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Vocne Vrste U Pejzaznom Projektovanju.Pdf ВОЋНЕ ВРСТЕ У ПЕЈЗАЖНОМ ПРОЈЕКТОВАЊУ доц. др Мирјана Љубојевић проф. др Владислав Огњанов дипл. инж. – мастер Ивана Сентић дипл. инж. – мастер Јована Дулић УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НОВОМ САДУ ПОЉОПРИВРЕДНИ ФАКУЛТЕТ Нови Сад, 2018. ЕДИЦИЈА „ОСНОВНИ УЏБЕНИК” Оснивач и издавач Едиције Универзитет у Новом Саду, Пољопривредни факултет Трг Доситеја Обрадовића 8, 21000 Нови Сад Година оснивања 1954. Главни и одговорни уредник едиције др Недељко Тица, редовни професор декан Пољопривредног факултета Чланови комисије за издавачку делатност др Љиљана Нешић, ванредни професор – председник др Бранислав Влаховић, редовни професор – члан др Милица Рајић, редовни професор – члан др Нада Плавша, ванредни професор – члан iii Аутори др Мирјана Љубојевић, доцент др Владислав Огњанов, редовни професор дипл. инж. – мастер Ивана Сентић, асистент дипл. инж. – мастер Јована Дулић, истраживач сарадник Главни и одговорни уредник др Недељко Тица, редовни професор декан Пољопривредног факултета у Новом Саду Уредник др Драгослав Иванишевић, ванредни професор, директор Департмана за воћарство, виноградарство, хортикултуру и пејзажну архитектуру Лектор Милица Митрушић професор српског језика и књижевности Рецензенти др Сандра Бијелић, ванредни професор др Милена Лакићевић, доцент Универзитет у Новом Саду, Пољопривредни факултет др Небојша Милошевић, научни сарадник Институт за воћарство, Чачак Издавач Универзитет у Новом Саду, Пољопривредни факултет, Нови Сад Забрањено прештампавање и фотокопирање. Сва права задржава издавач. Штампа: Штампање овог уџбеника одобрило је Наставно-научно веће Пољопривредног факултета у Новом Саду на седници од 18.12.2018. године. Број одлуке: 1000/0102 1436/1 Тираж: 20 Место и година штампања: 2018 iv Предговор Уџбеник „Воћне врсте у пејзажном пројектовању“ представља основно наставно средство за стицање знања и припрему испита из истоименог предмета који слушају студенти треће године студијских програма Хортикултура и пејзажна архитектура, док као помоћно средство може користити студентима студијског програма за воћарство и виноградарство. Настао је захваљујући вишедеценијском раду на великом броју воћних врста и вишегодишњем искуству у одржавању практичне и теоретске наставе аутора на студијским програмима Воћарство и виноградарство, Хортикултура и пејзажна архитектура, управо као њихов јединствени спој. Уџбеник је написан према плану и програму предмета „Воћне врсте у пејзажном пројектовању“ за студенте дипломских академских студија, са жељом да наведену материју што лакше и успешније савладају, као и да стечена сазнања практично примене током свог будућег рада. Написано штиво такође може послужити и као практични водич заљубљеницима у воћарство како би самостално могли засновати и одржавати свој декоративно-производни врт по највишим стандардима безбедно произведене хране. Постоји обиље литературе чија је тематика професионално – конвенционално воћарство, те је у овом уџбенику нагласак на врстама, сортама, узгојним облицима и мерама за заснивање еколошки безбедног и одрживог производно-декоративног врта. Изузетну захвалност дугујемо рецезентима Сандри Бијелић, ванредном професору за ужу научну област Воћарство, Пољопривредног факултета у Новом Саду и Небојши Милошевићу, научном сараднику за ужу научну област Воћарство, Института за воћарство у Чачку за савете и сугестије који су унапредили уџбеник. У Новом Саду, 30. 10. 2018. године Аутори Воћне врсте у пејзажном пројектовању Садржај Увод .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Значај воћа са привредног и дендролошког аспекта ........................................................... 5 Значај воћних врста у врту кроз историју ............................................................................ 8 Античко доба ....................................................................................................................... 9 Стари Египат .................................................................................................................... 9 Месопотамија ................................................................................................................. 10 Античка Грчка................................................................................................................ 12 Антички Рим .................................................................................................................. 13 Средњи век ......................................................................................................................... 14 Средњовековни вртови ................................................................................................. 14 Ренесанса и барок .............................................................................................................. 15 Врт у доба ренесансе ..................................................................................................... 15 Врт у доба барока .......................................................................................................... 17 Модеран врт ....................................................................................................................... 18 Савремени воћни вртови ............................................................................................... 18 Адаптабилност воћних врста, утицај едафских и климатских чинилаца, географског положаја и воћарски рејони ................................................................................................. 20 Екологија воћака ................................................................................................................... 20 Светлост ............................................................................................................................. 21 Температура ....................................................................................................................... 21 Влага ................................................................................................................................... 22 Ветар ................................................................................................................................... 23 Орографија ......................................................................................................................... 23 Земљиште ........................................................................................................................... 24 Периоди растења и биолошке основе родности воћака .................................................... 28 Фенологија воћака ................................................................................................................ 28 Морфологија воћака ............................................................................................................. 31 Коренов систем .................................................................................................................. 31 Стабло ................................................................................................................................. 34 Пупољци воћака ................................................................................................................ 38 Родне гранчице воћака ...................................................................................................... 40 Лист .................................................................................................................................... 41 Цвет..................................................................................................................................... 41 Плод .................................................................................................................................... 42 Семе .................................................................................................................................... 42 Биолошке основе размножавања и производња воћног садног материјала .................... 43 Генеративно размножавање ............................................................................................. 43 Вегетативно размножавање .............................................................................................. 44 Избор подлога за калемљење воћака у пејзажном пројектовању................................. 47 Најважније карактеристике подлога за калемљење ................................................... 48 Класификација, пројектовање и подизање воћног врта у односу на његову намену..... 55 Типови окућница ................................................................................................................... 55 Традиционалне руралне и приградске баште ................................................................. 57 Урбане баште (урбани вртови) ........................................................................................ 58 Урбани воћни вртови колективног карактера ................................................................ 69 1 Воћне врсте у пејзажном пројектовању Планирање и пројектовање врта – од идеје до реализације ............................................. 73 Величина простора ............................................................................................................ 73 Стил .................................................................................................................................... 74 Дизајн ................................................................................................................................
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