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Ecologi a E Conservação Das Comuni Dades De I Nvertebrados Caverní Colas Na Mata Atlânti Ca Brasileira

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Ecologi a E Conservação Das Comuni Dades De I Nvertebrados Caverní Colas Na Mata Atlânti Ca Brasileira UNINERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA, CONSERVAÇÃO E MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE ECOLOGI A E CONSERVAÇÃO DAS COMUNI DADES DE I NVERTEBRADOS CAVERNÍ COLAS NA MATA ATLÂNTI CA BRASILEIRA Marconi Souza Silva 2008 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA, CONSERVAÇÃO E MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE ECOLOGIA E CONSERVAÇÃO DAS COMUNIDADES DE INVERTEBRADOS CAVERNÍCOLAS NA MATA ATLÂNTICA BRASILEIRA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo de Vida Silvestre do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de doutor. Área de concentração: Ecologia de cavernas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rogério Parentoni Martins Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira MARCONI SOUZA SILVA Belo Horizonte 2008 1 DEDICATÓRIA 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente gostaria de agradecer a DEUS, por ter me dado saúde, força e amigos para juntos percorrermos as cavernas na Mata Atlântica e outros biomas brasileiros. Ao meu pai (Geraldo Antônio da Silva) em quem sempre me espelhei e nunca esquecerei seus exemplos de força, serenidade e honestidade. Agradecimentos ultra-especiais ao irmão, amigo e orientador Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira (Drops), que sempre tem me ajudado e incentivado no estudo da fauna de cavernas e outras coisas mais. Sou muito grato a Rogério Parentoni Martins que já há muito tempo adotou a idéia de aceitar alunos para trabalhar com cavernas. A minha mãe (Alana), aos irmãos, cunhadas, parentes e colegas que torceram pela realização deste sonho. Em especial a todos os meus sobrinhos Fernandinho, Vitão, Julia, Tuco, Heitor, Carol, Isabela, Lais e Gustavo. Aos amigos da equipe bioespeleológica (Leopoldo, Xavier, Vanessa, Felipe e Erika). Aqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram para a finalização do trabalho (Paulo dos Santos Pompeu, Maurício Zacarias, Augusto, Thiago, Rodolfo, Fernanda, Felipe Dantas, Diego, Maysa, Marcos, Thais, Poldo e muitos outros). Em especial ao Leopoldo e Thais pela ajuda na identificação de ácaros e psocopteras. Agradeço a todos os funcionários do Parque Nacional de Ubajara, principalmente o Francisco Humberto, Daniel e os operadores do bondinho. Em Sergipe o Elias, Mário, Cris e demais amigos do Centro da Terra. Ao Augusto (algastes) que nos guiou pelo belo e hospitaleiro estado do Espírito Santo. Aos Panssini, Mariangela e Henrique Altoé em Vargem Alta, ES. Didi Vieira em Afonso Cláudio, ES. Aos funcionários do Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca, Lima Duarte, MG, principalmente o João Carlos, Luis e o Elias. A Denise do IEF. Ao Augusto Auler pela ajuda com mapas e coordenadas de algumas cavernas. A Prefeitura Municipal de Sacramento, MG e Altinópolis, SP e a Votorantim Celulose & Papel em Altinópolis. Aos funcionários do PNM Nascentes do Paranapiacaba Em Santo André, SP. Aos amigos de Ilha Bela, SP. Aos Curbani em Venda Nova dos Imigrantes, ES. Ao EGRIC de Rio Claro e a professora Carmen. Agradecimentos ao GESMAR, principalmente ao Robson e Marcus. Sou grato a hospitalidade de João Paulo em Pau Brasil e Max do Carmo e Santa Luzia, BA. Agradeço em Ataléia, MG ao Nilton, Vieira, Divino, Bob esponja e famílias, pela grande ajuda na procura das cavernas. Agradecimentos ao André Ruschi em Santa Teresa, ES. Agradeço a hospitalidade dos Pirozzi em Varre-Sai, RJ. Ao Adão das bananas em Lumiar, RJ. Ao senhor de Cambuci, 3 RJ que nos forneceu a senha para a caverna (moita de bambu). A Gisele Sessegolo que nos indicou cavernas no Paraná. Aos moradores de Cinema em Vidal Ramos, que muito nos ensinou sobre a espeleologia local. Agradecimentos aos amigos da Conservação Internacional Ivana, Lúcio Bedê, Luis Paulo, Rogéria, Adriano Paglia, Jacqueline, Adriana Lerda e Jason Cole. Agradecimentos a Marcia Hirota da S O S Mata Atlântica. Aos amigos do Laboratório de Zoologia da UFLA pela amigável recepção. Ao CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund pelo apoio financeiro. Ao Flávio Túlio do Ibama CECAV de Lagoa Santa, MG. Ao Paulo Sérgio do IBAMA de Lavras, MG. Ao CNPq, Capes, ECMVS e USFish and Wildlife Service pela concessão de bolsa e suporte logístico fundamentais para a realização desse estudo. E finalmente peço desculpas se esqueci de alguém, mas sinta-se agradecido. 4 APOIO E PARCERIAS UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS (UFMG) INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (ICB), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA CONSERVAÇÃO E MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE (ECMVS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE LAVRAS, DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA, SETOR DE ZOOLOGIA, Lavras, Minas Gerais Brasil. FUNDAÇÃO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DA PESQUISA (FUNDEP), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. ALIANÇA PARA CONSERVAÇÃO DA MATA ATLÂNTICA (Conservação Internacional Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. & SOS Mata Atlântica São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil). CRITICAL ECOSYSTEM PARTNERSHIP FUND (CEPF), administrado por Conservantion International Fundation Washington, Califórnia USA. CENTRO NACIONAL DE PROTEÇÃO, ESTUDO E MANEJO DE CAVERNAS (IBAMA/CECAV), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil. CENTRO NACIONAL DE PROTEÇÃO, ESTUDO E MANEJO DE CAVERNAS (IBAMA/CECAV), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil. SUPERINTENDÊNCIA DO IBAMA EM MURICI, AL, Brasil SUPERINTENDÊNCIA DO IBAMA, PARQUE NACIONAL DE UBAJARA, Ubajara, CE, Brasil GRUPO DE ESPELEOLOGIA CENTRO DA TERRA, Aracaju, SE, Brasil EMPRESA DE ASSISTÊNCIA TÉCNICA e EXTENSÃO RURAL (EMATER), Ataléia, MG, Brasil ESTAÇÃO BIOLOGIA MARINHA RUSCHI, Santa Lúcia, ES Brasil GRUPO DE ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS DA SERRA DO MAR (GESMAR), Santo André, SP, Brasil SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ESPELEOLOGIA, Campinas, SP, Brasil INSTITUTO ESTADUAL DE FLORESTAS (IEF), Belo Horizonte, MG INSTITUTO DE DEFESA AGROPECUÁRIA E FLORESTAL (IDAF), Ecoporanga, ES. PARQUE ESTADUAL DE IBITIPOCA, LIMA DUARTE, MG 5 SUMÁRIO APRESENTAÇÃO ........................................................................................................................................ 8 ESTRUTURA DA TESE .............................................................................................................................. 9 REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO ..................................................................................................................... 11 CARACTERÍSTICAS GERAIS DA MATA ATLÂNTICA BRASILEIRA ............................................................... 11 DINÂMICA DE RELEVOS CÁRSTICOS, PSEUDOCÁRSTICOS E A GÊNESE DAS CAVERNAS ASSOCIADAS ....... 12 CARACTERÍSTICAS AMBIENTAIS E TRÓFICAS DAS CAVERNAS .................................................................. 14 CARACTERÍSTICAS EVOLUTIVAS E ECOLÓGICAS DA FAUNA DE CAVERNA ............................................... 15 INVENTÁRIOS DA FAUNA DE INVERTEBRADOS EM CAVERNAS DA MATA ATLÂNTICA ............................. 17 HIPÓTESE GERAL DO TRABALHO .................................................................................................... 20 OBJETIVO GERAL DO TRABALHO ................................................................................................... 20 ÁREA DE ESTUDO ................................................................................................................................... 20 CAPÍTULO I ............................................................................................................................................... 25 ECOLOGIA DAS COMUNIDADES DE INVERTEBRADOS CAVERNÍCOLAS .......................... 25 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................................... 28 CARACTERÍSTICAS ECOLÓGICAS DOS AMBIENTES SUBTERRÂNEOS .......................................................... 28 INVENTÁRIOS DA FAUNA DE INVERTEBRADOS EM CAVERNAS DA MATA ATLÂNTICA ............................. 29 METODOLOGIA ....................................................................................................................................... 31 ÁREA DE ESTUDO ...................................................................................................................................... 31 PROCEDIMENTOS DE COLETA .................................................................................................................... 31 DETERMINAÇÃO DE TROGLOMORFISMOS PARA OS INVERTEBRADOS ....................................................... 32 ANÁLISE DOS DADOS ................................................................................................................................. 33 RESULTADOS ............................................................................................................................................ 34 COMPOSIÇÃO E RIQUEZA DE INVERTEBRADOS NAS CAVERNAS AMOSTRADAS. ........................................ 34 DISTRIBUIÇÃO DOS TAXA DE INVERTEBRADOS ENTRE AS CAVERNAS ESTUDADAS .................................. 38 ESPÉCIES TROGLOMÓRFICAS ..................................................................................................................... 39 RIQUEZA, DIVERSIDADE, DOMINÂNCIA E SIMILARIDADE DA FAUNA DE INVERTEBRADOS ....................... 40 RELAÇÕES DA ESTRUTURA DAS COMUNIDADES DE INVERTEBRADOS E O DESENVOLVIMENTO LINEAR, NÚMERO DE ENTRADAS, POSIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA, ALTITUDE E ESTABILIDADE AMBIENTAL ....................... 42 DISCUSSÃO ...............................................................................................................................................
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