Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020

ATLAS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2020

STATE OF PALESTINE

The United Nations Country Team and the Oﬃce of the Prime Minister welcome the use of information contained in this publication for non-commercial and educational purposes provided that this publication is properly cited.

Disclaimer: The text, designations, and presentations of materials in this publication, including their respective citations, maps, and bibliography, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever or any oﬃcial position by the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document, its text, as well as any data and maps included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area, and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or the Funds, Programmes, and Agencies of the United Nations system concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or its authorities. The terms “Palestine” and “Occupied Palestinian Territory” have been used interchangeably depending on context. The terms refer as a whole to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel since 1967. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 is a collaboration between the United Nations Country Team in Palestine, under the leadership of Resident Coordinator Jamie McGoldrick, and the Government of Palestine, under the leadership of the Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh.

The work was managed by Anjad Hithnawi, Office of the Resident Coordinator, and Mahmoud Ataya, Office of the Prime Minister. Anjad Hithnawi also provided research and writing, Iyad Issa was the data consultant, Basel Nasr was the design consultant, and Soundos Nayroukh was the GIS consultant. The team worked under the guidance of Jonathan Lincoln, Office of the Resident Coordinator, and Estephan Salameh, Office of the Prime Minister.

The United Nations Country Team and the Government of Palestine’s SDG team provided both data and expertise. The following individuals and organizations contributed a variety of key inputs: Azmi Abdel-Rahman and Rashad Yousef, Ministry of Economy; Ola Aker, Ministry of Health; Majeda Alawneh, Palestinian Water Authority; Amin Assi and Samira Kawasmi, Ministry of Women Affairs; Abdel Kareem Daraghmeh, Ministry of Labour; Ohoud Enaya, Ministry of Local Government; Mamoun Jabr and Omnyat Abdul Majeed, Ministry of Education; Samah Nasser, Ministry of Justice; Maen Rashed, Palestinian Energy and National Resources Authority; Zaghloul Samhan, Environment Quality Authority; Ayman Sawalha, Ministry of Social Development; Bassam Shalan, Ministry of Public Works and Housing; Munia Abu El Hawa, WHO; Ahmad El-Atrash, UN-Habitat; Rasha El Shurafa and Dana Hanna, ILO; Sonia Ezam, UNESCO; Rana Hannoun and Tomaso Pirro Perri, FAO; Majed Abu Kubi, OCHA; Inas Margieh, UN Women; Suﬁan Mushasha, Husam Tubail, and Nader Atta, UNDP; Yaser Shalabi, UNICEF.

The Oﬃce of the Resident Coordinator provided valuable inputs, comments and feedback, and other support, including Raed El-Raqeb, Shifa Jayousi, Katherine Lester, Henrik Moeberg, Ghada Snounu, and George F. Willcoxon.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 I FOREWORDS

Dr. Mohammad Shtayyeh Prime Minister of the State of Palestine

The Government of Palestine remains dedicated to achieving sustainable development, so that no Palestinian, Despite this and all the very real challenges we face, we are determined to move forward on our development young or old, is left behind. We are fully committed to our ambitious development goals, both to our National agenda to achieve our goals and objectives and our political aspirations through the manifestation of our state on Policy Agenda: Disengagement and Cluster Development and to the Sustainable Development Goals. We have the ground. documented our efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in our 2018 Voluntary National Report presented at the high-level political forum in New York, and the recent Progress Report for last year. Therefore, I present the Atlas of Development 2020 to our people and our partners as a celebration of achievements and a promise. The publication of this Atlas shows how we - as a government and a people – are Now, the Government of Palestine, in cooperation with and with the support of the United Nations Country Team, able to build and grow, even under the very harsh and challenging political reality and military occupation. is presenting the first ever Atlas of Development 2020 for the State of Palestine to demonstrate our continued progress towards the development goals. I thank my staff at the Prime Minister’s Oﬃce, the Ministries’ SDGs focal points, and the UN Country Team who produced this impressive visual guide to key trends and the issues that surround them. This data-rich Atlas will This Atlas is intended to document development efforts by mapping what has been achieved across the country help us understand our progress and make better decisions as we update our national plans about how and where and in all sectors. The Atlas shows that we are not just making progress on paper. It shows where and how we are development resources should go. making a tangible difference to each and every citizen in the State of Palestine. The Atlas also shows Palestine’s development within the global context and in comparison with other countries.

While we celebrate our successes, we are driven to ensure that no regions are left out. Under our cluster Dr. Mohammad Shtayyeh development approach, we are translating our national plans and our work towards the Sustainable Development Prime Minister Goals within each region. As such, the Atlas enables “even development” in Palestine between regions, by State of Palestine identifying opportunities and gaps that can be met with proper projects and potential public and private investments. Additionally, this Atlas provides a road map and a vision for donor support and development August 2020 priorities.

As the Atlas is published, we are fighting to contain the COVID-19 outbreak in the State of Palestine and the threat of annexation and to protect our people and economy from the impact of these concurrent existential threats.

II Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Mr. Jamie McGoldrick United Nations Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory

I am very pleased to introduce the Atlas of Sustainable Development for Palestine, a new publication from the generated profoundly negative consequences for social and economic development in Palestine. Second, the United Nations Country Team and, we hope, the first edition of many. This Atlas is the result of intensive threat of Israeli annexation of parts of the West Bank has put at risk much of the progress depicted in this Atlas, collaboration between the United Nations Country Team in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Government of while also undermining the viability of a future Palestinian state. As of this writing, we have only a limited Palestine—a collaboration involving dozens of agencies and ministries under the leadership of my office and the understanding of how these two crises will evolve in the coming months and years. Office of Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh. I wish to thank the many contributors for their hard work. This Atlas establishes a clear benchmark for measuring the impact of these twin crises on the Palestinian people, This publication presents a wealth of richly-detailed maps, visualizations, and spatial analyses of sustainable on their economy, and on their institutions. As a result, I believe this publication will be a valuable tool for national development indicators in the Occupied Palestinian Territory at the end of 2019. The sources include many of the and international policy makers in a range of sectors, such as agriculture, climate change, poverty, nutrition, official indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals, official statistics from the Government of the State of education, gender, governance, and many others. Palestine, and new data from the United Nations Country Team. To the greatest extent possible, we have visualized these data in highly-disaggregated formats, allowing the reader to easily grasp spatial patterns, trends Secretary-General António Guterres declared 2020 as the first year of a Decade of Action to accelerate sustain- over time, and disparities by sex, age, refugee status, and other key demographic characteristics. able solutions to the world’s biggest challenges. This Sustainable Development Atlas responds to that declaration, identifying areas for accelerated work and greater investment, thereby setting our common agenda in The Occupied Palestinian Territory has been under a military occupation since 1967. The occupation-related support of the Palestinian people as we move through this Decade of Action. practices and policies have negatively affected development trajectories in Palestine and have had severe humanitarian repercussions. The Atlas draws a holistic picture of development in Palestine at the end of 2019, depicting the achievements of the Palestinian people and government in the 25 years since the establishment of Jamie McGoldrick the Palestinian Authority, and under the context of occupation. This publication also identifies the significant United Nations Resident Coordinator challenges that remain to end poverty and hunger, improve health and education, reduce inequalities, empower women and girls, spur economic growth, address climate change, establish strong and just institutions, and build August 2020 a more peaceful future.

Importantly, this Atlas sets a clear baseline for understanding sustainable development prior to the emergence of two historic and existential crises early in 2020. First, as elsewhere around world, the COVID-19 pandemic has

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 III CONTENTS

1. No Poverty 1 10. Reduced Inequalities 49 National Priority: Social Justice and Rule of Law National Priority: Social Justice and Rule of Law

2. Zero Hunger 3 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities 51 National Priority: Resilient Communities National Priority: Resilient Communities

3. Good Health and Well-being 9 12. Responsible Consumption and Production 57 National Priority: Towards Universal Health Coverage National Priority: Resilient Communities

4. Quality Education 13 13. Climate Change 61 National Priority: Inclusive Quality Education for All National Priority: Resilient Communities

5. Gender Equality 19 14. Life Below Water 65 National Priority: Social Justice and Rule of Law National Priority: Resilient Communities

6. Clean Water and Sanitation 27 15. Life on Land 69 National Priority: Resilient Communities National Priority: Resilient Communities

7. Affordable and Clean Energy 31 16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions 73 National Priority: Resilient Communities National Priority: Effective Government National Priority: Social Justice and Rule of Law 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth 35 National Priority: Economic Independence 17. Partnerships for the Goal 79 National Priority: Expanding Palestine’s Bilateral Relations 9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure 43 National Priority: Economic Independence

IV Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 INTRODUCTION

The Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 was initiated by Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh and jointly developed by the United Nations Country Team and the Government of Palestine. This publication presents maps, visualizations, and spatial analyses of sustainable development indicators in the Occupied Palestinian Territory at the end of 2019. The sources include many of the oﬃcial indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals, oﬃcial statistics from the Government of Palestine, data from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, and data from the United Nations Country Team on various socioeconomic and environmental aspects affecting Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. Despite the Israeli occupation and territorial fragmentation of Palestin- ians into different jurisdictions and authorities, the data shows the most complete picture possible of the sustainable development levels of the Palestinian population in the West Bank and Gaza.

In September 2019, at the High-Level Summit on Sustainable Development in New York, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, welcomed the progress made globally on the 2030 Agenda, including ending extreme poverty and hunger, transitioning to a low-carbon economy, building peaceful and just societies, and achieving gender equality and human rights for all. The Secretary-General, however, warned that much more needed to be done to generate momentum for the required transformations, and called on all stakeholders to mobilize on three levels: global action to secure greater leadership, more resources, and smarter solutions; local action to reform policies, budgets, institutions, and regulatory frameworks; and people action, including by youth, civil society, the media, the private sector, unions, academia, and others.

Moreover, the Secretary-General recently launched the United Nations Data Strategy with the vision of maximizing the value of data, unlocking the full potential of data, and making better decisions and deliver stronger support to the people and the planet. Data are critical for decision making and accountability and for informing effective and measurable policies while leaving no one behind.

This Atlas of Sustainable Development responds to these global initiatives and is the ﬁrst publication of its kind positioning the national priorities of the Government of Palestine within the universally agreed goals. The Atlas provides a visual guide of development indicators in order to inform policy discussions and enhance engagement with policy makers. The Atlas provides a tool for the public and policy makers to share a common knowledge base and set a common agenda.

Given the scope and urgency of development work in Palestine and the 2030 Agenda, the Atlas emphasizes the most critical national priorities as determined by experts in the Government of Palestine and the United Nations system. The Atlas leverages data from the United Nations, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, govern- Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 ment ministries and other bodies, the World Bank, and development partners, among others. The 17 Sustainable Mapping, visualizations, and spatial analyses of sustainable development Development Goals (SDGs) and the National Policy Agenda for the State of Palestine structure the Atlas.

Data is critical for decision-making, accountability, and for generating real-time insights. The Atlas presents more than 300 annotated charts and maps. To the greatest extent possible, data was disaggregated allowing the reader to grasp spatial patterns, trends over time, and disparities by sex, age, refugee status, and other key demographic characteristics.

The result is a comprehensive assessment of development in Palestine at the end of 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights CSP Concentrated solar power OPT Occupied Palestinian Territory DRM Disaster Risk Management PA Palestinian Authority DRR Disaster Risk Reduction PENRA Palestinian Energy and National Resources Authority EJ East Jerusalem PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics EQA Environment Quality Authority PHC Primary Health Care CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women PLC Palestinian Legislative Council FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations PMMS Palestinian Military Medical Services FDI Foreign Direct Investment PMO Prime Minister Office FIES Food Insecurity Experience Scale PPP Public-Private Partnership GDP Gross Domestic Product PWA Palestinian Water Authority GIS Geographic Information System SDG Sustainable Development Goal HLPF High-Level Political Forum SEFSec Socio-economic Food Security ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights TES Teacher Education Strategy ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights ICRMW International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers UN CEDAW United Nations Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and Members of their Families UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature UN ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council ILO International Labour Organization UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme ILS Israeli Shekel UN HRC United Nations Human Rights Council MCM Million Cubic Meters UN Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women MoA Ministry of Agriculture UNCT United Nations Country Team MoF Ministry of Finance UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development MoJ Ministry of Justice UNDP United Nations Development Programme MoL Ministry of Labour UNESCO United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization MoWA Ministry of Women’s Affairs UNFPA United Nations Population Fund MoLG Ministry of Local Government UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund MoNE Ministry of National Economy UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime MoH Ministry of Health UNSD United Nations Statistics Division MoSD Ministry of Social Development UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services MoE Ministry of Education UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East MoHE Ministry of Higher Education UNSCO United Nations Office of the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process NAP National Adaptation Plan SCP Sustainable Consumption and Production NPA National Policy Agenda VAWG Violence Against Women and Girls NCDs Non-communicable diseases VAT Value Added Tax NGO Non-Governmental Organization VNR Voluntary National Review OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene ODA Official Development Assistance WB West Bank

VI Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 PAGE CONTENT EXAMPLE

National Priority National Policy Agenda National Policy

Affordable and Clean Energy Resilient Communities Sustainable Development Goal Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable Meeting the basic needs of our communities and modern energy for all Ensuring a sustainable environment

Universal access to modern energy X.1. Sustainable development target 7.1. By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services. 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity Quantity of electricity imported and produced in Palestine 2007-2018 (MwH) Sustainable development indicator Palestine relies on imports of Israeli electricity to meet demand. In 2018, 94 percent of the electricity in Palestine Access to electricity in Palestine is very high, however, energy supply is volatile specially in Gaza. In 2019, Gaza was supplied by the Israeli Electric Company, a rate which has been increasing in recent years. The dependency received less than half of its power demand. In the West Bank, power shortages are regularly experienced, also varies between the West Bank and Gaza, with 99 percent of the electricity in the West Bank imported from Annotation to provide details and especially during peak winter and summer months. Projections estimate an annual increase in electricity demand Israel, compared to 63 percent in Gaza. of 3.5 percent in the coming years. Securing access to reliable, affordable and sustainable energy in the West explanations to ﬁgures. Bank and Gaza is central to improving the lives of Palestinians and to creating the conditions under which development and growth can be realized.

6,000,000 Global Average Gaza Strip 90% Gaza Strip 5,000,000 Gaza Strip West Bank West Bank Other priority indicators 4,000,000 Gaza Strip West Bank Gaza Strip Gaza Strip 99.9% 99.7% 99.6% 3,000,000 Gaza Strip Gaza Strip Palestine West Bank West Bank West Bank West Bank 2,000,000 West Bank

1,000,000

2007 2009 2010 2013 2015 2017 2018 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology Jordan Egypt Israel Gaza Power Plant Global Average Global Average 59% Sector policy priority: Restructure the energy sector in Palestine based on the Sector policy priority principles of sustainability and ability for continuous 98.8% 98% 97.5% development to meet the increasing demand. Diversify from sector strategies of the sources of energy, especially electricity and Gaza Strip Palestine West Bank increase regional exchange with neighboring countries. government ministries and authorities.

Data source. Source: PCBS, Housing and Establishments Survey 2017, 2018; World Bank, SDGs Database 2019, 2020. Source: PCBS, Energy Tables 2007 - 2018, 2019.

31 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020

* Data and information presented in the Atlas do not cover Palestinian communities in occupied East Jerusalem unless otherwise stated.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 VII Social Justice and Rule of Law No Poverty Escaping multidimensional poverty End poverty in all its forms everywhere

No Data Reduce Poverty Jenin 1.2. By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all 00.0 - 10.0 ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions. 10.1 - 20.0 Tulkarem Tubas 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line 20.1 - 30.0 Poverty entails more than the lack of income and productive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods. Its 30.1 - 40.0 manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to basic services, social discrimination and Qalqiliya Nablus exclusion, as well as the lack of participation in decision making. Various social groups bear a disproportionate 40.1 - 50.0 burden of poverty. Poverty rates in Palestine have been volatile since 1998, rising sharply during each period of 50.1 - 60.0 conflict and recession and recovering slowly thereafter. According to monthly consumption patterns, 29 percent of Salfit Palestinians lived in poverty in 2017. Poverty rates in Gaza are higher and more severe than in the West Bank. Above 60

60 Ramallah & Al-Bireh Jericho 50 53.0% Gaza Strip

40 Jerusalem151.2 ILS 30 29.2% Palestine 20

10 13.9% West Bank Bethlehem

1998 2003 2006 2011 2017 North Gaza Hebron

Gaza Sector policy priority: Promote social development programs that address Deir Al-Balah the root cause of poverty through income generation and expand social protection ﬂoors to cover all Khan Younis vulnerable population. Rafah

Source: PCBS, Poverty Atlas 2017, 2019.

1 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 By gender By region By locality type

Palestine 29.2% Urban West Bank 29.4% 13.9%

Female Male 29.7% 28.8%

Gaza Strip Rural 53% 18.7% Refugee camps 45.4% POVERTY LINE * Family of 2 adults 29.3% ! Deep Poverty and 3 children ! 9.7% 5.8% Deep Poverty ! Deep Poverty

2,470 ILS per month consumption 33.8% ! Deep Poverty 16.7% ! Deep Poverty 16.8% ! Deep Poverty 1,974 ILS per month consumption

15.7% 7.9% 2.8% 8.0% 4.3% 13.3% Poverty Gap

6.8 points 3.8 points 1.7 points In 2017, social assistance has helped reduce poverty by 8.5 points 4.2 points 1.5 points Poverty Source: PCBS, Poverty Atlas 2017, 2019; PCBS, Household Expenditure Deep Poverty and Consumption Survey 2017, 2018.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 2 Zero Hunger Resilient Communities Meeting communities’ basic needs End hunger, achieve food security and improved Revitalizing agriculture nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture and strengthening rural communities

Universal access to safe and nutritious food 2.1. By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. 1.7% 7.2% 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on Population food insecurity per governorates Jenin the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) (FIES) 0.4% 5.1% 1.1% 9% Regional and territorial disparities, as well as disparities among population groups, are characteristic traits of food insecurity and malnutrition in Palestine. In addition to the disparities between the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Tulkarem Tubas the prevalence of food insecurity within the West Bank also has a remarkably different incidence, with Area C being worse-off with the highest peaks of food insecurity among Bedouins and herding communities. Similar 1.2% 9% 1.4% 11.2% pockets of high food insecurity can be found in all disadvantaged groups suffering from vulnerabilities, including Qalqiliya Nablus female headed households, refugees, small-scale farmers, among others. 26% Moderately and severely food insecure 0.2% 2.8% 4.4% Severely food insecure Source: Elaboration on SEFSec survey data and selected UNCT studies. Salfit Population Food Insecurity (FIES) By region and locality type Palestine 0.9% 6.1% By refugee status Ramallah & Al-Bireh 1.5% 8.8% Jericho 35.4% 2.5% 6.9% 19.8% Jerusalem 51.6% 9.3% 5.6% 3.6% 8.6% 1.6% 2.4% % Gaza Strip West Bank 22.5 Refugee Non - Refugee Bethlehem 10% 51.4% By the sex of the head of the household North Gaza 9.4% 52.4% 2% 10% Gaza 30% Hebron 25.8% 9.9% 50% Deir Al-Balah 4.6% 27.6% 7.5% 49.6% 4.3% 5.8% Urban Khan Younis Male Female 1.5% 11.5% Rural 4.5% 54.7% Sector policy priority: 6.8% 35.9% Rafah Livelihoods enhanced through social protection; marginalized Moderately and severely Severely food insecure Refugee people empowered and equality of opportunities ensured; food insecure Camps Source: FAO, SEFSec survey, 2018. resilience to man-made and natural risks enhanced.

3 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Gaza Strip West Bank

Household food insecurity by refugee status Household food insecurity by refugee status

61.2% 64.1%

38% 40.2% Palestine

% 26.9% 11.1 8.6% 14.9% 26% 4% 2.6% Refugee Non - Refugee Area C Refugee Non - Refugee communities

West Bank Household food insecurity by locality type Gaza Strip Household food insecurity by locality type 9.2% 39% 62.2% 2.5% 3% Urban 7.9% Urban 62.2% 38.8% 4.7% 37.9% Rural % % 13.6 Refugee 62.6 2.2% Camps Refugee 8.2% Camps Households food insecurity by severity Households food insecurity by severity

27% Food secure 3% Severely food insecure 68.3% 6.2% 10.8% 38.8% Food secure Moderately food insecure Marginally Severely food insecure food secure 22.5% Marginally food secure 23.4% Moderately food insecure Moderately and severely food insecure Severely food insecure Source: FAO, SEFSec survey, 2018.

“Food insecure households have more family members than food secure families, a much higher economic dependency ratio, and lower income, a higher incidence of insufficient dietary intake as well as a poor or borderline food consumption score. Unemployment of the head of households is more likely among food insecure households than food secure households. And the presence of disability, elderly, and chronic illness within the household is correlated with higher levels of food insecurity. Gender also affects (positively for men and negatively for women) the incidence of food insecurity among Palestinian households. Almost one fourth of male-headed households are food insecure, compared to one third of female-headed households, a difference that is relatively stable across time.”

Source: Elaboration on SEFSec survey 2018 data.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 4 End all forms of malnutrition Poverty, food insecurity, poor dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles were found to be the major drivers of malnutrition in Palestine. 2.2. By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, The prevalence of undernutrition (stunting and wasting) is low at national level. However, a closer look into the Palestinian the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in undernutrition situation reveals higher prevalence among vulnerable communities. children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.

7.4% 23% 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting Palestine Bedouin in Aghwar 7.7% Target Height for age is greater than two standard deviations below West Bank the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child % 7.1 12.2% 16% 21.9% Growth Standards among children under 5 years of age Gaza Strip Aghwar Global

<2.5% 2.5 to <10% 10 to <20% 20 to <30% ≥30% VERY LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age

1.2% Palestine 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition 1.7% Target Weight for height is greater than two standard deviations West Bank % from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards 0.7 3% 7.3% Gaza Strip Global among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) <2.5% 2.5 to VERY <5% 5 to <10% 10 to <15% ≥15% LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH Prevalence of wasting among children under 5 years of age 8.2% Palestine 9.8%West Bank 6.5% Gaza Strip Target Sector policy priority: Effectively implement programs promoting nutrition; 3% 7.3% ensure food safety along all food supply chains; Global enhance food and nutrition education and awareness.

<2.5% 2.5 to VERY <5% 5 to <10% 10 to <15% ≥15% LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH

Prevalence of overweight among children under 5 years of age

Source: WHO, East Mediterranean Region framework for health information systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health system performance, 2019; PCBS and UNICEF, MICS Survey, 2014; Ministry of Health, National Nutrition Surveillance System, 2017.

5 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Micronutrient deficiencies in Palestine Micronutrient deficiency constitutes a public health condition of epidemic proportions. They exact heavy tolls in terms of ill-health, premature death and lost earnings. Deficiencies reduce the work capacity of individuals and entire populations, bringing serious economic consequences and obstacles to national development. They are apparent among the most vulnerable groups of the population such as pregnant or lactating women and children. Deficiencies are largely due to Palestinian household consumption patterns of energy dense Anemia among women of reproductive age rather than nutrient dense nutrition and the insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables. The prevalence rates of all micronutrient deficiencies (except for Vitamin A and E) tended to be higher in the Gaza Strip than in West Bank across all vulnerable groups, pregnant women, lactating women and children between the ages of 6 and 59 months. Overall, the most vulnerable and poorest are disproportion- ately affected by micronutrient deficiencies, and these groups stand to gain the most by their reduction. 35 33.1% Pregnant women 32.8% 31.4% Global 30.3% 30.1% 30 29.4% 29% Non-pregnant women 25 2000 2016

15.2% Source: WHO, Global Health Observatory, 2019 GlobalTarget 2030 Deficiencies among Deficiencies among Deficiencies among pregnant women lactating women children under five (18 - 43 years) (18 - 48 years) (6 - 59 months) 71%

B12 D A B12 D A B12 D

54.8% 62.8% 99.3% 28.7% 20.6% 98.7% 72.9% 10.9% 60.1% Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin D

Anemia among pregnant women in marginalized communities in Jordan Valley E Zinc Iron E Zinc Iron E Iron

21.6% 71.1% 30.9% 44.1% 90.7% 29% 64.3% 55.6% 26.5% Source: Palestinian National Institute of Public Health, Prevalence Vitamin E Zinc Iron Vitamin E Zinc Iron Vitamin E Zinc Iron and Determinants of Malnutrition and Intestinal Infections among Children and their Mothers in the Jordan Valley, 2016. Source: Ministry of Health, Palestinian Micronutrient Survey, 2013; WHO, Micronutrient Deficiency - the Challenge, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 6 Adult Nutrition Status Overweight (classified as body mass index between 25 and 30) and obesity rates (classified as body mass index equal to or higher than 30) have been on an upward trend over the last two decades in Palestine, increasing by “Food and nutrition security in Palestine is an issue whereby a set of inter-linked about 10 percentage points for both adult men and women, to reach levels above global and regional averages. Both food secure and food insecure households are characterized with calorie-intensive diet with carbohydrates challenges demand a comprehensive and integrated response. Tackling hunger and and fat being the main sources of calories. Sugar and sugar-rich food are among the food items most consumed food insecurity in Palestine requires a comprehensive policy package to achieve zero on daily bases among all households, indicating that empty calories are mainstays in Palestinian household diet hunger by 2030. This calls for an integrated, macro-sectoral and intersectoral, policy that contribute to overweight rates, obesity rates, and several chronic diseases. The overweight and obesity on food security in its broadest dimensions”. burden in Palestine is significant and requires attention. If nothing is done to curb the rising rate of obesity, it is projected that Palestine will not meet its SDG targets on obesity reduction.

Source: Elaboration on FAO and WHO documents, 2019. Source: FAO, 2019; MAS, 2017.

Obesity By Gender Overweight By Gender Diabetes By Gender

69.5% 62% 64.0% 53.5% 38.8% Global 39% 30.4% Global 40% 26.2% 17.5% 16.8% Global 15% 11.8% Global 11% 10.6% 16.5% Global 9% Global 7.9% 2000 2016 2000 2016 2000 2014

Source: Global Nutrition Report, Country Nutrition Profile: Palestine, 2018.

7 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers 2.3. By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.

The agricultural sector is an engine of transformative economic development and can play a key role in tackling poverty and food insecurity and malnutrition. In spite of the constraints faced and the decline of the share of the sector over GDP, agricultural products remain the bulk of Palestine exports amounting to almost 22 percent of the total exports in 2018. The emergence and growth of product diversification in high-value added and/or high-quality food/agribusiness products remains an untapped growth potential in Palestine.

Poverty rates among Palestinians whose main Percentage of employed individuals (above 15 years old) Average daily income for workers by sector: income is from agriculture working in agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector agriculture, services, and industry, for the years 2000 - 2019 ILS 27.7% 125.5 Palestine ILS ILS ILS 103.1 86.6 11.8% Deep Poverty 95.3

ILS ILS 68.1 14.1% 41.6 ILS ILS ILS 58.9 34.8 62.6 % ILS Food insecurity among Palestinian households 6.1 58.5 ILS whose main income is from agriculture ILS 29.5 2000 2019 21.2 10.0% 35.0% Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2000 - 2019 , 2020. Gaza Strip West Bank Agriculture Industry Services Contribution of agriculture, forestry and fishing to the GDP in Palestine Gaza Strip West Bank

Proportion of rural population living below Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2000 - 2019 , 2020. poverty line 18.7% POVERTY LINE Sector policy priority: Improve access to agricultural productive resources and 9.7% DEEP POVERTY services; enhance smallholders participation in domestic and international markets; develop producers’ knowledge and capacities. 8.2% 6.9%

2000 2019 Source: FAO, SEFSec, 2018; PCBS, Households Expenditure and Source: PCBS, National Accounts Data 2000 - 2019, 2020. Consumption Survey 2017, 2018

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 8 Good Health and Well-Being Towards Universal Health Coverage Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all Providing quality health care services to all at all ages Improving citizen’s health and well-being

Maternal mortality Under five mortality Sexual and 3.1. By 2030, reduce the global maternal 3.2. By 2030, end preventable deaths of 3.7. mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 newborns and children under 5 years of reproductive care live births. age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under five mortality to at least as low services, including for family planning, information and education, and the as 25 per 1,000 live births. integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes.

3.1.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio 3.2.1 Under-Five Mortality Rate 60 60 3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate 55 55 (aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women 50 50 45 38 45 40 deaths/100,000 40 35 35 30 30 14 25 19.5 25 deaths/1,000

deaths/100,000 deaths/ 100,000 deaths/1,000 20 20 12.1 48 15 15 deaths/1,000 /1,000 Woman 10 10 5 5 Palestine 2009 2019 2009 2019 66 35 /1,000 Woman /1,000 Woman

Sector policy priority: Gaza Strip West Bank Enhance the surveillance system in different health areas including maternal mortality and near-miss cases, the surveillance systems for abortion and its causes, and the child and neonatal mortality rate. Sector policy priority: Support and enhance child and infant care services in health care centers and provide treatment for communicable diseases and emergency cases among children.

Source: Ministry of Health, Records 2000 - 2019, 2020. Source: PCBS and UNICEF, The Palestinian Multi-indicator Cluster Survey, 2014.

9 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Non-communicable diseases 3.4. By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. Reported cancer incidents by type Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) present a major challenge to the Palestinian health sector. They account for the largest proportion of West Bank, 2018 morbidity and mortality in Palestine. The main NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, cancers, strokes and diabetes) are responsible for more than Reported cancer incidents rates in the West Bank have half of total reported deaths. Cardiovascular diseases remain the first cause of death among the Palestinians, cancer ranks the second and sharply increased during the past decade, with breast cancer strokes the third. ranked first among the reported cases.

14.2% 3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease Breast Cancer

Reported mortality incidents Cancer deaths by type 11.5% Colorectal West Bank, 2018 West Bank, 2018

8% 31.5% 19.6% Lung Cancer Cardiovascular Lung Cancer Diseases 6.7% 12.7% Leukaemia Colon Cancer 54.8% Others 4.8% Bladder Cancer % 11.6% 69 15.4% Breast Cancer Reported cancer incidents NCDs Cancer 200 Global 198 190 incidents/100,000 180 8% 170 119% 31% Brain Cancer 160 Others 40.9% 150 13% Others 140 7.2% 130 Cerebrovascular Leukaemia 120 % Diseases 110 118 1.6 7.5% 100 incidents/100,000 Chronic Obstructive Diabetes Mellitus 90 Pulmonary Disease 80 & Bronchial Asthma 70 60 50 Sector policy priority: 40 30 54 Promote programs for the management 20 incidents/100,000 and control of NCDs, preventive health 10 care, and community health awareness. 2010 2018

Source: Ministry of Health, Records, 2019. Source: Ministry of Health, Records, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 10 Primary Health Care (PHC) 3.8. Universal Health Coverage Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to 68 quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and PHC affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. 732 Jenin Palestine 2.1/10,000 Percentages of health insurance coverage Palestine 1.6 centers/10,000 people 41 16 Tubas National comprehensive health insurance promotes Tulkarem 2.6/10,000 universal health coverage through facilitating service % 2.2/10,000 availability to all the population, including marginal- 78.3 ized groups, without enduring financial hardship. COVERED WestBank 585 34 67 West Bank Qalqiliya Nablus 65.7% 3.0/10,000 1.7/10,000 Gaza Strip 2.2 centers/10,000 people 22 Salfit 16 % 2.9/10,000 95.4 Jericho & Al Aghwar 147 3.2/10,000 Gaza Strip Sector policy priority: 68 Rationalize health expenditures and reform the 0.8 centers/10,000 people Ramallah & Al-Bireh public health insurance scheme towards 2.0/10,000 achieving universal health coverage.

Source: PCBS, Census 2017, 2018. 53 Jerusalem Percentage of out-of-pocket health expenditures Sector policy priority: 3.4/10,000 General government health expenditure as a share of general government expenditure reached more than 12 Nationalization of health services and percent in 2019, and is expected to rise to 13.5 percent in 2020, indicating a relatively high priority for health in the investment in local health sector. government budget. The share of governmental health expenditure is 44.8 percent of the total health expenditure in 2018, compared to 39.5 percent, the share of private health expenditure, mainly in the form of out-of-pocket 41 payments. Bethlehem 1.9/10,000

159 Hebron Lebanon Syria 147 2.2/10,000 32% % Gaza Strip 54 Iraq 0.8/10,000 78% Palestine 5 Mobile % Jordan 70 112 Clinic 42 NGOs 43 NGOs 12 L4 18 28% UNRWA PMMS L3 20 L4 10 L1 61 L3 108 147 5 585 50 418 Egypt PHC PMMS PHC PHC PHC 62% 22 UNRWA Global Average 36% 50 418 L2 20 L2 226 MoH MoH Gaza Strip West Bank Gaza Strip MoH PHCs West Bank Source: WHO, Framework for health information systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health Source: Ministry of Health, Annual Report 2018, 2019. system performance 2019, 2020; MoH and PCBS, Palestinian Health Accounts 2000-2018, 2020.

11 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Number of hospital beds 4 Indicators of the hospital care sector show Jenin a persistent increase in the occupancy rate 9.1 Expanded Program for Immunization in public hospitals, with apparent variations in number of beds and corresponding 3 1 Palestine has a strong and comprehensive childhood vaccination occupancy rate between hospitals in the Tulkarem Tubas programme with high coverage reflecting a strong primary health different governorates. This indicates the 9.5 7.1 care system. The Palestinian vaccination program run by the Ministry need to increase the number of hospital of Health covers all obligatory vaccines recommended by WHO. beds in some areas. 2 7 98.4% Qalqiliya Nablus 11.1 1 16.2 82 Hospitals Salfit 6.5 Source: Ministry of Health, Annual Report 2018, 2019. Palestine 13.3 Beds/10,000 1 9 Jericho Health Workforce Ramallah & Al-Bireh 11.1 3.c. Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training 52 Hospitals 16.7 and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States. West Bank The limitations in health workforce development and management in Palestine are similar to those of other 13.3 Beds/10,000 7 countries. Given the limited resources, especially advanced technology to deliver health care solutions, the Jerusalem country relies on its health workforce for the delivery of rehabilitation, emergency, primary, secondary and tertiary 16.2 care to patients. In comparison with other countries, data suggests potential shortages in certain medical 30 Hospitals specialties, specifically family medicine, neonatology, oncology, psychiatry, hematology, emergency and ICU Gaza Strip medicine, neurology, pathology, pediatric surgery and vascular surgery. 9 13.2 Beds/10,000 Bethlehem 26.1 00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 21.5 Physicians 8 Hebron 25.9 Nurses & Midwives 9.3 7.1 Dentists 30 Gaza Strip 11.2 Pharmacists 13.2

Health work personnel per 10,000 people

2 13 17 14 Palestine Egypt Iraq Jordan Lebanon Syria PMMS MoH Private MoH

Sector policy priority: 30 52 95% 101.5% Hospital Provide an adequate number of qualified Hospital and trained health personnel including 15 20 NGOs NGOs 1 specialized medical doctors. UNRWA Gaza Strip Hospital's West Bank Gaza Strip West Bank Source: WHO, Framework for health information occupancy rate systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health system performance 2019, 2020. Source: Ministry of Health, Annual Report 2018, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 12 Quality Education Inclusive Quality Education for All Improving early childhood and pre-school education Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education Improving students enrolment and retention and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Improving primary and secondary education

Free primary and secondary education Palestine has one of the highest enrolment rates in the region for students in elementary education, at 99 percent 4.1. By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary in 2019. Enrolment rates for secondary education indicate that around 20 percent of all students, 11 percent of and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes. girls and 29 percent of boys, drop out before the age of 15. Students from vulnerable groups and communities face substantial challenges to access education. UNICEF estimates that 22 percent of boys and 30 percent of girls, between 6 to 15 years, with disability have never enrolled in school. 4.1.1. Proportion of children and young people achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex Enrolment rate in primary education The average performance of students in the standardized national tests for fifth and ninth graders indicated that % Girls between 30 to 50 percent of the students scored at or above the basic test scores. Performance varied across 100 subjects with high scores in Arabic language, and lower scores in mathematics. Students at fifth-grade level 100 All demonstrated better achievements than students at ninth-grade level, especially in science. Girls outperformed 99% boys in all subjects and at both grade levels. 90 98% Boys

Science Arabic Language Mathematics 50 2010 2019 Enrolment rate in secondary education 5th Grade 44.3% 48.1% 42.2% 100

90 89% Girls 47.8% 40.5% 53.3% 43.7% 45.8% 38.6% 82% Gaza Strip 80 79% Palestine 77% West Bank th 70 9 Grade 33.9% 51.8% 30.1% 70% Boys 60

50 38.1% 27.9% 60.2% 43.3% 34.2% 24.1% 2010 2019

Source: Ministry of Education records 2019, 2020. Source: Ministry of Education records 2019, 2020.

13 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Out-of-school percentage Drop-out rates in secondary education Jenin Percentage of children of official school age who are not enrolled in pre-primary, primary or secondary school. 3.3% 2.4% 4.6% Tulkarem Tubas 1.8% 4.9% 1.4% 2.3% 2.6% 7.9% 10 Palestine 2.2% Qalqiliya Nablus 8.1% Boys 3.2% 2.3% 1.9% 4.9% 2.1% 2.6% 6.1% West Bank 1.9% 2.6% Salfit 5 5.4% Palestine 2.1% 4.6% Gaza Strip 0.8% 3.5% 2.6% Girls West Bank 2.9% Ramallah & Al-Bireh Jericho 1.8% 2.8% 1.3% 2.5% 1.1% 5.2% 00 2010 2019 2.3% 3.6% Jerusalem Drop-out rates 1.6% Drop-out rates have sharply declined in Palestine over the past two decades. The highest drop-out rates are seen at Gaza Strip 1.3% 1.6% 1.6% the secondary education level and among boys. The rates are also higher in the West Bank in comparison to Gaza. Access to education in Area C and East Jerusalem remains highly undermined by the negative effects of the occupation and conflict with much higher drop out rates. 1.3% 1.2% Bethlehem 3.7% 2.5% 5.2% North of Gaza 1.8% 1.7% 1.9% Hebron Gaza Strip Palestine West Bank Gaza 4.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.1% 1.3% 0.8% 3.8% 4.3% 0.8% Deir Al-Balah 1.7% 1.5% 1.9% Khan Younis 0.5% 0.5% 0.7% 1.3% 0.9% 0.7% 1.1% Rafah 0.6% 0.9% 1.2% 1.3% 0.9%

Sector policy priority: Ensure enrolment of all Palestinian children in education, with special attention to be given for Source: Ministry of Education records 2019, 2020. children in Area C and East Jerusalem. Source: Ministry of Education records 2019, 2020.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 14 Equal access to quality pre-primary education Number of pre-primary education facilities (kindergartens) 4.2. By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood Though the government increased the number of preschool educational facilities by three-fold over the past five development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary years, the large majority, 88 percent, are run by the private sector. The percentage is much higher in Gaza, where education. 98 percent of the preschool facilities are private, compared to 83 percent in the West Bank. 4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age), by sex 2,000 More than half of the children between the ages four and six were enrolled in pre-school education in 2019. The enrolment rate has increased by more than 40 percent since the year 2010. Early childhood education lays the foundation for numerous aspects of a child’s future. The Palestinian government, in 2017, adopted a new Education Law that stipulated mandatory early childhood education.

100 Gaza Strip 80 58.0% 58.3% 55.1% 57.4% 56.1% 54.2% 672 60 43.7% 47.2% 1,500 40.7% 41.8% 1,783 40 Private kindergartens 20

00 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 All Girls Boys 1,000 West Bank 100 1,111

80 500 58.0% 58.3% 55.1% 57.4% 56.1% 54.2% 60 43.7% 47.2% 40.7% 41.8% 40 300 Gaza Strip 20 13 234 West Bank Public 00 100 221 kindergartens 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Palestine Gaza Strip West Bank

Sector policy priority: Progressive enforcement of compulsory early childhood Qualified pre-primary education teachers education in accordance with the Law of Education. Percentage of qualified pre-primary education 38% Maintain progress towards expanding enrolment in early teachers according to the criteria set by the childhood programs. Expand the ministry’s engagement Ministry of Education. West Bank with children in remote areas in the form of preschool Source: Ministry of Education, Records 2019, 2020. programs attached to lower-level schools (1-4 grades).

15 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Schools infrastructure 4.A. Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability, and gender-sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive, and effective learning environments for all. Water Network 92% West Bank Electricity Network 97% West Bank 4.A.1 Proportion of schools with access to: 90% 86% Gaza Strip 97% 96% Gaza Strip (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic hand-washing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions)

Internet 96% Computer Lab 74% West Bank Library 74% West Bank Science Lab 72% West Bank 13% 95% West Bank 75% 79% Gaza Strip 78% 89% Gaza Strip % 82% Gaza Strip Students in 100% Gaza Strip 74 Evening Shifts

0.3% West Bank 30% Gaza Strip 20 students per computer 14 West Bank 45 Gaza Strip

students per 37 drinking fountain 55% 37 30 West Bank 31 1.4 22 Accessible for 32 West Bank students per toilet 51 Gaza Strip students per class m² per student students per teacher Disabled Students 45 Gaza Strip 26 West Bank 1.5 West Bank 19 West Bank 47% West Bank 39 Gaza Strip 1.2 Gaza Strip 28 Gaza Strip 82% Gaza Strip 54 students per washbasin 50 West Bank 60 Gaza Strip

Wastewater Network 38% West Bank Toilet for Disabled 56% West Bank 50% 86% Gaza Strip Students 60% 73% Gaza Strip

379 96 Private UNRWA The quality of school infrastructure and the availability of facilities remain a significant challenge for effective Schools per Authority: 54 274 service provision, particularly in Gaza Strip and Area C. While school infrastructure has improved over the past two Private UNRWA decades, children in Area C have not benefited equally from these improvements due to limitations imposed by the Israeli occupation. In Gaza Strip, the combined effects of the blockade, military incursions, and fiscal Gaza West Bank constraints, have hindered infrastructure upgrades. As a result, about two-thirds of all schools in Gaza currently 409 1,825 implement a double-shift teaching model and the ratio of students to classrooms is much higher than the West Public Public Bank.

Source: Ministry of Education, Statistical Report 2019, 2019.; UNICEF, Country Report 2018, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 16 Technical, vocational, and higher education 4.3. By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university.

Enrolment rates in vocational education Jenin Enrolment rates in technical and vocational education in Palestine have improved marginally over the past ten 7.4% years. There are 18 vocational schools in Palestine offering education in areas such as agriculture, industry, 1.6% 15.1% electronics and communications, home economics, and others. Girls enrolment rate in technical and vocational Palestine 3.9% education falls behind boys enrolments rate, standing at 1.5 percent compared to 7 percent for boys. Tulkarem Tubas 7.0% 3.6% 3.6% 11.2% 6.0% 0.0% 10 1.5% 6.9% Qalqiliya Nablus 4.6% 7.8% West Bank 5.8% 0.0% 10.8% 3.5% 13.3% 5.8% West Bank Salfit 5 6.2% 3.9% Palestine 1.9% 11.1% 0.0% 13.1% Ramallah & Al-Bireh Jericho 0.0% 1.3% Gaza Strip 5.6% % % 00 Gaza Strip 1.3% 1.4% 10.8% 0.0 0.0 2011 2019

10 Jerusalem 0.8% 1.8% 5.9% 0.4% 14% 6.9% Boys

5 Bethlehem 3.9% All 2.2% 0.4% 4.5% North of Gaza 1.5% Girls 2.0% 0.6% 3.7% Hebron 00 Gaza 5.6% 2011 2019 1.2% 2.0% 0.3% 2.3% 10.5% Deir Al-Balah 2.5% 0.0% 5.4% Khan Younis 0.6% 0.0% 1.3% Rafah 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Qualified staff Qualified vocational education teachers Sector policy priority: The percentage of qualified teachers in vocational Improve vocational and technical education and higher education according to the National Strategy for 12.0% education by connecting their outputs with local, regional, Vocational Education. and international labour markets.

Source: Ministry of Education, Records 2019, 2020.

17 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Qualified Teachers 4.C. By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States. 4.C.1 Proportion of teachers who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country The percentage of qualified teachers who meet the Ministry of Education criteria under the Teachers Education Strategy has increased over the past few years, with a target to reach 80 percent for primary education and 50 percent for secondary education. The Ministry of Education reformed teacher recruitment processes and increased investment in teacher training, including the adoption of the education qualification certificate.

Qualified teachers in primary education 70.0% Percentage of qualified teachers in primary education who meet the Ministry of Education's criteria under the Teachers Education Strategy (TES) 75.1% 65.1%

Qualified teachers in secondary education 39.6% Percentage of qualified teachers in the secondary education who meet the Ministry of Education's criteria under the Teachers Education Strategy (TES) 42.8% 37.2%

Source: Ministry of Education records 2019, 2020.

Sector policy priority: Maintain efforts to reform the supervision system and provide technical support to teachers within the framework of the school clusters and teachers’ professional learning communities.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 18 Gender Equality Social Justice and Rule of Law Achieve gender equality and empower Gender equality and women’s empowerment all women and girls

End all violence against women and girls 5.2. Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private 27% spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation. -14 points Jenin 5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected 24% -10 points 19% 27% -7 points to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in Percentage point change -12 points Tulkarem the previous 12 months, by form of violence Palestine from previous survey in 2011 Tubas Gender-based violence is still widespread in Palestine. Nearly one in three women has reported psychological, 24% 23% physical, sexual, social or economic violence by their partners at least once during the past year. Women and 0 points -9 points girls in Palestine continue to experience various forms of violence due to the entrenched discriminatory social 24% Qalqiliya Nablus norms and traditions, and the prolonged Israeli occupation. The most common types of violence against women West Bank -6 points 12% observed in Palestine include domestic violence, sexual harassment, early marriage and femicide. -31 points 37.5% Salfit 23% Gaza Strip -13.5 points -24 points Women who were subjected to violence and sought 17% Jericho legal and/or psychosocial support +3 points Ramallah & Al-Bireh Gender-based violence undermines the health, dignity, security and autonomy of its victims, yet it remains shrouded in a culture of silence. Victims of violence can suffer psychological, sexual and reproductive health consequences. The outdated and discriminatory 11% laws in Palestine hinder survivors of violence from accessing -18 points gender-responsive services and obtaining justice. Jerusalem 0.7% 1.4% 22% 2011 2019 +6 points -20 35% points Bethlehem Types of violence North Gaza West Bank Gaza -18 100 40% points 37% 90 Gaza +3 points 80 -25 Hebron 70 30% points Deir Al-Balah 60 50 -4 42% points 40 Khan Younis 30 Sector policy priority: 20 36% +13 Protecting women from all forms of violence through the 10 Rafah points improvement and implementation of legislative reforms 00 on women rights, the enforcement of prohibitive laws and 36.2% 27.6% 6.9% 17.4% 52.2% Source: PCBS, Violence Survey in the procedures; enhancing women victims’ access to social, Palestinian Society, 2019. educational, health, and judicial and law enforcement . Economic Social Sexual Physical Psychological

19 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Eliminate all harmful practices 5.3. Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutation.

5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before Proportion of registered marriages of girls under 18 from all marriage records in 2018 age 15 or before age 18

19% Jenin Before 18 years Before 15 years 19.7% 12.3% Tulkarem 13.3% Palestine Tubas

17.3% 18.9% Qalqiliya 15% West Bank Nablus 16.4% Palestine Salfit Palestine 21.2% 10.8% 0.5% Gaza Strip 13% Gaza Strip West Bank Gaza Strip West Bank Ramallah 15.8% & Al-Bireh Jericho 13.8% 8.5% 0.7% 0.3%

16.9% Jerusalem

Sector policy priority: Adopt clear and consistent legislation that establishes 14.2% Bethlehem 18 as the minimum age of marriage and apply adequate safeguards to ensure that exceptions are not used to force girls into marriage; and create an enabling 29.8% environment for social change to address attitudes and North Gaza cultural norms that perpetuate early marriage. 23.6% 27.6% Gaza Hebron 11% Deir Al-Balah 17.9% Khan Younis 17.2% Rafah

Source: PCBS, SDGs Report 2018, 2020. Source: Ministry of Women Affairs, Records, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 20 Leadership and Decision-making 5.5. Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life.

5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by 5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women women in national parliaments in local governments Men are overrepresented in all political bodies. Enhancing women’s participa- Jenin tion and representation in Palestinian political life represents an important task 19% for achieving sustainable development. The participation of women in national, Tulkarem Tubas judicial and civil institutions, at the level % 16% of political decision-making and in 20 18% political and cultural life is a right West Bank enshrined in all international instruments Qalqiliya and conventions. Nablus 11.3% 18% 20% Source: PCBS, SDGs Report 2018, 2020. Salfit 20% Sector policy priority: Increase and facilitate women’s active participation in decision-mak- Jericho ing through adopting institutional policies that enable women’s participation in top management roles in public institutions and Ramallah 21% taking appropriate measures to amend electoral law, to ensure at & Al-Bireh least 30 percent women representation in elected bodies, to facilitate 20% women’s participation in leadership positions.

Jerusalem 16% Women in Security Sector

Bethlehem 21%

Hebron 19% +30% +30% +60%

since the year 2011 since the year 2011 since the year 2011

Police ** No local government Public Judges elections were organized 4% Force 20% Prosecutors 18% in Gaza since 2007.

Source: PCBS, Women and Men in Palestine, Issues and Statistics 2018, 2018. Source: Ministry of Local Government, Records 2019, 2019.

21 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions Percentage of women employees in the public sector by level, West Bank Women’s absence from decision-making arenas and structures marginalizes their voices and influence and keeps their concerns unattended to. The chart below shows women in leadership positions since the year 2000. Though women labor force participation rates have slightly increased, unemployment rates among women have been on a sharp increase since the year 2000. 7% Deputy Minister

100 6% Assistant Deputy Minister 90

80 79.8% Director General 76.9% 12% 70 60 24% Director 50 40 -12.6% 45% Other levels 30 23.1% 20 20.2% Percentage of women employees in the public sector (West Bank and Gaza) 10

2000 2019 43% 50 Palestine +159% 38.9% 48% West Bank 32% West Bank 25.9% Gaza Strip

Gaza Strip 15.0% 16.6% -36%

0 Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2000-2019, 2020.

Sector policy priority: Increase women's participation in economic decision-making through taking all legislative and executive measures to ensure protection of working women from all forms of discrimination in the workplace. Source: PCBS, Women and Men in Palestine, Issues and Statistics, 2018, 2018.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 22 Women’s labour force participation rate Palestinian women have one of the lowest rates of labor force participation in the world despite having one of the highest primary and secondary education enrolment rates in the region. While women’s labor force participation rate in Palestine has slightly increased over the past 20 years, it remains less than one third of men’s labor participation rate. Women’s labor force participation is a critical development indicator and one of the drivers of economic growth. 16.4% At the same time, Palestinian women are highly concentrated in the services sector of the economy, but constitute 18.1% Jenin less than 5 percent of the labor force in construction, transportation, and communication sectors. This concentra- Palestine tion implies that women do not have equal access to all sectors compared to men. Although this is a worldwide phenomenon, the Palestinian case tends to be extreme; as a result, Palestinian women experience a higher degree 18.1% 25.0% of marginalization in the labor market compared to women in other economies. 17.4% Tulkarem Tubas West Bank 20.5% 100 18.8% Nablus 19.2% Qalqiliya 90 Gaza Strip 11.2% Salfit 80

70% 69.9% 16.6% 19.3% Ramallah Jericho & Al-Bireh 60

50 12.2% 40 +5 points Global 38% Jerusalem

MENA 22% 30 22.2% 20 18.1% Bethlehem 13% 10 17.1% North Gaza 17.4% 2000 2019 17.1% Hebron Gaza 24.9% Deir Al-Balah

19.3% Khan Younis 14.5% 21.2% Entrepreneurship Rafah Women entrepreneurs (either self-employed or an employer) accounted for nearly 14.5 percent of women’s employment at most and has not increased significantly over the past 15 years. Sector policy priority: Improve women’s participation in the labor market through taking all appropriate measures to provide job opportunities and social security rights for unemployed women especially in marginalized communities; Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020. Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020. and ensuring legalized social protection for women participating in informal and home-based businesses.

23 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Unemployment rates among women Despite the rise in women’s labor force participation, women were more likely than men to become unemployed. The unemployment rate among Palestinian women has almost doubled over the past 20 years. 41.2% +30% 100 Jenin +230% +230% 90 41.2% 30.9% +18% 23.7% +26% Palestine Tulkarem Tubas 80 +160% 21.8% +15% 25.8% +11% 70 25.8% Qalqiliya Nablus West Bank 60 14.6% +15% +240% Salfit 50 63.7% Gaza Strip 22.7% +14% 40 % Jericho 41.2 18.9% +14% Percentage of Ramallah & 30 increase since Al-Bireh the year 2000 20 21.3% 14.6% % 18.4% +16% 12.4 Jerusalem

2000 2019 29.1% +25% Bethlehem

60.6% +64% North Gaza 24.9% +23% 59.4% +52% Hebron Gaza 68.6% +46% Deir Al-Balah 66.8% +66% Khan Younis 66.1% +49% Rafah

Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 24 Gender pay gap in average daily wage Number of Women Organizations 85.7 Women organizations play a vital role in promoting women’s rights and in building equitable and sustaina- 109.8 ble societies. They provide venues for women to Jenin organize and address the needs in their communities, 30 98.2 NIS 89.4 strengthening women’s participation, leadership and Jenin 106.2 94.9 economic empowerment in the process. Tulkarem 112.7 10 6 NIS Tubas Tulkarem Tubas 101.5 104.7 Palestine 102.8 Qalqiliya 90.6 28 3 Nablus 89.1 108.5 Qalqiliya 104.8 114.1 Nablus 251 9 122.7 Salfit Salfit West Bank Palestine 113.0 80.2 41 122.0 Ramallah 57.4 86.9 227 Ramallah & Al-Bireh & Al-Bireh 95.6 West Bank 7 Gaza Strip Jericho Jericho 150.7 24 169.8 51 Gaza Strip Jerusalem Jerusalem

99.5 120.9 23 Bethlehem Bethlehem North 81.0 Gaza 58.4 16 Gaza & North Gaza Gaza 76.4 91.6 19 54.4 111.0 Hebron Hebron Deir 88.6 3 Deir Al-Balah Al-Balah 64.8 Khan 77.4 3 Khan Younis Younis 55.4 2 Rafah Rafah2 83.0 60.9 Sector policy priority: Eliminate the pay discrimination and inferior work conditions to which women are subjected. Create an enabling environment for women's enrolment in economic productive sectors including agriculture, manufacturing Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020. and technology. Source: Ministry of Women Affairs, Records, 2019.

25 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020

Clean Water and Sanitation Resilient Communities Ensure availability and sustainable management Meeting the basic needs of our communities of water and sanitation for all Ensuring sustainable environment

Safe and affordable drinking water 6.1. By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.

6.1.1. Proportion of population using safely-managed drinking water services 2% Surface 3% Palestinians face political constraints and economic barriers to access water resources, which have enormously 6% impacted various aspects of life including health and economy. In Gaza, almost 25 percent of child morbidity 59% Unimproved 3% 38% cases are caused by water-borne disease. Access to safely-managed water also varies dramatically between the Palestine Limited West Bank and Gaza, and between urban, rural, and refugee communities. 18% 95% Basic West Bank Safely managed 71% % 97% 11 59% Syria Gaza Strip BASIC 71% Lebanon 59% Iraq 59% Palestine World Palestine

94% Urban 54% 99% Jordan Rural 94% Egypt BASIC Refugee 41% Camps Global Average 71% Safely managed Basic Limited water

Source: UNICEF and WHO, JMP WASH Data 2018, 2019.

Sector policy priority: Improve the quality and reliability of water supply services; Free of Water Free of Within a No protection Within a ensure fair water distribution through safe, sustainable and contamination source on contamination 30 minute from 30 minute affordable water supply for all citizens; improve the premises roundtrip contamination roundtrip efficiency of water distribution systems.

Source: PCBS, Water Statistics 2018, 2019; UNICEF and WHO, JMP WASH Data 2018, 2019.

27 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Daily consumption rate per capita per day Jenin Average daily water consumption of Palestinians connected to a water network is less than the World Health 50.2 L/C/D Organization’s minimum recommended daily allowance and about one-third of the water daily consumption rate in Israel. Some of the vulnerable communities in Palestine have a daily water consumption rate less than 50 Tulkarem Tubas l/c/day, constituting a severe water shortage. In Gaza, though the daily rate per capita is 83.1 l/c/d, the water 99.3 L/C/D 118.4 L/C/D quality is not fit for human consumption due to high nitrate and chloride concentration.

Qalqiliya Nablus 147.4 L/C/D Palestine 82.9 L/C/D Salfit L/C/D 87.3 155.5 L/C/D Israel 240 - 300 L/C/D West Bank WHO Recommended Ramallah & Al-Bireh 90.5 L/C/D 97.3 L/C/D Minimum 100 L/C/D Jericho Palestine 87.3 L/C/D Gaza Strip 268.7 L/C/D In Area C, 95,000 people 87.3 L/C/D L/C/D Jerusalem ! receive less than 50 L/C/D 83.1 97.3 L/C/D

Bethlehem 78.5 L/C/D Sector policy priority: Integrate management and sustainable development North Gaza of the water resources through increasing available 89.9 L/C/D water quantitatively and qualitatively and ensuring the Gaza Hebron protection of water resources from pollution and L/C/D 78.5 L/C/D decrease water losses. 85.8 Deir Al-Balah 80.6 L/C/D Khan Younis 81.3L/C/D Rafah 70.2L/C/D

The actual per capita consumption rate in * Jericho is estimated to be much lower, as this rate also reflects water usage for Source: PCBS, Water Statistics 2018, 2019; Palestinian Water Authority, Records, 2019. touristic and commercial activities.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 28 Water resources in Palestine Due to limited access to natural water resources in the West Bank, Palestinians have become dependent upon purchasing water from the Israeli national water company Mekorot for domestic use. This has resulted in high 40% Palestine uncertainty in water supply and increased financial burdens. Purchases water from Mekorot have increased in recent years to address the needs of the growing population; nevertheless, the amount purchased does not meet Local Resources demand, resulting in constant water shortages. Israeli 58% Water Company 2% Desalination 37% 63% Jenin 62% West Bank Israeli 5% 71% 95% Water Company 38% Local Resources 29% Tulkarem Tubas

16% 28% 13% Gaza Strip 84% 72% Israeli 83% Local Resources Qalqiliya Nablus Water Company 4% Desalination 33% 31% % 38 39% 40% 67% 33% Salfit

65% 67% 60% 59% 58% 42% 58% 93% 7% Jericho 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Ramallah & Al-Bireh

100% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0% Jerusalem Local resources Purchased from the Israeli Desalination plants Water Company

69% 31% Hebron & Bethlehem Sector policy priority: Increase the capacity of the Palestinian Water Authority in planning and management of 13% water resources and improve access water 83% resources. Increase the capacity of service Gaza providers to improve collection rates and 4% Desalination reduce non-revenue water.

Source: PCBS, Water Statistics 2018, 2019.

29 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Water in the Gaza Strip Deficit in Water Supply The coastal aquifer, Gaza’s primary water source, has been polluted by over-pumping and wastewater Actual deficit in meeting domestic needs contamination. As a result, only 4 percent of the water pumped from the aquifer is safe to drink due to the high concentration of chloride and nitrates as well as contamination of the aquifer from wastewater infiltration to ground water. Israeli restrictions limit the import of spare parts, materials and energy needed for the day-to-day functioning of the water and wastewater networks. 66% Nitrate (NO ) concentration in underground water Chloride concentration in underground water 3 Palestine mg/Litre mg/Litre 11.7 McM 34% Jenin 105.9 McM 21% 42% of the needed quantities of water 3.5 McM 0.7 McM Tulkarem Tubas 45% West Bank 2% 0.1 McM 9.7 McM 57.8 McM Qalqiliya Nablus 40% of the needed quantities of water -0.2 McM Salfit Gaza Strip 35% 47.9 McM < 50 < 250 45% of the needed quantities of water 50 - 100 250 - 600 9.5 McM 100 - 150 600 - 1000 Ramallah & Al-Bireh & Jerusalem 150 - 200 1000 - 1500 -2.2 McM 200 - 300 1500 - 2000 Jericho > 300 > 2000

Source: Palestinian Water Authority, Gaza Database, 2019.

9% Open Defecation 48%

9% 6.2. Unimproved 8.4 McM North Gaza % 8% 40 Limited 25 McM 15.7 McM Hebron & Gaza 43% Bethlehem Sanitation and Hygiene 29% 96% 7.2 McM By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable Basic 99.7% 99.8% 99.2% sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, Deir Al-Balah 46% paying special attention to the needs of women and girls 9.6 McM and those in vulnerable situations. Khan Younis 46% 45% McM 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely Safely 7 Rafah 53% managed sanitation services, including a Managed hand-washing facility with soap and water

Source: PCBS, SDGs Database 2019, 2020. World Palestine Urban Rural Sources PCBS, Water Statistics 2018, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 30 Affordable and Clean Energy Resilient Communities Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable Meeting the basic needs of our communities and modern energy for all Ensuring a sustainable environment

Universal access to modern energy 7.1. By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.

7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity Quantity of electricity imported and produced in Palestine 2007-2018 (MwH) Access to electricity in Palestine is very high, however, energy supply is volatile specially in Gaza. In 2019, Gaza Palestine relies on imports of Israeli electricity to meet demand. In 2018, 94 percent of the electricity in Palestine received less than half of its power demand. In the West Bank, power shortages are regularly experienced, was supplied by the Israeli Electric Company, a rate which has been increasing in recent years. The dependency especially during peak winter and summer months. Projections estimate an annual increase in electricity demand also varies between the West Bank and Gaza, with 99 percent of the electricity in the West Bank imported from of 3.5 percent in the coming years. Securing access to reliable, affordable and sustainable energy in the West Israel, compared to 63 percent in Gaza. Bank and Gaza is central to improving the lives of Palestinians and to creating the conditions under which development and growth can be realized.

6,000,000 Global Average Gaza Strip 90% Gaza Strip 5,000,000 Gaza Strip West Bank West Bank 4,000,000 Gaza Strip 99.7% West Bank Palestine Gaza Strip Gaza Strip 99.9% 99.6% 3,000,000 Gaza Strip Gaza Strip West Bank West Bank West Bank West Bank 2,000,000 West Bank

1,000,000

2007 2009 2010 2013 2015 2017 2018 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology Jordan Egypt Israel Gaza Power Plant

Global Average 59%

98% Sector policy priority: Palestine Restructure the energy sector in Palestine based on the 98.8% 97.5% principles of sustainability and ability for continuous Gaza Strip West Bank development to meet the increasing demand. Diversify the sources of energy, especially electricity and increase regional exchange with neighboring countries.

Source: PCBS, Housing and Establishments Survey 2017, 2018; World Bank, SDGs Database 2019, 2020. Source: PCBS, Energy Tables 2007 - 2018, 2019.

31 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Energy mix The residential sector accounts for the largest share of electricity consumption in Palestine at 60 percent, which For the past decade, the Gaza Strip has suffered from a chronic electricity deﬁcit, which has undermined already indicates the importance of concentrating energy eﬃciency measures in the residential sector. On the other hand, fragile living conditions. In 2019, less than half of Gaza's electricity needs were met. The ongoing power shortage the industrial sector consumes only 13 percent of electricity, though industrial demand for electricity has has severely impacted the availability of essential services, particularly health, water and sanitation, and increased by almost 400 percent since 2010. undermined Gaza’s fragile economy.

10.7% Number of electricity daily hour supply in Gaza, 2019 Renewable (Non - electricity) 201920192019

JAN FEB MAR APR 9 12 13 14

MAY JUN JULY AUG 59.5% 29.8% 15 12 Electricity Fuel and Gas 10 10 Only 41% SEP OCT NOV DEC of Gaza electricity needs 12 13 13 10 were met in 2019

Electricity supply vs. demand in Gaza (Megawatts) 2019

600 541 503 Electricity consumption Energy consumption 483 462 457 478 441 per sector 2018 per sector 2018 500 410 422 416 374 401 400 Transportation 45.4% 93% 300 Industry 12.8% 400% Industry 6.1% 115% 200 Households 60.2% 60% Households 38.0% 8% 100 Agriculture 0.5% 150% Agriculture 0.8% 129%

Internal trade % 75% % 78% 26.4 Internal trade 9.8 FEB JAN MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC and services and services % % Percentage increase since 2010 80 Percentage increase since 2010 49 Total Demand Israeli Line Gaza Power Plant Gap

Source: PCBS, Energy Tables 2018, 2019. Source: OCHA, Gaza Strip Electricity Supply 2019, 2020.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 32 Electricity supply forecast required to meet effective demand by 2030 (GwH) Households electricity tariffs (before VAT), US$ per KwH Low, central, and high demand forecasts for Palestine take into account the evolution of different sectors and The electricity tariff in Palestine, based on the Israeli Electricity Company tariff, is one of the highest in the region. projected real GDP growth, in addition to humanitarian needs, especially water and wastewater sector in Gaza. As a consequence, Palestinian households spend 9 percent of their expenditures on electricity. This is twice the Without greater investment in the electricity sector, by 2030, to provide adequate power for the Palestinian share paid by households in Lebanon and Egypt, and three times the share paid by households in Jordan. economy, average annual projected GDP growth could be reduced by 4.1 to 4.6 percent in Gaza, and by 2.4 to 2.7 percent in the West Bank.

Source: World Bank, Securing Energy for the West Bank and Gaza 2017, 2018.

12,000 High Case $0.005 $0.046 Syria 11,000 Lebanon

GwH Palestine $0.009 10,000 9,451 Iraq Central Case 9,000 $0.140 Low Case Palestine 8,000

7,000 High Case $0.092 6,004 GwH Jordan Central Case 6,000 West Bank $0.048 50,000 Low Case Egypt High Case 4,000 3,548 GwH Central Case Gaza Strip 3,000 Low Case

2,000

1,000

2020 2030

Source: PENRA, Database 2020. Source: RCREEE and UNDP, Arab Future Energy Index 2017, 2018.

33 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Renewable energy Energy efficiency 7.2. By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. 7.3. By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.

7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption 7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and gross domestic Solar energy is the only significant renewable resource in Palestine, which is located in a sun-drenched region. The product (GDP) West Bank and Gaza rank among the world’s top locations for construction of solar systems, with substantial potential for solar electricity in Area C. Nevertheless, challenges associated with securing Israeli permits for Primary energy intensity is an energy efficiency indicator that represents the total amount of energy necessary to construction in Area C, the lack of a power purchase agreement, and the lack of transmission infrastructure hinder generate one unit of GDP. Palestine has a very low primary energy intensity, which indicates a relatively low progress in this sector. On the other hand, Gaza has more limited solar potential due to space constraints, but consumption. This is attributed to the large share of the services sector as a percent of GDP and the low share of could play a vital role in increasing energy security and acting as an electricity safety net. The World Bank and industry in GDP. Moreover, the very high level of suppressed demand in Gaza creates an artificially low level for PENRA estimate that if such obstacles were removed, renewable energy development in Palestine could go far this indicator. beyond current policy targets of 130 Megawatts in 2020.

50 10

40 8

30 6

20 18% Global Average 4 3.3 Megajoules/US$ 10 10.7% 2

2001 2018 2001 2019

Source: PCBS, Energy Tables 2018, 2019; PENRA, Records 2019, 2020. Source: PENRA, Records 2019, 2019; PCBS, Energy Tables 2018, 2019; World Bank, SDGs Database 2019, 2019.

Solar energy potential in Palestine 3,000 Sector policy priority: sunshine hours/year Upgrade the existing legal and regulatory framework for investment in energy-efficient and renewable-energy systems. Promote energy efficiency-appliances Gaza Strip West Bank in residential and industrial sectors.

Develop and retrofit the transmission and distribution systems and adopt smart grid technologies. 160 MW 530 MW 100 MW 3,000 MW Rooftop Rooftop Areas A and B Area C (solar PV) (solar PV) (utility scale solar) (PV and CSP technology)

Source: PENRA, Records 2019, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 34 Decent Work and Economic Growth Economic Independence Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic Building Palestine’s future economy growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. Creating job opportunities

Sustainable economic growth Economic productivity 8.1. Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, 8.2. Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and least developed countries. labour-intensive sectors.

8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita 8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person

Palestine’s economic development is shaped predominantly by a constrained environment related to Israel’s occupation, bilateral agreements with Israel, and aid dependence. Changes in economic productivity over time, as measured by GDP growth rates, are highly variable due to political developments and recurrent conﬂict. Since 40 2000, economic growth in the West Bank has been generally ﬂat, while growth in Gaza has been generally negative. Gaza’s economy has been sustained only through large transfers in donor aid and through budget support from the PA; both sources of support have been declining in recent years. As a result, the economic 30 trajectories of the West Bank and Gaza are diverging, with per capita GDP in the West Bank currently standing at $4,803, compared to the Gaza Strip at $1,417. In both the West Bank and Gaza Strip, population growth has 20 outpaced economic growth. 10 40 5.8% Gaza Strip 00 30

-10 -9.6% Palestine 20 West Bank -20 -16.6% 10 -1.1% West Bank -30 0 -1.6% Palestine -40 -10 -2.8% Gaza Strip 2001 -20 2018

-30 Sector policy priority: -40 Rebuild and develop the productive pillars of the Palestinian economy with a focus on industrial, 2000 2019 agricultural, and tourism sectors. Bridge economic development gaps between the West Bank and Gaza.

Source: PCBS, National Accounts 2000 - 2018, 2019. Source: PCBS, National Accounts 2000 - 2018, 2019. * 2019 GDP figures are PCBS's preliminary estimates as of March 2020.

35 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 GDP by sector The structure of the Palestinian economy has substantially deteriorated since the 1990s. The manufacturing sector, for example, has largely stagnated and its share in GDP has been in decline during the past 10 years, dropping from 16 percent in 2010 to around 13 percent in 2019. The share of the agriculture sector has also dropped in the recent years contributing 6.9 percent to GDP in 2019. In the past two Development-oriented decades, most growth occurred in the variuos retail and service sectors, which account for more than half of the GDP in Palestine. 8.3. policies

Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to ﬁnancial services.

30 8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non‑agriculture employment, by sex

Informality is a signiﬁcant feature of the Palestinian economy. The size of the informal sector in Palestine is large, accounting for about 65 percent 25 of overall employment. Generally, the informal economy in Palestine shares many of its characteristics with other informal economies, including poor working conditions, poor safety standards, and minimal occupational rights. Although a large contributor to the GDP, the high informality also has negative impacts, leading to tax evasion, productivity losses, and high deﬁcits. 21.4% Wholesale and retail 20 100 19.2% Services

80 70.1% West Bank 15 69.4% 65% Palestine Manufucturing, mining, 60 13.0% electricity and water 50.8% Gaza Strip Public adminstration 10 10.2% and defense 40 40.7%

Agriculture, 6.9% forestry, fishing 20

% Construction 5 5.7 16.9% Financial and 4.0% insurance services 2009 2018

2000 Source: PCBS, National Accounts 2000 - 2018, 2019. 2019 PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2018, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 36 Full Employment and Decent Work Proportion of private sector employees earning below the statutory minimum 8.5. By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and monthly income men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value. While the minimum wage in Palestine is set at 1,450 ILS per month, compliance is incomplete. Data show that a considerable number of workers earn well below the statutory minimum wage. It was estimated that in 2019, a total of 109,000 private sector workers (24,300 in the West Bank and 84,700 in Gaza), representing 30 percent of Average daily earnings of employees per governorate the total private sector labor force, were paid less than the statutory minimum income. * Sex disagregated data are provided under SDG05.

105 ILS Jenin PALESTINE 102 ILS 109 ILS 101 ILS Tulkarem Tubas 103 ILS Qalqiliya 105 ILS West Bank Nablus 119 ILS 109 ILS Salfit Gaza Strip

61 ILS 120 ILS Ramallah & Al-Bireh 93 ILS Jericho ILS 1,450 MINIMUM 5.4% 166 ILS MONTHLY Jerusalem INCOME 29.3% 28.1% 34.6%

115 ILS 52.7% Bethlehem

62 ILS North Gaza 107 ILS Hebron 85.5% 58 ILS Gaza 70 ILS Deir Al-Balah 80.4% 30.2% 9.5% 59 ILS Gaza Strip Palestine West Bank Khan Younis Earn below the statutory minimum wage 65 ILS Rafah

Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020.. Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020.

37 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Average daily earnings by occupation Average daily earnings per economic activity

190 West Bank 95 186 ILS Gaza Strip 21 Legislators, Senior 59 ILS Male 58 180 182 ILS Officials & Managers Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing Craft and Related Female 74 Trade Workers 170 West Bank 103 90 ILS Gaza Strip 30 160 Mining, Quarrying Male 93 and Manufacturing Female 58

150 West Bank 130 121 ILS Gaza Strip 41 140 Construction Male 121 Female ---

130 West Bank 106 82 ILS Gaza Strip 28 120 Commerce, Hotels, Restaurants Male 83 115 ILS ILS Female 70 Elementary 113 Professionals, Technicians, Occupations 110 Associates and Clerks 145 West Bank 102 ILS 83 ILS 32 Transportation, Storage Gaza Strip Plant and Machine 83 100 and Communication Male Operators and Assemblers 91 Female

90 126 West Bank 87 82 ILS 112 ILS Gaza Strip ILS 80 Skilled Agricultural 79 Services and Other Branches 116 Service and Male and Fishery Workers 103 Sales Workers Female 70

Source: PCBS, SDGs Database 2018, 2019. Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 38 8.5.2 Unemployment rates The unemployment rate in Palestine is among the highest in the world reaching 25 percent in 2019. Large disparities exist between the West Bank (14.6 percent) and Gaza (45.1 percent). Women’s labor force participation and * Sex disagregated data are provided under SDG05. youth unemployment are among the lowest in the world. By 2030-2035, 72,000 new jobs will need to be created each year to keep pace with population growth.

PALESTINE 50 45.1% Gaza Strip 25.3% 11 points 4.9 points 40 -3.8 points 21.3% Jenin -4.6 points 30 West Bank 25.3% Palestine 12.7% 20 14.6% 2.4 points Tulkarem 11.1% -10.1 points Tubas 14.6% West Bank 10 3.7 points Gaza Strip 7.4% -1.4 points 14.8% Qalqiliya Nablus 45.1% 26.2 points 2000 2019 16.4% Percentage point Salfit change since the year 2000 5.1 points 0 points 12.3% Youth employment, education and training 9.5% Jericho 8.6. By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education Ramallah & Al-Bireh or training.

-4.9 points 8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15–24 years) not in education, employment or training. Number of young people who are neither in employment nor in education or training has increased in the past few 6.8% years, particularly in Gaza. This figure reflects marginalization and disengagement, with youth at high risk of Jerusalem social exclusion. This figure also reflects the accumulation of multiple social, economic, and political disadvantages that the youth in Palestine have been facing.

13.3 points 22.9% Bethlehem 60 42.3% North Gaza 26 points 6 points 50 42.2% Gaza Strip 40.9% 16.5% Gaza 23.4 points Hebron 40 40.4% 51.7% Palestine Deir Al-Balah 29.2 points 30 33.4% 27.7% West Bank 49.2% 20 Khan Younis 28.8 points 26.7% 10 47.8% Rafah 28.5 points

Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020. 2000 2019

39 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 End forced labour Protect labour rights 8.7. By 2020, take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end 8.8. Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and precarious employment. by 2025 end child labour in all its forms. 8.7.1 Proportion of children aged 10-17 years engaged in child labour 8.8.1 Fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries Workplace injuries have various socio-economic implications that include productivity losses, medical expenses, disability or even death. Oﬃcial ﬁgures on workplace injuries in Palestine may not be representative of the actual incidence due to under-reporting. The proportion of workers covered by insurance at workplace is very low. The number of injuries reported shows a downward trend, with injuries spread across different occupations unevenly. Workers in crafts and related trades and workers in elementary jobs constituted almost two thirds of the total injuries in 2019. Acording to the Ministry of Labour (incidents/10,000 workers) 3% 808 776 795 (13 incidents/10,000) 682 (11 incidents/10,000) (11 incidents/10,000) 664 (10 incidents/10,000) (15 incidents/10,000) Palestine

21 Fatal Fatal 14 11 Fatal 7 Fatal 12 Fatal 1.3% 4.3% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gaza Strip West Bank Acording to Insurance Companies

8,714 5.5% 0.2% (101 /10,000) 6,666 7,385 (74 /10,000) (122 /10,000) 5,114 5,315 (109 /10,000) (95 /10,000) Boys Girls

Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2018 - 2019, 2020. Source: Ministry of Labour, Records 2019, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 40 Proportion of the private sector workers who are covered by Percentage of work-related injuries by occupation health insurance provided by their employers

0.9% LEGISLATORS, SENIOR OFFICIALS AND MANAGERS

3.7% 15.7% 20.6% 34.3% 39.8% ELEMENTARY CRAFT AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS TRADE WORKERS Gaza Strip West Bank

Palestine

Proportion of private sector workers who are covered by 5.7% PROFESSIONALS, workplace insurance TECHNICIANS, ASSOCIATES AND CLERKS 5.6% SERVICE AND SALES WORKERS 13.7% PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATORS AND ASSEMBLERS

9.4% % 27.3% 22.1 0% SKILLED AGRICULTURAL AND FISHERY WORKERS Gaza Strip West Bank

Palestine Sector policy priority: Promote decent work through an improved national occupational safety and health policy framework and developed labour administration system.

Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020.

41 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 8.8.2 Level of national compliance with labour rights (freedom of association and Labour Rights collective bargaining) based on International Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation Proportion of private sector employees who are not affiliated with unions or associations Though the Palestinian Labor Law guarantees a number of labour rights, there is low level of compliance by employers. Around a quarter of the workers in the private sector do not receive beneﬁts, including pensions, end of service compensations, and paid leaves. Slightly more than 10 percent receive health insurance through their employers, and 80 percent of Palestinian private sector workers are not aﬃliated with trade unions, which reduces Palestine workers organization and bargaining power. Gaza Strip West Bank Number of new established unions and number of general assembly members 82% 61% 89%

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Men Women 84% 71%

Private sector employees who lack written contracts

Palestine 14 12 11 13 18 68.1%

Gaza Strip 75.4% 65.2% West Bank 778 690 379 1036 1131 286 64 185 302 320 Proportion of private sector employees who receive benefits under the Palestinian Labour Law

End of service benefits 17.6% 28.8% 33.4% (including pensions)

Paid annual leave 18.7% 29.7% 34.2%

Paid sick leave 19.4% 31.5% 36.6%

Paid maternity leave 48.1% 48.4% 48.5% (females)

Source: Ministry of Labour, Unions Records 2019, 2019. Source: PCBS, Labour Force Survey 2019, 2020.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 42 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Economic Independence Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and Promoting Palestine’s Industry sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Inclusive and sustainable industrialization 9.2. Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, signiﬁcantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries. 9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP Manufacturing value added to GDP per capita

The manufacturing sector is the second-largest contributor to GDP in Palestine after the services sector. More than 20,000 industrial establishments provide jobs to more than 100,000 workers. The manufacturing sector has 600 $596 West Bank largely stagnated over the last two decades, limiting the economy’s integration with modern production chains in regional and international markets. The limited growth in the industrial sector has deepened the dependency of the Palestinian trade sector on Israel and curtailed its ability to generate job opportunities. Currently the sector-share of employment stands at only 11 percent. In Gaza, the value added of the manufacturing sector has dropped by more than 60 percent. Gaza’s economy has deindustrialized due to conflict and Israeli measures 500 including the blockade.

20 400 $374 Palestine

15 300

12.4% West Bank % Palestine 200 10 11.1

100 $73 Gaza Strip 05 5.2% Gaza Strip

00 2000 2019

00 2000 2019 Sector policy priority: * 2019 ﬁgures are estimates from PCBS Rebuild Palestine’s productive sectors, focusing on * 2019 GDP ﬁgures are PCBS's preliminary estimates as of March 2020. preliminary 2019 national accounts results. manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism clusters Source: PCBS, National Accounts 2000 - 2019, 2020; World Bank, Economic Monitoring Report 2019, 2019. Source: PCBS, National Accounts 2000 - 2019, 2020. and restoring Gaza’s industrial base.

43 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment Number of industrial establishments in Palestine (Manufacturing, quarrying, and mining) (Manufacturing)

20 1,707 Jenin -0.2 points Palestine 15 14.7% West Bank 982 201 -1.6 points 19,799 Tulkarem Tubas 12.3% Establishments Palestine 10 647 West Bank Qalqiliya 2,806 -5.2 points 15,105 Nablus 6.2% Gaza Establishments 568 05 Salﬁt Gaza 4,694 00 Establishments 1,868 117 Jericho 2000 2019 Ramallah & Al-Bireh

20 1,234 81,792 Workers Jerusalem 90% -1.1 points 15 10% % 13.3 1,466 -1.6 points 12.3% Bethlehem 10 All -4.1 points 859 North Gaza 6.9% 3,509 1,861 Hebron 05 Gaza 621 Deir Al-Balah

00 847 Khan Younis 2000 2019 506 Rafah

Source: PCBS, Labor Force Survey 2000-2019, 2020. Source: PCBS, Housing and Establishments Survey 2017, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 44 Industrial Estates and Free Zones in Palestine Industrial Zone Jenin Industrial Estate and Free Zone Industrial estates and free zones (IEFZs) are drivers of economic development worldwide, contributing signiﬁcantly to GDP, employment, exports, and structural transformations. In Palestine, they can enable the development and $2,152 million $451.5 903 9,030 27,090 improvement of new industries, the modernization of existing industries, and enhance linkages across sectors and million dunums direct jobs indirect jobs enterprises. In addition, they can also facilitate the agglomeration of dispersed industries. In 1998, the Palestinian Productivity (Projected) Industrial Estates and Free Zones Authority (PIEFZA) was established and the Palestinian Authority issued laws to boost economic investment in general and industrial estates in particular. Since then, several IEFZs have been 4,305 dunums established in the West Bank and Gaza with the support of donors and international organizations. Total area 43,050 Kufor Sur Techno Park Direct jobs (Projected) $35 70 700 2,100 129,150 million dunums direct jobs indirect jobs Indirect jobs (Projected) Jericho National Logistics Hub Sector policy priority: Plan and invest in strategic infrastructure including industrial estates and free zones. $250 500 5,000 15,000 Techno Park million dunums direct jobs indirect jobs

Palestine Techno Park

Jericho Agro-Industrial Park

$307.5 615 6,150 18,450 million dunums direct jobs indirect jobs

Tarqumia Industrial Zone Bethlehem Industrial Estate

$771 1,542 15,420 46,260 $87.5 175 1,750 5,250 million dunums direct jobs indirect jobs million dunums direct jobs indirect jobs

Gaza Industrial Estate Hebron Innovative Techno Park

$250 500 5,000 15,000 million dunums direct jobs indirect jobs

Source: Palestinian Industrial Estate and Free Zones Authority, Records, 2019.

45 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Small-scale industry 9.3. Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to ﬁnancial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets.

9.3.1 Proportion of small-scale industries in total industry value added 9.3.2 Proportion of small-scale industries with a loan or line of credit Majority of the industrial establishments in Palestine are considered micro or small enterprises, employing fewer In 2018, only 1.6 percent of the small industrial entreprises received a loan or a line of credit. than ten workers. Despite low productivity, they are important job creators and drivers of development. Access to financing is limited, with less than 2 percent of small-scale industries in Palestine reporting having received a loan or a line of credit. This results in substantial unmet financing needs which hinder growth and expansion.

70 1.6% 60

30 29.6% Gaza Strip Sustainable industry 9.4. By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retroﬁt industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use eﬃciency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally 20 17.6% Palestine sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in 15.9% West Bank accordance with their respective capabilities. 10

00 9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value added 2000 2018 500 362 400 tonne/million $ 349 300 tonne/million $ Small and micro enterprises Enterprises that have fewer than 10 200 employees and annual production

less than $200,000 .

100 < Industrial enterprises 00

10 Employees 2006 2017 < 92% $200,000 Micro or Small Sector policy priority: Improve SMEs’ access to ﬁnance and ﬁnd innovative solutions to unlock sources of Source: PCBS, Housing and Establishment Survey 2017, 2019; PCBS, SDGs Database, 2019. Source: PCBS, SDGs Database, 2019. capital.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 46 Research and development 9.5. Enhance scientiﬁc research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending.

9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP 9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants Research and development expenditures and the number of researchers in Palestine remain very low. Weak linkages with industries impedes growth and results in missed opportunities. Research and development is considered an important factor for innovation, helping achieve better business outcomes and improving global competitiveness.

0.02% 91per 1 million Syria Syria

0.04% 106 per 1 million Iraq 575 / 1 million Iraq 0.6% Palestine Palestine

0.71% 596 per 1 million 0.72% Jordan 687per 1 million Jordan Egypt Egypt

Global Average 2.2%

Source: World Bank, SDGs Database, 2019. Source: PCBS, SDGs Database, 2018; World Bank, SDGs Database, 2019.

Sector policy priority: Support and protect national products, increase competitiveness and expand import substitution.

47 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020

Reduced Inequalities Social Justice and Rule of Law Reduce inequality within and among countries Strengthening social protection

Reduce income inequalities GINI Coefficient 10.1. By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average. Jenin

10.1.1. Growth rates of household consumption per capita among the bottom 40 PALESTINE Tubas per cent of the population Tulkarem Challenges remain on both poverty and inequality in Palestine. The GINI coefficient of 37.4 percent indicates a 37.4 significant level of income inequality. Trends from recent years indicate that inequality levels are increasing in the West Bank and Palestine in general but declining in Gaza Strip. Inequality in Palestine affects more than half of the population, while the bottom 40 percent consumed less than a quarter of the total consumption in 2017, the West Bank Qalqiliya Nablus last year surveyed. Inequality risks societal well-being and threatens long-term social and economic development. 31.8 Household consumption per capita for the bottom 40 per cent of population Gaza Strip Salfit 33.6 30 No Data Ramallah & Al-Bireh Jericho 25.8 - 27.0 26.0% 27.1 - 28.0 28.1 - 29.0 Jerusalem 23.4% Palestine 29.1 - 30.0 30.1 - 31.0 31.1 - 33.0 20 33.1 - 40.0 1996 2017 Bethlehem

Sector policy priority: North Gaza Hebron Effective implementation of the minimum wage policy. Focus on economic empowerment projects for the poor. Gaza Apply protective measures for vulnerable groups.

Deir Al-Balah

Khan Younis

Rafah

Source: PCBS, Household Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2017, 2018.

49 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Household monthly consumption distribution patterns Equal Opportunity 10.3. Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropri- Share of total household ate legislation, policies and action in this regard. Population monthly consumption 10.3.1. Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated TOP against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimina- 17.9% 10% tion prohibited under international human rights law

15.6%

13.2%

Palestine 11.5% 10.5% West Bank

% 8.0% 10 Gaza Strip 14.5% 8.4%

7.6%

6.4%

5.4% Urban 10.3% BOTTOM Rural 7.3% 4% 10% Refugee Camps 16.9%

Men Women 11.6% 9.2% Sector policy priority: Adopt the Family Protection Law. Adopt and implement the Persons with Disabilities Source: PCBS, Household Expenditure and Act. Adopt a social protection floor system Consumption Survey 2017, 2018. focusing on marginalized groups. Source: PCBS, Rule of Law Survey 2018, 2018.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 50 Sustainable Cities and Communities Resilient Communities Make cities and human settlements inclusive, Meeting the basic needs of our communities safe, resilient and sustainable Ensuring a sustainable environment

Safe and affordable housing 11.1. By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums.

Proportion of unsuitable housing units out of the Proportion of overcrowded housing units out of the overall housing stock in Palestine overall housing stock in Palestine Adequate and affordable housing is key for sustainable development Different forms of informal housing in Palestine exist leading to and social equity. Though Palestine has a relatively low percentage harsh living conditions for many communities. The most significant 3.5% 3.4% of unsuitable housing units, the housing sector has not been well Jenin form of such irregular housing is the unresolved status of the Jenin integrated into urban policies. Inadequate urban planning and weak Palestinian refugee camps. Over time, these camps have become regulatory frameworks have left little room for government to permanent, overcrowded, poorly-serviced neighborhoods, with maneuver against speculation over land, urban sprawl and spatial % 5.1% unclear tenure rights. Moreover, and in occupied East Jerusalem, a 4.2% 5.1% 3.8 Tubas Tubas segregation. Housing adequacy in Palestine has been also severely Tulkarem large proportion of Palestinians lives in informal neighborhoods Tulkarem affected by the Israeli occupation including settlement expansion under constant threat of demolition and displacement. and housing demolition. 3.0% 4.2% 4.1% 4.4% Qalqiliya Nablus Qalqiliya Nablus 3.7% 2.8% Salfit Salfit 8.6% 7.5% 2.9% Jericho 2.7% Jericho Ramallah & Al-Bireh Ramallah & Al-Bireh Palestine Palestine 2.0% 4.9% 3.2% unsuitable Jerusalem 7.4% overcrowded Jerusalem

3.8% 3.9% West Bank Bethlehem West Bank Bethlehem 3.4% unsuitable 4.9% overcrowded 2.6% North Gaza 3.5% 10% North Gaza 7.9% Gaza Strip Hebron Gaza Strip Hebron 2.9% Gaza 12.6% Gaza 2.8% unsuitable 12% overcrowded 2.5% Deir Al-Balah 10.9% Deir Al-Balah 3.0% Khan Younis 10.2% Khan Younis

2.7% Rafah 14.9% Rafah Sector policy priority: Update and adopt the housing profile, the national housing policy and the affordable Source: PCBS, Housing and Establishments Survey 2017, 2018 Source: PCBS, Housing and Establishments Survey 2017, 2018 housing strategy for Palestine.

51 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Projected housing needs in Palestine Housing needs in Palestine in 2020

Units 2,818 Palestine 54,588 Palestine Jenin 46,188 1,576 units 46,188 Tulkarem 595 West Bank 31,381Units Tubas 27,168 West Bank 3,474 Gaza Strip 23,207Units 1,027 Nablus 19,020 27,168 units Qalqiliya 721 Gaza Strip Salfit 19,020 units 2020 2030 Source: Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Records, 2019. 2,983 Ramallah & Al-Bireh 483 Average household monthly expenditure Jericho $1,613 $784 $1,318 West Bank Gaza Strip 4,242 Palestine Jerusalem

23% 23% 23% $187 Transport $257 Transport $61 Transport 2,224 $115 Housing $136 Housing $77 Housing Bethlehem 3,892 By Locality Type North Gaza 7,024 6,106 Hebron $1,321 $1,487 $1,013 Gaza 2,652 Urban Rural Refugee Camps Deir Al-Balah 3,845 Khan Younis 23% 25% 18% 2,525 $182 Transport $259 Transport $95 Transport Rafah $120 Housing $107 Housing $89 Housing

Source: Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Records, 2019. Source: PCBS, Household Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2017, 2018.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 52 Inclusive and sustainable urbanization 11.3 . By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.

Urbanization in Palestine Since the establishment of the Palestinian Population size by locality type 2019 Authority and the subsequent process of 77% 15% 8% state building, urbanization in Palestine has been growing steadily, fueled by high Urban Rural Refugee demographic growth rates and spatially Camps concentrated development with limited space to expand. The urban population in Palestine today is estimated at 77 percent (excluding urban refugee camps), among the highest in the region. It is expected that the West Bank population in Palestine will reach 6 million % Refugee Camps people by 2030 of which 5.3 million will be in 5 urban areas. The land scarcity and spatial 24% Rural fragmentation, combined with rapid urban growth and uneven development within Gaza Strip 71% Urban Palestine, have increased pressure on local authorities. 13% Refugee Camps 87% Urban

Refugee Camps Rural Urban

1 - 5,000 1 - 5,000 1 - 20,000 200,001 - 300,000 5,001 - 10,000 5,001 - 10,000 20,001 - 50,000 10,001 - 20,000 50,001 - 100,000 20,001 - 50,000 Over 600,000 100,001 - 200,000

Source: PCBS, Population Census and Projections 2017, 2018.

53 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Percentage of population in urban and rural areas Urbanization rates and total urban population in the region 100 54% 90 89% Syria Lebanon 70% Iraq 80 5.3 9.2 Million Million 28.6 70 Million 77% 60 Palestine 3.9 50 Million 91% Jordan 40 43% Egypt 10.1 Proportion population of total Million 30

20 43.2 Million 10 * Palestine figures exculde urban refugee camps.

1950 2020 2050 Urban Rural Global Average 55% 4.2 Billion World Urban Population Urban and rural population 10.0

7.5

5.0 Sector policy priority: Elaborate and adopt the National Urban Policy. Population (millions) Population

2.5

0.0 1950 2020 2050 Source: UN, DESA, World Urbanization Prospects 2018, 2019. Urban Rural Source: UN, DESA, World Urbanization Prospects, 2018, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 54 Proportion of Local Government Units (LGUs) that have master plans, and the proportion of population living in areas with master plans Though more than half of the population and LGUs in Palestine are currently covered by master West Bank plans, the planning system continuies to face many challanges. LGUs are overwhelmed by existing LGUs covered demands for services and lack of basic instruments. They lack the capacity to utilize available by master plans 61% spatial resources, forecast future needs, and manage overall urban growth. In addition, incomplete laws and regulations and outdated practices that govern the urban sector have created difficulties Population covered by master plans 71% for the LGUs to respond to the challanges at the local level. LGUs are currently planning and Jenin operating independently with limited tools to leverage economies of scale for service delivery, 41% infrastructure investment, and economic growth for strategic alignment of development priorities. Gaza Strip 66% As a result, there is a gap between the urban growth currently taking place and the planning and development of liveable, well-functioning cities which provide for citizens’ needs. LGUs covered Tulkarem Tubas by master plans % 75% 100 63% 77% Population covered by master plans 100% 86% Nablus Total Approved Plans Qalqiliya 65% 68% 261 75% 68% 60 Salfit 55 72% 50 % Jericho 45 75 75% 40 Ramallah & Al-Bireh 56% 35 74% 30 30 Approved Plans 81% 25 20 1 15 Approved Plan Jerusalem 10 79% 5 30%

1996 2019 Bethlehem 39% 61%

Hebron Sector policy priority: 54% Support participatory and resilient local 89% governance interventions including activat- ing joint local planning committees. Gaza Strip 100% 100%

Source: Ministry of Local Government, Records, 2019.

55 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Green and public spaces 11.7. By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities. Area of public spaces per capita in the main Palestinian cities The rapid urbanization and population growth in the West Bank and Gaza Strip have impacted negatively on the 0.3m2/capita availability and quality of public spaces within Palestinian cities. Public open spaces are critical elements for the Jenin development of sustainable, inclusive cities and to enhance the living quality of their residents. While Palestinian planning regulations require at least 30 percent of the master plan area to be designated for public spaces, the actual land area allocated for public spaces is very low in Palestinian cities and towns with variations among areas within the West Bank and Gaza. The biggest challenges to the development of public spaces are limited 0.34m2/capita availability of land and ownership complexities. The majority of land parcels in cities are privately owned, making Tulkarem 1.96m2/capita it very difficult to set aside land for public space usage. Nevertheless, a few efforts to utilize lands owned by local Tubas authorities have succeeded in creating public open spaces in communities, such as small parks and gardens.

2 1.09m /capita 1.75m2/capita Qalqiliya Nablus Sector policy priority: 0.3m2/capita Elaborate and adopt an evidence-based and Salfit inclusive public space policy in Palestinian cities and communities.

0.79m2/capita 0.39m2/capita Ramallah & Al-Bireh Jericho

Jerusalem

0.03m2/capita Bethlehem

1.41m2/capita Beit Lahia

0.34m2/capita 0.1m2/capita Gaza Hebron 0.3m2/capita Deir Al-Balah 1.7m2/capita Khan Younis

0.41m2/capita Rafah

Source: Ministry of Local Government, Records, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 56 Responsible Consumption Resilient Communities and Production Ensuring a sustainable environment Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Sustainable consumption and Sustainable management and use 12.1. production framework 12.2. of natural resources Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources. Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries. Ecological footprint, biocapacity, and deficit in global hectares per person (gha) Palestine has a low ecological footprint compared to the region, estimated at 0.5 (gha) in 2013, the most recent 12.1.1 Number of countries developing, adopting or implementing policy instruments data available. Nevertheless, Palestine has biocapacity deficit of -0.4 (gha), mainly due to the lack of access to aimed at supporting the shift to sustainable consumption and production natural resources, coupled with the rapid increase in material consumption due to an increase in population and urbanization. In Palestine, crop-lands are the major contributor to biocapacity, accounting for almost two-thirds of The Sustainable Consumption and Production National Action Plan in Palestine the total. At the same time, crop-lands are the second largest contributor to the ecological footprint, accounting from more than one-third of the total footprint. The carbon footprint is the largest contributor to the overall In 2016, Palestine prepared the Sustainable Consumption and Production National Action Plan that aims at the ecological footprint at 51 percent. integration of sustainable consumption and production patterns into the national development agenda. The main priority areas identified were agriculture and food, tourism, and housing and construction. The plan estimated that 95 percent of the budget needed to advance sustainable consumption and production should be directed to the agriculture and food sectors. Focus areas include sustainable and climate-smart agricultural production, Ecological footprint (gha) Deficit environmental practices in food manufacturing, and sustainable food consumption. Biocapacity (gha)

Priority areas for mainstreaming sustainable consumption and production Egypt 1.8 -1.4 0.4

Saudi Arabia 6.2 -5.8 0.4

Iraq 1.8 -1.6 0.2

Jordan 2.1 -1.9 0.2 Syria 1.4 1.8 -0.8 0.6 Agriculture and food Housing and construction Tourism Lebanon 3.3 -3.0 0.3 Sustainable and Green building Eco-tourism climate-smart Green public Israel 4.9 -4.6 0.3 agricultural production procurement of infrastructure. Palestine 0.5 -0.4 0.1 Environmental practices in food manufacturing *Regional data are for 2016; Palestine figures are for 2013. Sustainable food consumption

Source: Environment Quality Authority, The Sustainable Consumption and Production NAP in Palestine, 2016. Source: Global Footprint Network, Database 2020, 2020.

57 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Responsible management 12.4. of chemicals and waste By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all Hazardous and medical waste wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order Medical waste accounts for approximately 6.4 percent of overall waste. WHO estimates to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment. in general that about 20 percent of medical waste is hazardous, be it infectious, toxic and/or radioactive. Only two of the seven landfills in Palestine are equipped to receive 12.4.1 Number of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous waste. hazardous waste, and other chemicals that meet their commitments and obligations in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement

Palestine has joined five multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous waste and other chemicals, committing to safeguarding the environment and health. Limited financial resources, and a lack of control over territory and crossings impeded by the Israeli occupation, have complicated and hindered monitoring and managing hazardous waste. The reported compliance rates vary between the agreements to which Palestine is signatory. The highest are the Montreal protocol and Basel convention, which focus on hazardous waste and material depletion of the ozone layer, respectively. The lowest compliance rates are reported against the 7,103 (tonnes/year) Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions, which focus on hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade and on organic pollutants. Medical Waste Hazardous Medical Waste Conventions and agreements Palestine has signed, and the compliance rate 1,420 (tonnes/year) 6.4% of total waste

1.3% of total waste 9% 100%

Rotterdam Montreal Convention Protocol

80% 12% 33%

Basel Stockholm Minamata Convention Convention Convention

Sector policy priority: 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Expand the treatment of medical waste before its final disposal, according to the "polluter pays" principle, to limit its negative Sector policy priority: health and environmental impacts Enhance legal, organizational, and institutional frameworks to enable safe management of hazardous waste.

Source: United Nations Statistics Division, SDGs Indicators Database, 2020. Source: CESVI, Solid Waste Management in The Occupied Palestinian Territory 2019, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 58 Reduction, recycling, and reuse 12.5. By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, Location, amounts of waste received, and service area of sanitary landfills in Palestine recycling and reuse.

Solid-waste management in Palestine is a crucial development issue. Challenges include the lack of adequate comprehensive legislation, the lack of an efficient data collection and management system, lack of equipment and modern infrastructure, the need for innovative solutions in waste separation and treatment, as well as the 1,200 tonnes/day restrictions imposed by the Israeli occupation on the access to land and resources. In general, Palestine has a relatively low solid-waste generation rate standing at 0.9 kg per capita per day, compared to a global range of 0.11 ALMOST FULL to 4.5 kg . More than half of the waste generated is considered organic waste. Palestine has a high solid waste 2007 collection rate, with 95 percent of communities covered, a ratio much higher than regional and global averages. Zahrat Al Finjan Recycling rates are very low, at only 1 percent of total waste.

Jenin

Waste generated 4,900 tonnes/day Tulkarem Tubas

Qalqiliya Nablus 87% 95% 65% 1% Salfit 55 tonnes/day Percentage of LGUs served Percentage of households Disposed in controlled Waste ALMOST FULL by solid waste management covered by solid waste landfills Recycled 2007 Planned Jericho services by joint service collection services councils Ramallah & Al-Bireh Rammun Jericho 90 tonnes/day 2018 Beit Anan Jerusalem

Source: Ministry of Local Government, Solid Waste Databook 2019, 2019. 1,000 tonnes/day ALMOST HALF FULL Waste generation per capita 0.9 Kg/day 2014 Al Minya North Gaza 700 tonnes/day Bethlehem Gaza ALMOST FULL

Deir Al-Balah Johr EL-Diek 1986 Hebron CLOSED 430 tonnes/day Deir Al-Balah 1995 Khan Younis NEW Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day 0.88 0.98 0.75 1-2 Rafah New Sofa 2019 Gaza Strip West Bank Rural Urban CLOSED 170 tonnes/day Old Sofa (Al fukhary) 1996

Source: Ministry of Local Government, Solid Waste Databook 2019, 2019; CESVI, Solid Waste Management in The Source: Ministry of Local Government, Solid Waste Databook 2019, 2019; CESVI, Solid Waste Management in The Occupied Palestinian Territory 2019, 2019. Occupied Palestinian Territory 2019, 2019.

59 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Random dumping (unregulated dumping) Random dumping is still a common practice in Palestine, especially for agricultural waste, construction waste, Joint Service Councils for Solid Waste (JSC-SW) are considered a crucial component in the improvement of the and demolition debris. The number of dumping sites has significantly declined in the past few years, especially solid waste management system and recycling in Palestine. In 2019, the JSC-SW in the West Bank covered 74 with the opening of sanitary land fills in different parts of Palestine. In 2019, it was estimated that 786 tonnes per percent of the population and 83 percent of local government units. Today, 83 percent of West Bank solid waste day were disposed in random dumpsites, equivalent to almost 32 percent of collected waste. collected by JSC-SW goes to sanitary landfills.

Total solid waste collected by Joint Service Councils (West Bank) 1,672 tonnes/day 3 77 Dumpsites Dumpsites (390 tonnes/day) (786 tonnes/day) 276 tonnes/day 969 tonnes/day 13 tonnes/day 414 tonnes/day 50 Random Dump-sites Directed to Recycled Direct transfer Transfer Station to landfills Dumpsites 3 (200 tonnes/day) 12 9 Dumpsites Dumpsites Dumpsites (53 tonnes/day) (77 tonnes/day) (66 tonnes/day)

Rafah North Gaza Ramallah & Al-Bireh Nablus Salfit Source: Ministry of Local Government, Solid Waste Databook 2019, 2019. Waste generation by type Electronic waste The main composition of waste in Palestine is organic, followed by plastic and paper. Though majority of the The electronic waste sector is part of the informal economy in Palestine. Electronic waste includes items that waste is biodegradable and recyclable, only 3 percent of waste is collected for reuse, and among which only 1 contain hazardous elements. The treatment methods are ineffective and inefficient and have negative impacts on percent is recycled. the environment and health. The main locations where e-waste is traded and treated are located in Hebron governorate receiving between 70-80 thousand tonnes per year. The items collected are either sold to recyclers and workshops, dismantled to recover spare parts, or smashed to recover material. 15% 50% Plastic Organic 90% of e-waste comes from Israel 2% 2% Metal 50% Glass Car motors 2.5% 12% TVs 70,000- Paper & 19% 80,000 Cardboard Others 10% 2.5% Refrigerators tonnes/year Cell Phones

Sector policy priority: 10% 25% Prohibit the use of random dump-sites and closing Cables Air conditioners or rehabilitating the existing sites gradually to limit their negative impact on health and environment

Locations: Beit Awwa, Idhna, Deir Samit, Al Kum and Beit Maqdum in Hebron governorate Source: Ministry of Local Government, Solid Waste Databook 2019, 2019. Source: CESVI, Solid Waste Management in The Occupied Palestinian Territory 2019, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 60 Climate Action Resilient Communities Take urgent action to combat Ensuring a sustainable environment climate change and its impacts.

Resilience and adaptive capacity Score of adoption and implementation of national DRR strategies in line with the 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural Sendai Framework disasters in all countries. Palestine joined Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015, and established the National Disaster 13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly-affected persons attributed Risk Management Center in 2017 under the office of the Prime Minister. Efforts since then have been focused on enabling strong partnerships among all stakeholders and leading coordination with local authorities to devise to disasters per 100,000 population DRR strategies. The reported proportion of local authorities that have local disaster risk reduction strategies was Palestine is prone to natural disasters and hazards including earthquakes, floods, droughts, and landslides. The 69 percent in 2018. whole region faces ongoing small to medium-scale disaster risks. The level of vulnerability, which would amplify the consequences of any disaster, is classified as high to very high in Palestine. The main factors creating conditions of vulnerability include lack of control over natural resources, restrictions on access and movement, weak infrastructure, and social and economic vulnerabilities.

Number of deaths attributed to disasters per 2.5 0.075 0.25 0.275 0.4 100,000 population 2 1.5 1.42 2015 2016 2017 2018 1

0.5 Global Score 0.62 Source: United Nations Statistics Division, SDGs Database 2019, 2019.

2006 2017

Number of directly affected persons attributed 100 13.1.3 Proportion of local governments to disasters per 100,000 population that adopt and implement local disaster 80 risk reduction strategies in line with 69% 60 national disaster risk reduction strategies

Sector policy priority: 40 42 Improve capabilities to deal with emergencies Sector policy priority: and catastrophic incidents, and mainstream 20 Ensure DRM is mainstreamed in development disaster risk reduction and management in planning and policies of all sectors to reduce the national plans and strategies. impacts of disasters and ensure sustainable 2005 2017 development.

Source: National Disaster Risk Management Center Records, 2006-2013; PCBS, SDGs Database, 2020. Source: National Disaster Risk Management Centre Records, 2018; PCBS, SDGs Database 2018, 2019.

61 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Integrate climate change measures into 13.2 policies and planning Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning. National Adaptation Plan to Climate Change The National Adaptation Plan to Climate Change (NAP) for Palestine draws a road map for climate change adaptation. Three climate change scenarios identified and evaluated threats and vulnerabilities based on regional and international predictions. The plan also considers mitigation measures to the negative impacts on crucial sectors for economic growth, including agriculture, energy, and industry, which would bear the worst impacts of climate change. Future-climate scenarios for Palestine, 2025 to 2090

+1°C +1.5°C +2°C <2°C Fewer cold More warmer Fewer cold More warmer Fewer cold periods periods periods periods periods Scenario 1 Most Optimistic Scenario Emissions controlled according to the Paris FLOODING Agreement target of a global average tempera- DROUGHT ture increase not exceeding 2°C.

-10% -15% -20% <3°C +1°C +2°C +3°C Scenario 2 Fewer cold More warmer Fewer cold More warmer Fewer cold periods periods periods Mid Range Scenario periods periods Emissions continue to increase along recent lines with some reductions from historic levels but breaching the 2°C target. DROUGHT DROUGHT

-20% -30% -30% <4.5°C +1.5°C +2.5°C ~4.5°C Fewer cold More warmer Fewer cold More warmer Fewer cold periods periods periods periods periods Scenario 3

Most Pessimistic Scenario FLOODING Emissions continue unabated. DROUGHT DROUGHT

Source: Environment Quality Authority, National Adaptation Plan 2016, 2017. 2025 2055 2090

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 62 Future-climate change: potential impact and Terrestrial Urban and thematic vulnerability analysis ecosystems Health infrastructure Worsened habitat Increased diseases Deterioration of built connectivity. related to water, environment and sanitation, and food infrastructure. security.

Coastal and Waste/ marine Food Gender Tourism Energy wastewater Reduced fishing; Increased prices of Worsened health, Deterioration of cultural Reduced domestic Impact on waste reduced coastal domestic and jobs, safety and heritage sites; reduced energy production; management agriculture; and imported food. security. tourism. increased energy facilities. deterioration in the imports; worsened conditions of conditions of beaches. infrastructure.

Agriculture Water Industry Reduced production of olives, Reduced ground water Increased prices of raw materials grapes, rain-fed vegetables, supply and quality, and imports; impact on field crops, and irrigated increased flooding. infrastructure; changes in energy vegetables; reduced grazing supply and demand; changes in areas and increased soil value of exported products; jobs erosion; reduced irrigation security. water; reduced livestock production; increased cost of agricultural products; decreased employment in agriculture.

Source: Environment Quality Authority, National Adaptation Plan 2016, 2017; Environment Quality Authority, Nationally Determined Contributions 2018, 2018.

63 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Green house gas emissions Mitigation plans

Palestine plans to reduce its CO2 equivalent emissions based on two scenarios: an independence scenario, under 5000 which Palestine is able to exercise full control over its resources, and the status quo scenario reflecting a contin- 4,528 uation of the Israeli occupation and a resulting lack of access to its natural resources. Under each scenario, set of 4000 policy tools are defined to achieve a reduction of 24.4 percent under the first scenario and 12.8 percent under the 1,000 tonnes of second. 2,740 CO equivalent 3000 2 20 2000 Independence scenario 18 Business as usual 1000 16

14 2006 2018 With a 24.4% reduction in emissions Equivalent Green house gas emissions by sector and emissions type 2 12 In Palestine, about 71 percent of CO emissions come from the energy sector, mainly due to the relatively low 10 2 Status quo scenario utilization of renewable energy sources. The agriculture share of GHG is below the global average of 15-20 percent, Business as usual attributed to the traditional agricultural techniques used. On the other hand, the waste sector generates 19 percent 8 of GHG emissions in Palestine, which is almost four times the global average. With a 12.8% reduction in emissions By Sector 6 Agriculture CO Tonnes Million Metric 4 (523) 1,000 tonnes of CO equivalent 2 2 Energy 12% Waste (3,073) (932) 1,000 tonnes of 1,000 tonnes of 2020 2030 2040

CO2 equivalent CO2 equivalent 68% 20% Sector policy priority: Adopt regulations and initiatives that promote the use of clean and renewable energy, and that enhance By Emission Type energy efficiency.

CO2 (2,968) 1,000 tonnes CH N2O 4 (553) (1,007) 1,000 tonnes of 1,000 tonnes of 66% CO equivalent CO2 equivalent 2

12% 22%

Source: PCBS, GHG Inventory 2018, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 64 Life Below Water Resilient Communities Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, Ensuring a sustainable environment seas and marine resources

Reduce marine pollution 14.1. By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution.

Wastewater flow into the Mediterranean Sea - Gaza Pollution levels in the Mediterranean Sea - Gaza The long-standing shortage of adequate sanitation infrastructure compounded by the electricity deficit continues to exacer- bate the environmental problem of discharging poorly-treated sewage into the sea. The pollution levels of the wastewater discharged into the Mediterranean declined during 2019 to 148 mg/litre of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), compared to 265 mg/litre of BOD in 2018; however, levels are still more than double the international standards of 60 mg/litre of BOD. Such high levels increase risks of water borne diseases and environmental hazards.

~113 Million Litres/Day Waste water into the sea in 2019

1 Litre Mediterranean Sea

450

400

350

300

2017 265 mg/litre 250 2018 232 mg/litre 200 Gaza Strip 150 2019 148 mg/litre 100

60 mg/litre 50 (International Standard)

Sector policy priority: Establish and enforce national standards Sewage Outlet Waste Water Treatment Plant for discharging wastewater into nature.

Source: OCHA, Monthly Humanitarian Bulletin Sep 2019, 2019. Source: OCHA, Early Warning Indicators Dec 2019, 2019.

65 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Sustainable fishing Gaza Strip fishing limits 20 Nautical miles 14.4. By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement Nautical miles science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels 15 that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics. 12 Nautical miles

Fish supply in Gaza Prohibited 6 Nautical miles Area The political situation in Gaza has undermined the potential of the fishing sector, including frequent changes in the 3 Nautical miles permitted fishing limits by the Israeli government. Until the year 2000, the fisheries sector in Gaza provided a significant source of employment with over 10,000 registered fishers. In 2019, there were only 3,617 registered fishers in Gaza which, including their families, suggests that some 18,000 people rely on fishing for their livelihood. There is a direct correlation between the scope of access to the sea and the quantity and value of the fishing catch; the further out to sea fishers can go, the deeper the water and the higher the value of fish caught. In addition, shore fishing has negative environmental impacts on marine ecosystems including overfishing of specific species which Area can destroy marine ecology and disrupt the food chain. The average per capita fish consumption in Gaza (4.5 Intermittently kg/capita) is very low compared to the regional average of 15 kg/capita and the global average of 20 kg/capita. Accessible

3,657 tonnes Fishing Sector policy priority: Build the capacity of the Gaza fishing sector Gaza Strip and upgrade its infrastructure. Promote innovative and sustainable fishing methods. 8,823 4,606 tonnes 4,217 tonnes Type of fish catch by sea depth and distance from the coast Imported tonnes Locally Produced

12 8 3 1 Shoreline 560 tonnes Nautical miles Fish Farming High value bottom Sardines Pelagic fish Small fish sardines Bottom fish Sardines Shrimp 4.5 Kg/capita 20 Tuna, Mackerel, Sardines 10 Average consumption in 2019 (Gaza Strip) Fishing sector in Gaza: local production and importing 100m Imported 200m 4,606 tonnes 300m 2,340 4,217 tonnes 400m tonnes Locally produced 2,456 500m tonnes 600m 700m 2006 2019

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Records, 2020. Source: OCHA, Monthly Humanitarian Bulletin Oct 2019, 2019.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 66 Conserve coastal and marine areas Dead Sea Water Balance 14.5. By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information. Dead Sea Water Levels The Dead Sea water level has been decreasing rapidly over the last hundred years. This rare natural resource is suffering decreasing water level at an alarming rate, of 1.1 meters per year, largely due to the intensive human 1,400 MCM water consumption of the water sources in the catchment area. Between 1930 and 2020 the Dead Sea level has (Annual water diverted away dropped approximately 44 meters, causing receding shorelines, of as much as 1 km. This has serious implications from the Dead Sea by Israel, on the surrounding environment, including accelerated outflow of fresh water from the underground aquifer. Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, for drinking, agriculture and other uses) Inflow 310 MCM (Rain, run off, springs, etc.) 1.1 km

1930 -390m

1980 -400m

2010 -423m Outflow Dead 2020 Sea −434.4m 985 MCM (Surface evaporation, and depletion by the chemical industries)

-700 MCM is approximately the annual loss of water in the Dead Sea

Source: The Palestinian Water Authority, 2019; Environment Quality Authority, 2019; Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2016.

67 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020

Life on Land Resilient Communities Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial Ensuring a sustainable environment ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems Change of forest land area between 1970 and 2020 15.1. By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements. 320km2 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area (1970) 2 The proportion of forest area in Palestine is considered low with 1.77 percent of total land area. Forest land in 278 km Palestine suffered several episodes of destruction in the last century. According to the latest available data, between 1970 and 2020, Palestine lost two-thirds of its forest area. The past decade witnessed increased protection of forest land in Palestine, which resulted in slow but steady growth in forests. 42 km2 5.0% 5 Gaza 1.6% 1.77% West Bank 3 km2 1970 2000 2020

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Records 2020, 2020. 108km2

Causes of forest land destruction during the past forty years 111km2 (2020)

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Records 2020, 2020. 20% 80% 15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas 6% 14% 1% 2% 77% Palestinian Palestinian Israeli Israeli Israeli settlements agriculture housing and by-pass military and farming urbanization roads bases activities 19% 4% Global

Source: ARIJ, Land cover database, 2011. Source: Environment Quality Authority, Database 2016, 2019.

69 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Mountain ecosystems 15.4. By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development.

15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity The indicator shows the percentage of important sites for mountain biodiversity that are covered by designated protected areas. The number in Palestine is very low compared to the global average of 49 percent. Palestinians Biodiversity do not have full access to the natural landscapes in Palestine, since the majority fall within Area C, under full 15.5. Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation Israeli control. of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species

8.5% 15.5.1 Red List Index Palestine has a relatively low red list index, with 1.0 equates that all species qualifying as least concern, and a value of 0 equates to all species having gone extinct. The number of endangered species in Palestine is 39 species compared to 121 endangered species in Jordan, 108 in Lebanon, and 171 in Egypt. Palestine suffered a 63 49% 0.8 Global percent increase in the number of endangered species in the last five years due to several causes, including habitat fragmentation and restricted control and management over protected areas, since the majority fall into Area C, under full Israeli control. Source: Environment Quality Authority, Database, 2019; FAO, the State of the World Forests 2019, 2020. Source: Environment Quality Authority, Records, 2019.

15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index ≈ 51,000 ≈ 3% The Mountain Green Cover Index measures the percentage of mountainous areas covered by green vegetation. A of global biodiversity low value is linked to forest exploitation, and higher value signals vegetation growth. It is essential to protect the species living ecosystem of the mountains in Palestine, which have diverse influences on climate, water resources, wildlife and biodiversity, agriculture, livestock, tourism, among others. in Palestine

12.5%

Sector policy priority: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable management of 76% resources. Global

Source: Environment Quality Authority, Database, 2018. Source: Environment Quality Authority, Database, 2018.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 70 Forests, nature reserves and biodiversity maps in the West Bank Sector policy priority: Palestine has varied ecosystems despite its small area. Such diversity arises from variations in geography, topography and climate. In recent decades, rapid population growth, expansion of Israeli settlements, land-use Update existing Palestinian National Biodiversity Strate- changes, and the unsustainable use of natural resources have put severe pressure on the ecosystem in Palestine. gy and Action Plan (NBSAP); address gaps in existing In such circumstances, it is challenging to maintain healthy ecosystems, conserve biodiversity, and prepare for national legislation regarding biodiversity, protected the adverse effects of climate change. In Palestine, there are more than 50 sites that are classified as key areas, and biosafety, and harmonize existing legislation biodiversity areas and designated as protected areas in the National Spatial Plan. These are categorized and policies through a comprehensive review and according to the guidelines by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). assessment.

Forests Biodiversity Areas Nature Reserves

Source: Environment Quality Authority, Database, 2019. Areas A and B Area C Israeli Settlements West Bank Barrier

71 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Number of threatened species (critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable) in Fauna species inhabiting Palestine each major group of organisms 30,852 146 Fauna Species Syria 108 Lebanon 17 14 90 23 51 32

11 10 80 19 31 29 39 Palestine 375 92 7 81 30,000 297 15 4 40 4 2 10 Birds Mammals Amphibians Reptiles Invertebrates Fish 121 2 Exclusive 2 Exclusive 2 Exclusive Fresh Water Jordan 2 Exclusive Marine 14 13 60 61 19 8 Source: Environment Quality Authority, Records, 2019. 171 Egypt 144 14 18 130 57 61 8 Saudi Arabia Endemic rare and endemic very rare 2,076 Flora Species 18 11 30 60 48 4 plant species in Palestine

Source: IUCN, Red List Database, 2019.

636 90 Rare Very Rare Threats affecting biodiversity in Palestine

Land Desertification Overgrazing Uprooting Overexploitation Habitat Removal of rocks West Bank Urbanisation Pollution Climate degradation and soil erosion Trees fragmentation for construction Barrier Change

Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB Gaza WB

Source: Environment Quality Authority, Records, 2019 Very Low Low Medium High Very High

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 72 Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Effective Government Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable Strengthening accountability and transparency development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Social Justice and Rule of Law Improving access to justice

Reduce violence everywhere 16.1. Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere.

16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex 16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live and age Feeling of safety around areas of residence is high in Palestine and have trended upwards in recent years. In 2018, 92 percent of Palestinian adults reported feeling safe walking alone in their neighbourhoods, an increase from 87 Intentional homicide is a violation to the universal right to life. Figures in the West Bank show that the rate of percent in 2016. Feeling of unsafety negatively influence overall wellbeing, leading to social isolation and lower victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population has decreased during the past two decades reaching 0.7, trust, which is an obstacle to development. compared to the world average of 6.1 in 2019. In 2019, 28 men and 7 women were murdered in the West Bank. More than two-thirds of these victims were between 18 to 26 years old. Civil society and human rights organizations in Palestine have noted an increase in the number of so called “honour killings” of women and girls. Proportion of adult population that feels safe walking alone around the area they live Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population Women Men 06 Gaza Strip West Bank 91.3% 87.4% 87.0% 84.7% 05 2016 Palestine 04 87.2% 3.0 -77% 02 01 0.7 Women Men 00 Gaza Strip West Bank 91.5% 2000 2019 93.9% 2018 92.4% 90.8% Palestine 92.0%

Source: The Palestinian police records 2019; PCBS, SDGs Database, 2019. Source: PCBS, Victimization Survey 2016; PCBS, Rule of Law and Access to Justice Survey 2018, 2019.

73 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Protect children from abuse, exploitation, Prevalence of violence among children 12 to 17 years old 16.2. and violence End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children. 16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 1 to 17 years who experienced any physical 44% punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month 56% 36% Violent discipline of children is a violation of their rights. Violent discipline inflicted on younger children can be particularly harmful, given the increased potential for physical injuries as well as increased negative coping strategies. Violent discipline contributes to long-term damage that children carry into adulthood. The proportion of children under 11 years who experienced physical violence in Palestine was around 68 percent among boys Gaza Strip Palestine West Bank and 62 percent among girls. The proportion is higher in the Gaza Strip compared to the West Bank. Source: PCBS, Violence Survey in the Palestinian Society, 2019.

Proportion of children below 11 years who experienced any physical punishment 16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men aged 18 to 29 years who experienced and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past 12 month sexual violence by age 18

Sexual violence against children is a gross violation of children’s rights. It can take the form of sexual abuse, harassment, rape, or sexual exploitation. Globally, UNICEF estimates that about one in ten children have been subjected to sexual violence, but notes that the true magnitude is hidden because of its sensitive and illegal nature. In Palestine, the figure stands at 2.9 percent in 2019, with the ratio among boys twice the ratio among girls. The right of children to protection from all forms of violence is enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which Palestine adopted in 2014.

Psychological violence Physical violence Severe physical violence

2.1% Palestine Palestine Palestine 2.9% 3.3%

74% 62% 18% 79% 68% 26% Gaza Strip Palestine West Bank

West Bank West Bank West Bank 1.8% 3.5% 70% 76% 56% 64% 14% 21%

Gaza Strip Gaza Strip Gaza Strip Women Men 80% 82% 69% 74% 25% 33% Sector policy priority: Ensure a fair, transparent, efficient, and independent judicial system, and ensure integrated delivery of and fair access to judicial services, particularly Source: PCBS, Violence Survey in the Palestinian Society, 2019. Source: PCBS, Violence Survey in the Palestinian Society, 2019. for women and children.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 74 Promote the rule of law Percentage of adults in Palestine reporting satisfaction in the justice institutions 16.3. Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal Public satisfaction with the performance of the courts and public prosecution is key in ensuring a robust rule of access to justice for all. law. Rates of satisfaction in judicial institutions were the highest in Shari'a Courts, Judges, and Conciliation Courts, and lowest in the Supreme Constitutional Court and Cassation Court. The levels of satisfaction varied 16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported between men and women, with lower percentages among women across all institutions. their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms The proportion of victims of violence who reported their victimization to competent authorities was 43 percent (2016 most recent data). The indicator provides a measure of the confidence of victims of crime in the ability of the police and other relevant authorities in Palestine to provide assistance and bring perpetrators to justice. The police records indicate that 20 percent of reported incidents were in relation to physical assault and 59 percent 38% 41% 34% were in relation to robbery and theft. Public Prosecution Conciliation Courts First Instance Courts 35% 43% 32% 40% 40% 34% 42% 45% 38% 60 46% Gaza Strip 34% 38% 29% 40 43% Palestine West Bank 20 38%

00 32% 28% 27% 2004 2008 2012 2016 Appeal Courts High Court Cassation Court 32% 28% 25% 32% 29% 28% Source: PCBS, Victimization Survey 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016. 37% 32% 30% 27% 25% 24% 16.3.2 Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population The proportion of unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population in the West Bank steadily decreased between 2005 and 2018. The decrease in the use of pre-sentence detention reflects better access to judicial mechanisms. 25% 55% 45% 100 The Supreme Shari'a Courts Judges Constitutional Court 80 22% 60% 44% 63.2% 26% 52% 46% 60 27% 58% 47% 56.1% West Bank 22% 53% 43% 40 55.9%

20 Gaza Strip Sector policy priority: West Bank Ensure an effective litigation process, Men develop court procedures, and promote 00 Women specialized judicial practice 2005 2018

Source: Palestinian Civil Police, Database of Security and Justice Statistics 2005 - 2018, 2019; Ministry of Justice, Source: PCBS, Rule of Law and Access to Justice Survey, 2018. Records 2019, 2020.

75 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Percentage of adults in Palestine reporting confidence in security and justice systems Percentage of Palestinian adults who would resort to In addition to public satisfaction, public confidence in security and justice systems is fundamental to the official judiciary in case of future disputes 60% functioning of the criminal justice system. The public's belief in fair and effective procedures leads to higher reporting and better cooperation from victims and witnesses. Levels of confidence in Palestine were the highest 63% West Bank in the civil police at 55 percent. The levels of confidence varied between men and women, with lower confidence 55% Gaza Strip among women across all systems.

Percentage of Palestinian adults who believe that courts have competent judges to deal with their cases 80% 82% West Bank 55% 47% 50% 78% Gaza Strip Palestinian civil police Public prosecution Courts 49% 45% 46% 58% 48% 53% Percentage of Palestinian adults who believe that resorting 56% 50% 52% to courts is very expensive and they couldn't afford it 54% 44% 49% financially (including lawyers’ fees) 79% 74% West Bank 84% Gaza Strip

48% 45% 42% The judiciary system The Palestinian security forces Informal justice bodies Percentage of Palestinian adults who believe that social 43% 39% 49% traditions and norms prevent them from filing a complaint 50% 48% 38% with the courts 49% 50% 46% 43% 46% West Bank 46% 43% 42% 54% Gaza Strip

Gaza Strip Sector policy priority: West Bank Reform and develop Palestine’s Men security sector institutions. Percentage of Palestinian adults who have confidence that the Women judiciary system is independent from any external influences 31% 32% West Bank 28% Gaza Strip

Percentage of Palestinian adults who has confidence that they will be dealt with at equal footage before the judiciary 43% 45% West Bank Source: PCBS, Rule of Law and Access to Justice Survey, 2018. 39% Gaza Strip

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 76 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in Develop effective, accountable and 16.5. all their forms 16.6. transparent institutions at all levels

Reducing corruption is fundamental to achieving development goals. While perception of corruption remains high across the population, very few Palestinians report experiencing bribery when dealing with public officials. Experts 16.6.2 Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public services (2018) believe that nepotism and cronyism constitute the most common manifestation of corruption in Palestine. Health Education Administrative 16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, 84% 90% 94% during the previous 12 months 80% 81% 92% 87% 92% 96% 10 83% 89% 93% 86% 91% 96%

Gaza Strip West Bank Women Men

Source: PCBS, Socio-Economic Conditions Survey 2018, 2019. 5 2.6% 1.8% 2.1% Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and 16.7. representative decision-making at all levels 0 2010 2013 2018 16.7.2 Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive Gaza Strip West Bank Palestine Women Men Less than one-third of the Palestinians believe that the political system is conducive to citizens’ feedback. The Source : PCBS, Database of Governance Survey, 2010; PCBS, Survey of the Prevalence of Corruption in Palestine, percentage is much lower in the Gaza Strip, and among women. Moreover less than half of the Palestinians 2013; PCBS, Rule of Law and Access to Justice Survey 2018. believe that they can participate in the political life in the country, with the percentages much lower among 16.5.2 Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official women. and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public The political system in the country allows I trust in my ability to participate in politics in officials during the previous 12 months individuals like me to have an opinion on what the the country government is doing 10 43% 25% 41% 6.9% 35% % Agree % Agree 47% 31 33% 42 36% 5 ** includes strongly agree 30% ** includes strongly agree Gaza Strip West Bank Women Men

0.4% Sector policy priority: Hold regular democratic elections at all 0 levels across Palestine. Safeguard citizens’ 2013 2018 rights and promote respect for pluralism, Source: UNSD, Global Database; PCBS, Database Survey on Measuring the Utilization of Statistics in Policy Making Source: PCBS, Rule of Law and Access to equality and freedom from discrimination. in Private Sector in Palestine, 2019. Justice Survey 2018, 2019.

77 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020

Partnerships for the Goals Expanding Palestine’s Revitalize the global partnership for Bilateral Relations sustainable development Deepen bilateral relations of the State of Palestine

Mobilize resources to improve domestic 17.1. revenue collection Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection. 17.1.1 Total government revenue as a proportion of GDP

Government revenues in Palestine are collected from taxes on goods, services, income, and profit, in addition to fees from the provision of public goods and services. Government revenues as proportion of GDP has been declining over the past decade. Economic development is characterized by poor growth performance and fiscal and trade deficits. Financial sustainability in Palestine is complicated by the involvement of Israeli authorities in revenue administration. 17.1.2 Proportion of domestic budget funded by domestic taxes

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30 27.7% 24.5% 20 20

10 10

2010 2018 2010 2018 Source: PCBS, SDGs Database, 2019. Source: PCBS, SDGs Database, 2019.

79 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Mobilize financial resources for developing 17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in US dollars) as a proportion of total GDP 17.3. countries 50 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources. 40

17.3.1 Foreign direct investment (FDI), official development assistance and 30 South-South cooperation as a proportion of total domestic budget Donor assistance to Palestine has been dwindling over the past years. Though Palestine, since 2008, has made 20 progress toward reducing the budget deficit and achieving financial sustainability, it is still reliant on international 19.6% assistance for government expenses and development spending. 10

3,000 2000 2019 Source: PCBS, SDGs Database, 2019.

2,500 Knowledge sharing and cooperation 17.6. Enhance North-South, South-South, and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology 2,000 facilitation mechanism.

Palestine has challenges and difficulties in developing its technological sector. Nevertheless, in recent years there has been a surge in the number of tech start ups in Palestine. In 2019, the number of business that worked in ICT exceeded 1,000 businesses, 60 percent increase over the previous five years.

1,500 Households with at least one individual who owns a smart phone 78.2% 90.8% in million US Dollars 86.2% Gaza West Bank

1,000 Percentage of adults who own a smart phone 72.8%

500 One of every 10 university graduates in Palestine specializes in technology Official Development or engineering Assistance Foreign Direct Investment 0 Sector policy priority: Strengthen coordination among Source: PCBS, Households Survey on Information and multiple stakeholders to support Communication Technology 2019, 2020. the ICT ecosystem’s growth.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 80 Strengthen the Science, Technology and Developing countries exports share of 17.8. Innovation Capacity 17.11. global exports Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020. of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology. More than two-thirds of Palestinians use the internet compared to a global average of 50 percent, and 80 The Palestinian economy is import dependent, with exports as a share of GDP remaining largely unchanged over percent of households are connected to internet service. Nevertheless, the communications technology sector the past two decades. In 2019, Palestine exported $2.6 billion and imported $8.4 billion, resulting in a trade deficit faces serious Israeli restrictions, specifically on infrastructure development, and on importing equipment. These of $5.7 billion. The trade deficit amounts to 40 percent of the GDP, which is one of the highest in the world. restrictions significantly affect service quality and add significant transactional costs. Restrictions on trade severely limit the prospects for export-led growth. 17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet Exports of goods and services as percent of GDP

100 100

90 74.1% West Bank 90 80 72.3% Male 80

70 70 70.6% Palestine 60 60 68.9% Female 50 50 65.2% Gaza Strip 40 40

30 30

20 20 16.6% 10 10

2000 04 06 09 11 14 18 2019 2004 2019

Source: PCBS, SDGs Database 2019, 2020. Source: PCBS, National Accounts 2019, 2020.

81 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020

Elimination of all forms of discrimination against women [CEDAW arts. 1-5] and girls Sustainable Development Goals [CRC art. 2], particularly in legislation, political and public life (art. 7), economic and social life (arts. 11, 13), and family relations (art. 16)] Right to decide the number and spacing of children [CEDAW arts. 12, 16(1)(e); CRC art. 24(2)(f)] And Human Rights Special protection for mothers and children [ICESCR art. 10] Elimination of violence against women and girls [CEDAW arts. 1- 6; DEVAW arts. 1-4; GENDER EQUALITY CRC arts. 24(3), 35] Right to just and favourable conditions of work [ICESCR art. 7; CEDAW art. 11]

Right to an adequate standard of living [UDHR art. 25; ICESCR art. 11; CRC art. 27] Right to safe drinking water and sanitation [ICESCR art. 11]

Right to social security Right to health [UDHR art. 25; ICESCR art. 12] [UDHR art. 22; ICESCR art. 9; CRPD art. 28; CRC art. 26] CLEAN WATER Equal access to water and sanitation for rural women [CEDAW art. 14(2)(h)] NO POVERTY Equal rights of women in economic life AND SANITATION [CEDAW arts. 11, 13, 14(2)(g), 15(2), 16(1)]

Right to an adequate standard of living [UDHR art. 25; ICESCR art. 11]

Right to adequate food Right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its application [UDHR art. [UDHR art. 25; ICESCR art. 11; CRC art. 24(2)(c)] 27; ICESCR art. 15(1)(b)] AFFORDABLE AND International cooperation, including ensuring equitable distribution of world food CLEAN ENERGY supplies ZERO HUNGER [UDHR art. 28; ICESCR arts. 2(1), 11(2)] Right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work [UDHR art. 23; ICESCR arts. 6, 7, 10; CRPD art. 27; ILO Core Labour Conventions and ILO Declaration on Fundamental Right to life [UDHR art. 3; ICCPR art. 6], particularly of women [CEDAW art. 12] and Principles and Rights at Work] children [CRC art. 6] Prohibition of slavery, forced labour, and trafficking of persons [UDHR art. 4; ICCPR Right to health [UDHR art. 25; ICESCR art. 12], particularly of women [CEDAW art. 12]; and children [CRC art.24] art. 8; CEDAW art. 6; CRC arts. 34-36] Special protection for mothers and children [ICESCR art.10] Equal rights of women in relation to employment [CEDAW art. 11; ILO Conventions No. 100 and No. 111] Right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its application [UDHR art. 27; GOOD HEALTH AND DECENT WORK AND ICESCR art. 15(1)(b)] Prohibition of child labour [CRC art. 32; ILO Convention No. 182] WELL-BEING ECONOMIC GROWTH International cooperation [UDHR art. 28, DRtD arts. 3-4], particularly in relation to the Equal labour rights of migrant workers [CMW art. 25] right to health and children’s rights [ICESCR art. 2(1); CRC art. 4]

Right to education [UDHR art. 26; ICESCR art. 13], particularly in relation to children Right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its application [CRC arts. 28, 29]; persons with disabilities [CRC art. 23(3), CRPD art. 24]; and indigenous [UDHR art. 27; ICESCR art. 15(1)(b)] peoples [UNDRIP art. 14] Right to access to information [UDHR art. 19; ICCPR art. 19(2)] Equal rights of women and girls in the field of education [CEDAW art. 10] Right to adequate housing, including land and resources [UDHR art. 25; Right to work, including technical and vocational training [ICESCR art. 6] ICESCR art. 11] QUALITY INDUSTRY, INNOVATION Equal rights of women to financial credit and rural infrastructure International cooperation [UDHR art. 28; DRtD arts. 3-4], particularly in relation to AND INFRASTRUCTURE EDUCATION children [CRC arts. 23(4), 28(3)], persons with disabilities [CRPD art. 32], and indigenous [CEDAW art. 13(b), art. 14(2)] peoples [UNDRIP art. 39]

82 Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 Right to equality and non-discrimination [UDHR art. 2; ICESCR art. 2(2); ICCPR arts. 2(1), Right to health including the right to safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environ- 26; CERD art. 2(2); CEDAW art. 2; CRC art. 2; CRPD art. 5; CMW art. 7; DRtD art. 8(1)] ment [UDHR art. 25(1); ICESCR art. 12; CRC art. 24; CEDAW art. 12; CMW art. 28] Right to participate in public affairs [UDHR art. 21; ICCPR art. 25; CEDAW art. 7; ICERD art. Right to adequate food & right to safe drinking water [UDHR art. 25(1); ICESCR art. 11] 5; CRPD art. 29; DRtD art. 8(2)] Right of all peoples to freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources [ICCPR, Right to social security [UDHR art. 22; ICESCR arts. 9-10; CRPD art. 28] LIFE ON LAND ICESCR art. 1(2)] Promotion of conditions for international migration [CMW art. 64] REDUCED INEQUALITIES Right of migrants to transfer their earnings and savings [CMW art. 47(1)] Right to life, liberty and security of the person [UDHR art. 3; ICCPR arts. 6(1), 9(1); ICPED art. 1] including freedom from torture [UDHR art. 5; ICCPR art. 7; CAT art. 2; CRC art. 37(a)] Protection of children from all forms of violence, abuse or exploitation [CRC arts. 19, Right to adequate housing, including land and resources [UDHR art. 25; ICESCR art. 11] 37(a)), including traﬃcking (CRC arts. 34-36; CRC–OP1)] Right to participate in cultural life [UDHR art. 25; ICESCR art. 15; ICERD arts. 5, 7; CRPD Right to access to justice and due process [UDHR arts. 8, 10; ICCPR arts. 2(3), 14-15; art. 30; CRC art. 31] CEDAW art. 2(c)] PEACE , JUSTICE AND Accessibility of transportation, facilities and services particularly of persons with STRONG INSTITUTIONS Right to legal personality [UDHR art. 6; ICCPR art. 16; CRPD art. 12] disabilities [CRPD art. 9(1)], children [CRC art. 23], and rural women [CEDAW art. 14(2)] Right to participate in public affairs [UDHR art. 21; ICCPR art. 25] DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Protection from natural disasters [CRPD art. 11] Right to access to information [UDHR art. 19; ICCPR art. 19(1)]

Right to health including the right to safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environ- Right of all peoples to self-determination [ICCPR, ICESCR art. 1(1); DRtD art. 1(1)] ment [UDHR art. 25(1); ICESCR art. 12] Right of all peoples to development, & international cooperation [UDHR art. 28; Right to adequate food and the right to safe drinking water [UDHR art. 25(1); ICESCR ICESCR art. 2(1); CRC art. 4; CRPD art. 32(1); DRtD arts. 3-5] art. 11] RESPONSIBLE Right of everyone to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its application, Right of all peoples to freely dispose of their natural resources [ICCPR, ICESCR art. CONSUMPTION AND 1(2)] including international cooperation in the scientific field [UDHR art. 27(1); ICESCR art. PRODUCTION 15(1)] PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS Right to privacy [UDHR art. 12; ICCPR art. 17], including respect for human rights and Right to health including the right to safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environ- ethical principles in the collection and use of statistics [CRPD art. 31(1)] ment [UDHR art. 25(1); ICESCR art. 12; CRC art. 24; CEDAW art. 12; CMW art. 28] Right to adequate food & right to safe drinking water [UDHR art. 25(1); ICESCR art. 11] Right of all peoples to freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources [ICCPR, CLIMATE ACTION ICESCR art. 1(2)] * This table is intended for illustration only. The listing of relevant rights is not exhaustive. Under international human rights law, and under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, data for all targets need to be collected and disaggregated by the prohibited grounds of discrimination under international human rights law, including the respect, protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of Right to health including the right to safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environ- any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, ment [UDHR art. 25(1); ICESCR art. 12; CRC art. 24; CEDAW art. 12; CMW art. 28] disability or other status. Obligations regarding international assistance and cooperation also apply to all Goals. Right to adequate food & right to safe drinking water [UDHR art. 25(1); ICESCR art. 11] Right of all peoples to freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources [ICCPR, LIFE BELOW WATER ICESCR art. 1(2)]

Source: OHCHR, SDGs and the Related Human Rights, 2020.

Atlas of Sustainable Development 2020 83