Hydrography of Virginia
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF VIRGINIA THOMAS L. WATSON. Groroctsr rr Cnencr GEOLOGICAL SERIES, BULLETIN NO. III HYDROGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA BY N. C. GROVER ASSISTANT CHIEF HYDROGRAPHER, U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND R. H BOLSTER \ ASSISTANT ENGINEER, U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE1 PUBLISHED BY BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION . r ooo THE BOARDS OF CONTROL OF THE SURVEY. VIRGIMA STATE BOARD OF'AGRICULTURE AND IMMICRATION. C. W. HEATER, Pnosronur. .....,.Ihopr,prown J. H. C. BEVERLEY. ...CneNcn A. O. MAUCK ......Yonrrowrv JULIAN M. RUX'FIN. ... .Oro Csuncu J. TIIOMAS GOODE. ........Srrpwrrn J. lI. BARKER...... ...Axron J. T. COWAN ..Cower's tr{rr,r,s WM. II. EGGBORN. .....Eceronxvrr,Ln JAMES R. GOOD\YIN .......Eccr,rsrorr W. B. LEECH .O-croer,E J. M. trIcBRYDE, Mtunrn Ex-ornrcro. .......Br,ecrseunc BOARD OF VISITORS, VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. J. TIIOMPSON BROWN, Rrcron. ..,BRrrRFrELr' J. C. CARRINGTON. ........Cnenr-ortn WYNDHAII B. ROBERTSON.. .. .Pr,,rsrrnco J. B. WATKINS...... .......Her,r,ssono B.B. BROCKENBROUGH. .......T.c.ppenANNocK D. NI. CLOYD . .DusLri\T J. S. MUSGRAYE.... ........PtNopor,rs J. F. RYAN. ...Ancor,e J. D. EGGLESTON, Jn., Supr. Pusr,rc Irsrnucrror, Mlunrn Ex-onucro..RtcEMoND C. W. HEATER, Pnr:smnrvn Roeno or ArJnrcur,runn, Mrrtnnn Ex-orrtcro .Ilnor,nrolyu COIYTEIYTS. Pecn :: :: :::::: : II ill5jfl:,"l;#-r ::::::::::I: :: : :: : Field methods. '" "':' 8 Offce methods Dennitions..........:...:..:.::::.:::.:.:.:::...:::...:..::.:...::: ,l Explanation of tables.. tl Potomac River drainage basin... 12 Description of basin.. Iz Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Md.. 16 Shenandoah River at Millville, W'. Va. gB Shenandoah River (South Branch) near Front Royal, Va. 50 South River at Basic, Va.. 6t South River at Port Republic, Va.. 62 Lewis Creek near Staunton, va.. .. 69 North River at Port Republic, Va.. TO Cooks Creek at Mount Crawford, Va..... 77 Elk Run at Elkton, Va.. .. Tg . Hawksbill Cbeek near Luray, Va.. .gl titrenandoa,h River (North Branch) near Riverton, Va. g3 James River drainage basin .. 94 Description of basin.. 94 James River at Buchanan, Va.. 102 North (of James) River at Glasgow, Va. f lg James River at Holcomb Rock, Va.. lgg James River at Cartersyille, Va.. .. 142 Appomattox River at Mattoax, Va.. 152 Roanoke River drainage basin. 163 Description of basin.. 163 Roanoke River at Roanoke, Va..... 167 Roanoke River at Randolph, Va..... 182 Roanoke River above junction with Dan River af Clarksville, Va. 193 Dan River at South Boston, Va.. r97 I)an River at Clarksville, Va. 207 Banister River at flouston, va. .. 2to New River drainage basin.. 2r3 Description of basin.. 2t3 New River near Oldtown, Va.. 2r3 New River at Radford, Va. .. 2t7 Discussion of Precipitation and Run-off Compa,risons. 229 Lisi of Rairfall Stations in Virginia. 231 List of Rainfall Stations in potomac Drainage in Marylancl and West Virginia. 233 ILLUSTRATIONS. Pr,ern pecn I. \Discharge, mean velocity, and area curves for James River at Cartersville, Ya.... 10 n. Drainage map of Virginia, showing gaging and rainfall stations. 12 tII. Plan and profile of Potomac River frorn Georgetown, D. C., to Williamsport, Md..... 74 i\I. Plan and profile of Potomac River from Williamsport, Md., to Cumberland,Md..... 14 V. Profile of Shenandoah River from Harpers Ferry to port Repub- Iic, Va. 16 VL Profile of James River from Richmond, Va., to Clifton Forge, va., and North River below Lexington, Va... 94 VII. o. Devils Steps dam on North (of James) River... 96 b. Buena Vista electric plant on North (of James) R.iver. 96 VIII. Plan and profile of Roanoke River from Weldon, N. C., to Roan- oke, Va. 164 IX. Profile of Roanoke River from \4-eldon, N. C., to Green Hill Ferry, Ya..... 166 X. Profile of Roanoke River from Green Hill Ferry to Roanoke, Va. 166 Ftounn l. Plan of South Branch of Shenandoah River from port Republic to Riverton, Va. 15 LETTER OF TRAI{SMITTAL. To the ll[embers of the Viroinia Boa,rd, of Agri,culture and,Im,migra- tion, and, the Boo,rd, of Yisitors of ilte Yirgi,nia Polgtechnic Inst'itute: Gentlemen:-I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the Ifydrography of \rirginia, prepared by N. C. Grover and R. H. Bo ster, of the U. S. Geo ogical Survev, in co-operation with the Vlr- ginia Geological Survery I and to request ihat it be published as Volume III of the Geological Series of the \rirginia Surr.ey. Respectfully, TIIOMAS L. WATSON, Blacksburg, Ya., March 15, 1906. Geologi.st in Charge. HYDROGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The following compilation of hydrographic data for Virginia is the result of co-operation during 1905 between the United States Geolog- ical Survey and the Geological Survey of Virginia. It has been made possible at this time, hor,vever, by former work of the United States Geological Survey, rvhich has {or the past ten years main- tained a number of gaging stations and collected mueh information eoncerning river stage and discharge. Other sources of information have been consulted and used {reely, and it is believed, that the most valuable data in regard to river flow, rainfall, profiles, etc., har.e been included. Acknowledgment should be made to the tI. S. Weather Bureau for rainfall data and for certajn records of river stages as indicated in the text I to the Chief of Engineers of the If. S. Arrny for profiles and elevations along certain portions of the Roanoke and Potornac Rivers I to the Tidevrater Railroad Company for elevations along the Roanoke River; to'the Hydrographers of the LT. S. Geological Surwey. under r.vhose direction the greater part of the data in this report was collected; and to Professor D. C. Humphreys, of, the Washington and Lee tfniversity, rvho represented the U. S. Geologi.. cal Sun ey in Yirginia prior to 1902. TOPOCRAPHY OF THE AREA. Virginia lies on the Atlantic seaboard, between latitudes 36o 40' and 39o 30', north, and longitudes 75" and 84" west, and comprises an area of 42,450 square miles, of which about 2,300 square miles is water surfaee included in landlocked bays, harbors and rivers. Its boundary is verl' irregular exeept on the south, where it nearly eoincides I'ith a parallel of latitude. ITYDROGIiAP}IY OT' VIRGINIA. Within its borders lie the headwaters of a number of prominent rivers of the Middle, South Atlantic, and South Central States. The drainage map of Yirginia, Plate II, brings out clearly the influential character o{ these drainage basins. The importance of the region has iong been appreciated, and much work has been done by various government bureaus and by private parties in studying phases of its hydrography and hyclrology. The State comprises part or all of the following drainage basinsr- Potomac, Minor Chesapeake, Minor Southern Atlantic, James, Cho- wan,. and Roanokg which enter the Atlantic Ocean, and the Ohio River drainage, which enters the Bastern Mississippi River. The Minor Chesapeake Bay, Minor Southern Atlantic Ocean, and Cho- wan River drainages comprise most of the eastern part of the State, which is low and flat, and has but few power possibilities. Practi- cally no hydrographic r,vork has been done in these basins. The other basins cornprise the mountainous area of the Statg and are each of considerable importance as power streams, and on each a eonsider- able amount of hydrographic information has been collected, as given in the following pages. The principal watershed of the State is formed by the Blue Ridge of the Appalachian llountains and extends from llarpers Ferry in a southwesterly direction across the State. \Yest of and parallel to this range, and eontaining sti11 higher summits, are the Shenandoah Mountains, while still farther west are the Alleghanies. The Blue Ridge is pierced near the northern border of the State by Potornac Rir,-er at llarpers Ferry, and within the State by James River at Balcony Tall.s near Glasgow, and by Roanoke River near Stewartsville. The Shenandoah }lountains are pierced at three points by tributaries of the James: by Jackson River at Iron Gate near Clifton Forge, by Cou.pasture River a few miles north of Clif- ton Forge, and by North River near Panther. The Alleghany Mountains are pierced by Nerv River near the rvestern border o{ the State at the Narrows. The highest altitudes are found near the southern boundary, where Rogers Mountain, the highest point in the State, has an elevation of 5,719 feet. Only one other summit in the Statg White Top Ridge (5,530 feet), has an elevation over 5,000 feet. Five peaks, however, reaeh altitudos between 4,500 ancl 5,000 feet, and sevon- teen are between 4,000 and 4,500 feet high. West of the Blue Ridge the eountry is broken by sharp mountain ridges, trending uenerally northeast and southwest, dividecl by val- leys whieh in the northern part are drained by tributaries of the '1'OPOC+ITAPI{Y O!' TIIE AIiEA, Potomac River, flowing northeastward, and in the southern part by New River and its tributaries, whose rvaters flow through the Great Kanawha into Ohio River. The extreme southwestern part of the State is drained by tributaries of the Big Sandy, IfoLston, and Clinch Rivers. The topography of all of this section of the country is exceed- ingly rough, and the rivers flow through valleys having steep side sropes. Iast of the Blue Ridge there is a gradual descent from the moun- tains through the hilly section of central Virginia to the Coastal Plain, the rvestern boundary of which is formed by what is called the "fall liner" the narrow zone where the granitic rocks pass below tide level. Over this "fall line" the streams pass in a succession of rapids formed by ledges of hard rock in the stream beds.