De Adder Vipera Berus (Linnaeus, 1758)

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De Adder Vipera Berus (Linnaeus, 1758) DE ADDER VIPERA BERUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) THE NORTHERN VIPER, VIPERA BERUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) Pedro Janssen Pedro Janssen De adder is de enige gifslang in Nederland. The Northern Viper is the only venomous Het gif wordt gebruikt om prooien te doden, snake in the Netherlands. The venom is maar ook ter verdediging. Het is een zwaar used to kill prey, but also in defense. It is a gebouwde slang met een duidelijke zigzag- heavily built snake with a clear zigzag line streep over de rug. De adder wordt vooral on the back. The Northern Viper is espe- aangetroffen op de pleistocene zandgron- cially found on the Pleistocene sandy soils den in het noordoosten en midden van in the northeast and center of the Neth- Nederland. Hij leeft daar op natte heide, in erlands. It lives there on wet heath, high hoogveen en in open bos. De soort is ei- moorland and in open woods. The species erlevendbarend en de vrouwtjes krijgen om is ovoviviparous and the females produce de twee jaar jongen. young every two years. Naamgeving Nomenclature In 1758 werd de adder voor de eerste maal The Northern Viper was described for the beschreven door Linnaeus in Systema na- first time in 1758 by Linnaeus in Systema turae (10de editie), echter niet onder de Naturae (10th edition), but not with the huidige wetenschappelijke naam. De soort current scientific name. The species was werd beschreven onder twee soortnamen, described with two names, Coluber berus Coluber berus en Coluber chersea. Drie and Coluber chersea. Three years later, jaar later beschreef Linnaeus (1761) nog Linnaeus (1761) described a third spe- een derde soort in Fauna svecica (2de edi- cies Fauna svecica (2nd edition): Coluber tie): Coluber prester. Het duurde tot 1803 prester. It lasted until 1803 before Daudin voordat Daudin de adder zijn huidige we- gave the Northern Viper its current scien- tenschappelijke naam gaf: Vipera berus. De tific name: Vipera berus. The genus Vipera geslachtsnaam Vipera is daarna nog ver- has been described several times threaf- scheidene malen als synoniem beschreven. ter as a synonym. More than 55 synonyms Van de soortnaam berus zijn meer dan 55 have been described of the species name synoniemen beschreven. De type-lokatie is berus. The type location is Upsala, Swe- Upsala, Zweden. den. Er worden drie ondersoorten beschre- Three subspecies are described: the nomi- ven: de nominaatvorm Vipera berus berus, nate form Vipera berus berus, which oc- welke in o.a. Nederland voorkomt, Vipera curs e.g. in the Netherlands, Vipera berus berus bosniensis en Vipera berus sachali- bosniensis and Vipera berus sachalinensis. nensis. Over de laatste ondersoort is een The last subspecies is under discussion discussie gaande, of deze al dan niet tot whether it can or can not be counted as a LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2014 253 JAARGANG/VOLUME 34 NUMMER/NO.4 een eigen soort gerekend zal worden. Uit separate species. From the species Vipera de soort Vipera berus zijn enkele andere berus some other independent Vipera spe- zelfstandige Vipera-soorten beschreven. cies have been derived. Het woord ‘adder’ stamt af van het mid- The word ‘adder’, a substitute for viper, deleeuwse ‘nadre’ waarbij de ‘n’ in de loop comes from the medieval word ‘nadre’ from der tijd is weggevallen. Dit woord is afge- which the ‘n’ was omitted in the course of leid van ‘nadere’, dat afstamt van het Mid- time. This word is derived from ‘nadere’, delhoogduitse ‘nátere’. Het huidig Duitse descending from the Middle High German woord ‘natter’, dat adder betekent, vindt ‘nátere’. The current German word ‘natter’, hierin eveneens zijn oorsprong (Verwijs & which means viper, finds its origin herein as Verdam, 1969; Wijk, 1971). well (Verwijs & Verdam, 1969; Wijk, 1971). De geslachtsnaam Vipera is een afkorting The genus name Vipera is an abbreviation van ‘vivipara’, dat ‘levendbarend’ betekent. of ‘vivipara’, which means ‘viviparous’. The Voor de soortnaam berus zijn twee moge- generic name berus can be explained in lijke verklaringen bekend. Mauersberger two ways. Mauersberger (in lit.) explains (in lit.) beschrijft dat berus af zou stammen that the word berus would descend from van het Germaanse woord ‘baere’, dat ‘ba- the Germanic word ‘baere’, meaning ‘giv- ren’ betekent. Hentschel & Wagner (1984) ing birth’. Hentschel & Wagner (1984) report schrijven dat de naam berus in de middel- that the name berus was used in the Middle eeuwen voor een waterslang gebruikt werd. Ages for a water hose. Beschrijving Description De adder is een relatief zwaar gebouwde The Northern Viper is a relatively heavily gifslang met een verticale pupil, een korte, built venomous snake with a vertical pupil, stompe staart en een duidelijk van de romp a short, blunt tail and a head clearly distinct te onderscheiden kop. Volwassen vrouw- from the body. Adult females reach an aver- tjes bereiken een gemiddelde lengte van age length of 58 ± 8 cm, with a maximum 58 ± 8 centimeter, met een maximum van of 78 cm (n = 425). Adult males have an 78 centimeter (n = 425). Volwassen manne- average length of 54 ± 5 cm, with a maxi- tjes zijn gemiddeld 54 ± 5 centimeter, met mum of 67 cm (n = 661). The data are from een maximum van 67 centimeter (n = 661) the Werkgroep Adderonderzoek Nederland (gegevens Werkgroep Adderonderzoek Ne- (Working Group Viper Research Nether- derland (WAN)). Het gewicht varieert en is lands) (WAN). The weight varies, and is afhankelijk van de leeftijd, de conditie en dependent on age, condition and season. het seizoen. Bij vrouwtjes is het gewicht In females, the weight is also very depend- tevens erg afhankelijk van de tweejarige ent on the two-year reproductive cycle. The voortplantingscyclus. Nadat de vrouwtjes females are very emaciated the spring af- jongen hebben gekregen, zijn ze het daar- ter they have had young. On average adult opvolgende voorjaar zeer sterk vermagerd. males weigh 70 ± 18 g, with a maximum of Gemiddeld wegen volwassen mannetjes 131 g (n = 128), and females 106 ± 41 g, 70 ± 18 gram, met een maximum van 131 with a maximum of 222 g (n = 86, only fe- gram (n = 128) en vrouwtjes 106 ± 41 gram, males up to and including June) (data from met een maximum van 222 gram (n = 86, WAN). alleen vrouwtjes t/m juni) (gegevens WAN). Vipers from the lowlands are on aver- Adders uit het laagland zijn gemiddeld gro- age larger than the animals found at me- ter dan de dieren die in middel- en hoog- dium and high altitudes (Schiemenz, 1985). LITTERATURA SERPENTIUM 2014 254 JAARGANG/VOLUME 34 NUMMER/NO.4 gebergtes voorkomen (Schiemenz, 1985). Foreign studies indicate a large spread in Buitenlandse studies geven een grote weights and sizes. The data from the Dutch spreiding in gewichten en maten aan. De animals fall within this range. gegevens van de Nederlandse dieren val- len binnen deze range. The body color is highly variable and partly dependent on gender. Males usually have a De lichaamskleur is zeer variabel en deels gray to beige-like ground color. In females, afhankelijk van het geslacht. Mannetjes the ground color is less intense and beige hebben veelal een grijze tot beigeachtige to (red) brown. In both sexes a clear dark grondkleur. Bij vrouwtjes is deze grondkleur line or zigzag stripe is present on the back, minder intens en beige tot (rood)bruin. Op on the sides a row of dark spots. The dorsal de rug is bij beide geslachten een duide- line and lateral spots are darker in males, lijke donkere lijn of zigzagstreep aanwezig, contrasting more strongly with the ground op de flanken een rij donkere vlekken. De color than in females. On the head is of- rugstreep en flankvlekken zijn bij mannetjes ten present a pattern of dark spots. On the donkerder en contrasteren sterker met de back of the head these spots form usually a grondkleur dan bij vrouwtjes. Op de kop X, Y, V, or O-shaped figure. The abdomen is is vaak een patroon van donkere vlekken generally dark in color, ranging from gray to aanwezig. Op de achterzijde van de kop brown to black and is sometimes speckled vormen deze vlekken gewoonlijk een X-, Y-, or spotted. The underside of the tail often V-, of O-vormig figuur. De buik is meestal ends in a yellow, orange or red color. In donker gekleurd, variërend van grijs tot some areas also the last 2-3 cm’s of the up- bruin tot zwart en is soms gespikkeld of per side of the tail are colored. The signifi- gevlekt. De onderzijde van de staart eindigt cance of this is not clear, but it could play veelal in een gele, oranje of rode kleur, in a role in ‘caudal luring’, the ability of some sommige gebieden is ook de laatste twee snakes to quickly move back and forth their tot drie centimeter van de bovenzijde van tail in order to lure prey. This phenomenon de staart gekleurd. De betekenis hiervan is is known of some related species (Heat- niet eenduidig, maar het zou een rol kunnen wole & Davidson, 1976; Henderson, 1970). spelen bij ‘caudal luring’, het vermogen van sommige slangen om hun staartpunt snel In juvenile Northern Vipers the difference in heen en weer te bewegen om zo prooidie- gender on the basis of color is not as clear ren te lokken. Dit verschijnsel is van enkele as in adults. Juvenile males are sometimes verwante soorten bekend (Heatwole & Da- born brown and change in color after sev- vidson, 1976, Henderson, 1970). eral years. Bij juveniele adders is het geslachtsverschil Gender difference based on color may op basis van kleur niet zo duidelijk als bij cause difficulties in different areas. Almost adulte dieren. Juveniele mannetjes worden all males in the Meinweg area are beige and soms bruin geboren en veranderen na en- the females red-brown.
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