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Home , Alignment (Israel), Avichai Mandelblit, Avigdor Lieberman, Benjamin Netanyahu, Benny Gantz, Beta Israel

which has the support of Yisrael Be - April elections.Thefirstisledby , There aretwomajoralliancesin the9 a deadline for approving the legal text. ruling in 2017, set 15 January 2019 as well astheSupremeCourt,which, ina cially byZionistandsecularparties, as for militaryservice,supportedespe- the lawondraftingultra-OrthodoxJews failure, inearlyJanuary2019,topass (Parliament);andsecondly, the of just61the120members with the support wing) fromthegovernment,leaving (IsraelOurHome,right- drawal ofLieberman’sparty, theZionist . The resignation leads to the with- launching of460missilesintosouthern in theGazaStripresponseto Islamic Resistance Movement () launch amajoroffensiveagainstthe following Netanyahu’sdecisionnotto Defence MinisterAvigdorLieberman resignation inNovember2018ofthe decision toholdelections:firstly, the two specific triggers that lead to the government’s term in office. There are seven monthsbeforetheendof early electionsbeingheldon9April, lead to Sephardim, ultra-Orthodox), wide AssociationofTorah-Observant orthodox Ashkenazi)andShas(World- Hatorah (United ,ultra- Yahadutish Home, ultra-nationalist), HaBayitHaYehudicentre-right), (- (AllofUs, dation, conservative), raeli history formed by Likud (Consoli- servative coalitiongovernmentinIs- relentless divisions in the most con BenjaminNetanyahu andthe volving the Prime and Likud , thecorruptionscandalsin- legislative elections.Theeconomic toral focus,withthecountryholdingtwo In Israel,2019isayearwithanelec- and Palestine Chronology of Events in Israel Chronologies - before thestate prosecutor’sofficein raeli head of government to appear tober, Netanyahubecomesthefirst Is- Prime Minister.Atthebeginning of Oc- General AvichaiMandelblitindicts the and 4000,inFebruary, Israel’s Attorney tanyahu, knownascases1000, 2000 into corruptioninvolvingBenjaminNe- With regardtothecourtinvestigations scheduled for 2 March 2020. tion, calledon12Decemberand is thussetonthepathtoathirdelec- to form a government, and the country to gathertogetherthesupportneeded office. However,Gantzisalsounable Netanyahu from serving another term in Arab partiesinthehopeofpreventing obtains thebackingofIsrael’smain ing the responsibility to Gantz, who task toformagovernmenttherebygiv- government, Netanyahugivesuphis ond inaneventualrotationasheadof tary immunityandacceptsbeingsec- the Likudleaderrenouncesparliamen- sentially duetoGantz’sdemandthat unity governmentcomestonothing,es- Netanyahu’s offertoformanational winning 33seatsandLikud32.After April, withtheBlueandWhiteAlliance confirm thedeadlockwhichbeganin ber. Thesesecondelectionsonceagain elections arescheduledfor17Septem- forthcoming, and soon 29 May -wing parties.Anagreementisnot with theultra-Orthodoxandextreme gotiate acoalitiongovernmentagain 35 seatseach,forcesNetanyahutone- the elections, with both alliances taking A draw in Statesmanlike Movement). and MosheYaalon’s Telem (National Lapid’s Yesh (There Is aFuture) sen L’Israel Yahir (ResilienceforIsrael), formed by ’s centrist Ho- didate Kajol Lavan (Blue and White) iteinu. Andthe other is the centrist can- Presence in (TIPH), present in Presence in Hebron (TIPH), mission oftheTemporary International to renewthemandateofobserver er measures,suchasthedecision not and theGolanHeights,aswell oth- settlements inAreaCoftheWest Bank ments andtheextensionofexisting ment, throughout2019,ofnewsettle- perspectives, leads to the establish- with BenjaminNetanyahu’selectoral ests oftheIsraeligovernment,andalso tion’s newforeignpolicywiththeinter- The of the Trump Administra and annexed since 1981. cupied byIsraelsincethe1967war ereignty overtheGolan Heights,oc 2019 toofficiallyrecognize Israel’ssov- dent DonaldTrump’s decision inMarch is furtheraggravatedbytheUSPresi- 1948. Thissustainedperiodoftension to the creation of the State of Israel in refugees to return to their homes prior US andclaimtherightsofPalestinian rusalem asthecapitalofIsraelby protested againsttherecognitionofJe- March 2018, the demonstrations have major events.Sincetheybegan,in Strip havealsobeenoneoftheyear’s border betweenIsraelandtheGaza territories of the and on the Great MarchofReturnintheoccupied The successivedemonstrationsofthe liamentary immunity. Knesset in order to safeguard his par- intention tofileanappealbeforethe the sittingPrimeMinister announces his breach oftrust.AttheendDecember, anyahu foracceptingbribes,fraudand ecutor decidestoofficiallyindictNet- hearings, inNovemberthepublicpros- stumbling blocks. However, after the court casesconstituteoneofthemain form a government, given that the three and, inturn,refloatingnegotiationsto the hope of avoiding a possible trial - -

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 369 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 370 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices nouncement in October 2018notto following onfromAbdullahII’s an- in November,ofBaquraandGhamr, Allenby border crossing, and the return, al-Labadi andAbdulRahmanMiri atthe rest inSeptemberofJordanian Hiba strain relationswithAmmanare the ar- Other events during the year which both in and in East . of theGoldenGate,sparksprotests The arrest,relatedwiththereopening in relationsbetweenIsraelandJordan. the KingofJordan,increasestensions holy sitesofJerusalemasappointedby the Waqf Councilandcustodian ofthe Sheikh Abdel-Azeem Salhab,headof ,thearrestinFebruaryof In anotheroftheconflict’shotspots, southern and central Israel. responds with intense rocket fire into airstrike on . Islamic Jihad the armedwingofIslamicJihad,inan Ata, theleaderofal-QudsBrigades, announces ithaskilledBahaAbuAl- time since2014.InDecember,Israel Islamic Jihad, target , for the first missile attacksfromGaza,attributedto border, andinMarchthePalestinian tine overtheviolenceatGaza pends aQatarifundstransfertoPales- spect, attheendofJanuaryIsraelsus- unabated throughout2019.Inthisre- tions in the also continue between IsraelandthePalestinianfac- Return protests,thetit-for-tatattacks In connection with the Great Marchof region. the West Bank amid high tension in the particularly hasanimpactonsecurityin agreements withIsrael,amovethat PNA willstopcomplyingwiththe Mahmoud Abbasannouncesthatthe On 25July, thePalestinianPresident historical rightsinexchangeformoney. bribe togetPalestinerenounceits rejects theinitiativeconsideringita Palestinian National Authority (PNA) nents the“DealofCentury.” The ,dubbedbyitspropo- US President’sson-in-law and adviser part ofthepeaceinitiativesetupby the US-sponsoredManamasummitas ,coincidingwith Seige callsageneralstrikeinallthe March ofReturnandBreakingthe In June,theCommissionofGreat massacre in 1994. the city since the deepens divisions between the leaders of thebeleagueredunitygovernment Hamdallah asthenewPrimeMinister hammad Shtayyeh to replace Rami ital. Theelection,inApril2019,of Mo- agreement signedintheEgyptian cap- suspending theapplicationof the of relations between and Hamas, visit toGaza,markedanewworsening voy in March 2018, during his first Prime MinisterRamiHamdallah’scon- However, theattackonPalestinian 2006. for the firsttime since be held in the West Bank, Gaza and would haveallowedjointelectionsto reconciliation agreement,which,inturn, Cairo inOctober2017tosignanew factions FatahandHamastogetherin Palestinian negotiations,whichbrought tian mediation to try and revive inter- der aspartoftheattemptsEgyp- PNA hadtakenbackcontrolofthebor- harassed and detained. Since 2017, the reports thathundredsofthemarebeing National Authority civil servants amid following thewithdrawalofPalestinian of the border between Gaza and 2019 begins with Hamas taking control As regardsPalestine’sinteriorpolitics, Islamic Republic. 1995, GonenSegev, forspyingthe and Infrastructure between 1992 and to theformerIsraeliMinisterofEnergy 11-year prison sentence handed down worthy eventrelatedwithIranisthe and Lebaneseterritory. Anothernote- security oftheIsraeliStatefromSyrian presence to plot actions against the demning Tehran’s use of this territorial sion throughout 2019, with Israel con- ian conflictisaconstantcauseoften- and ’s involvement in the Syr to penetrateintoIsraeliterritory. by theLebaneseShiagroupHezbollah 2018 tolocateanddestroytunnelsdug ern Shield,launchedon4December announces the end of Operation North- gets. Inaddition,on13January, Israel 2018 onIranianandSyrianarmytar- ian conflictwiththousandsofattacksin volvement oftheIsraeliarmyinSyr- confirm inJanuary2019thedirect- the Prime MinisterBenjaminNetanyahu raeli ChiefofStaffGadiEisenkotand On aregionallevel,theoutgoingIs- for both territories. renew theleaseagreementwithIsrael - is foundguiltyof spyingforIran, tween 1992and1995,GonenSegev, ergy andInfrastructure Minister be- • the Israeli . Israeli ForeignMinisterandthree times reported ofMosheArens,the former • West Bank, on 12October2018. of aPalestinianwomaninTapuach, the teenagers arearrestedforthemurder • ment, in the West Bank. have occupiedtheillegalAmonasettle- Israeli settlers, who,since December, Israeli paramilitary police of dozens of ing the evacuation carried out by the • scheduled for April 2019. dissolved withaviewtotheelections Party aheadofthe2015elections,is the IsraeliLaborPartyandHatnua party formedin2014fromthefusionof • Israel January 2019 movement is not a memberof. ganization (PLO), which the Islamist body of the Palestinian Liberation Or- thesupremelegislative Council (PNC), elections forthePalestinianNational take partinageneralelectionandeven part, Hamasannouncesitisreadyto eral AssemblyinSeptember.Forits ident duringtheUnitedNationsGen- a pledge made by the Palestinian Pres holding electionsthroughoutPalestine, forms a committee for in July2019,andon1October to reactivatetalksbetweenthefactions this situation,Egypt resumesitsefforts the reconciliation process. Inlight of national consensusandisdamagingfor tion and claims the appointment lacks tests in Gaza overthe economic situa- which hastodealwithincreasingpro- quence, themoveisrejectedbyHamas, Palestinian administration.Asaconse- an increaseinFatah’scontrolwithinthe litical apparatus,Shatyyehrepresents tiations withIsraelandinFatah’spo- Abbas andkeyfigure in boththenego- confidant of the President Mahmoud of Gaza and the West Bank. A close On 9JanuarytheformerIsraeli En- On 7JanuarythedeathinSavionis On 6Januaryfivefar-rightIsraeli On 3Januarythereareclashesdur- On 1 January the , a - formed. tinue tofunctionuntilanewcabinet is Hamdallah, resigns,althoughitwill con- ernment, ledbythePrimeMinister Rami • harassed or detained. ports thathundredsofthemare being National Authority employees amid re- following thewithdrawalofPalestinian of theborderbetweenGazaandEgypt • Palestine lan Heights, occupied by Israel. in response to a missile fired at the Go - army attacksIranianandSyriantargets in the attack. Shortly after, the Israeli International Airport,whichwasnothit seven Israeli missiles fired at Damascus Minister confirmstheshootingdownof • ber 2018. President travelledtoIsraelinNovem- nouncement comesaftertheChadian ties aftera47-yearrupture.Thean- riss Deby, the renewal of diplomatic gether withthePresidentofChadId- travels toYamena toannounce,- • court investigation into the case. that mayberequiredtotestifyinthe bers of the judicial selection committee Esther Hayutaretwooftheseniormem- Shajed andSupremeCourtPresident pointments. The Justice MinisterAyelet changing sexualfavoursforjudicialap- people involvedinaschemeofex- • on Syrian soil -2,000 in 2018 alone. thousands ofattacksonIraniantargets Israeli armyintheSyrianconflictwith confirm the direct involvement of the Prime MinisterBenjaminNetanyahu Chief ofStaffGadiEisenkotandthe New York Times, the outgoing Israeli • penetrate into Israeli territory. dug bytheShiagroupHezbollahto pose oflocating and destroying tunnels launched on4Decemberwiththepur- end ofOperationNorthernShield, Lebanese border,Israelannouncesthe cal workcarriedoutbythearmyon month of undergroundand technologi- • prisonment. which heissentencedto11years’ im- On 29JanuarythePalestiniangov - On 7JanuaryHamastakescontrol On 20JanuarytheRussianDefence On 20 JanuaryBenjamin Netanyahu On 16Januarythepolicearrestthree On 13Januaryinaninterviewforthe On 13Januaryaftermorethana operating with the Nazis in the Holo- Katz, whocondemnsthePolish for“co- Israel’s actingForeignMinister Israel attend inprotestagainstthewords of celled afterPoland announcesitwillnot Visegrad GroupinJerusalemis can- • Israel February 2019 sent in the citysince the mid-nineties. observer mission,whichhasbeenpre- ternational PresenceinHebron(TIPH) new themandateofTemporary In- Israeli government’sdecisionnottore- tional Authority(PNA)condemnsthe • wounded. tation whichleavesoneIsraelisoldier Strip, followinganotherborderconfron- Air Force bombs Hamas positions in the Gaza border and adayaftertheIsraeli light of the ongoing violence on the transfer ofQatarifundstoPalestinein • Strip. spond to a large protest in the Gaza ians areinjuredafterIsraeliforcesre- • the Gaza Strip. cilities inresponsetoarocketfiredfrom attacks twoofHamas’ undergroundfa- • capital. ognition ofJerusalemastheIsraeli against theUSandothercountries’ rec- to returntheirhomesandprotest claim therightofPalestinianrefugees which began in late March 2018 to forms part of the Great March of Return, from theGazaStrip.Thedemonstration ian marchtothefenceseparating Israel Israeli forces, following a new Palestin- are injured,12ofthembyshotsfired • Conflicts between the Parties in Israel. the early elections scheduled for April prisoner-exchange agreement before beginning oftalkswithIsraeltoreacha • Peace Negotiations On 18 February the summit of the On 29JanuarythePalestinianNa- On 23JanuaryIsraelsuspendsthe On 18Januaryatleast14Palestin- On 12JanuarytheIsraeliAirForce On 5Januaryatleast15Palestinians On 19JanuaryHamasconfirmsthe outlawed party. considered asuccessortoKahane’s assassinated inNewYork in 1990,and Orthodox anti-Arab , ed in2012byfollowersofthe ultra- its ranks,afar-right,racistpartyfound - (JewishForce) tojoin ministries in exchange for allowing The JewishHomewouldobtaintwo 9 April.Accordingtotheagreement, Jewish Home)aheadoftheelectionon servative partyHaBayitHaYehudi (The with AvigdorLieberman’sultra-con- yahu’s Likudreachesanelectoraldeal • decade. 2017 andthehighestfigureinlast violence werecounted,9.4%upfrom government, 1,646actsofanti-Semitic ing toofficialdatafromtheGerman the party. In 2018in , accord- sations ofanti-Semiticbehaviourwithin reasons beingtheirconcernoveraccu- Corbyn’s leadership,oneofthemain party overtheirdifferenceswithJeremy Luciana BergerandJoanRyan,leftthe of theBritishLabourParty, including and where in Februrary, eight members ing toCommunitySecurityTrust data, 1,650, the highestsince 1984, accord- acts in2018roseby16%,toabove dom where the number of anti-Semitic cause forconcernintheUnitedKing- 2017. The surge in anti-Semitism is also acts wererecorded,74%morethanin Semitism in . In 2018,541 such Strasbourg, amidariseinactsofanti- Quatzenheim Jewish cemetery, near ing thevandalismof80gravesin France to“comehome” to Israelfollow- Yoav Gallant calls for living in • removed the prison sentences. Sejm inJune2018ofanewversionthat against Jews,ledtotheapprovalin sectors ofPolish societyincrimes to cover upthecomplicityofcertain the newlaw, describingitasanattempt The USandIsrael’scondemnationof sentenced toupthreeyearsinprison. complicity in could be death camps” or accusing of der whichanyoneusingtheterm“Polish of thecontroversialHolocaustlaw, un- approval intheSejm(Polish Parliament) crisis beganinJanuary2018withthe tensions between both countries.The caust” inthelatestchapterofmounting On 20FebruaryBenjaminNetan- On 19FebruaryImmigrationMinister

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 371 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 372 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices ians andanIsraeli soldierareinjuredin • bomb attack. who werethoughttobecarrying outa other closetoJenin,theWest Bank, one Palestiniandeadandwound an- • Conflicts between the Parties to families of alleged terrorists. to thefinancialsupportPNAgives duces thetransferamountinresponse Israeli government after the latter re from taxes collected on its behalf by the that itwillnolongeracceptthemoney • Palestine elections on 9 April. a littlemorethanmonthbeforethe Case 2000)andbribery(Case4000), fraud, breachoftrust(Case1000and Prime MinisterBenjaminNetanyahufor General, ,indictsthe • 11 years’ imprisonmentforspyingIran. Minister GonenSegevissentencedto • dan and the of Jerusalem. tries, andleadstoprotestsbothinJor- sparks tensions between both coun dreds ofPalestiniandemonstrators, ing thesiteunderpressurefromhun- Bab al-Rahmaisforbidden,byreopen- to theGoldenGateorofMercy/ a 2003 court order, under which access Jordan in1994.Hisarrestforbreaching agreement undersignedbyIsraeland holy sites, according to the peace Jordan andcustodianofJerusalem’s highest representativeoftheKing city inthenextweek.Salhabisalso condition hedoesnot return totheholy only tobereleasedhourslateronthe Jerusalem, isarrestedbyIsraelipolice, Temple Mount/ The NobleSanctuaryin cil, theIslamicfoundation thatmanages Azeem Salhab,headoftheWaqf Coun- • the Moshe Yaalon’s Telem party. elections. Thiscoalitionalsoincludes Lavan (BlueandWhite)inthe9April gether as a centrist alliance called Kajol nounce thatthetwopartieswillrunto- L’Israel andYahir Lapid’sYesh Atidan- • On 15Februaryatleast20Palestin - On 4FebruaryIsraelisoldiersshoot On 20FebruarythePNAannounces On 28FebruaryIsrael’sAttorney On 26Februarytheformer Energy On 24 February Sheikh Abdel- On 21 February Benny Gatz’s Hosen - - epicentres. Protests arealsoheldin Balah refugeecamps,themovement’s particularly intheJabaliaandDeir al- ly dispersedbyHamassecurityforces, We Want toLive!andwhich areharsh- economic situation,calledbythe group cost of living, tax hikes andthepoor Gaza Stripagainsttheincreasein • forming a government. the newPrimeMinister,taskedwith tee member Mohammad Shtayyeh as Abbas appointsFatahCentralCommit- Palestinian NationalAuthorityMahmoud • Palestine Brazilian embassyfrom Tel Aviv. ruling out initial plans to transfer the of a tradeoffice in Jerusalem, thereby to Israel, Brazil announces the opening President ’s official visit • pro-Israeli lobbyinthe US. tee (AIPAC) the main organization of the American-Israeli PublicAffairsCommit- participate intheannualassemblyof Netanyahu, whoisinWashington to side theIsraeliPrimeMinisterBenjamin Trump makesthisannouncementalong- 1967 warandannexedsince1981. cupied bytheIsraeliarmysince sovereignty overtheGolanHeights,oc- ald Trump officially recognizes Israeli • and gas in the eastern Mediterranean. energy securityandtheexploitationofoil Pompeo andwhichprimarilyaddresses pation oftheUSStateSecretaryMike prus, GreeceandIsraelwiththepartici- takes placeinJerusalembetweenCy- • Israel March 2019 left 189 dead. Strip attheendofMarch2018,which repression oftheprotestsinGaza and crimesagainsthumanityintheir forces mayhavecommittedwarcrimes conclusions ofaUNinquiry, Israeli • as part of the Great March of Return. another day of clashes in the Gaza Strip, On 14Marchprotestsbegininthe On 10 March the President of the On 31MarchaspartoftheBrazilian On 25MarchtheUSPresidentDon- On 20Marchthe6thtrilateralsummit On 28February, accordingtothe Gaza Strip at the residential area of Sha • seph’s Tomb, in . devices at soldiers posted close to Jo- two Palestinians who threw explosive • gets in Palestinian territory. which bombshundredsofHamastar- vokes an immediate reaction from Israel, tack, attributedtoIslamicJihad,pro- Strip firesmissilesatTel Aviv. Theat- 2014, anarmedgroupfromtheGaza • lowing a raid inSalfit,the West Bank. killed inclasheswithIsraelisoldiersfol- • from the Strip hours earlier. Gaza, after a missile is fired into Israel several Hamas military positions in • in the Gaza Strip. curity forcesinanotherdayofprotests are injured by shots fired by Israeli se- • launched from the Palestinian enclave. to incendiaryballoonsandarocket targets intheGazaStrip,response es confirmattacksonseveralHamas • tween Israeli and Jordanian officials. Israeli police,whiletalkscontinuebe- after an explosive device is thrown at which on12Marchhastobeevacuated toration worksraisestensionsinthearea, presence ofIsraeliobserversattheres- gether withtheWaqf’s oppositiontothe ple Mountcurrentlyhouses.This,to- an additionalmosquetothefiveTem- whoinFebruarybeganworkon restoration workshasallowedaccessto the order,ratifiedin2017,toundertake recent reopening of the site, contrary to leged politicalactivitythere,butWaqf’s an Israeli court order in 2003 due to al- by Jordan.Thebuildingwasclosedunder which isoverseen located, are committee the Islamic heritage of East Jerusalem near towheretheofficesofWaqf, at theGoldenGateorofMercy, – holdtalkstotryresolvethetensions Jordan –custodianoftheTemple Mount • Conflicts between the Parties rested and interrogated. fah andthousandsofpeoplearear- al-Bureij, Nuseirat,KhanYunis andRa- On 25 March a missile fired from the On 25Marchamissilefiredfrom the On 20MarchtheIsraeliarmykills On 15Marchforthefirsttimesince On 12MarchaPalestinianmanis On 8MarchtheIsraeliarmybombs On 8Marcharound40Palestinians On 7MarchtheIsraelDefenceForc- On 7MarchofficialsfromIsraeland - man and injure two others during an Defence ForceskillayoungPalestinian • Conflicts between the Parties ment with Hamas. successful effortstoreachanagree- unity government and inlightofhisun- ary afterfiveyearsattheheadof who announcedhisresignationinJanu- the PNAtoreplaceRamiHamdallah, appointed asthenewPrimeMinisterof • Palestine area. dug atotalofsixtunnelsintheborder raeli authoritiesreportthatHezbollahhas tween and Israel, after the Is- es theBlueLine,alongborderbe- the existenceofathirdtunnelthatcross- terim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) confirms • the backing of 65MPs in total. this right-wingbloc,Netanyahugarners ultra-Orthodox YisraelBeiteinu.With Wing PartiesandAvigdorLieberman’s the centrist Kulanu, the Union of Right- parties ShasandUnitedTorah Judaism, erning coalition with thetwo religious reaching anagreementforanewgov- secures anotherfouryearsinofficeafter tion partiesledbyGantz,Netanyahu spite the24-seatincreaseforcoali- 26.15% of the voterespectively. De- Knesset (Parliament)with26.46%and White. Bothpartieswin35seatsinthe and BeniGantz’scentral-leftBlue between BenjaminNetanyahu’sLikud mentary electionswhichendinadraw • Israel April 2019 into southern Israel. other rocketfiredfromtheGazaStrip Hamas targetsafterinterceptingan- Forces launchaseriesofattackson • thest a missile hasreached since 2014. Hamas orIslamicJihad,thisisthefur- injured. Thoughttobetheworkofeither ron, northofTel Aviv, leavessevenpeople On 2AprilsoldiersfromtheIsrael On 13AprilMohammadShtayyehis On 25 April the In- On 9 April Israel holds early parlia- On 27MarchtheIsraelDefence into force,afterthe violenceinGazaof Israel andHamasforRamadan enters • launched from the Palestinian enclave. in responsetoincendiaryballoons several HamastargetsintheGaza Strip • Conflicts between the Parties estinian militias. tacks betweentheIsraeliarmyandPal- it wasreducedduringthewaveofat- Strip from10to15nauticalmiles,after tension of the fishingzonefor Gaza • Palestine vent another party from doing so. the end of the legal deadline and to pre his attempttoformagovernmentbefore tions for17Septemberafterfailingin ,callsearlyelec- the elections,actingPrimeMinister • Supreme Court. cution andlimitthepowersofIsrael’s jamin Netanyahu immunity from prose- that couldgrantthePrimeMinisterBen- test inTel Avivagainstlegislativesteps • territory. recognized Israeli sovereignty over the dent , who in March lan Heights,inhonouroftheUSPresi- tlement inoccupiedterritorytheGo- the processtosetupanewIsraeli- jamin Netanyahuannouncesthestartof • Israel May 2019 vehicles patrolling the area. diers duringaprotestagainstmilitary suspicion of throwing stonesatthesol- rest inTekoa, theWest Bank,under boy wastryingtorunawayafterhisar- while handcuffedandblindfolded.The shot andwoundedbyIsraelisoldiers lishes imagesofaPalestinianteenager an investigation after the press pub- • camp in the West Bank. operation intheQalandiyarefugee On 5Maytheceasefirebetween On 2MaytheIsraeliarmybombs On 21MayIsraelannouncestheex- On 29May, 50daysafterwinning On 25MaythousandsofIsraelispro- On 12MaythePrimeMinisterBen- On 22ApriltheIsraeliarmyopens - extends themandate oftheEuropean • middle of the Bahrainconference. tion inthePalestinianterritories, inthe intention toopenadiplomaticdelega - boos binSaidAlannounces his • ministration’s peace plan. Summit, heldaspartoftheTrump Ad- ing withtheUS-sponsoredBahrain Return andBreakingtheSeige,coincid- the Commission for the Great March of in the Palestinian territories, called by • Palestine. pipeline toimprovethewatersupplyin korot beginswork on aQatar-funded • Palestine territory, occupiedbyIsraelsince1967. of IsraelisovereigntyovertheSyrian cause of the US President’s recognition Trump (Trump renamed be Heights), reinaugurate thesettlementRamat cil ofMinistersintheGolanHeightsto jamin Netanyahu meets with the Coun- • lic funds in the Catering Case. to the public treasury for misuse of pub- pay a2,500€fineandreturn11,250€ ter’s wife isorderedto • try’s history. unprecedented milestoneinthecoun- Ohana asinterimJusticeMinister,an points theopenlygayLikudMPAmir • into the . week following the two rocket launches bombing onSyriansoilinlessthana jured inQuneitra,thesecondIsraeli diers arekilledandafurthersevenin- • Israel June 2019 is shot dead by police. two in Jerusalem, after which he • which is to beheld in Tel Aviv. upcoming Eurovisionsongcontest, The ceasefirealsocomesaheadofthe the lasttwodaysleavesdozensdead. On 28JunetheEuropeanCouncil On 26JunetheSultanofOmanQa - On 25Juneageneralstrikeisheld On 17JunetheIsraelicompanyMe- On 16JunethePrimeMinisterBen- On 16 June the Israeli Prime Minis- On 6JuneBenjaminNetanyahuap- On 2JuneatleastthreeSyriansol- On 31 May aPalestinian citizen stabs -

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 373 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 374 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices ensuing days leading to 130 arrests. January. Theunrestcontinues overthe was shotdownbypoliceinTel Avivin Ethiopian Israeli,Yehuda Biadga, who death addstothatofanother young country, despitebeingJewish. Teka’s have suffered since their arrivalin the to denouncethediscriminationthey raeli policeofficerduringabrawl,and young SolomonTeka, shot byanIs- protest against the death in of eration Salomon, take to the streets to evacuated toIsraelin1991duringOp- Jews originally from , who were • Israel July 2019 Defence System. territory isinterceptedbytheIronDome sile firedatIsraelfromthePalestinian positions intheGazaStripafteramis- • Conflicts between the Parties quests for them not todo so. the conference, despite Palestinianre- ey. ,EgyptandJordanattend its historical rights in exchange for mon- attempt tobribePalestineintogivingup rejects theUSplandescribingitasan malizing relationswithIsrael.ThePNA to understandingtheadvantagesofnor- the Palestinian economy as the firststep essary for trade and the reactivation of would be to create the conditions nec- President’s son-in-lawJaredKushner, istration’s new peace plan, led by the US ticipate. ThepriorityoftheTrump Admin- which neitherPalestinenorIsraelpar- idea ofafuturePalestinianstateandin a peaceplanthatcastsdoubtoverthe conference ontheeconomicaspectof • Peace Negotiations 30 June 2020. der crossingassistancemission,until tice, andEUBAMRafah,theRafahbor- in theareasofpolicingandcriminaljus- institutions of a future which assiststhePNAinbuilding missions inPalestine:EUPOLCOPPS, On 1JulythousandsofBetaIsrael, On 13 June Israel attacks Hamas On 25and26JuneManamahostsa of Palestine. 138th countrytorecognizethe State Christopher andNevisbecomes the • tensions. security in the West Bank, amid high a decisionthatwillparticularly affect plementing its agreements withIsrael, announces thatthePNAwillstopim- Palestinian PresidentMahmoudAbbas, military occupationsince 1967, the bourhood of East Jerusalem, under of 70Palestinianhomesinaneigh- • territories. porting theirproductstoPalestinian number ofIsraelicompaniesfromex- estinian governmentwarnsitwillbana eventually comesintoeffect,thePal- ports toEastJerusalem.Ifthedecision to banPalestiniandairyandmeatex- • to and Gaza. reconciliation andsendsadelegation mediation effortstowardsPalestinian • change. gistics zoneforbilateraltradeex- details oftheestablishmentalo- istries ofbothcountries,todiscussthe Industry, EconomyandTransport Min- administration, incoordinationwiththe a jointPalestinian-Jordaniancustoms ministerial committeeagreestocreate • Palestine legality of such a move. Bank, despitetheUNquestioning Palestinians inAreaCoftheWest homes forIsraelisettlersand700 prove theconstructionof6,000new • weapons-manufacturing equipment. channels tosupplyHezbollahwith using civiliancompaniesand maritime • sparking calls for his resignation. favour ofgayconversiontherapy, Minister RafiPeretzdeclaresheisin • Hamas. those perpetrated by Islamic Jihad or ted against Palestiniancitizens,even the PNA for acts of commit- Court issuesalandmarkrulingblaming • On 30JulytheFederationofSaint On 25July, followingthedemolition On 12JulyIsraelannouncesplans On 11-12 July Egypt resumes its On 6-7 July a Jordanian-Palestine On 30 July the Israeli authorities ap- On 23 July Israel accuses Iran of On 13 July the Israeli Education On 8 July the Jerusalem District dred Palestinians andIsraelisoldiers the West Bankbetweenaroundahun- • senal in Hebron, the West Bank. finding alaboratoryandexplosives ar- to carryoutanattackinJerusalem, after claim tohavethwartedplansbyHamas • Conflicts between the Parties cision missiles in Lebanon. bollah plantoconvertrocketsintopre- Forces reportanallegedIranian-Hez- • vice. blast fromahomemadeexplosivede- of ayoungIsraeliwoman,killedbythe response tothemurderon23August the West BankDolevsettlement,in the construction of300 new homes in Minister BenjaminNetanyahuorders • ing it for an infiltrated Syrianaircraft. plane fromtheGolanHeights,confus- takenly firesonanIsraelicrop-dusting • Israel August 2019 post. an IsraelitankattacksaHamasmilitary the assailant.Duringsameincident, diers, three of whom are wounded by at Israeli troops is shot dead by sol- had crossedtheGazafencetoshoot military sources,aPalestinianmanwho • separation barrier. grounds thattheywere too closetothe Hummus, EastJerusalem,onthe the PalestinianneighbourhoodofWadi raeli demolitionofdozenshomesin • Conflicts between the Parties the century.” called byitsproponents“thedealof Middle East to promote his peace plan, Jared Kushnerbeginsatourofthe ald Trump’s advisorandson-in-law • Peace Negotiations On 10Augustclashesbreakout in On 6AugusttheIsraeliauthorities On 29AugusttheIsraeliArmed On 26 August the Israeli Prime On 21AugusttheIsraeliarmymis- On 31 July, accordingtoIsraeli On 22 July tensions rise with the Is- On 31JulytheUSPresidentDon- yahu announces thathewillannexthe • stations. install surveillancecamerasinpolling Benjamin Netanyahu’sgovernment to ment committeerejectstheplans of • Israel September 2019 Israel. attempted rocketlaunchintosouthern of theGazaStripinretaliationforan bombs aHamasoutpostinthenorth • the border between Gaza and Israel. ians areinjuredbyIsraelirepressionat • fired at Israel from the territory. Gaza Stripinresponsetotworockets bombs several Hamas targets in the • zar II of Babylonia. Jerusalem bythearmyofNebuchadnez- the destruction of the First Temple of B’ celebration,whichcommemorates val, as it coincided with the Jewish Tisha pound fortheMuslimEidal-Adhafesti- protests overtheaccesstocom- on 11August,whentheydispersed against MuslimsattheTemple Mount against theIsraelipoliceactiontaken Israeli ambassadortoAmmanprotest • salem. a police officer in the Old City of Jeru- shot deadbythepoliceafterstabbing • the Sacrifice. Eid al-Adhacelebrations,theFestivalof at theTemple Mount,duringtheMuslim ans areinjuredinclasheswiththepolice • der fence and opensfire on them. Gaza Strip after he approaches the bor - diers killaPalestinianmilitantinthe • between Israel and the Gaza Strip. soldiers as they try to cross the border ian militantsareshotdeadbyIsraeli • month. dier DvirSorekatthebeginningof accused ofmurderingtheIsraelisol- during thearrestoftwoPalestinians On 16SeptemberBenjaminNetan - On 9SeptemberanIsraeliParlia - On 28AugusttheIsraeliAirForce On 23Augustatleast127Palestin- On 22AugusttheIsraeliAirForce On 18AugustJordansummonsthe On 15AugusttwoPalestiniansare On 11Augustatleast14Palestini- On 11AugustagroupofIsraelisol- On 10AugustfourallegedPalestin- by the Great March of Return. one oftheweeklylarge-scaleprotests tween IsraelandtheGazaStrip, during in intenseclashesontheborder be- tinians are killed and a further 70 injured • Conflicts between the Parties annual United Nations Assembly. estinian electionstobeheldduringthe the PNAMahmoudAbbascallsforPal- • yadh, Mohammed al-Khodari. officer betweenthemovementandRi- of its most prominent leaders, the liaison Saudi Arabia’s arrest on 4 April of one • Palestine ish Jews have applied. total of132,226descendantsSpan- apply forSpanishcitizenshipexpires.A by theEdictofExpulsionin1492to phardic communityexpelledfromSpain 2015 allowingmembersoftheSe- tablished intheSpanishParliament • investiture of an Israeli premier. their traditionalabstentionismoverthe years thattheArabpartieshavebroken Netanyahu. Thisisthefirsttimein27 ister, in the hope of removing Benjamin military chiefBennyGantzasPrimeMin- parties givetheirbackingtotheformer • being called. Gantz rejects theoffer. 17 September,toavoidthirdelections provisional results from the elections on tional unitygovernment,giventhesimilar vites hisrivalBennyGantztoformana- Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu in- • needed to form a government. parties toattain the 61-seat majority be abletoforgeanalliancewithother likelyto seats (sixfewerthaninApril), Benjamin Netanyahu’sLikud,with32 nor Knesset (twofewerthaninApril), liance, with33ofthe120seatsin ther BennyGantz’sBlueandWhiteAl- the previouselectionsinApril,withnei- sults ofwhichconfirmthedeadlock legislative elections,thedefinitivere- • the elections on 17 September. Israeli settlementsinHebronifhewins On 6SeptemberatleasttwoPales - On 26SeptemberthePresidentof On 9SeptemberHamasannounces On 30Septemberthedeadlinees- On 22SeptemberIsrael’smainArab On 19SeptembertheactingIsraeli On 17SeptemberIsraelholdsearly NGO PeaceNow, on10 Octoberan • charge for 20 months. February 2019afterbeingheldwithout Ramallah. Jarrarwasreleased on 28 Council KhalidaJarrar,atherhome in ber ofthedefunctPalestinianLegislative Palestinian politicianandformermem- forces arresttheprominentleft-wing • rights activists. over ahundredjournalistsandhuman legedly hackingitsservicetospyon the Israeli company NSO Group for al - lawsuit in a court in California against • than a year. ment and avoid a third election in less talks to try to reach a coalition agree- and BennyGantzbeginanewroundof • to govern alone. of the120seatsKnessetrequired none ofthepartiesminimum61 September, theresultsforwhichgave tanyahu’s Likud,intheelectionsof17 most votedparty, veryclosebehindNe- and WhiteMovementwasthesecond trist leaderBennyGantz,whoseBlue sponsibility ishandedovertothecen- the President . The re- three daysbeforethedeadlinesetby yahu gives up on forming a government a coalitionagreement,BenjaminNetan- • prosecutor’s office. ister hasappearedbeforethestate the firsttimethatanIsraeliPrimeMin- cases 1000,2000and4000.Thisis trial forbriberyandfraudincorruption General in an attempt to avoid standing tanyahu appears before Israel’s Attorney • Israel October 2019 Israel on 10 and 11 September. the Palestinianterritoryintosouthern Strip afterseveralmissilesarefiredfrom army bombsHamastargetsin the Gaza • Palestinian enclave. and droneattackslaunchedfromthe bombs targetsinGazafollowingrocket • On 31Octoberaccordingto the On 31OctobertheIsraelisecurity On 29OctoberWhatsAppfilesa On 27OctoberBenjaminNetanyahu On 21Octoberafterfailingtoreach Between 2-6OctoberBenjaminNe- On 11-12 September the Israeli On 6-7SeptembertheIsraeliarmy

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 375 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 376 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices legal requirements. meet thenecessarytransparency and in Palestinianelectionsassuming they affirms thatHamasisreadytotake part Elections Commission,IsmailHaniya delegation fromPalestine’sCentral tinian factionsintheGazaStrip anda ing thedaybeforewithotherPales- • ciliation. them inGazawithoutPalestinianrecon- West Bank.Hamasrefusedtohold were heldon13May2016,onlyinthe Strip. Palestine’slastlocalelections and civilsocietyinstitutionsintheGaza criticism fromotherPalestinianfactions taking place,adecisionthatsparks governoratewithoutelections war al-ShaerthenewPresidentof • the 2018 cybercrime law. tional security, basedonArticle39of and Gaza,whichallegedlythreatenna- and socialnetworksintheWest Bank on 17Octobertoblock59websites of First Instance reaffirms its decision • cases. including theirrelatives,incorruption whistleblowers, witnessesandexperts, ernment approves a draft bill to protect • which amount to 1.44 billion dollars. withheld sinceFebruary2019,and million dollars fromtheclearingfunds the PalestinianFinanceMinistryof428 Shtayyeh announcesIsrael’stransferto Palestinian PrimeMinisterMohammad government, reached on 3 October, the ment betweenthePNAandIsraeli • and 2006, respectively. were heldthroughoutPalestinein2005 presidential andlegislativeelections Strip andEastJerusalem.Thelast eral election in the West Bank, the Gaza tee to fulfil his promise to holda gen- dent MahmoudAbbasformsacommit- • Palestine agreement with the Palestinians. evacuate underaneventualpeace which are in areas that Israel may likely settlements in the West Bank, 59% of construction of2,342homesinIsraeli Israeli committeeapprovedplansforthe On 28Octoberafterholdingameet- On 26OctoberHamasappointsAn- On 24OctobertheRamallahCourt On 7OctoberthePalestiniangov- On 7 October following an agree On 1OctoberthePalestinianPresi- - Justice rules that food products coming Justice rulesthat foodproductscoming • as Prime Minister. the Defence Ministry, alongside his post til now, Netanyahu himself had headed few dayslefttoform a government. Un- Blue andWhiteparty, whichonly hasa ister, fromapproachingBennyGantz’s yahu sackedinJuneasEducationMin- thereby avoidingBennett,whoNetan- Bennett, interim Defence Minister, Naftali HeHadash party(NewRight), tionalist rightandleaderoftheHaYamin yahu appointshisbigrivalfromthena- • peace treaty. established intheannexesto1994 of eitherterritorytoIsrael,whichwas in October 2018 not to renewthe lease pliance withAbdullahII’sannouncement Baqura andGhumartoJordan,incom- • ment that advocates boycotting Israel. supporting thepro-Palestine BDS move- to extendhisworkvisa.Heisaccusedof by theInteriorMinistryinMay2018not Omar Shakiragainstthedecisiontaken Watch (HRW)inIsraelandPalestine director oftheNGOHumanRights Court rejectstheappeallodgedby • tion on 29 October. its ambassadorinTel Avivforconsulta- lating Israelisecurity, afterJordanrecalls lenby Bridgecrossingsuspectedofvio- their arrest on 2 September at the Al- held inadministrative detention since Hiba al-LabadiandAbdulrahmanMiri, that itwillreleasetheJordaniancitizens • Israel November 2019 of Palestine (PFLP). by thePopular FrontfortheLiberation part inanattackAugustorchestrated another two people charged with taking rested on28Septembertogetherwith Palestinian prisoner SamerArbid, ar- ternal securityservice,oftorturingthe Shabak, theIsraeliintelligenceandin- demonstrate inJerusalemaccusing • Conflicts between the Parties On 12NovembertheEUCourt of On 10 November Benjamin Netan- On 10NovemberIsraelreturns On 5NovembertheIsraeliSupreme On 4NovemberIsraelannounces On 1 October dozens of Palestinians Case 4000,for bribery, fraudand favourable presscoverage;and in paper, ArnonMozes,alsoaccused, for owner oftheYedioth Ahronoth news- breach oftrustforadealmadewith the vours; inCase2000,forfraud and men inHollywood,exchange for fa- around 180,000eurosfrombusiness- trust foracceptinggiftstothevalueof Case 1000, for fraud and breach of Benjamin Netanyahu’sindictmentin General AvichaiMandelblitannounces • Heights, occupiedby Israel. launched fromSyriareachtheGolan The bombingcomesafterfourmissiles ian armyandtheIranianal-QudsForce. Israeli airstrikesonpositionsoftheSyr- tory forHumanRights,inwide-scale killed, according to the Syrian Observa- – twociviliansand20soldiersare • mean Israelhastoholdathirdelection. jority inthehouse.Failuretodothiswill the 61seatsrequiredtoachieveama- form analliancethatgatherstogether has 21daysforanymembertotry is handedovertotheParliament,which President ReuvenRivlin,themandate expires. After communicating this to the government hoursbeforethedeadline Benny Gantzgivesuponforminga two parties, the Blue and White leader man’s refusaltosupporteitherofthese Blue andWhiteAvigdorLieber- unity governmentbetweenLikudand lack ofanagreementtoformanational • law. in theWest Bankviolateinternational considers thattheIsraelisettlements estinian territory, andsaysitnolonger spect totheIsraelisettlementsinPal- its stance, held since 1978, with re- • from Israel’s ultra-religious parties. the coalition,andtherebymovingaway aim ofpressuringNetanyahuintojoining coalition bytheJointArabList,with ment supportedfromoutsideofthe for theformationofaminoritygovern- man announceshissupportforGantz Yisrael BeiteinupartyAvigdorLieber- • an . their placeoforiginandwhetherthisis by Israelmustincludealabelspecifying from thePalestinianterritoriesoccupied On 21NovemberIsrael’sAttorney On 20Novemberatleast23people On 20 November, faced with the On 19NovembertheUSchanges On 17Novembertheleaderof Baha Abu al-Ata. directions, triggeredbythedeath of Egypt aftertwodaysofshellingin both Israel agree on a ceasefire mediatedby • fighting since the war in 2014. be thebeginningofmostserious southern and central Israel, in what may sponds withintenserocketfireinto rael inrecentweeks.IslamicJihadre- be responsibleforfiringmissilesatIs- armed wingofIslamicJihad,believedto leader oftheal-QudsBrigades, in GazaCity, IsraelkillsBahaAbual-Ata, • Conflicts between the Parties tion of their rights. position thePalestinianssayisaviola- financial assistance fromthebody, a the number of people receiving duce to theirchildren,aimbeingre- are abletotransfertheirrefugeestatus US opposethefactthatPalestinians exist initscurrentstate.Israelandthe siders thattheagencyhasnoreasonto tion fromtheUSandIsrael,whichcon- for afurtherthreeyearsdespiteopposi- sembly renewsthemandateofUNRWA • gation. mismanagement inaninternalinvesti- ing accusedofabusepowerand resignsafterbe- Refugees (UNRWA), head oftheUNAgencyforPalestinian • Palestine corruption scandals. ing hisallegedinvolvementinvarious members of the police force investigat the arrestofstateprosecutorsand tanyahu himselfandLikudtodemand Tel Aviv Museum of Art, called by Ne- Benjamin Netanyahurallyoutsidethe porters oftheactingPrimeMinister • cide on the party’s leadership. hold primaryelectionsinLikudtode- After the ruling, Netanyahu agrees to press coveragefor himself andhiswife. tions giant, to guarantee favourable , thecountry’stelecommunica- , the main shareholder of the news website Walla!, owned by breach oftrustafternegotiatingwith On 14NovemberIslamicJihadand On 12Novemberinasurgicalstrike On 15 November the UN General As- On 6NovemberPierreKrähenbühl, On 26Novemberthousandsofsup- - from Istanbul. to organizeoperationsagainst Israel reports thatTurkey hasallowedHamas cep Tayyip Erdogan,TheTelegraph meeting betweenIsmailHaniyaand Re- • be called. will bedissolvedandnewelections able toformagovernment,theKnesset If the deadline passes and no party is unity governmentbefore11December. event thatthere is noagreement for a be scheduledfor2March2020inthe – agreeonthenewgeneralelectionto raeli parties–LikudandBlueWhite • located. trolled by Israel, where the old market is H2, whichoccupiestherestandiscon- which takesup85%oftheterritory, and tors H1, controlledby the PNAand the OsloAccords,wasdividedintosec- ket ofHebron,acitywhich,following Israeli settlementintheoldcentralmar- ment authorizes the construction of an • tions on 26 December. tanyahu’s backing, to hold internal elec- ment, thecommitteedecides,withNe- a governmentexpireswithoutanagree- 11 December,afterthedeadlinetoform at theheadofparty. However,on elections, leavingBenjaminNetanyahu Committee votestoscraptheprimary • Israel December 2019 fired into Israeli territory. Gaza Stripinresponsetotwomissiles Forces attackseveraltargetsinthe • tlements violate international law. it nolongerbelievesthattheIsraeliset- denounce theUS’ announcementthat clashes withIsraelisecurityforces,to of rageinthe West Bank,leadingto estinian demonstrators take part in a day • into force the previous day. Israel, despitetheceasefirethatentered sponse toanumberofrocketsfiredat Islamic Jihad targets in Gaza, in re- nounces ithaslaunchednewattackson • On 18Decemberaweekafter the On 9DecemberthetwomainIs- On 8DecembertheIsraeligovern- On 8DecembertheLikudCentral On 27NovembertheIsraeliDefence On 26NovemberthousandsofPal- On 15 November the Israeli army an-

intercepts amissile firedfromtheStrip. targets inGaza,hoursafterthe army number ofattacksondifferentHamas • 2014. estinian territorybyIsraelsince June alleged warcrimescommittedin Pal- opens anofficialinvestigationintothe tor oftheInternationalCriminalCourt • the air defence system. fired fromtheStripbutinterceptedby sponse tothelaunchofthreerockets attack against Hamas in Gaza in re- • Conflicts between the Parties pation will now be heldeach month. ly demonstrationsagainstIsraelioccu- ing the Siege announces that the week of theGreatMarchReturnandBreak • tive detention. ties toendfourmonthsofadministra- an agreementwiththeIsraeliauthori- to a75-dayhungerstrikeafterreaching prisoner Musabal-Hindiputsanend • Israel and Palestine. two states to end the conflict between resolution thatsupportsthecreationof Representatives approves a symbolic • Palestine from the post. ter BenjaminNetanyahu’sdeparture ,followingPrimeMinis- dox UnitedTorah Judaism party, as ,fromtheultra-Ortho- ment approvestheappointmentof • as Jewish-owned property. settlements inAreaCtheWest Bank ficial registrationofterritorylocatedin ister NaftaliBennettauthorizestheof- • Minister Gideon Saar (27.5%). 72.5% ofthevotes,againstformer yahu winstheLikudpartyprimarieswith • of the Strip. Christmas, despitetheIsraeliblockade to visitBethlehemandJerusalemover allow PalestinianChristiansfromGaza • On 26DecemberIsraellaunches a On 20Decemberthechiefprosecu- On 7DecemberIsraellaunchesan On 24 December the Commission On 8DecemberthePalestinian On 6 December the US House of On 29Decembertheactinggovern- On 28DecembertheDefenceMin- On 26DecemberBenjaminNetan- On 22 December Israel says it will - -

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 377 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2020 378 Chronology of Events in Israel and Palestine Appendices El Mundo Welle Defense One Deutsche Cyprus Mail Chatham House Carnegie EndowmentforInternational Brookings Institution ANSAMed Al-Monitor Al-Jazeera Agencia EFE AffarInternazionali – IAI Al-Masry al-Youm ABC Sources Peace L’Orient Le Jour Limes – La Repubblica Le Monde Diplomatique Le Monde Le Figaro Jeune Afrique IRIS International Relations&Security International Crisis Group Il Corriere della Sera IFES Election Guide Hürriyet European CouncilofForeignRelations Europe Media Monitor El País Network War on the Rocks United Nations News Centre The Washington Institute The Century Foundation RTVE Real Instituto Elcano Radio Free Europe / RadioLiberty Press ReleasesoftheEuropeanCom- POMEPS Politico Observatory onPolitics andElectionsinthe mission Arab and (OPEMAM)