Natural Enemies of Russian Wheat Aphid Identified in California

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Natural Enemies of Russian Wheat Aphid Identified in California California cereal crops have suffered massive damage from Russian wheat aphid since 1988. Natural enemies of Russian wheat aphid identified in California J. Bernal o D. Gonzalez o E.T. Natwick o J.G. Loya o R. Leon-Lopez o W. E. Bendixen A survey of natural enemies of Since its detection in Texas in 1986, Recommendations for managing the Russian wheat aphid conducted Russian wheat aphid [Diuraphisnoxia aphid, largely adopted from other (Mordwilko)]has become a major pest countries where the pest is present, rely over several growing seasons re- of small grains in 16 western states and heavily on insecticide use. Management veals a complex of predators and has caused losses cumulatively exceed- strategies being developed in California parasites attacking this pest in ing $500 million. First detected in Cali- involve biological control and crop resis- California cereal fields. Because fornia’s Imperial County in 1988, the tance because unilateral use of insecti- aphid did an estimated $8 million of cides may not be economically, biologi- of environmental and economic damage to the state’s cereal crops in the cally or ecologically sound. Furthermore, considerations, unilateral use of 1988-1989 growing season. extensive planting to small grains, with insecticides is not a sound man- The Russian wheat aphid was first re- depressed market prices, makes chemi- agement strategy against this corded during the early 1900s as a pest cal control too costly. The continued of cereals in areas along the Black Sea’s spread of this pest into new areas pre- pest. A number of promising natu- northern coast (former USSR). Its native sents a serious obstacle to profitable ral enemies have been imported range is not clear, but recent findings small grains production in California. and are now being feared for re- suggest that it is native to the northwest- Its exotic origin makes Russian wheat lease in California cereal fields. em area of the People’s Republic of aphid an excellent target for biological China. This aphid was not recorded out- control in the U.S. In areas of the world These natural enemies may aug- side of the former USSR until 1938, where this pest has long been present it ment the effectiveness of ihose when it was documented infesting cere- is only an occasional pest, indicating already present in California. als in Morocco. that its natural enemies are effective 24 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE, VOLUME 47, NUMBER 6 southern and central California localities El Centro and Santa Ynez. During April and Mexico. 1992, only wheat fields at El Centro were sampled. Aphid biology, crop damage We collected aphid mummies (dead Russian wheat aphid infestations be- parasitized aphids from which the adult gin as small colonies in early spring, parasite emerges) from at least two shortly after the emergence of small fields at each locality on each date. The grains. Initially, the colonies begin feed- number of aphid mummies collected de- ing within the axils of the expanding pended on their abundance in the field leaves, causing the leaves to curl and sampled. Aphid mummies were col- provide shelter in which they can grow. lected from wheat plants with a small This protected habitat enables the brush or with small scissors used to cut aphids to survive and reproduce in ex- the leaf portion, together with the treme heat and cold. As the host plant mummy, and placed inside half-pint waxed-paper containers. Predators were Parasitic wasp, Diaeretiellarapae, pre- matures and leaves are damaged, the pares to strike Russian wheat aphids. colonies migrate to new leaves, eventu- removed from the aphid colonies with a ally colonizing the upper leaves and small brush and placed inside vials con- heads. taining 70% ethanol. The predators and Physiological changes in the host aphid mummies were then taken to the plant, together with crowded and ad- Riverside laboratory for sorting and verse environmental conditions, eventu- identification. ally render the host plant unsuitable for Aphid mummies were placed indi- further feeding. This triggers the pro- vidually inside gelatin capsules and duction of winged progeny in the aphid were kept in the laboratory at room colony. Winged adult aphids then mi- temperature until the emergence of the grate to suitable hosts and bepin new adult parasite. During 1990-1992, mum- Felonies. In the absence of .&Table mies and emerged parasites were P wheat hosts, winged females migrate to counted to determine the relative abun- < alternate hosts that include more than dance of the parasite species found. Russian wheat aphid mummy with adult 140 species of grasses. From there, Rus- Parasite species were counted only as parasite visible inside. sian wheat aphids re-infest wheat crops "present" or "absent" in the wheat fields as they become available the following during 1989, and no attempt was made there. Hence, state and federal agencies season. to determine their relative abundance. in the U.S. have focused on importing Feeding by Russian wheat aphid Predator species were counted only as natural enemies from those areas where from plant emergence to the head stage "present" or "absent" during the four the aphid is at sub-pest levels. Several of can directly reduce the host crop's yield. seasons of our survey. these natural enemies are being reared at While feeding, the aphid injects a toxin Despite our efforts to collect only the UC Riverside insectary for release in that destroys chloroplasts and intracellu- Russian wheat aphid mummies in the California. Upon their establishment, re- lar membranes. This aids it in siphoning field, a number of mummies of other leased natural enemies may augment the nutrients from the host plant, thereby in- aphid species were detected in the labo- effectiveness of those already present in terfering with photosynthesis and plant ratory. However, only parasites emerg- California. development. In response to feeding ing from Russian wheat aphid mummies Before the release and colonization damage, infested leaves curl lengthwise were identified and counted. Thus, our of imported natural enemies, the extant and develop white or yellowish longitu- findings pertain only to parasites and natural enemies of Russian wheat aphid dinal streaks; under colder conditions, predators of this species. Parasites and in California were surveyed. The survey's these streaks may turn purple. Plants predators that could not be identified in results should help verify and document can be infested at any stage from emer- our laboratory were sent for identifica- the establishment and impact of the im- gence through maturity; infestations tion to experts at other laboratories. ported natural enemies when released in during early growth cause the most seri- California. Initial field obskrvations dur- ous damage. In addition, Russian wheat Natural enemies ing 1989 in six California localities (El aphid can cause indirect damage by Natural enemy complex. Our collec- Centro, Lancaster, Lucerne Valley, transmitting plant pathogens such as tions during 1989-1992 yielded more Manteca, Parlier and Riverside), and the barley yellow dwarf and other viruses. than 4,500 Russian wheat aphid mum- Mexicali Valley in Mexico revealed that mies and an undetermined number of a complex of at least two indigenous Sampling program predators from all the localities sampled. species of parasites and six species of During April 1989, wheat fields in Among the natural enemies found were: predators were attacking Russian wheat El Centro, Lancaster, Lucerne Valley, (1)three species of Aphidiidae (Hy- aphid. Observations during 1990,1991 Riverside and Mexicali (Mexico) were menoptera), Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh, and 1992 added several natural enemies sampled for the presence of natural en- Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) and and some hyperparasite species (para- emies of Russian wheat aphid. In addi- Aphidius sp.; (2) one species of Aphe- sites of parasites, which may thus be tion, during 1989, parasitized aphids linidae (Hymenoptera), Aphelinus asychis considered detrimental to biological con- were sent to us by collaborators in Walker; (3) three species of Syrphidae trol) to the known complex. Parlier and Manteca. Sampling contin- (Diptera), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann), Here, we report our findings from a ued in 1990 for 3 months, beginning in Allograpta sp. and Toxomerus marginatus survey of natural enemies of Russian late March, at the same localities except (Say); (4) five species of Coccinellidae wheat aphid conducted during the 1989- Lancaster. During April and May 1991, (Coleoptera), Hippodamia convergens 1992 cereal-growing seasons in several we continued sampling wheat fields at GuQin-Meneville, Hippodamia quinque- CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1993 25 signafa ambigua LeConte, Coccinella May 1 (52%).However, aphidiid mum- added to the known natural enemy californica Mann., Coccinella novemnotafa mies were found to be more frequently guild of Russian wheat aphid, but A. franciscana Crotch and Scymnus (Pullus) hyperparasitized than aphelinids, except asychis was not found that year. Finally, loewii Mulsant, and (5) one species of on May 14. Nonetheless, levels of hyper- during 1992, D. rapae, L. festaceipes and Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), Chrysoperla parasitism may be considered high for A. asychis, but not Aphidius sp., were carnea (Stephens). In addition, we found both parasite families. For example, 94% found parasitizing the aphid. These dis- three species of hyperparasites (parasites of the aphidiid mummies collected May crepancies may be due to deficiencies in of parasites) from three families of Hy- 2 yielded hyperparasites. During 1991, sampling. However, another factor may menoptera: (1)AIloxysta megourae (Ash- only aphidiid mummies were collected contribute to these discrepancies. Since mead) (Charipidae), (2) Syrphophagus sp. in our samples. Hyperparasitism was Russian wheat aphid is a new addition prob. aphidivorus (Mayr) (Encyrtidae) lower in our 1991 samples than in our to the aphid fauna of the El Centro area, and (3) Pachyneuron sp. (Pteromalidae). 1990 samples but may still be considered acquired parasite species (especially A.
Recommended publications
  • Russian Wheat Aphid
    Fact sheet Russian wheat aphid What is Russian wheat aphid? Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is a soft bodied insect that feeds mainly on wheat and barley, but can attack most cereal crops. If this pest enters Australia, it has been estimated that it could cause significant damage to crops, resulting in up to 75% yield losses. è è What does it look like? The aphid is small (up to 1.8 mm long), has a ‘needle-like’ mouthpart, and is light green in colour. The body is elongated compared with other cereal Bugwood.org Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Wingless adult Russian wheat aphid, showing lack of aphid species. Adults can be winged or wing-less. siphuncles (‘exhaust pipes’ – circled) and presence of a Juveniles (nymphs) look similar to adults but lack ‘double tail’ end (cauda – arrowheads) wings. Characteristic features include dual structures at the rear (cauda) of the insect giving it a ‘double-tail’ appearance (see arrowheads in image top right) and lack visible siphuncles (‘exhaust pipes’ – circles in images on right) that are characteristic for most aphids. What can it be confused with? If it were present, Russian wheat aphid could be found with other cereal aphids on crops. The elongated body shape and lack of ‘exhaust SARDI pipes’ distinguish this aphid from common cereal Adult Oat aphid, with siphuncles (‘exhaust pipe’) structures species (compare top image to middle image). (circled) and no double tail What should I look for? Whilst feeding, the aphid injects salivary toxins into the plant tissue causing the leaves to roll up and white, purple or yellowish streaks to form.
    [Show full text]
  • Areawide Pest Management of Cereal Aphids in Dryland Wheat Systems of the Great Plains, USA
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Panhandle Research and Extension Center Agricultural Research Division of IANR 2008 Areawide Pest Management of Cereal Aphids in Dryland Wheat Systems of the Great Plains, USA Kristopher Giles Oklahoma State University, [email protected] Gary L. Hein University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Frank Peairs Colorado State University - Fort Collins Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/panhandleresext Part of the Agriculture Commons Giles, Kristopher; Hein, Gary L.; and Peairs, Frank, "Areawide Pest Management of Cereal Aphids in Dryland Wheat Systems of the Great Plains, USA" (2008). Panhandle Research and Extension Center. 33. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/panhandleresext/33 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural Research Division of IANR at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Panhandle Research and Extension Center by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 19 Areawide Pest Management of Cereal Aphids in Dryland Wheat Systems of the Great Plains, USA KRISTOPHER GILES, 1 GARY HEIN2 AND FRANK PEAIRS3 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA 2Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska Panhandle R&E Center, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, USA 3Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Introduction: Description of the Problem and Need for an Areawide Pest Management Approach In the Great Plains of the USA from Wyoming to Texas, dryland winter wheat either is regularly grown continuously or is followed by a year of fallow in semi-arid locales (Royer and Krenzer, 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Parasitism by Aphelinus Certus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a Parasitoid of Aphis Glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Author(S): Andrew J
    Development and Parasitism by Aphelinus certus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a Parasitoid of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Author(s): Andrew J. Frewin, Yingen Xue, John A. Welsman, A. Bruce Broadbent, Arthur W. Schaafsma, and Rebecca H. Hallett Source: Environmental Entomology, 39(5):1570-1578. 2010. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: 10.1603/EN09312 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/EN09312 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is an electronic aggregator of bioscience research content, and the online home to over 160 journals and books published by not-for-profit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. BEHAVIOR Development and Parasitism by Aphelinus certus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a Parasitoid of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) ANDREW J. FREWIN,1 YINGEN XUE,1 JOHN A. WELSMAN,2 A. BRUCE BROADBENT,3 2 1,4 ARTHUR W. SCHAAFSMA, AND REBECCA H. HALLETT Environ. Entomol. 39(5): 1570Ð1578 (2010); DOI: 10.1603/EN09312 ABSTRACT Since its introduction in 2000, the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) has been a serious pest of soybean in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Hippodamia Variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Detected in Michigan Soybean Fields
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ValpoScholar The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 38 Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 2005 Numbers 3 & Article 8 4 - Fall/Winter 2005 October 2005 Hippodamia Variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Detected in Michigan Soybean Fields Mary M. Gardiner Michigan State University Gary L. Parsons Michigan State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Gardiner, Mary M. and Parsons, Gary L. 2005. "Hippodamia Variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Detected in Michigan Soybean Fields," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 38 (2) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol38/iss2/8 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Gardiner and Parsons: <i>Hippodamia Variegata</i> (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) D 164 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 38, Nos. 3 & 4 HIPPODAMIA VARIEGATA (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) DETECTED IN MICHIGAN SOYBEAN FIELDS Mary M. Gardiner1 and Gary L. Parsons2 ABSTRACT Since its initial detection near Montreal, Canada in 1984, the variegated lady beetle Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) has spread throughout the northeastern United States. In 2005, this immigrant Old World species was detected in Michigan for the first time. Twenty-nine adults were found in soybean fields in 4 counties: Ingham, Gratiot, Kalamazoo, and Saginaw.
    [Show full text]
  • Cereal Aphids G
    G1284 (Revised August 2005) Cereal Aphids G. L. Hein, Extension Entomologist, J. A. Kalisch, Extension Technologist, and J. Thomas, Research Coordinator to living young. A female may produce two to three young Identification and general discussion of the cereal per day under warm conditions, and females may mature in aphid species most commonly found in Nebraska small 7-10 days. This tremendous reproduction potential can result grains, corn, sorghum and millet. in rapid aphid population buildup. Males of some species are seldom if ever seen. Cereal aphids can be a serious threat to several Nebraska Both winged and wingless aphids may be present in the crops. Aphid feeding may cause direct damage to the plant or field. Winged forms are produced when the quality of the host result in transmission of plant diseases. Aphids also may cause plant declines, such as at maturity. Other factors, including damage by injecting toxic salivary secretions during feeding. temperature, photoperiod or seasonality, and population density In Nebraska the most serious cereal aphid problems result also may be involved. The ability of aphids to use flight for from Russian wheat aphid infestations on wheat and barley dispersal is an important factor that contributes to the status and greenbug infestations on sorghum and to a lesser extent of these insects as pests. on wheat. Growers must monitor their crops for these aphids. Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Several other cereal aphid species also may be present, but they seldom cause significant damage. Accurate aphid identi- The greenbug is a light green aphid with a dark green fication is necessary to make the best management decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Airborne Multispectral Remote Sensing for Russian Wheat Aphid
    AIRBORNE MULTI-SPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING FOR RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID INFESTATIONS Norm Elliott1, Mustafa Mirik2, Zhiming Yang3, Tom Dvorak4, Mahesh Rao3, Jerry Michels2, Vasile Catana2, Mpho Phoofolo2, Kris Giles2, and Tom Royer2 1USDA-ARS-PSRL 1301 N. Western Rd., Stillwater, OK 74074 [email protected] 2Texas Agricultural Experiment Station 2301 Experiment Station Rd., Bushland, TX 79012 [email protected], [email protected] 3Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 74078 [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] 4University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52243 [email protected] ABSTRACT The Russian wheat aphid (RWA) is a severe pest of wheat in the High Plains region of the United States. Remote sensing could be effective for detecting RWA infestations for pest management decision-making. We evaluated an airborne multi-spectral remote sensing system for its ability to differentiate varying levels of injury caused by RWA infestation in winter wheat fields. Two study fields were located in southeastern Colorado in spring 2004, and two fields were located in far western Oklahoma in spring 2005. In each field, RWA density and plant damage were determined for 20-24 3x3 m plots with varying levels of RWA damage. Prior to sampling plots, multi-spectral imagery was obtained using an SSTCRIS® multi-spectral imaging system mounted NADIR in a Cessna 172 aircraft. The multi-spectral data were used to compare with RWA infestation level for each plot. Correlations between vegetation indices and the proportion of RWA damaged wheat tillers per plot were negative for all vegetation indices calculated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Wheat Aphid in Utah
    Extension Entomology Department of Biology, Logan, UT 84322 Utah State University Extension Fact Sheet No. 80 February 1993 THE RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID IN UTAH Introduction Since arriving in Utah in 1987, the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), has spread to all grain growing areas of the state. It is very unpredictable in that at times it becomes an economic pest and at other times it is just present. In some areas it has caused losses in wheat and barley of up to 50 percent or more. It can be a problem in fall or spring planted grains. Biology Russian wheat aphids infest wheat, barley, and triticale, as well as several wild and cultivated grasses. Broadleaf plants such as alfalfa, clover, potatoes, and sunflowers are not hosts. Volunteer grain plays a key role in the life cycle of this pest by providing a food source in the interval between grain harvest and the emergence of fall-seeded crops. Many species of grasses act as reservoir hosts during the late-summer dry season; however, grasses such as barnyard grass and foxtail grass that grow on irrigation ditch banks and other wet waste areas are poor hosts. Most wild desert grasses are normally dormant and unsuitable for aphids during this period. In some cases, winged forms may feed on corn during heavy flights, but no colonization occurs. In the summer, all Russian wheat aphids are females that do not lay eggs but give birth to live young at a rate of four to five per day for up to four weeks. The new young females can mature in as little as 7-10 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Aphid Vectors and Grass Hosts of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus in Alabama and Western Florida by Buyun
    AphidVectorsandGrassHostsofBarleyYellowDwarfVirusandCerealYellow DwarfVirusinAlabamaandWesternFlorida by BuyungAsmaraRatnaHadi AdissertationsubmittedtotheGraduateFacultyof AuburnUniversity inpartialfulfillmentofthe requirementsfortheDegreeof DoctorofPhilosophy Auburn,Alabama December18,2009 Keywords:barleyyellowdwarf,cerealyellowdwarf,aphids,virusvectors,virushosts, Rhopalosiphumpadi , Rhopalosiphumrufiabdominale Copyright2009byBuyungAsmaraRatnaHadi Approvedby KathyFlanders,Co-Chair,AssociateProfessorofEntomologyandPlantPathology KiraBowen,Co-Chair,ProfessorofEntomologyandPlantPathology JohnMurphy,ProfessorofEntomologyandPlantPathology Abstract Yellow Dwarf (YD) is a major disease problem of wheat in Alabama and is estimated to cause yield loss of 21-42 bushels per acre. The disease is caused by a complex of luteoviruses comprising two species and several strains, including Barley yellowdwarfvirus (BYDV),strainPAV,and Cerealyellowdwarfvirus (CYDV),strain RPV. The viruses are exclusively transmitted by aphids. Suction trap data collected between1996and1999inNorthAlabamarecordedthe presence of several species of aphidsthatareknowntobeB/CYDVvectors. Aphidsweresurveyedinthebeginningofplantingseasonsinseveralwheatplots throughout Alabama and western Florida for four consecutive years. Collected aphids wereidentifiedandbioassayedfortheirB/CYDV-infectivity.Thissurveyprogramwas designedtoidentifytheaphid(Hemiptera:Aphididae)speciesthatserveasfallvectorsof B/CYDVintowheatplanting.From2005to2008,birdcherry-oataphid,
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Suction Trapping of Selected Small Grain Aphids in Colorado, 1988-1998 Robert W. Hammon1, Terri L. Randolph2, J. Scott Armstro
    Suction Trapping of Selected Small Grain Aphids in Colorado, 1988-1998 Robert W. Hammon1, Terri L. Randolph2, J. Scott Armstrong3, Cynthia B. Walker4, Jeffrey B. Rudolph2, Michael D. Koch5, Wendy L. Meyer6, and Frank B. Peairs2 1 Fruita Research Center, 1910 L Rd., Fruita, CO 81521 2 Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523 3Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX 79409 4Colorado State University, 1001 S. Main, Lamar CO 81052 5 USDA Central Great Plains Research Station, P.O. Box 400, Akron CO 80720 6TREC, 18905 SW 280th St., Homestead FL 33031 1 Aphids are serious pests of small grains climactic conditions. Eggs are much less worldwide because of direct feeding damage and vulnerable to climactic extremes than living the ability to transmit plant pathogens. In aphids, so Russian wheat aphid populations are Colorado, the major cereal aphid pests are the more stable from year to year in areas where Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia there is no sexual reproduction. Males have never (Mordvilko), greenbug, Schizaphis graminum been found in North America so all reproduction (Rodani), and bird-cherry oat aphid, is assumed to be asexual. Russian wheat aphids Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). The Russian wheat spend the winter as living aphids, feeding on host aphid, introduced into the United States in 1986, plants when climactic conditions permit causes chlorotic leaf streaking, leaf stunting and (Hammon and Peairs, 1992). When winters are rolling, and trapped and distorted heads. Losses very cold or there is extended snow cover, to Russian wheat aphid have exceeded $112 Russian wheat aphid populations decrease or million in damage in Colorado (F.B.
    [Show full text]
  • International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods 2005
    ___________________________________________________________________________ Bai et al. virtually continuous source of fruit throughout the year compared to the other wild olive stands which displayed more erratic olive production. This correlated to lower incidence of both groups of insects in these areas. Measurements of olive fruit sizes from each of the areas indicated that the wild olive fruit stands along the river produced larger wild olive fruit which probably more readily supported the successful development of both olive fruit flies and parasitoids. Ovipositor length of the collected parasitoid species were measured on speci- mens from each of the collection areas and these measurements were correlated with fruit sizes in order to determine differences in species composition based on fruit size. Session 7: Compatibility of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Plants with Biological Control STUDIES ON THE COMPONENTS AND DIVERSITY OF THE ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY IN TRANSGENIC BT COTTON (FOUR BOLLGARD VARIETIES) IN JIANGSU COASTAL REGION Li-xin BAI1, Long-wa ZHANG1, Liu-bin XIAO1, Han-Jin FENG2, and Zong-Qin ZOU2 1Plant Protection Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agri. Sciences Nanjing 210014, China 27 2Farm of Cotton Seed Breeding of Dafeng Dafeng 224100, China In order to overall evaluate the ecological safety and planting risk of insect resistant transgenic Bt cotton, the composition and diversity of the arthropod community in 4 Bollgard varieties: ‘109B’, ‘154’, ‘690’, and ‘972’ was studies by means of the quantitative analysis method in Dafeng of Jiangsu coastal region. The results showed: no marked difference in arthropod species was found between each of Bollgard varieties and traditional variety check (Simian-3). The dominant species and their abundance were very close among them.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Ecology of Aphelinus Certus, an Adventive Parasitoid of Soybean Aphid in North America, with Implications for Biological Control
    Population ecology of Aphelinus certus, an adventive parasitoid of soybean aphid in North America, with implications for biological control A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY James Rudolph Miksanek IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY George E. Heimpel, Adviser May 2020 © 2020 James Rudolph Miksanek All rights reserved. Chapter 1 has been published in PLoS One. Permission for use is granted by the primary author, James Rudolph Miksanek. Chapter 3 has been published in Biological Control. Permission for use is granted by the primary author, James Rudolph Miksanek. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, George Heimpel, for his unwavering support throughout my graduate career. He has provided me with an in-depth introduction into the world of parasitoids, challenged me with a variety of research projects, and has encouraged my participation in an array of academic and professional meetings. I have also been extremely fortunate to share with George my personal interests in birding and jazz guitar. I thank my committee members—Dave Andow, Robert Koch, and Robert Venette—for their invaluable advice along the way. I would also like to thank Anthony Ives and Mary Marek-Spartz for fruitful discussions on mathematical modeling, as well as Kelton Welch, who has shared with me fascinating insights into ecological theory. Jonathan Dregni, too, has been helpful in contributing his knowledge of Aphelinus and the soybean aphid system, as well as in his hard work maintaining laboratory colonies of the study system. I also thank Henry Davis, who was not only a great help in conducting field research, but whose work ethic and positive attitude is something that I will always aspire towards.
    [Show full text]
  • Beneficial Insects of Utah Guide
    BENEFICIAL INSECTS OF UTAH beneficial insects & other natural enemies identification guide PUBLICATION COORDINATORS AND EDITORS Cami Cannon (Vegetable IPM Associate and Graphic Design) Marion Murray (IPM Project Leader) AUTHORS Cami Cannon Marion Murray Ron Patterson (insects: ambush bug, collops beetle, red velvet mite) Katie Wagner (insects: Trichogramma wasp) IMAGE CREDITS All images are provided by Utah State University Extension unless otherwise noted within the image caption. CONTACT INFORMATION Utah State University IPM Program Dept. of Biology 5305 Old Main Hill Logan, UT 84322 (435) 797-0776 utahpests.usu.edu/IPM FUNDING FOR THIS PUBLICATION WAS PROVIDED BY: USU Extension Grants Program CONTENTS PREFACE Purpose of this Guide ................................................................6 Importance of Natural Enemies ..................................................6 General Practices to Enhance Natural Enemies ...........................7 Plants that will Enhance Natural Enemy Populations ..................7 PREDATORS Beetles .....................................................................................10 Flies .........................................................................................24 Lacewings/Dustywings .............................................................32 Mites ........................................................................................36 Spiders .....................................................................................42 Thrips ......................................................................................44
    [Show full text]