A Comparative Survey on Symmetric Key Encryption Algorithms
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The Design of Rijndael: AES - the Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen
Joan Daernen · Vincent Rijrnen Theof Design Rijndael AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard With 48 Figures and 17 Tables Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Springer TnL-1Jn Joan Daemen Foreword Proton World International (PWI) Zweefvliegtuigstraat 10 1130 Brussels, Belgium Vincent Rijmen Cryptomathic NV Lei Sa 3000 Leuven, Belgium Rijndael was the surprise winner of the contest for the new Advanced En cryption Standard (AES) for the United States. This contest was organized and run by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) be ginning in January 1997; Rij ndael was announced as the winner in October 2000. It was the "surprise winner" because many observers (and even some participants) expressed scepticism that the U.S. government would adopt as Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data an encryption standard any algorithm that was not designed by U.S. citizens. Daemen, Joan, 1965- Yet NIST ran an open, international, selection process that should serve The design of Rijndael: AES - The Advanced Encryption Standard/Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen. as model for other standards organizations. For example, NIST held their p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1999 AES meeting in Rome, Italy. The five finalist algorithms were designed ISBN 3540425802 (alk. paper) . .. by teams from all over the world. 1. Computer security - Passwords. 2. Data encryption (Computer sCIence) I. RIJmen, In the end, the elegance, efficiency, security, and principled design of Vincent, 1970- II. Title Rijndael won the day for its two Belgian designers, Joan Daemen and Vincent QA76.9.A25 D32 2001 Rijmen, over the competing finalist designs from RSA, IBl\!I, Counterpane 2001049851 005.8-dc21 Systems, and an English/Israeli/Danish team. -
A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance
United States Military Academy USMA Digital Commons West Point ETD 12-2018 A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility Daniel Hawthorne United States Military Academy, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd Part of the Information Security Commons Recommended Citation Hawthorne, Daniel, "A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility" (2018). West Point ETD. 9. https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd/9 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by USMA Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in West Point ETD by an authorized administrator of USMA Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD PERFORMANCE AS IT RELATES TO CRYPTOGRAPHIC ATTACK FEASIBILITY A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Computer Science By Daniel Stephen Hawthorne Colorado Technical University December, 2018 Committee Dr. Richard Livingood, Ph.D., Chair Dr. Kelly Hughes, DCS, Committee Member Dr. James O. Webb, Ph.D., Committee Member December 17, 2018 © Daniel Stephen Hawthorne, 2018 1 Abstract The advanced encryption standard (AES) is the premier symmetric key cryptosystem in use today. Given its prevalence, the security provided by AES is of utmost importance. Technology is advancing at an incredible rate, in both capability and popularity, much faster than its rate of advancement in the late 1990s when AES was selected as the replacement standard for DES. Although the literature surrounding AES is robust, most studies fall into either theoretical or practical yet infeasible. -
Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128V2
Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2 Hell, Martin; Johansson, Thomas 2010 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hell, M., & Johansson, T. (2010). Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2. CRYPTREC Technical Report. Total number of authors: 2 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Security Evaluation of Stream Cipher Enocoro-128v2 Martin Hell and Thomas Johansson Abstract. This report presents a security evaluation of the Enocoro- 128v2 stream cipher. Enocoro-128v2 was proposed in 2010 and is a mem- ber of the Enocoro family of stream ciphers. This evaluation examines several different attacks applied to the Enocoro-128v2 design. No attack better than exhaustive key search has been found. -
Making Sense of Snowden, Part II: What's Significant in the NSA
web extra Making Sense of Snowden, Part II: What’s Significant in the NSA Revelations Susan Landau, Google hen The Guardian began publishing a widely used cryptographic standard has vastly wider impact, leaked documents from the National especially because industry relies so heavily on secure Inter- Security Agency (NSA) on 6 June 2013, net commerce. Then The Guardian and Der Spiegel revealed each day brought startling news. From extensive, directed US eavesdropping on European leaders7 as the NSA’s collection of metadata re- well as broad surveillance by its fellow members of the “Five cords of all calls made within the US1 Eyes”: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK. Finally, to programs that collected and stored data of “non-US” per- there were documents showing the NSA targeting Google and W2 8,9 sons to the UK Government Communications Headquarters’ Yahoo’s inter-datacenter communications. (GCHQs’) interception of 200 transatlantic fiberoptic cables I summarized the initial revelations in the July/August is- at the point where they reached Britain3 to the NSA’s pene- sue of IEEE Security & Privacy.10 This installment, written in tration of communications by leaders at the G20 summit, the late December, examines the more recent ones; as a Web ex- pot was boiling over. But by late June, things had slowed to a tra, it offers more details on the teaser I wrote for the January/ simmer. The summer carried news that the NSA was partially February 2014 issue of IEEE Security & Privacy magazine funding the GCHQ’s surveillance efforts,4 and The Guardian (www.computer.org/security). -
Public Key Cryptography And
PublicPublic KeyKey CryptographyCryptography andand RSARSA Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-11/ Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-1 OverviewOverview 1. Public Key Encryption 2. Symmetric vs. Public-Key 3. RSA Public Key Encryption 4. RSA Key Construction 5. Optimizing Private Key Operations 6. RSA Security These slides are based partly on Lawrie Brown’s slides supplied with William Stallings’s book “Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice,” 5th Ed, 2011. Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-2 PublicPublic KeyKey EncryptionEncryption Invented in 1975 by Diffie and Hellman at Stanford Encrypted_Message = Encrypt(Key1, Message) Message = Decrypt(Key2, Encrypted_Message) Key1 Key2 Text Ciphertext Text Keys are interchangeable: Key2 Key1 Text Ciphertext Text One key is made public while the other is kept private Sender knows only public key of the receiver Asymmetric Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-3 PublicPublic KeyKey EncryptionEncryption ExampleExample Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman at MIT RSA: Encrypted_Message = m3 mod 187 Message = Encrypted_Message107 mod 187 Key1 = <3,187>, Key2 = <107,187> Message = 5 Encrypted Message = 53 = 125 Message = 125107 mod 187 = 5 = 125(64+32+8+2+1) mod 187 = {(12564 mod 187)(12532 mod 187)... (1252 mod 187)(125 mod 187)} mod 187 Washington University in -
Rc-6 Cryptosystem in Vhdl
RC-6 CRYPTOSYSTEM IN VHDL BY:- Deepak Singh Samant OBJECTIVE: TO IMPLEMENT A CRYPTOSYSTEM USING RIVEST CIPHER-6 (RC6) ALGORITHM IN VHDL(FPGA) What is CRYPTOLOGY? CRYPTOGRAPHY is the art and science of achieving security by encoding message to make them non-readable . CRYPTANALYSIS is the technique of decoding messages from a non-readable format back to readable format without knowing how they were initially converted from readable format to non-readable format. CRYPTOGRAPHY + = CRYPTOLOGY CRYPTANALYSIS Cryptography Overview: Comm. E(k) N/W D(k) Key Set K Key Set K Types Of Attacks: . General View: 1.Criminal Attack 2.Publicity Attack 3.Legal Attack .Technical View: oPassive Attacks oActive Attacks Release of message Interruption Traffic Attacks Modification Fabrication Symmetric key cryptography If same key is used for encryption and decryption,we call the mechanism as symmetric key cryptography. It has the key distribution problem. Symmetric key cryptography Algorithm DES IDEA RC4 RC5 BLOW AES FISH AES: US government wanted to standardize a cryptographic algorithm,which was to be used universally by them.It was to be called as the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES). Among various proposal submitted,only 5 were short listed: 1.Rijndael 3.Serpent 5.MARS 2.Twofish 4.RC6 LITERATURE SURVEY • Comparison: (1) MARS: Its throughput in the studies was generally low. Therefore, its efficiency (throughput/area) was uniformly less than the other finalists. (2) RC6 throughput is generally average. RC6 seems to perform relatively better in pipelined implementations, non-feedback mode (3) Rijndael: good performance in fully pipelined implementations. Efficiency is generally very good. 4) Serpent: feedback mode encryption. -
Analysis of Selected Block Cipher Modes for Authenticated Encryption
Analysis of Selected Block Cipher Modes for Authenticated Encryption by Hassan Musallam Ahmed Qahur Al Mahri Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Systems and Networks) (Sultan Qaboos University) – 2007 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology 2018 Keywords Authenticated encryption, AE, AEAD, ++AE, AEZ, block cipher, CAESAR, confidentiality, COPA, differential fault analysis, differential power analysis, ElmD, fault attack, forgery attack, integrity assurance, leakage resilience, modes of op- eration, OCB, OTR, SHELL, side channel attack, statistical fault analysis, sym- metric encryption, tweakable block cipher, XE, XEX. i ii Abstract Cryptography assures information security through different functionalities, es- pecially confidentiality and integrity assurance. According to Menezes et al. [1], confidentiality means the process of assuring that no one could interpret infor- mation, except authorised parties, while data integrity is an assurance that any unauthorised alterations to a message content will be detected. One possible ap- proach to ensure confidentiality and data integrity is to use two different schemes where one scheme provides confidentiality and the other provides integrity as- surance. A more compact approach is to use schemes, called Authenticated En- cryption (AE) schemes, that simultaneously provide confidentiality and integrity assurance for a message. AE can be constructed using different mechanisms, and the most common construction is to use block cipher modes, which is our focus in this thesis. AE schemes have been used in a wide range of applications, and defined by standardisation organizations. The National Institute of Standards and Technol- ogy (NIST) recommended two AE block cipher modes CCM [2] and GCM [3]. -
Block Ciphers
Block Ciphers Chester Rebeiro IIT Madras CR STINSON : chapters 3 Block Cipher KE KD untrusted communication link Alice E D Bob #%AR3Xf34^$ “Attack at Dawn!!” message encryption (ciphertext) decryption “Attack at Dawn!!” Encryption key is the same as the decryption key (KE = K D) CR 2 Block Cipher : Encryption Key Length Secret Key Plaintext Ciphertext Block Cipher (Encryption) Block Length • A block cipher encryption algorithm encrypts n bits of plaintext at a time • May need to pad the plaintext if necessary • y = ek(x) CR 3 Block Cipher : Decryption Key Length Secret Key Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher (Decryption) Block Length • A block cipher decryption algorithm recovers the plaintext from the ciphertext. • x = dk(y) CR 4 Inside the Block Cipher PlaintextBlock (an iterative cipher) Key Whitening Round 1 key1 Round 2 key2 Round 3 key3 Round n keyn Ciphertext Block • Each round has the same endomorphic cryptosystem, which takes a key and produces an intermediate ouput • Size of the key is huge… much larger than the block size. CR 5 Inside the Block Cipher (the key schedule) PlaintextBlock Secret Key Key Whitening Round 1 Round Key 1 Round 2 Round Key 2 Round 3 Round Key 3 Key Expansion Expansion Key Key Round n Round Key n Ciphertext Block • A single secret key of fixed size used to generate ‘round keys’ for each round CR 6 Inside the Round Function Round Input • Add Round key : Add Round Key Mixing operation between the round input and the round key. typically, an ex-or operation Confusion Layer • Confusion layer : Makes the relationship between round Diffusion Layer input and output complex. -
Constructing Low-Weight Dth-Order Correlation-Immune Boolean Functions Through the Fourier-Hadamard Transform Claude Carlet and Xi Chen*
1 Constructing low-weight dth-order correlation-immune Boolean functions through the Fourier-Hadamard transform Claude Carlet and Xi Chen* Abstract The correlation immunity of Boolean functions is a property related to cryptography, to error correcting codes, to orthogonal arrays (in combinatorics, which was also a domain of interest of S. Golomb) and in a slightly looser way to sequences. Correlation-immune Boolean functions (in short, CI functions) have the property of keeping the same output distribution when some input variables are fixed. They have been widely used as combiners in stream ciphers to allow resistance to the Siegenthaler correlation attack. Very recently, a new use of CI functions has appeared in the framework of side channel attacks (SCA). To reduce the cost overhead of counter-measures to SCA, CI functions need to have low Hamming weights. This actually poses new challenges since the known constructions which are based on properties of the Walsh-Hadamard transform, do not allow to build unbalanced CI functions. In this paper, we propose constructions of low-weight dth-order CI functions based on the Fourier- Hadamard transform, while the known constructions of resilient functions are based on the Walsh-Hadamard transform. We first prove a simple but powerful result, which makes that one only need to consider the case where d is odd in further research. Then we investigate how constructing low Hamming weight CI functions through the Fourier-Hadamard transform (which behaves well with respect to the multiplication of Boolean functions). We use the characterization of CI functions by the Fourier-Hadamard transform and introduce a related general construction of CI functions by multiplication. -
Related-Key Cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES,CAST, DES-X, Newdes, RC2, and TEA
Related-Key Cryptanalysis of 3-WAY, Biham-DES,CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA John Kelsey Bruce Schneier David Wagner Counterpane Systems U.C. Berkeley kelsey,schneier @counterpane.com [email protected] f g Abstract. We present new related-key attacks on the block ciphers 3- WAY, Biham-DES, CAST, DES-X, NewDES, RC2, and TEA. Differen- tial related-key attacks allow both keys and plaintexts to be chosen with specific differences [KSW96]. Our attacks build on the original work, showing how to adapt the general attack to deal with the difficulties of the individual algorithms. We also give specific design principles to protect against these attacks. 1 Introduction Related-key cryptanalysis assumes that the attacker learns the encryption of certain plaintexts not only under the original (unknown) key K, but also under some derived keys K0 = f(K). In a chosen-related-key attack, the attacker specifies how the key is to be changed; known-related-key attacks are those where the key difference is known, but cannot be chosen by the attacker. We emphasize that the attacker knows or chooses the relationship between keys, not the actual key values. These techniques have been developed in [Knu93b, Bih94, KSW96]. Related-key cryptanalysis is a practical attack on key-exchange protocols that do not guarantee key-integrity|an attacker may be able to flip bits in the key without knowing the key|and key-update protocols that update keys using a known function: e.g., K, K + 1, K + 2, etc. Related-key attacks were also used against rotor machines: operators sometimes set rotors incorrectly. -
Fair and Efficient Hardware Benchmarking of Candidates In
Fair and Efficient Hardware Benchmarking of Candidates in Cryptographic Contests Kris Gaj CERG George Mason University Partially supported by NSF under grant no. 1314540 Designs & results for this talk contributed by “Ice” Homsirikamol Farnoud Farahmand Ahmed Ferozpuri Will Diehl Marcin Rogawski Panasayya Yalla Cryptographic Standard Contests IX.1997 X.2000 AES 15 block ciphers → 1 winner NESSIE I.2000 XII.2002 CRYPTREC XI.2004 IV.2008 34 stream 4 HW winners eSTREAM ciphers → + 4 SW winners X.2007 X.2012 51 hash functions → 1 winner SHA-3 I.2013 TBD 57 authenticated ciphers → multiple winners CAESAR 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 time Evaluation Criteria in Cryptographic Contests Security Software Efficiency Hardware Efficiency µProcessors µControllers FPGAs ASICs Flexibility Simplicity Licensing 4 AES Contest 1997-2000 Final Round Speed in FPGAs Votes at the AES 3 conference GMU results Hardware results matter! 5 Throughput vs. Area Normalized to Results for SHA-256 and Averaged over 11 FPGA Families – 256-bit variants Overall Normalized Throughput Early Leader Overall Normalized Area 6 SHA-3 finalists in high-performance FPGA families 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.79 1.00 1.41 2.00 2.83 4.00 7 FPGA Evaluations – From AES to SHA-3 AES eSTREAM SHA-3 Design Primary optimization Throughput Area Throughput/ target Throughput/ Area Area Multiple architectures No Yes Yes Embedded resources No No Yes Benchmarking Multiple FPGA families No No Yes Specialized tools No No Yes Experimental results No No Yes Reproducibility Availability -
On the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization
On the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Meltem S¨onmez Turan NIST Lightweight Cryptography Team ECC 2019: 23rd Workshop on Elliptic Curve Cryptography December 2, 2019 Outline • NIST's Cryptography Standards • Overview - Lightweight Cryptography • NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process • Announcements 1 NIST's Cryptography Standards National Institute of Standards and Technology • Non-regulatory federal agency within U.S. Department of Commerce. • Founded in 1901, known as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) prior to 1988. • Headquarters in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. • Employs around 6,000 employees and associates. NIST's Mission to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life. 2 NIST Organization Chart Laboratory Programs Computer Security Division • Center for Nanoscale Science and • Cryptographic Technology Technology • Secure Systems and Applications • Communications Technology Lab. • Security Outreach and Integration • Engineering Lab. • Security Components and Mechanisms • Information Technology Lab. • Security Test, Validation and • Material Measurement Lab. Measurements • NIST Center for Neutron Research • Physical Measurement Lab. Information Technology Lab. • Advanced Network Technologies • Applied and Computational Mathematics • Applied Cybersecurity • Computer Security • Information Access • Software and Systems • Statistical