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Reichtum Update Reichtum/Update 2008 Axel Köhler-Schnura © Anschrift: Spendenkonten: ethecon EthikBank Freiberg Stiftung Ethik & Ökonomie Konto 30 45 536 Wilhelmshavener Straße 60 BLZ 830 944 95 10551 Berlin IBAN DE 58 830 944 95 000 30 45 536 Fon/Fax 030 - 22 32 51 45 BIC GENODEF1ETK eMail [email protected] GLS-Bank Bochum verantwortlicher Vorstand: Konto 6002 562 100 Dipl. Kfm. BLZ 430 609 67 Axel Köhler-Schnura (Gründungsstifter) IBAN DE05 430 609 67 6002 562 100 Postfach 15 04 35 BIC GENODEM1GLS 40081 Düsseldorf Schweidnitzer Str. 41 40231 Düsseldorf Fon 0211 - 26 11 210 Fax 0211 - 26 11 220 eMail [email protected] Gedruckt auf 100% UmweltschutzPapier Stand: Dezember 2008 (5. Auflage) Das Problem ist nicht das gesellschaftliche Symptom. Das Problem ist das ökonomische System. Für eine Welt ohne Ausbeutung und ohne Unterdrückung. Reichtum/Update 2008 Inhalt Zehn Vorbemerkungen ......................................................................................................... 3 Die FORBES-Liste ................................................................................................................... 6 Die MilliardärInnen der Welt ................................................................................................. 7 Russland und China mit den dynamischsten Zuwächsen .................................................. 9 Macht der USA und der G8 geht zu Gunsten BRIC-Staaten zurück .................................... 10 Deutschland innerhalb der G7 nach wie vor auf Platz 2 ..................................................... 10 Vermögen der Super-Reichen basieren auf Ausbeutung ................................................... 11 System und Ethik des Kapitals .............................................................................................. 12 Ethik und Moral am Beispiel der Milliardärin Liliane Bettencourt ....................................... 16 Anhang/Tabellen ................................................................................................................... 19 Die Reichsten der Welt nach Vermögen .......................................................................... 19 Die Reichsten der Welt nach Geschlecht ........................................................................ 39 Die Reichsten der Welt nach Staatsbürgerschaft ........................................................... 40 Die Reichsten der Welt nach Staatsbürgerschaft zusammengefasst ............................ 64 Die Reichsten der Welt zusammengefasst nach G8 ....................................................... 66 Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt nach Ländern ......................................................................... 67 Zum Autor ......................................................................................................................... 71 ethecon Stiftung Ethik & Ökonomie / www.ethecon.org 1 Reichtum/Update 2008 2 ethecon Stiftung Ethik & Ökonomie / www.ethecon.org Reichtum/Update 2008 Zehn Vorbemerkungen Vorbemerkung 1: Eine Milliarde ist eine Zahl mit neun Nullen - 1.000.000.000. Eine Milliarde sind 1.000 Millionen. Eine Milliarde Dollar reicht aus, um jedem der 6,6 Milliarden Menschen auf der Erde, vom Baby bis zum Greis, 15 Cent zu schenken. Vorbemerkung 2: Eine Billion ist eine Zahl mit 12 Nullen - 1.000.000.000.000. Es sind 1.000 mal 1.000 Millionen. Eine Billion Dollar reicht aus, um jedem Menschen auf der Erde 152 Dollar zu schenken. Vorbemerkung 3: Nach dem Stand des Jahres 2007 besitzen > etwa 80 Millionen Menschen ein Vermögen von mindestens 100.000 US-Dollar1 (Reiche); > etwa 10,1 Mio. Menschen ein Finanzvermögen von mehr als 1 Million US-Dollar2 (MillonärInnen); > etwa 103,3 Tsd. Menschen ein Vermögen von mehr als 30 Mio. US-Dollar (Ultra- MillionärInnen); > 1.125 Personen besitzen mehr als eine Milliarde US-Dollar3 (MilliardärInnen). Im Durchschnitt besitzt jeder der 10,1 Millionen MillionärInnen 3,0 Mio. US-Dollar und jeder der 1.125 MilliardärInnen 3,9 Milliarden Dollar. Vorbemerkung 4: Die etwa 80 Millionen Reichen der Welt mit einem Vermögen von mindestens 100.000 US- Dollar besitzen nach dem Stand des Jahres 2007 insgesamt 97,9 Billionen Dollar4. Davon besitzen die 10,1 Millionen MillionärInnen mit 40,7 Billionen US-Dollar5 knapp die Hälfte 1 Der multinationale US-Wirtschaftsberatungskonzern Boston Consulting Group veröffentlicht seit 2001 jährlich einen Weltreichtumsbericht (Global Wealth), der Auskunft gibt über die Verteilung des Reichtums in der Welt. (www.bcg.com) 2 Die multinationalen US-Finanz-Konzerne Merrily Lynch und Capgemini veröffentlichen seit 1996 jährlich einen Weltreichtumsbericht (World Wealth Report). Darin enthalten ist die Übersicht über die MillionärInnen der Welt. (http://www.ml.com und http://www.us.capgemini.com) 3 Das US-Wirtschaftsmagazin „Forbes“ veröffentlicht jährlich neu die Liste der MilliardärInnen der Welt. (http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_The-Worlds-Billionaires_Rank.html) 4 Global Wealth 2007, Boston Consulting Group (www.bcg.com) 5 World Wealth Report 2008, Merrily Lynch und Capgemini (http://www.ml.com und http://www.us.capgemini.com) ethecon Stiftung Ethik & Ökonomie / www.ethecon.org 3 Reichtum/Update 2008 und die 1.125 MilliardärInnen mit einem Vermögen von 4,4 Billionen US-Dollar6 knapp fünf Prozent. Alleine das Vermögen der MilliardärInnen reicht aus, um beispielsweise jedem Menschen auf der Erde 670 Dollar zu überlassen. Vorbemerkung 5: 178 Länder vereinten im Jahr 2006 ein Weltinlandsprodukt in Höhe von 48,2 Billionen US- Dollar7 auf sich. Die etwa 80 Millionen Reichen mit einem Vermögen von mindestens 100.000 US-Dollar besitzen etwa das Doppelte dieses Jahres-Einkommens der gesamten Weltbevölkerung von 6,6 Milliarden Menschen8, die MilliardärInnen der Welt mit ihren 4,4 Billionen US-Dollar immerhin noch knapp 10 Prozent dieses Weltinlandsproduktes. Anders ausgedrückt: 1.125 Milliärde besitzen ebenso viel wie das Bruttoinlandsprodukt der ärmeren 145 Länder mit einer Bevölkerung von 2,1 Milliarden Menschen ausmacht (das sind 83,8 Prozent aller einbezogenen 173 Länder bzw. 31,8 Prozent der Weltbevölkerung). Vorbemerkung 6: Solche Vermögen sind durch lohnabhängige Arbeit niemals zu erwerben. Solcher Reichtum wird in unterschiedlicher Kombination nur möglich durch Ausbeutung von Menschen und natürlichen Ressourcen sowie durch Spekulation und/oder kriminelle Machenschafte bis hin zu Kriegsgewinnlerei.9 Das wird auch deutlich daran, dass das private Finanzvermögen in den Jahren 1980 bis 2006 dreimal so schnell gewachsen ist wie das Weltinlandsprodukt10. Vorbemerkung 7: Es sei an das alte Sprichwort erinnert „Wer das Geld hat, hat die Macht“. Und da die Vermögenden das Geld haben, wäre es falsch, davon auszugehen, das die Macht nicht bei ihnen läge. Und zwar so abgestuft, wie die Vermögen sich verteilen: Die größte Macht liegt bei den ultra-reichen Multimilliardären. Vorbemerkung 8: Die Macht der MilliardärInnen wird besonders deutlich in den großen multinationalen 6 „Billionaires 2008“, Forbes (billionaire, engl. = Milliardär) (http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_The-Worlds-Billionaires_Rank.html) 7 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_L%C3%A4nder_nach_Bruttoinlandsprodukt / Berechnungen des Internationalen Währungsfonds 8 DSW-Datenreport 2007, Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung (www.weltbevoelkerung.de 9 Zwar betont die Forbes-Liste, dass nur „ehrlich“ erworbene Vermögen geführt würden und der Reichtum von Mafia- Bossen und Diktatoren etwa bleibt ausgeschlossen bliebe, aber erstens gibt es auch bei „ehrlich“ erworbenen Vermögen eine große Grauzone und nicht alles was „ehrlich“ im wirtschaftlichen Sinn ist, ist im ethisch-mpralischen Sinne ehrlich (beispielsweise Aktien-Dividenden aufgrund von Kartellen). Bei näherer Untersuchung werden sich in allen großen Vermögen kriminelle Wurzeln ausmachen lassen. 10 nach Farrell/Fölsater/Lund 2008, S. 3 / jungeWelt v. 30.04.08, S.11 4 ethecon Stiftung Ethik & Ökonomie / www.ethecon.org Reichtum/Update 2008 Konzernen. Mit jedem der Super-Reichen verbinden sich in aller Regel Dutzende von Konzern-Namen11. Auch wenn die Namen der Konzerne mehr bekannt sind und mehr im Kreuzfeuer öffentlicher Auseinandersetzungen stehen als die Namen der hinter ihnen stehenden MilliardärInnen, so sind es doch die Personen, die die Politik der Konzerne bestimmen. Das Prinzip des Wirtschaftslebens ist: Jeder Angestellte ist an die Weisungen und das Wollen des Firmeninhabers gebunden. Die Konzernmanager sind die Angestell- ten der Konzernbesitzer12. Und die Konzerne gehören zu weiten Teilen den MilliardärIn- nen und MillionärInnen. Hinzu kommt, dass die Konzernchefs ihrerseits in aller Regel mit jährlichen Multimillionen-Einkommen mittlerweile selbst zur Liga der Ultra-MillionärInnen gehören und von daher eine Gleichheit der Interessen zwischen Ihnen und den besitzen- den GroßaktionärInnen aus der Gruppe MilliardärInnen existiert. Vorbemerkung 9: Entsprechend verhält es sich mit der Politik. Diese wird ebenfalls von den MilliardärInnen und deren Interessen bestimmt. Geschah dies früher durch verdeckte Einflussnahme, durch Finanzierung der Parteien und der PolitikerInnen, so engagieren sich MilliardärInnen mittlerweile immer offener politisch, schicken die Manager ihrer Konzerne in politische Positionen oder bekleiden selbst politische Positionen. Zwei herausragende Beispiele sind die Multi-Milliardäre Silvio Berlusconi und George Soros13. Vorbemerkung 10: Obwohl im Rahmen kapitalistischer Gesellschaftsnormen akzeptiert, sind Milliarden- Vermögen ethisch und moralisch nicht
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