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317858591.Pdf Wastewater Treatment Engineering Edited by Mohamed Samer Wastewater Treatment Engineering Edited by Mohamed Samer Stole src from http://avxhome.se/blogs/exLib/ Published by AvE4EvA Copyright © 2015 All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Technical Editor AvE4EvA MuViMix Records Cover Designer Published: 14 October, 2015 ISBN-10: 953-51-2179-0 ISBN-13:Спизжено 978-953-51-2179-4 у ExLib: avxhome.se/blogs/exLib Contents Preface Chapter 1 Biological and Chemical Wastewater Treatment Processes by Mohamed Samer Chapter 2 Bioremediation of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Deepak Singh, Keerti Mishra and Gurunath Ramanthan Chapter 3 Selection of Promising Bacterial Strains as Potential Tools for the Bioremediation of Olive Mill Wastewater by Daniela Campaniello, Antonio Bevilacqua, Milena Sinigaglia and Maria Rosaria Corbo Chapter 4 Gelation of Arabinoxylans from Maize Wastewater — Effect of Alkaline Hydrolysis Conditions on the Gel Rheology and Microstructure by Rita Paz-Samaniego, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Francisco Brown- Bojorquez, Agustín Rascón-Chu, Yolanda L. López-Franco, Norberto Sotelo-Cruz and Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza Chapter 5 Perspectives on Biological Treatment of Sanitary Landfill Leachate by Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn and Aleksander Pavko Chapter 6 Wet Air Oxidation of Aqueous Wastes by Antal Tungler, Erika Szabados and Arezoo M. Hosseini Chapter 7 Modeling Wastewater Evolution and Management Options under Variable Land Use Scenarios by Arshad Ashraf, Muhammad Saleem Pomee, Muhammad Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Yasir Waqar and Bashir Ahmad Preface This book provides useful information about bioremediation, phytoremediation, and mycoremediation of wastewater and some aspects of the chemical wastewater treatment processes, including ion exchange, neutralization, adsorption, and disinfection. Additionally, this book elucidates and illustrates the wastewater treatment plants in terms of plant sizing, plant layout, plant design, and plant location. Cutting-edge topics include wet air oxidation of aqueous wastes, biodegradation of nitroaromatic compounds, biological treatment of sanitary landfill leachate, bacterial strains for the bioremediation of olive mill wastewater, gelation of arabinoxylans from maize wastewater, and modeling wastewater evolution. Chapter 1 Biological and Chemical Wastewater Treatment Processes Mohamed Samer Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61250 Abstract This chapter elucidates the technologies of biological and chemical wastewater treatment processes. The presented biological wastewater treatment processes include: (1) bioreme‐ diation of wastewater that includes aerobic treatment (oxidation ponds, aeration lagoons, aerobic bioreactors, activated sludge, percolating or trickling filters, biological filters, ro‐ tating biological contactors, biological removal of nutrients) and anaerobic treatment (anaerobic bioreactors, anaerobic lagoons); (2) phytoremediation of wastewater that in‐ cludes constructed wetlands, rhizofiltration, rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phy‐ toaccumulation, phytotransformation, and hyperaccumulators; and (3) mycoremediation of wastewater. The discussed chemical wastewater treatment processes include chemical precipitation (coagulation, flocculation), ion exchange, neutralization, adsorption, and disinfection (chlorination/dechlorination, ozone, UV light). Additionally, this chapter elu‐ cidates and illustrates the wastewater treatment plants in terms of plant sizing, plant lay‐ out, plant design, and plant location. Keywords: Wastewater treatment, biological treatment, chemical treatment, bioremedia‐ tion, phytoremediation, mycoremediation, vermifiltration, treatment plant 1. Introduction The chapter concerns with wastewater treatment engineering, with focus on the biological and chemical treatment processes. It aims at providing a brief and obvious description of the treatment methods, designs, schematics, and specifications. The chapter also answers an important question on how the different processes are interrelated and the correct order of these processes in relation to each other. The main objective of this work was to summarize the work of the eminent scientists in this field in order to provide a clear but concise chapter that can be used as a quick reference for environmental engineers and researchers, and to be 2 Wastewater Treatment Engineering effectively implemented in higher education teaching undergraduate and graduate students, as well as extension and outreach. 2. Chapter description and contents overview The chapter describes the biological and chemical wastewater treatment processes that include: a. Bioremediation of wastewater using oxidation ponds, aeration lagoons, anaerobic lagoons, aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors, activated sludge, percolating or trickling filters, biological filters, rotating biological contactors, and biological removal of nutrients; b. Mycoremediation of wastewater using bioreactors; c. Phytoremediation of wastewater that includes: constructed wetlands, rhizofiltration, rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phytoaccumulation, phytotransformation, and hyperaccumulators; d. Vermifiltration and vermicomposting; e. Microbial fuel cells for electricity production from wastewater; f. Chemical wastewater treatment processes that include: chemical precipitation, ion exchange, neutralization, adsorption and disinfection (chlorination/dechlorination, ozone, ultraviolet radiation); g. Wastewater treatment plants. The chapter elucidates and illustrates the plant sizing, plant layout, plant design, and plant location. 3. Overview 3.1. Wastewater treatment techniques Wastewater, or sewage, originates from human and home wastewaters, industrial wastes, animal wastes, rain runoff, and groundwater infiltration. Generally, wastewater is the flow of used water from a neighborhood. The wastewater consists of 99.9% water by weight, where the remaining 0.1% is suspended or dissolved material. This solid material is a mixture of excrements, detergents, food leftovers, grease, oils, salts, plastics, heavy metals, sands, and grits [1, 2]. Types of wastewaters include: municipal wastewater, industrial wastewaters, mixtures of industrial/domestic wastewaters, and agricultural wastewaters. Typical agricul‐ tural industries include: dairy processing industries, meat processing factories, juice and beverage industries, slaughterhouses, vegetable processing facilities, rendering plants, and drainage water of irrigation systems. Subsequent to primary treatment of wastewater, i.e., physical treatment of wastewater, it still contains large amounts of dissolved and colloidal material that must be removed before Biological and Chemical Wastewater Treatment Processes 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61250 discharge. The issue is how to transform the dissolved materials or particulate matters that are too little for sedimentation into larger particles to allow the separation processes to eliminate them. This can be accomplished by secondary treatment, i.e., biological treatment. The treatment of wastewater subsequent to the removal of suspended solids by microorganisms such as algae, fungi, or bacteria under aerobic or anaerobic conditions during which organic matter in wastewater is oxidized or incorporated into cells that can be eliminated by removal process or sedimentation is termed biological treatment. Biological treatment is termed secondary treatment. Chemical treatment, or tertiary treatment, using chemical materials will react with a portion of the undesired chemicals and heavy metals, but a portion of the polluting material will remain unaffected. Additionally, the cost of chemical additives and the environ‐ mental problem of disposing large amounts of chemical sludge make this treatment process deficient [1]. Alternatively, the biological treatment must be implemented. This treatment process implements naturally occurring microorganisms to transform the dissolved organic matter into a dense biomass that can be separated from the treated wastewater by the sedi‐ mentation process. In fact, the microorganisms utilize the dissolved organic matter as food for themselves, where the generated sludge will be far less for chemical treatment. In practice,
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