The Trojan War: Real or Myth? By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 08.10.17 Word Count 731 Level 990L

The procession of the Trojan Horse into Troy by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, oil on canvas. Painted in 1727. Image from Wikimedia.

The story of the Trojan War bridges the history and mythology of ancient Greece. It has inspired the greatest writers of antiquity from Homer, Herodotus and Sophocles to Virgil.

The site of Troy was discovered in the 1800s, in what is now western Turkey. Since then, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that it was the capital of a kingdom. They believed that the city might have been destroyed around 1180 B.C., about 3,200 years ago. The site might be the basis for the tales told by Homer some 400 years later in the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey."

The narrative of the Trojan War

The Trojan War was a conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenae in Greece. According to ancient sources, the war began after Queen Helen of Sparta was either kidnapped by Paris, a Trojan prince, or ran away with him. Helen's

This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 1 husband Menelaus convinced his brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, to lead an army to bring her back. They were joined by a group of Greek heroes and sailed to Troy with a fleet of more than a thousand ships. The Greeks laid siege to Troy and demanded Helen's return.

The war lasted more than 10 years. It ended after the Greek armies left a large wooden horse outside the gates of Troy. After much debate, the Trojans pulled the mysterious gift into the city. When night fell, the horse opened up. A group of Greek warriors, led by Odysseus, climbed out and destroyed Troy from within.

After the Trojan defeat, the Greek heroes slowly made their way home. Odysseus took 10 years to make the difficult journey home to Ithaca as recounted in the "Odyssey." Helen, whose two Trojan husbands were killed during the war, returned to Sparta to reign with Menelaus, her husband. After his death, some sources say Helen was exiled to the island of Rhodes. A widow who lost her husband in the Trojan war had her hanged.

The Trojan War epics

Little is known about the historical Homer. Historians think the "Iliad" was completed in 750 B.C., and the "Odyssey" in 725 B.C. Both began as oral stories and were first written down decades or centuries after they were composed. Many of the most familiar episodes of the war, from the abduction of Helen to the Trojan Horse and the destruction of Troy, come from the so-called "Epic Cycle." These were narratives put together about 500 B.C.

In the first century B.C. the Roman poet Virgil composed the "Aeneid." The book is the third great epic of the ancient world inspired by the Trojan War. The "Aeneid" follows a group of Trojans led by the hero Aeneas. They leave their destroyed city, and after a series of adventures, they founded the city of Rome. Virgil's aim was partly to claim that Rome's first emperors were descended from gods and heroes.

History, archaeology and the Trojan War

This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 2 Many portions of the Trojan War clearly are not history. Several of the main characters are direct offspring of the Greek gods. Helen, for instance, was fathered by Zeus, who disguised himself as a swan. Much of the action is directed by the various competing gods. Lengthy sieges were recorded in the ancient world, but even the strongest cities could only hold out for a few months, not 10 full years.

Major excavations at the site of Troy began in 1870 under the direction of German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann. They revealed a small citadel and layers of debris 82 feet (25 meters) deep. Later studies showed that people first began living at the site around 3000 B.C., more than 5,000 years ago. Archaeologists found evidence of buildings dating to 46 different periods of time. The site was finally abandoned in 1350.

Troy was an important Bronze Age city. Recent excavations have shown an inhabited area 10 times the size of the citadel. A layer of the excavation, dating to about 1180 B.C., reveals charred debris and scattered skeletons. It is evidence of a wartime destruction of the city and might have inspired portions of the story of the Trojan War.

In Homer's day, 400 years later, its ruins would still have been visible.

This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 3 Quiz

1 How effective is the introduction [paragraphs 1-2] at posing the question of whether the Trojan War is real or a myth?

(A) Very effective; it summarizes some of the myths surrounding the Trojan War and describes the evidence that it was also a reality.

(B) Mostly effective; it describes the reasons why archaeologists believe the Trojan War may have been real, but mentions myths only briefly.

(C) Somewhat effective; it explores the causes of archaeologists' interest in the Trojan War, but does not address how this relates to myth.

(D) Not at all effective; it outlines the story of the Trojan War, but does not explain why there is doubt about whether it is reality or myth.

2 Read the selection from the section "The Trojan War epics."

Historians think the “Iliad” was completed in 750 B.C., and the “Odyssey” in 725 B.C. Both began as oral stories and were first written down decades or centuries after they were composed.

How does this selection contribute to the article overall?

(A) It describes the difference between the oral and written methods used to record the stories about the Trojan War.

(B) It shows that a long period of time passed between the first stories and the first writings of the Trojan War.

(C) It emphasizes the importance of writing the "Illiad" and the "Odyssey" to Homer's lasting reputation.

(D) It explains that Homer took a very short time to write the "Odyssey" after he finished writing the "Iliad."

This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 4 3 Which piece of evidence from the article provides the BEST support for the idea that the Trojan War, or some kind of similar war, really happened?

(A) The site of Troy was discovered in the 1800s, in what is now western Turkey. Since then, archaeologists have uncovered evidence that it was the capital of a kingdom.

(B) After the Trojan defeat, the Greek heroes slowly made their way home. Odysseus took 10 years to make the difficult journey home to Ithaca as recounted in the “Odyssey.”

(C) The "Aeneid" follows a group of Trojans led by the hero Aeneas. They leave their destroyed city, and after a series of adventures, they founded the city of Rome.

(D) Recent excavations have shown an inhabited area 10 times the size of the citadel. A layer of the excavation, dating to about 1180 B.C., reveals charred debris and scattered skeletons.

4 Read the section "History, archaeology and the Trojan War."

Select the paragraph that suggests Troy continued to be a place where people lived long after the Trojan War supposedly happened.

This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 5