ACTIVITY BY CDK5 A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Michael A. Sulak December 2011 Dissertation written by Michael A. Sulak B.S., Cleveland State University, 2002 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2011 Approved by _________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Derek S. Damron _________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Robert V. Dorman _________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Ernest J. Freeman _________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Ian N. Bratz _________________, Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Bansidhar Datta Accepted by _________________, Director, School of Biomedical Sciences Dr. Robert V. Dorman _________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Dr. John R. D. Stalvey ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1: Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Hypothesis and Project Rationale
    [Show full text]
  • Electroanalysis May Be Used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20317 Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0631-2 To cite this version: Giraud, William and Mirabel, Marie and Comtat, Maurice Electroanalysis may be used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production. (2014) Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, 172 (4). 1953-1963. ISSN 0273-2289 Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] Electroanalysis may be used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production William Giraud & Marie Mirabel & Maurice Comtat Abstract This study shows that electroanalysis may be used in vanillin biotechnological production. As a matter of fact, vanillin and some molecules implicated in the process like eugenol, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid may be oxidized on electrodes made of different materials (gold, platinum, glassy carbon). By a judicious choice of the electrochemical method and the experimental conditions the current intensity is directly proportional to the molecule concentrations in a range suitable for the biotechnological process. So, it is possible to imagine some analytical strategies to control some steps in the vanillin biotechnological production: by sampling in the batch reactor during the process, it is possible to determine out of line the concentration of vanillin, eugenol, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid with a gold rotating disk electrode, and low concentration of vanillin with addition of hydrazine at an amalgamated electrode.
    [Show full text]