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MANAGING WOODLAND FOR WILDLIFE The traditional management of Britain's woodlands to the soundscape, while sparrowhawks hunt silently creates valuable wildlife habitats. Historically they have through the canopy and kestrels hover over grassy also been put to many uses by people. The sessile oak, margins, looking for voles. Foxes and weasels can Quercus petraea, was used to build ships as well as occasionally be seen, as can smaller mammals such houses, while the under-storey shrubs were utilised for as wood mouse and common shrew. fencing, tool-making and fuel. Coppicing, a sustainable While decaying ancient trees, standing dead wood method of harvesting, was once common in Britain, and falling timber have in former times been seen as and has reintroduced the practice into the symbols of neglect, they are now recognised as one Natural Areas. of the Natural Areas' most important habitats. Up to Hazel, Corylus avellana, sweet chestnut, a third of the woodland invertebrates depend on Castanea sativa, and lime, Tilia, are left to grow as dead wood at some stage in their lifecycle, in turn multi-stemmed shrubs for a few years and then supporting creatures further up the food chain like their wood is harvested by cutting right back to their the great spotted woodpecker, which can be heard bases. All three species regenerate quickly, producing hammering at standing dead wood in its search for long straight stems that can be harvested again food. The high volume of dead wood in the area has within a few years. The wood is used in the Gardens also encouraged a rich fungal diversity that is not so for plant supports and fencing and also to produce evident in the rest of the Gardens. Kew's stag beetle ~RZ barbecue charcoal, which is sold through Kew retail loggery A3 provides a safe haven for a globally outlets. Coppicing is carried out on a cyclical basis, endangered creature that depends on dead wood. bringing light into the glades, encouraging flowers The stag beetle is often seen at Kew in May and June. like snowdrops, wild garlic and bluebells. Its fearsome-looking antlers are actually jaws and it is Rides, glades, coppice and wetlands encourage harmless, helping to return minerals from dead plants diversity in the Natural Areas, which ring with back to the soil. The larvae mature for up to seven the song of birds like blackcap, dunnock, garden years in rotting wood before turning into beetles. warbler, nuthatch and long-tailed tit. The chatter of Wetland is a further element in this wildlife greenfinches, chaffinches and treecreepers add tapestry. In the wildlife pond waterboatman, mayfly and damselfly are joined by amphibians —the common ~~ frog, common toad and the common or smooth newt. 1 Visitors can watch the wildlife and learn more about it on a new boardwalk trail through the woodlands. C 1 ~ Long-grass areas bring a naturalistic beauty here '. and across the Arboretum. Careful management Lf ~ ~ 1 is required to maintain a balance of plant species. Grasslands and meadows are valuable for invertebrates and these features are managed to maximise biodiversity. Grasshoppers and crickets lay eggs at the base of the grassland sward in late summer, so grass-cutting takes place as late in the year as possible ~~ and the clippings are removed. Kew ecologists are also helping to conserve acid grassland, an endangered native habitat which is important not only for rare plant species but also for the wide range of insects, reptiles and birds it supports. The scientists are experimenting with different seed mixes to see how they support the development of the habitat, which is particularly associated with that iconic songbird, the skylark. ..A ART ART 6 62 3 ~

ART , Since the cave paintings of prehistoric times people have used art ~~` to represent nature, but over the last 400 years the science of botany has pushed the artist to new aesthetic and technical ~~f heights. Kew's world-leading collection of botanical art ` 1~,;, . works by the great masters and illustration includes ~, of the 18th century through to the celebrated artists 'a~ ~ j who collaborate with our scientists today. 'i. Throughout the Gardens, sculptures and statues r :~ are incorporated into the landscape and changing ~ ~~ exhibitions seek to explore and enhance our profound i~ connections with nature. Our rich collections of art, archives and artefacts show how people have made those connections with the wider world, through exploration, observation and craft. ;. ~; r ~` }~

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Simon Verelst (1644— c.1721), Tulips, from the Kew Collection. ART ART 64 65

ART AN D ARTEFACTS AT KEW ~ . ;~ Kew is home to one ofthe world's greatest collections of botanical illustration, as well as a fine collection of portraits of people associated i , t ~ ~~1 r ~t _ .._ . ~t with botany and horticulture and over aso objets d'art, ranging from ~~~,, sculptures to scientific instruments.

Alongside such art, the craft skills of cultures around handcoloured ten-volume Flora Graeca, produced the world are captured in Kew's Economic Botany between 1806 and 1840, as well as many beautiful Collection, which holds around 85,000 items, showing recently published items. how humans use plants, through present-day material, So how do our visitors explore these treasures? archaeological specimens and 19th-century curiosities. Our collections of botanical art and artefacts are Often very beautiful in their own right are the regularly drawn upon for the annual cycle of letters, sketchbooks and field notes of botanists, exhibitions in our latest art space, the Shirley gardeners and travellers held in Kew's archive. Sherwood Gallery of Botanical Art, while the unique This rich historical resource —over 7 million sheets Marianne North Gallery encompasses Victorian of paper —charts the discovery, study, transfer history at its most decorative and eccentric. and use of the world's plants and fungi. Statues and sculpture can be found throughout Kew's archives include extraordinary jewels the Gardens, bringing another dimension to the such as a contemporary transcript of the journals changing landscape. The permanent collection is written by Sir Joseph Banks as he travelled with joined by many installations and works on loan Captain James Cook to the South Seas from 1768 for specific festivals, such as recent exhibitions of to 1771. Sir Joseph Hooker's botanical drawings world-famous artists including Henry Moore, from his travels in the Antarctic and India are Dale Chihuly and David Nash. joined by his letters and notebooks, embellished You can book an appointment with Kew's with sketches of plants and landscape. archives team to view the original archive items in Also behind the scenes is Kew Library's the public reading room. The Library, one of the collection of illustrated books, which includes fine most important botanical reference sources in the volumes from the private library of Kew's first official world, is also open to anyone wishing to consult director Sir William Hooker, such as Besler's Hortus the collection. You can learn more about Kew's Eystettensis of 1613, and other highly illustrated collections through Kew's website (www.kew.org) books including rarities like Jacquin's Selectarum where you can also find the wonderful Library, ~.~ y,,v,,.~' .-~_ stirpium Americanarum historic and John Sibthorp's Art and Archives blog.

The Economic Botany Collection at Kew illustrates the extent of human use of plants around the world, from food, medicine and utensils, to social activities and clothing. The collection forms an important bridge 'Reclining Mother and Child' between biological and by Henry Moore is on loan cultural diversity, valuable to Kew and can be found for the study of plant uses near the lake. past, present and future. .- _ _ __ ~_ ART 67 .- t~

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Pioneering conservationist Margaret Mee (1909-1988) was an outstanding botanical artist. Her expeditions to the Brazilian rainforest from 1956 to 1988 coincided with the period of maximum deforestation and Mee was one of the first to raise a voice against the destructive exploitation of the Amazon. Kew holds 60 of her original watercolour and gouache paintings.

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were collection now represents work from over 200 artists s~ 7 The focus of the Gallery G10 is botanical illustration Banks in 1790. Many of the early originals prepared for Curtis's Botanical Magazine, which dates working in more than 30 countries, acquired during ,' — a fusion of science and art as vibrant and necessary ~ ~` work of her worldwide travels. today as it was in the early days of botany, before the back to 1789, and these are joined by the ~~,..,~_ Walter The Shirley Sherwood Gallery of Botanical Art advent of photography and the arrival of the digital 19th- and 20th-century-contributors such as r~ is next to the Marianne North Gallery and the two ,. age. The primary purpose of botanical art is to show Hood Fitch and Stella Ross-Craig and present-day F ,`1~ y buildings are joined together by the Link Gallery, detail. It can reveal more than a photograph, artists such as Christabel King. There are special scientific 1 '' collections of specific artists, for example Margaret which displays contemporary botanical works from depicting every stage of a plant's lifecycle from ,~ _ flowers the Sherwood Collection on a regularly changing ~' - -- -' ..~~ flower to seed, deliberately highlighting elements Mee (see right) and G D Ehret, who painted ✓; -- Kew's basis. The main gallery space stages two new that cannot be distinguished with a camera. Yet the for the Earl of Bute when he was advisor to exhibitions each year, often drawing on Kew's art, r..^. skilled artist also produces compositions of beauty founder Princess Augusta in the 1750s. Among for artefacts and treasures from the Library and Archives. and historical significance, taking their value far them are also illustrations of extinct species Works from partner institutions and the Sherwood beyond technical accuracy. which the artwork may be the only surviving record. Collection also feature, with one exhibition each Kew's world-leading collection includes works Dr Shirley Sherwood has built one of the world's year based extensively on the latter. .~~ by the great masters of botanical illustration of the most comprehensive collections of contemporary 18th century, such as Redoute and Kew's first official botanical art. In 1990 she purchased an orchid painter, Francis Bauer, who was engaged by Sir Joseph painted by Kew artist Pandora Sellars and her ART 68

_ MARIANNE NORTH GALLERY f' - -_ -

The Marianne North ~allerywas purpose built in i88a to house an ~t e~berant display of botanical and landscape paintings by an intrepid +~ -'~= and unconventional Victorian traveller. Marianne North was 40 when she embarked on her Gallery which, with its veranda, echoes her ':' g l~ ~ first solo expedition in 1871, determined to 'paint attachment to India, while satisfying his own ideas the peculiar vegetation' of other lands. Over the on lighting with large clerestory windows high next 13 years she travelled widely to destinations above the paintings. including North and South America, Japan, India, Marianne took charge of the hanging, ~u. ___ Australia and South Africa, capturing over 900 arranging her pictures in geographical sequence species in her own distinctive style. With minimal over a dado of 246 strips of different timbers. formal training, she worked using a palette of bold An extensive two-year project has now restored assertive colours, sketching rapidly in pen and ink the Marianne North Gallery and its paintings to y on heavy paper, and painting with oils straight their original splendour and a linking gallery joins - -_ ._ `- from the tube. In contrast to the scientific accuracy the Grade II listed building to the Shirley Sherwood of botanical illustration, Marianne showed her Gallery of Botanical Art. Touch screen monitors in subjects in their natural settings, sometimes with the Gallery allow visitors to zoom in on 50 of the an associated insect, bird or other small creature. paintings and read extracts from Marianne's Her vast collection of 832 paintings thereby constitutes memoirs. In the artist's studio, visitors can learn a snapshot in time of tropical and temperate more about the artist and view a set of 'then and habitats from across the globe. now' photos, which show how the landscapes in In 1879, Marianne wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker four paintings — in Jamaica, Sri Lanka, South Africa offering Kew her collection and a gallery to house it. and Tasmania —have dramatically changed in the Her architect friend James Fergusson designed the intervening years.

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Apart from this monument to an extraordinary personality —and to the world view that prevailed in Victorian Britain —Kew's collections are enriched by associated material from Marianne North. Within the photographic collection there are several original photos of her taken by the famous photographer Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879), while Kew's archive holds letters from Marianne to various friends and acquaintances about both her travel experiences and the creation of the North Gallery at , some including sketches. Many of Marianne North's paintings show her subjects in their natural habitats. Above: The 832 paintings You can learn more about are arranged geographically Marianne in the Kew book filling every inch of space Marianne North, a very in the purpose-built intrepid painter and the DVD Victorian gallery. They were The Remarkable Miss North hung by Marianne North on sale in Kew's shops. herself (right). w~''? , ARCHITECTURE ~, '~' 70 ,r . -:~~ - :./: ARCHITECTURE ,. .:. .,~.x ,, .._. s...;.,~...~~.: ,.. Kew Gardens began as two great royal estates and went on to become an economic powerhouse of empire. Now one of the world's leading centres for plant and fungi research, it is also a heritage site of global importance. buildings come from every stage of its history, i.: Its - --~; -:..ra..~~.~ .~+ G ♦ `R7~ some ornamental, others designed to provide its ~;,~ „•~ ,~, ~,.:~. ~,,:~,~r~.+,~ 1~ ~~ ~i ' ~ `._„• .~,d't.R~~~ valuable collections with the environments the ~1~'~" ~r /iII/~ ''I t r '"'"',~, ~ ~ ;,;,may '''•1 ~► ~~~ architects have ~s ~c~~~~ ~•= •~~' ' ~"' ~ ~' need. In ever Y case, the e ~yB gar .n ~r~, .= „ ~ r o~ ,~, t,~.Q►; . employed the latest ideas and technology ~►_~~~Z:~~~~~e.hj'~~ ~., ~ ~_" - _ ~'n~~p buildings are both ,~~~"~!~a`~~fi ° t ~. ~-. ~~~.~ ~' to ensure that their < <~ ,,y+~ fit for purpose and beautiful to behold. ~~~ .e , ;' ~ ~ - '~;.,v~.,~ t ~' ~~~. •'

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You can see a range of ' ~! ' _ , i ~ ~ ;' '~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 5 ~. ~ ', , ~ ~ ~~ ,~ ^^ T e rchitecturalgemsat~Kew ;~ 11 ~- ~ ~ ~ ~`` ~ ' ,' ~, ~ - ;~rorr~17th century palaces to ~ ... ~ ; r '` ' ~ i.~ ~~ , ti _ r i7~ Victarian gl~a5shouses, and now 1 T ., ~ , ~ ; ~ ~ 7 j,. ~~ q, ~. „ r. cutting-edge design too. The. ,, ~ ~ ~ r ' f 4 ~ ~ ~, ~~ Hive was the award-winnin I + '' ''.A,\ ` T" ~~" ~ ,~ - n UK Pavilibrj at the World Expo ~ ~ , 1. ~ ' 1~, 1 1, ? j < o "~ ~ 1 ,"P' ~ ~ .r- in Milan in2015. kcameto ',_ ~ ~' ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Kew in 2016 and reveals the 1~ 1; ~~ _ ~. ~ ~~:' ,? ~ '! p world of the honeybee and i ~ .,~ . ~ ~ 1~ ~\ '~~ ~l ~~Y n r , - ~, ;~ ~r~ ( :^ ~ '± our changing relationship with ,..1 ~~,, ~ i ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~ t~ ~ i these vital~pollinators. ~ '~ ,,~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 4 j ~ ~ ~ \ ~ `~`~L~ ^, k i ~ ' , ~~ ''~ j ~ l _ . ` ~ ~^. ~ i r y ' ^^ ~ ,' ~ ~ ~,, '~~ , n ~-i ~i \ 4;3(x, , ~^ ARCHITECTURE 7Z

BUfLDINGSATKEW including glasshouses, .~ Kew has 38 listed buildings gateways and follies. Alongside these sit the contemporary designs of the modern era. The development of architectural design over time is reflected in these buildings.

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Shirley Sherwood Pagoda Palm House Waterlily House Princess of Wales Davies Alpine House Conservatory 2006. This ingenious new Gallery of Botanical 1631. Built for the rich 1762. A fashionable 1848. The Palm House used 1852. Once the wide 1862-1899. The Temperate alpine house is designed Art and Marianne Flemish merchant Samuel Chinoiserie folly designed the latest innovations in single-span glassho~ House was built over 1987. Ten landscaped like a cooling tower for Fortrey, this palace became by Sir Willam Chambers to ship-building and glazing the world, built to h several decades, with the zones house plants from North Gallery plants from the world's a country retreat for grace the pleasure gardens to create a palace for tropical waterlilies a central block and octagons cool deserts to tropical 2008 and 1882. These two mountain regions. George III and his family. of Princess Augusta. rainforest plants. climbing plants. completed first to house mountains, cloud forests purpose-built galleries hold frost-tender plants. and rainforests. magnificent collections of botanical illustration and art. ARCHITECTURE 74

ROYAL TREASURES ,fir .y ., . ~~~~ - ~ The first century of Kew Gardens was ~~~-~\~ intimately bound up with the Royal Family. This peaceful,leafy estate ., 4 - ~ ~, ~~`'~~ ,,,~ ~. along the River Thames was a retreat ~. 1'~ /i ~ 9 ~P~~ from the demands ofcourt and the of London. r ~,i filth and chaos n"nI~ /~~~~'~ . George II and his descendants built palaces, follies ~ nd temples to adorn the landscape and to provide ,;~ a ~ .~ accommodation fit for kings. But while Kew Palace ,~~ ~i ~~ (right) O 3 is the oldest building in the Gardens and the last surviving royal residence, its modest interiors ~,r'''/~ ~ ~ encapsulate Georgian taste and style, rather than palatial opulence. Built in 1631 for a rich Flemish ~''~~j ~r~-~ _' merchant called Samuel Fortrey, it was originally %~~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i~, I ~~ known as the Dutch House and the first royal ,, elder daughters of George II. ~~'~~', , residents were the three `I, ~~ of Their brother Frederick, Prince Wales, lived ~ ~~~uJI ~~A < opposite them in a large Palladian palace called the White House —since demolished —and it was here i ~~ ~~ that his son, the future King George III, grew up. fe~~ At Kew Palace he received the extensive education .'i~ ~~l'i ~:i:~ that was to profoundly influence his reign, a period in which ideas of science, art and manufacturing d blossomed. Even when he became King, George disliked court life, retreating to his country estates to explore the latest ideas in agriculture and architecture. He and his wife, Queen Charlotte, spent happy summers at Kew Palace with their .;. - 15 children and it was an important refuge during :v~.. ,. his infamous episodes of 'madness'. After Queen '= ~~, Charlotte died in 1818, Kew Palace was shut up. It was acquired by Kew in 1898 and opened to the public for the first time. Today it is in the trust of Historic Royal Palaces. Close to Kew Palace, the Georgian Royal CLASSICAL PROPORTION Kitchens remain miraculously preserved, 200 years with sand and soap in the lead-lined sink. Upstairs The Orangery (right) P 4 is a fine classical building after they were last used. Designed by one of the is the office of the clerk, who was responsible for constructed in 1761 and designed by Sir William ---r greatest architects of his day, William Kent, their feeding the enormous royal household. He held Chambers to house citrus trees and other dimensions give us an idea of the grand scale of under lock and key the expensive spices, sugar, ornamentals. However, even with the addition of ___~, the White House. The great kitchen is an impressive cinnamon and other luxuries. two side windows in 1842 the light levels were never double-height room, complete with roasting range, The botanic garden founded by George III's high enough for plants to thrive inside. Chambers charcoal grill and pastry oven, while in four adjacent mother, Princess Augusta, would be instrumental created many of the ornamental buildings that still rooms bread was baked, fish and meat stored, in bringing many of these precious commodities provide focal points in the Gardens today including vegetables prepared and pots and pans scoured to the tables of an emerging middle-class. the Pagoda. ARCHITECTURE 76 ;~: AUDACIOUS FOLLY a tall building could remain standing but its The Pagoda B 9 was completed in 1762 as a gift for that such it great stability, each successive Princess Augusta, the founder of the botanic gardens tapering design gives cm (1 ft) less in both diameter and at Kew. It was one of several Chinese buildings made floor being 30 below it. for the Kew estate by Sir William Chambers, who height than the one the Pagoda had worked in East Asia, visiting Canton twice. It was At the time of its construction of a Chinese originally flanked by a Moorish Alhambra and a was the most accurate reconstruction later recognised Turkish Mosque, follies that were all the rage in the building in Europe, though it was odd number great gardens of the time. As symbols of fashion, that pagodas should always have an of colour, wealth and power, these garden ornaments were of floors. The original design was full varnished iron the subject of much public comment. The Pagoda with roofs made of green and white red was judged 'a whimsical object, 'the puerile effort plates, railings around each balcony painted blue, of an overgrown boy' and 'a masterpiece of art' as and green, 80 gilded dragons to decorate the roof roof revealed in Ray Desmond's authoritative History of corners and a gold finial at the top. But the iron the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. plates were replaced by slate and unfortunately the During the construction of the Pagoda, the dragons have long since vanished. The building was politician Horace Walpole, who lived in nearby further altered during the Second World War, when Twickenham, wrote 'We begin to perceive the tower holes were made in each floor so that British bomb of Kew from Montpelier Row; in a fortnight you designers could drop models of their latest inventions will be able to see it in Yorkshire.' The ten-storey from top to bottom to study their behaviour in flight. octagonal structure is nearly 50m high (163 ft) The Pagoda is currently undergoing an extensive and the uppermost level is reached by a staircase restoration by Historic Royal Palaces and will re-open of 253 steps. Contemporary commentators wondered to the public in 2018.

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~~ Kew's handsome classical \. ~~/~ Nash Conservatory is the oldest of Kew's 19th century ~— glasshouses. Originally one ` ~ ~ of four pavilions designed t~l by John Nash for the gardens ~*s ~ ~ _ at Buckingham Palace, it I~~ ~ l was moved to Kew by ~~ King William IV in 1836.

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Y {l~~''T ~~'.>%~{ ~ " PALACES OF EMPIRE mss_ _ % ofthe most important Victorian ,~:.,~ ,~ t`1 One ~~...a',~~r~~t~.,.~ = fit.:, tructures still in existence,the ;, s g ~, Palm House has stood at the heart ofKew hardens for i~o years. r~ ~, . r 3~~ F' ,~ ''~ ~! l Shortly after the Gardens passed from the Crown to ~.in ~p the nation the Palm House K 7 was built to meet the urgent need to house the palms and other tropical L`/OlI/ trees that were being dispatched to Kew from around ~ f~ the world. It was the hub of Nesfield's landscape design, which unified the historically distinct estates, with vistas radiating from its west doors to the far ~r . _ reaches of the site. •dos CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY The Palm House was built using the latest technological innovations. It was constructed between 1844 and 1848 by engineer Richard Turner to Decimus Burton's design. The elegant curvilinear structure, with its large central hall unimpeded by pillars, ~~ was only made possible by recent developments r .. yc~ - in shipbuilding and glazing. It was heated by a system of pipes fed by 12 boilers, circulating warm 4 ~ 4 ,~ i-~--- V _.. ;~ ~ •.. air through an iron grating floor. An underground tunnel was used to deliver fuel to the furnaces and 4.r.~ it ,;, carried the smoke away to a chimney, disguised as .,', ~ / an Italian Romanesque campanile, which can still ', ~ ~ be seen towering over Victoria Gate. ,.: ~ f ~LrJ* .,- The Palm House measures 110 m (363 ft) long, tY~ , I-:..a~~ ..~:~, 30 m (100 ft) wide and 19 m (63 ft) high. In spite of the fact that it was originally dad in 16,000 panes .. F~-. of green-tinted glass, it eventually proved to be a ..~~- The Palm House combined Victorian technology and Imperial ambition to create a home for some of the world's horticultural success. The first palms, cycads and The Palm House was first restored between most important tropical plants. trees in the Palm House were planted in large teak 1955 and 1957 when its glazing bars were cleaned tubs or clay pots and within five years Turner's and the entire house re-glazed. A second more elegant spiral staircases and wrought iron balustrades comprehensive overhaul took place between 1984 Kew's Temperate House ~s the ~ar9est SU~~~mg v~~or~an were smothered by climbers. In 1860, two large and 1988. The Grade I listed-building was emptied, restored, its amazing glasshouse in the world. It is currently being central beds were dug and the tallest palms planted completely dismantled, restored and rebuilt. collection of temperate plants rejuvenated and the interior made into in them. Freed from their pots the trees thrived, Ten miles of replica glazing bars made of stainless a wonderful place to enjoy and learn about plants. The interior will several species flowering for the first time outside steel were put in place to hold new panes of have exciting new landscapes to house the permanent collection and the tropics, and gradually most of the plants were toughened safety glass. The restoration took as the.odagons will offer changing displays of plant exhibitions. transferred to beds. long to finish as the glasshouse first took to build. _, ~, -r ,. ~ .. ~~- . ~~ ~r ` ~e

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, t r - Engineer Richard Turner, ~~~ — ~;!''- ` ~ _ ~ ~r -~-' - _ „~ - '~'~ -" ~ who built the Palm House -•+F ~ S .~~~+`~..,~~~ _ - - '~"~``- ~.,~~ to Deciinus Burton's design ~.,.~; - _ '~ ^ ' ~~` ~.~ `~ , ~ ~ ,A - '~;' _ ~ .~~. applied his skills to anoEher - yy;,- _ -- :~c _ ,~i~q..gtasshouse. opened in :c~ i~~ ~ ~~ ~ i\ t -.,,~~ -.g~1 , - 4~a r ~~ _ "9~i~ ~., 'H~` .r ~'~ s ~~.,.,~ _ 1852, the Waterlily House .Q ,_ ~ -.,~ 'it, ~-~ „-a . ' was the widest single-span ~ ~ ~~ J_~ ~' 1. ? • A ~~~ -'~ .~ - ~ _ - ++~~~ _ ''' 1 glasshouse in the world, ~ ., ~. . '~ s t ~ ~""'S'~ _ . purpose-built to house the ~' ~ _ ~ -; ~ _ = ~_ ~""-o,_,a - . natural wonder of the a9 e, - •" q •'~.d \ ~ _, y`. ~ , -,.. the giant waterlily, Victoria ~. ~ / ~ '~ ~. I ,. -• _ o amazonica. The species did ~; + ~ ~ ` not thrive here however and f ~` p ''`~` ,' ` now grows in the Princess ._ of Wales Conservatory, but ~ - ~ -:A ~~ .. every year a close relation, .y. ;~, ~ ~. Victoria cruziana, makes a {. ~ ' ~" ~~~~ ~t glorious display in the central ~; ~~ Jq ~~tt ~.i~ LJ • /' ~ \ •~ ~ -~-' pool, alongside Nymphaea ~: - ~i_ '• ~*c waterlilies and sacred lotus, e ~ '~ ~. Nelumbo nucifera. ! ~'. ~' ` ~

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82

CONTEMPORARY ICONS

The architects ofKew's e~rtraordinary igth-century glasshouses created structures that were not only beautiful but purpose-built for the greatest plant collection in the world.Two award-winning glasshouses at the north end ofthe wardens extend this fine tradition into the modern age.

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PRINCESS OF WALES CONSERVATORY DAVIESALPINEHOUSE ,~

The Princess of Wales Conservatory (above) N 7 The most recent glasshouse built at Kew is also the fi ~a~. was opened in 1987 by Diana, Princess of Wales, and smallest. The glass and steel arch of the Davies Alpine Ff ~~ is named after her predecessor Princess Augusta, the House (right) O 8 rises lightly over the northern i founder of the botanic gardens at Kew. Its dramatic sandstone terraces of the Rock Garden. It is designed ~! ~.r_ \'\ angled gables and its surrounding landscaped beds to keep plants dry in winter(when they would naturally -Y~f ~ _ ,I, .i~ are a sleek rejoinder to the curves of the Palm House lie under a blanket of snow)and provide the cool ~~ and the classical ornament of the Temperate House. summer conditions of their mountain habitats, without Designed by Gordon Wilson to achieve the highest using energy-intensive air-conditioning and wind possible energy efficiency, its stepped glass roof is an pumps. To counteract the build up of heat that always an extremely low iron content, allowing 90% of extremely effective collector of solar energy and much occurs under glass, the distinctive structure acts like daylight through. Alpines from high altitudes thrive in of the building lies below ground level, which insulates a chimney; as warm air escapes through vents in the the resulting intense sunlight. However, in extremely it against heat loss. Inside, paths, steps, bridges roof, cool air is drawn in at the base. Meanwhile, a hot periods the temperature in the house is regulated and tunnels lead the visitor through ten landscaped fan blows air through a concrete labyrinth beneath by shading provided by four beautiful fan-shaped zones, their temperature and humidity carefully the ground. The air cools on its convoluted journey sails. Designed by Wilkinson-Eyre Associates, the controlled to recreate a range of environments, and flows over the plants from a series of funnels Davies Alpine House was awarded a prestigious RIBA from tropical desert to rainforest (see p16). within the rocky landscape. The laminated glass has award for architecture when it opened in 2006. ARCHITECTURE ~. ARCHITECTURE 84 ~ - 85 ~ r

XSTRATATREETOPWALKWAY SH I RLEY SH ERWOOD GALLERY OF BOTANICALART While Kew's glasshouses and galleries focus on their contents, another striking contemporary structure The Shirley Sherwood Gallery of Botanical Art G10 offers thrilling perspectives on the great outdoors. is the first public gallery dedicated to botanical art, At 18 m (59 ft) above the ground, Kew's Xstrata displaying treasures from Kew's collections (see p66)

Treetop Walkway G 6 gives visitors a rare insight alongside works from the collection of Dr Shirley ~~ Y /t ~ } '~ r ~ "~':' ~ - l'~ into the complex ecosystem of the forest canopy, Sherwood and partner institutions. Award-winning _- I ^i 'lam, ,f ~ ' ' ~, birds and insects, lichens Cohen the latest _ F a world teeming with architects Walters and employed - and fungi. The 200 m (656 ft) long walkway was technologies to provide controlled conditions to opened in 2008, designed by Marks Barfield keep the artworks in perfect condition, but with Architects, who also designed the London Eye, minimal environmental impact. and won numerous awards in 2009 including the RIBA Award, the Structural Steel Design Award and the Civic Trust Award. Made from over 400 tonnes of weathered steel, the 12 walkway trusses connect ten 'node' platforms, including one large enough to provide a lofty, open air classroom for school groups. Far-reaching views across the Gardens and over the London skyline show the vital part trees play in the landscape, not only contributing to its beauty but providing habitats for urban wildlife and acting as natural air conditioners (just a 10% in urban greenery can cut the temperature in Above: High up on the increase Walkway, visitors experience a city by up to four degrees centigrade in summer). the scale and seasonal cycle of beech, lime, oak, sweet and horse chestnut trees.

SACKLERCROSSING II~L I ~, ~y I Opened in 2006 the Sackler Crossing is the first ever bridge across the Lake, designed by the architect John Pawson. Winner of the 2008 Stephen Lawrence Prize, the striking black granite walkway guides visitors low over the water along a curving path that mimics the Lake's rounded banks. Its walls are a series of vertical, flat bronze posts. On approaching the Crossing these give the appearance of forming a solid wall, but when viewed sideways on they appear almost invisible. This is akin to the ways in which water can appear both solid and fluid.

The glazed exterior of the The design of the trusses of the Xstrata Treetop Walkway beautifully proportioned provides an elegant i by a number series found frequently pavilion s inspired the Fibonacci sequence, counterbalance to the in natural growth patterns. You can see this pattern in the complex Victorian ornament of the adjacent Marianne North spirals of the sunflower. Gallery (see p68-69). ARCHITECTURE 86

THE HIVE The Hive O 5 is a unique and critically acclaimed structure, inspired by scientific research into the health of bees. Designed by UK-based artist Wolfgang Buttress, it was originally created as the centrepiece of the UK Pavilion at the 2015 World Expo in Milan, which had the theme of 'Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life'. The Hive is an open-air structure standing at 17 m (56 ft)tall and weighing in at 40 tonnes. It is made from around 170,000 individual components that together create an intriguing lattice or honeycomb- like effect. Inside you'll find around 900 LED lights that glow and fade as a unique soundscape hums and buzzes around you. The Hive encapsulates the story of honeybees and their important role in pollinating crops and other plants. The multi-sensory elements of light and sound within the Hive are in fact responding to the real-time activity of bees in a beehive behind the scenes at Kew. Their intensity within the space changes as the energy levels in the real beehive surge, giving visitors an insight into life inside a bee colony. The Hive has its own soundscape called One, which is a constantly changing piece of meditative music in the key of C that merges improvised music with the sound of 40,000 bees in a hive, creating a truly immersive audio experience. Around the Hive you'll find a meadow with 34 native wildflower species including selfheal, ox-eye daisies and ragged robin, which flower over the summer and autumn. There are also 19non-native species beneficial to bees including California poppies, soapwort, blue flax and hyssop. The space is edged with native hedgerow species including hawthorn, guelder rose and wayfaring tree, which also support bees and other wildlife. Bees are fundamental to human existence because they pollinate a large number of the crops that feed us. During peak visitor seasons you'll find explainers near the Hive who will share fascinating information with you about the installation and about the life of honeybees, and can also point you towards the beehives in the Plant Family Beds O 8 . ~ C~. ~ } r`i" h (~~ ~~~ • a 't~~ ~~. c ~. r. 4 3u ``S`' ~ ~r ~2~z - t .. irk 9~, w # r S ~ ~ '~ ~ ,; , F , Y .... ~ 2;~~,- ~y 4 «- '1 ~ 4

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LIVING HISTORY Kew's complex history is imprinted upon its landscape.Its contours and plant collections chart three centuries ofdevelopment, fr om royal pleasure ground to people's park,fr om pastoral idyll through the frenzied collection of exotics and the industrial exploitation of natural resources,to a national reference collection informing conservation, medical and genetic research.

Now encompassing 132 hectares (326 acres), the site is bound by the River Thames to the west, the beautiful eastern wall along Kew Road, the elegant Kew Green to the north, and Richmond's leafy deer park to the south. At every point, the visitor is beckoned by views, ornaments, buildings and extraordinary plants, each with a fascinating story. These multiple layers of history, science, culture and personality are celebrated in Kew's status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

TREND-SETTING ROYAL ESTATES The Gardens were born of the ambitions of two powerful 18th-century women who sought to present the latest fashionable thinking through their adjacent royal estates. Queen Caroline pioneered the English Landscape Garden style —with no expense spared — while her daughter-in-law, Princess Augusta, embraced Enlightenment ideas of purpose and pleasure by founding a botanic garden at the heart of her Chinoiserie-style landscape. Queen Caroline, wife of King George II, engaged Charles Bridgeman to redesign Richmond Gardens in the mid-1720s. Formal baroque terraces and avenues were swept away and this flat expanse landscapers in Britain's history, further developed the corner of today's Gardens is Queen Charlotte's of floodplain, with the River Thames at its western naturalistic character of Richmond Gardens in the first Cottage. An early example of a cottage orne, the boundary, was sculpted and planted to create decades after George III ascended the throne. Kent's thatched building was used by the Royal Family in an Arcadian landscape of walks and woodland, whimsical buildings and the beloved riverside terrace the late 18th century for rest and refreshment during interspersed by arable fields. William Kent's were replaced by sweeping lawns and artful clusters walks in the gardens. Exotic animals were kept in Hermitage, his famous gothic Merlin's Cave and of trees. Brown's picturesque Hollow Walk of 1773 the paddock to the rear of the cottage, including other follies enhanced this recreation of rural idyll. survives as the Rhododendron Dell. Another rustic colourful pheasants and the first kangaroos to Lancelot 'Capability' Brown, one of the most famous element that can still be seen in the south-western arrive in England. »

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FASHION RIVALS Princess Augusta, wife of Prince Frederick and mother of the future George III, was to promote an even more flamboyant, exotic style in her garden at Kew. Statuary, formal shrub plantings, lawns and hedged fields of the 1730s were gradually embellished by 'curious & forain' trees, a lake and mount. However, it was after Frederick's unexpected death in 1751 that work began in earnest to implement his plan for the Kew garden. Guided by the Earl of Bute, mentor to the future George III, Princess Augusta founded the botanic garden, a five acre arboretum and a physic garden. Her burgeoning tree collection — in particular, new introductions from North America —was laid out according to the new method of bi-nomial classification devised by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus —each plant uniquely identified by two Latin words. Within ten years, the list of Kew's plants — Hortus Kewensis —listed 3,400 species.

FOLLIES IN THE PLEASURE GROUNDS At the same time, the architect Sir William Chambers began to create buildings for the Princess's pleasure grounds, among them the Pagoda and the Orangery. Of his many follies —ornamental architectural features of little practical use —four remain, all of them Grade II ~ f~'~(s,, ~-~~ ._~. listed buildings. The Temple of Arethusa (1758) K8 d is named after a nymph attendant of Diana, Roman goddess of hunting. Today this temple is the setting for Kew's war memorials and is adorned with wreaths 1 every 11 November. The Ruined Arch (1759) F10 ~ r ~ ~ ` ', x} is a charming mock ruin in classical Roman style; the ,~i ~ (1760) 19 ,with its Doric facade, is ,. Temple of Bellona . ~ ,`•~,;~ ~ ` is named after the Roman goddess of war and pays ..:F , , ,. ~~ 1 .~ tribute to the British and Hanoverian regiments which fought in the Seven Years' War; the Temple of Aeolus Above: Temple of Aeolus, focus of the Woodland Garden. (1760) M 8,named after the mythical king of storms the 18th L Marlow's view and the four winds, was originally built of wood and the architecture but the landscape too. In eft: William century, Kew's pastures were grazed by livestock, but of the Lake seen from the once had a revolving seat to provide a panoramic Great Lawn, with the Pagoda. grass view of the whole Kew estate. It was rebuilt in stone over the decades, the gradual mechanisation of by Decimus Burton in 1845. cutting led to the long tradition of close-cropped ornamental lawns. Nineteenth-century garden design saw the lawn as the perfect foil for the major ORNAMENTAL LAWNS structural elements of the landscape —including the As European explorers charted the world, both latest plant introductions from around the world, gardens were developed to display exciting newly- as well as terracing and parterres, reintroduced discovered plants. New technology affected not only after being swept away in Georgian times. » ;~ CHANGING LANDSCAPE 97 i

In 1840, just as the idea of public parks had begun SCIENTIFIC PURPOSE OFTHE GARDENS Gardens, Kew was to take root, the Royal Botanic In spite of the new emphasis on spectacle and public transferred from the Crown to the nation. Under the recreation, the scientific purpose of the Gardens directorship of Sir William Hooker, followed by his remained at its core. A series of straight beds —now son Sir Joseph Hooker, it became a destination for the Plant Family Beds 08 —were laid out with plants public recreation and education. Its landscape was grouped according to the latest scientific system of reconfigured as parkland and a fitting backdrop for classification. Trees and shrubs were planted ,,-a — ray a ~y -.~ monumental architecture, symbolising its new role taxonomically in the Arboretum, and the ~ K~. Pinetum ~,~.,L . - rr - as a driver of economic development across the extended. One of the best holly, Ilex, collections in British Empire. Europe still remains along Holly Walk H6 ,while old excavations were exploited to create intimate oases VICTORIAN FORMALITY like the Bamboo Garden H3 and Berberis Dell 19 . William Andrews Nesfield, the leading exponent of The Hollow Walk became the Rhododendron renewed formality in gardens, unified the historically Dell 12 ,planted with Joseph Hooker's celebrated distinct estates by imposing on them a series of long collections from Sikkim. The Rock Garden N 8 vistas, which radiated out from the new Palm House, and the first Alpine House were constructed and its pond and parterres. The Palm House complex was the Temperate House completed. By 1902, 8,000 linked by the stately Broad Walk to a grand new herbaceous plants and 4,500 hardy trees and entrance on Kew Green. Instead of an inconspicuous shrubs were recorded in cultivation. door in the boundary wall, visitors now entered the There have been significant additions since the Gardens through Decimus Burton's ornate gateway turn of the 20th century, such as the Grass Garden with Jacobean-style ironwork and carved stone pillars. (see p41), the Rose Garden K7 to the west of the This gate was,renamed Elizabeth Gate in 2012 to Palm House and the Japanese Gateway (see p38). mark HM Queen's Diamond Jubilee. Cherry Walk was created and, in 1911, the The construction of the Lake —now transformed Rhododendron Dell was enhanced by the Chinese by the beautiful Sackler Crossing G 4 —and rhododendrons introduced by E H Wilson, and new Waterlily Pond D 4 added drama to the Arboretum. buildings such as the Princess of Wales Conservatory Popular demand for seasonal floral displays drove (see p82) and the Xstrata Treetop Walkway (see p84) the development of hundreds of flower beds, have been added. However, by the end of Queen incorporating the geometric style of the day, and the Victoria's reign, the Gardens had become essentially first Refreshment Pavilion, which opened in 1888. the landscape we see today.

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:_ :J~E:~ vi- r.~~~ 98 THE ROLE OF KEW i►

The Royal botanic Gardens, Kew is a plant wonderland, maintained to inspire, inform and amaze our visitors. And with our Herbarium, Fungarium, DNA bank and Millennium Seed Bank it forms the most comprehensive plant reference collection on Earth, underpinning our science and conservation work with an international network of partners. Kew has always brought excitement and intense curiosity to the scientific investigation of the natural world. We are a global resource for plant and fungal knowledge. At a time of dramatic environmental change, we are using that knowledge to address great challenges: feeding, healing and sheltering a growing population while conserving priceless natural resources.

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COLLECTING WORKING TO COMPLETETHE PICTURE Deciding whether something is a new species AND ANALYSING is a complex task. Our living collections are complemented by an even greater collection of Kew's development was driven first by preserved plants and fungi, against which discoveries a hunger for exotic plants and then in the wild can be compared. Our Fungarium by the economic needs ofan expanding is the largest in the world and our Herbarium empire,but the same drivers created holds over seven million dried plant specimens, the wealth ofscientific knowledge including collections made by some of Britain's most and the e~rtraordinary collections celebrated scientists and explorers, such as Joseph Charles Darwin, Joseph Hooker and which underpin our work today. Banks, David Livingstone. Today, thousands of researchers Taxonomists at Kew are still discovering hundreds of come to Kew each year to study this resource new species of plants and fungi each year. But why and, in an ongoing programme of digitisation, is this knowledge important? And what impact can high-resolution images of half a million specimens Kew's work make on the world? Botanists estimate can now be accessed on the web from anywhere that up to 100,000 species of flowering plants in the world. Through our international networks, remain undiscovered while for fungi, the number the jigsaw pieces are slotting together. is orders of magnitude greater. Nevertheless, every In 2015, Kew published the 2020 Science year the discovery of new species completes Strategy outlining its key objectives for future sections of the jigsaw. research, conservation and education endeavours. Discovering and documenting plants and fungi One objective was to publish aground-breaking help us to answer urgent questions; how and why State of the World's Plants report each year — an evolution has taken certain paths; which species and easy to access 'health check' on the plant kingdom, habitats are at risk of extinction and how we can helping to focus research where it is most needed. conserve them; what role plants and fungi play in The first of these reports was published in early ecosystems and how they can be used sustainably; 2016. You can view this and all future reports on and how global environmental change will affect kew.org, where you can also read blog posts from plants, fungi and, ultimately, all life on Earth. a range of Kew's scientists.

DNAANDTHE PLANTFAMILYTREE Over the past two decades, we have made great leaps in understanding how and when plants and fungi have evolved. Using DNA analysis, scientists ~' ~,~ in the Jodrell Laboratory, working as part of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), have revised the ~, :~~ family tree of all flowering plants, reclassifying them according to their genetic similarities. In 2009, the most comprehensive version of this new taxonomic ~:':~ %+t system, known as APG III, was published, a tool of global significance. Now, by looking at the complex web of relationships between plants, fungi and other drives ~ .. organisms, we can find answers about what `~ _ - ~. _ -y ~... this evolution. A large team of Kew scientists work in our Jodrell Laboratory, harnessing new analytical techniques to pursue this understanding. III ~- . •.;:~ a: .. ~ Y ~.- THE ROLE OF KEW 102

I NFLUENCING INTERNATIONAL POLICY global environmental change is one ofthe greatest concerns ofthe asst century, yet its impact on biodiversity,ecosystems and livelihoods remains uncertain.

With our vast store of historical and contemporary European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations. data, Kew is well-placed to predict the consequences And we develop analytical tools to aid the of global change and to connect our science with enforcement of these agreements and regulations. policy and delivery on the ground. As the UK For example, using our living, preserved and Scientific Authority for Plants, we work with and ethnobotanical collections, we have developed support the UK Government so it can meet its DNA barcoding for plants —genetic markers — commitments under the Convention on International so that traded plants can be rapidly identified Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the by customs officers and forensic scientists.

-. V .~~ t~ '~~ntrru ~~'i'Y~. ~ :~" f..Y' ~~:`.f a~a~i'.s9~~ ~a`~itc ..•;'-'l.~c a ~,,,, 1 G' . ~ : •~' u 4 x ~p~ sv ~1~K8a ~~ re` `~~.tn.'~v~- ~S i. i r. ,~ 'P e-. PLANT USE ~+d'i s !~ PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE r7~~~~~ `'~' s t _* a~ : °~~j 'gyp ~ .abif ~-. b ~~ ..~ ~- ,~.~~s ' ~: *~:~5 '~ ~ r i~!~c- •c,i~• ~ y ' _ ~.~~~'~''is. Healthy habitats support human livelihoods. We are experts in the many X. different ways that plants and fungi are used by people and we apply science ~ ~ .. .. - to help communities develop sustainable practices. _ i _.~ ~- .~. foundation, Kew is NEW MEDICINES I ; ~' -- In collaboration with the Inga FINDING promoting an alternative to unsustainable farming Among many research strands in the Jodrell, we are in many parts of tropical Africa. Years of research in working to identify plants with medicinal or economic South America has identified 'alley cropping' using potential. For example, plants from the Gardens and nitrogen-fixing tree species as a way of maintaining the Herbarium have been used to study chemical _ - , - soil fertility and good harvests year after year, compounds from different species of Plectranthus— a ~ %;<~ ~.. _ ,. breaking the cycle of slash and burn and allowing relative of the herb basil — to find out the extent of their on one piece Z ~ .T families to gain long term food security anti-malarial and insect-repellant properties, as well as ~ ~_~4 of land. Kew is working with Congolese botanists their activity against bacteria, especially tuberculosis. to identify and trial native trees that would enable Likewise, studying the chemistry of fungi is expected the transfer of this sustainable agro-forestry to reveal medical and agricultural applications as well ~. technique to the communities of Central Africa. as uses in food, drink and cosmetics. ~~3.,~ _~ .~i;~ THEROLEOFKEW 104

BANKING SEED

We know that a fifth ofthe world's plants are at risk ofextinction. Losing species can disrupt or damage cosystems,which in turn can have e ,~_~~F severe consequences for people.

Kew's Millennium Seed Bank Partnership is the largest ex situ plant conservation programme in the ., ~,~~ world. Focusing on endangered species and plants of most use for the future, we conserve seeds as an insurance against the risk of extinction in their native habitat. Working with our partners across it 80 countries, we have successfully banked over . ~; ~...;; 7 13% of the world's wild plant species —including — . 75% of threatened UK plant species —both in their countries of origin and in our cutting edge storage r :~~. facility, the Millennium Seed Bank. We continue to ;~~: pioneer seed storage and germination technology and by 2020 we will have banked 75,000 species. .. Banking seed is only part of the complex -_~ process of conserving species. Restoring ecosystems, so that species can be reintroduced, is an even ,~: greater challenge. Kew collaborates on local and s international levels to make it happen. Through our partnership with the people of the Caribbean island of Montserrat, native vegetation is being grown in a new botanic garden, for reintroduction into habitats damaged by volcanic eruptions. Through education, sustainable harvest and habitat restoration, we are working with local agencies in south-western Peru to stop the expansion of desert caused by land clearance __~.~r.~.:~r.. l and overgrazing of the ancient dry forest of the huarango tree. In Cambodia we are providing Around 2 billion seeds ', are stored at —20 degrees training to the Forestry Administration to support VISIT WAKEHURST centigrade in the vault of the the restoration of their forests using native species, Millennium Seed Bank, where The Millennium Seed Bank can be visited at Kew's they can be accessed for and at Addis Ababa University and the University country estate, in West Sussex. Set in ~ research and restoration work. of Copenhagen, we are amassing valuable the dramatic landscape of the High Weald, Wakehurst's information on the woody plants of Ethiopia, 188 hectares (465 acres) include ornamental and which will help their conservation. water gardens, temperate woodlands, the Loder Valley Nature Reserve and an Elizabethan mansion. Many important plant collections thrive in the higher rainfall and moister soils —especially from eastern Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand. FURTHER READING/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INDEX 106 107

FURTHER READING ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INDEX

African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) 12, 22 habitat gardens 30-33 plant family tree and evolution 101 alder (Alnus glutinosa) 59 hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) 59 Princess of Wales Conservatory 12, 14, 15, and William. (2014). Remarkable Plants All photography by Jeff Eden, Paul Little and Bynum, Helen Alpine plants 30 hazel (Corylus avellana) 60 16, 73, 82 That Shape Our World. Thames &Hudson. Andrew McRobb except where specified below. Alzheimer's disease 34 Herbarium at Kew 101 Queen Charlotte's Cottage 58-59, 91 Arboretum 44-45, 97 Himalayan blue poppy (Meconopsis) 31 Queen's Garden 34 Cope, Tom.(2009). The Wild Flora of Kew Gardens: We would like to thank the following for providing architecture at Kew 70-87 history, of the Gardens landscape 90-97 A cumulative checklist from 1759. Royal Botanic photographs and for permission to reproduce copyright art and artefact collections 62-69 Hive 86-87 rattan (Calamus) 22 ash (Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucauparia) 59 holly (Ilex aquifolium) 59 redwoods (Sequoiadendron giganteum, Gardens, Kew. material: Cover: front and back, Jeff Eden, Inside: Augusta, Princess 50, 74, 76, 82, 90, 94 Hooker, Joseph 4, 44, 49, 64, 68, 97, 101 Sequoia sempervirens) 52, 53 Tomas del Amo, Hina Joshi; John Millar; Jean Postle; Hooker, William 4, 44, Rhododendron Dell 90, Desmond, Ray. (2007). The History of the Royal Botanic 64, 97 97 Wolfgang Stuppy; Wilkinson Eyre Architects; Marks Barfield Bamboo Garden 41 hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) 59 rice (Oryza sativa) 47 Gardens, Kew, 2nd edition. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Architects; Walters &Cohen Architects; John Pawson Ltd. banana (Musa acuminata) 23 Hortus Kewensis 94 Rock Garden 30 Banks, Joseph 4, 64, 101 rock rose (Cistus) 32 Farjon, Aljos. (2010). A Handbook of the World's Garden Thank you to the following for their valued help and beech (Fagus sylvatica) 50, 59 Japanese Gateway and 38 rose 39 Conifers. Brill. Berberis Dell 45 Jodrell Laboratory 101, 103 Royal family 74, 90 advice: Richard Barley, Vicky Brightman, Julia Buckley, bluebell (Nyacinthoides non-scripta) 58-59 juniper (Juniperus communis) 52 rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) 4, 12 Farjon, Aljos and Filer, Denis. (2013). An Atlas of the Paul Buckley, Sophie Burgham, Lorna Cahill, Gay Coley, Bonsai House 12 Kent, William 74, 90 Claire Coussins, Janine Durkin, Joanna Ellams, Rebecca botanical art and artists 66-69 Sackler Crossing and Lake 6, 84, 97 World's Conifers. Brill. Kew Millennium Seed Bank Partnership 23, Bridgeman, Charles 50, 90 sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) 12 Evdoka, Aljos Farjon, Gina Fullerlove, Laura Giuffrida, 41, 59, 104-105 Flanagan, Mark and Kirkham, Tony. (2009). Wilson's China Burton, Decimus 78, 80, 94, 97 sage (Salvia officinalis) 34 Tony Hall, Christina Harrison, David Holroyd, Tina Houlton, Kew Palace (Dutch House) 72, 74 science at Kew 8, 97, 98-105 A century on. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Tony Kirkham, Russell Le Page, Carlos Magdalena, cactus, dragon fruit, pitaya (Hylocereus Kew status and funding 9 Shirley Sherwood Gallery of Botanical Art polyrhizus) 16 67-68, 72, 85 Fry, Carolyn. (2012). The Plant Hunters: The adventures Christopher Mills, Lyn Modaberi, Jeremy Monblat, landscape at Kew 88-97 rodriguesii) 15 spindle (Euonymus europaea) 59 cafe marron (Ramosmania lavender (Lavandula) 32 of the world's greatest botanical explorers, revised edition. Mark Nesbitt, Justine Parker, Michelle Payne, Anna Quenby, St Helena grass (Eragrostis episcopulus) 41 Campanile 78 Library Art and Archives at Kew 64 Andre Deutsch. Andre Schuiteman, Rhian Smith, Lorna Terry, Lydia White, 90 sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) 41 'Capability' Brown, Lancelot lime (Tilia) 60 Richard Wilford, Lisa Woodward, Colin Ziegler. carnivorous plants: pitcher (Nepenthes), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) 44, 49 Fry, Carolyn, Seddon, Sue, and Vines, Gail. (2011). Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) 12, 16 magnolia (Magnolia acuminata, M. campbellii, Syon Vista 97 The Last Great Plant Hunt: The story of Kew's Millennium Caroline, Queen 50, 90 M. denudata, M. virginiana, M. wilsonii) liban~) 44 Temperate House 12, 78, 97 Seed Bank. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus 48-49 Cedar Vista 53 maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba) 44, 49, 55 titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) 12, 16 traditional Chinese medicine 29 Fry, Carolyn. (2013). Kew's Global Kitchen Cookbook. Chambers, William 75, 76, 94 Marianne North Gallery 68-69, 72 Charlotte, Queen 74 Masson, Francis 19 trees at Kew 42-59 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. chestnut, horse (Aesculus hippocastanum) medicinal plants 22, 103 Treetop Walkway, Xstrata 44-45, 84 59, sweet (Castanea sativa) 44, 50 32 trout lily, dog tooth violet (Erythronium) 30 Griggs, Patricia. (2011). Joseph Hooker.' Botanical Mediterranean Garden CITES 104 Mee, Margaret 67 tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) 44, 49 trailblazer. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. coconut 19 monkey puzzle (Araucaria araucana)44 Turkish hazel (Cory/us columa) 44 conifers 52 Turner, Richard 78, 80 Harrison, Christina. (2008). Kew's Big Trees. Royal Botanic coppicinq 59 Nash Conservatory 76 uses of plants 64, 103 Gardens, Kew. cycad (Encephalartos altensteinii, E. ferox) Natural Areas 58-59 Nesfield, William Andrews 44, 78, 92, 97 18, 19 vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) 20 Harrison, Christina and Gardiner, Lauren. (2016). Bizarre Nosegay Garden 34 Verelst, Simon 62-63 Darwin, Charles 16, 20, 101 Botany. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Victoria, Queen 58 Davies Alpine House 12, 30, 72, 83 Oak: Quercus ilex, Q. palustris, Q. rubra 44, 50, Q. castaneifolia 50, Q. robur 59, Mills, Christopher (ed.)(2016). The Botanical Treasury. designed gardens 34-39 Wakehurst Place 104 DNA barcoding of plants 102 Q. petraea 60 Andre Deutsch in association with Kew. walnut, black (luglans nigra) 44 Duke's Garden 39 olive tree (Olea europaea) 32 Orangery 75, 94 waterlily 10, Santa Cruz (Victoria cruziana), Kiri. (2013). The Story of giant Amazonian (Victoria amazonica) 12, Parker, Lynn and Ross-Jones, Economic Botany Collection at Kew 64, 65 orchids 20, 27 Rwandan pigmy (Nymphaea thermarum) Kew Gardens in Photographs. Arcturus Publishing Elizabeth Gate 97 Pagoda 72, 75, 76-77, 89 14 environmental change 102 Payne, Michelle. (2016). Marianne North: A very intrepid Palm House 12,15,19,22, 41,72 7 79,92-93 Waterlily House 12, 14, 41, 72, 8 81, 97 palm, giant Madagascan (Tahina spectabilis) Waterlily Pond 97 painter, 2nd edition. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Fagaceae (oak family) 50 Fergusson, James 68 25, research 101 White House 74 Sherwood, Shirley and Rix, Martyn. (2008). Treasures of follies at Kew 76, 90, 94 periwinkle, Madagascan, rosy wildlife 60 (Catharanthus roseus) 22 Wilson, Ernest Henry 8 Botanical Art. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Fortrey, Samuel 74 Fungarium at Kew 101 Persian ironwood (Parrotia persica) 39 wisteria (Wisteria sinensis) 39 pine Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris 52, stone Wollemi pine (Wo/lemia nobilis) 52, 55 Willis, Kathy and Fry, Carolyn. (2014). Plants from Roots George II, King 50, 74, 90 (P. pines) 32, SZ, pine, Wollemi Woodland Garden 31 to Riches. John Murray. George III, King 74 (Wollemia nobilis) SZ, 55 World Heritage Site, UNESCO 9 Georgian Royal Kitchens 74 Pinetum 45, 52, 97 Willis, Kathy and Scott, Katie. (2016). Botanicum. Grass Garden 40-41 plant adaptation 16 Xstrata Treetop Walkway 44-45, 84 Big Picture Press Gravel Garden 39 plant collecting 4, 100 yellow wake robin (Trillium luteum) 31 Great Broad Walk Borders 36-37, 39 plant conservation102-105 yew (Taxus baccata) 52, 59 Wood, Carlton and Habgood, Nicola. (2010). Why People Plant Family Beds 26-27, 39, 97 Need Plants. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Royal Botanic ~]~~ Gardens ~ V V

OO The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2014 Text OO the authors

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First published in 2014 Reprinted with revisions in 2077 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey. 1W9 3AE. UK www.kew.org

ISBN 978 1 84246 504 2

Distributed on behalf of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in North America by the University of Chicago Press, 1427 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

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