9780521835770 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 0521835771 - Henry R. Luce, Time, and the American Crusade in Asia Robert E. Herzstein Index More information

Index

Abbott, Consul General George: and American Friends of Vietnam (AFV): and Indochina strategy, 119 chairman General O’Daniel, 205 Acheson, Secretary of State Dean G., 197, American Military Mission in China, 108 251; attack by Time, 75; support of Hiss, American society: after World War I, 23; 104, 123; wary of public opinion, 110; during the McCarthy era, 126; the civil meeting with Dewey, 110; Communist rights struggle in, 224, 233; changing China policy of, 111; National Press Club more rapidly than Time, 233–234; the Pill speech, 117; as a Luce target, 121;as and its implications, 233; riots in Los alleged appeaser, 123, 138; appointment of Angeles 1965, 234; anti-Communism in Dulles, 133; main interests in Europe, 133; decline, 234; and the war in Vietnam, 234, on South Korea, 134; called a “bastard” by 241–242 Luce, 136; and weaning China away from Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 125; Soviets, 138; and a uniﬁed Korea, 139;on on opening to China, 201 Indochina, 142–148; reprimand of Amoy (Xiamen), 190 MacArthur in 1945, 150; counters USS Anderson, 141 MacArthur testimony, 146–152; and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), Vincent case, 180 215, 220, 231; hapless performance of, 231; “Achesonism”: ; attack by Clare Luce, 164; U.S. deaths outnumber ARVN deaths, 237; purge of, 179, 181 desertions in 1965, 239 Adenauer, Konrad: visit to Moscow, 193 Ascoli, Max, 160; The Reporter on the China Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. (ARCI), lobby, 165; and the Luce media, 165; 167 counterattack from Chinese agents, 165 Aldrich, Winthrop, 160 “Asia-ﬁrsters,” 1 Alexander, Roy: with Luce, 71, 163; with Luce Associated Boards for the Christian Colleges in and Truman, 135; on World War III, 136;on China (ABCCC), 34, 62 Luce’s bellicosity, 137 Associated Press, 20 Ali, Muhammed, 243 Association for Asian Studies, 241 Amerasia, and Amerasia case, 47; vindication Athenia, 316 of Luce’s suspicions, 47; and Fred Field, 68 atomic bomb, 147, 153 American Bar Association, 177 Auchincloss, Douglas: and the IPR, 67–70 American Bureau for Medical Aid to China Austrian State Treaty, 193 (ABMAC), 65; Kohlberg inquiry, 65 “American Century,” 2, 17; Luce on, 1940–41, Bailey, Wesley “Wes,” 11 33–34; reactions to, 33; and China as the Baldwin, Gov. Raymond, 46 ultimate test of, 34; vs. bipolarity, 5, 49 Ball, Under Secretary of State George W.: American China Policy Association (ACPA): doubts about Vietnam, 229; on McNamara, Kohlberg’s founding of, 68, 89; Clare Luce 242 president of, 89, 109 Banks, Louis, on alleged sellout of China, 110

327

328 Index

Bao Dai, Emperor, 119; and Luce, 142, 145–151; counters MacArthur testimony, 144–148, 149, 166, 169; Time cover, 146, 152 142–148; weaknesses, 183; struggles to Bridges, Senator Styles, 94, 121, 180; and survive, 188 stalling Vincent, 75; on China debacle, 100; Baruch, Bernard M.: and Clare Luce, 27 sends a team to China, 101; on Hiss and Beal, John Robinson, 61, 120, 140, 174; and Yalta, 123; on Truman and MacArthur, 138; Chiang, 54; with Luce in China, 71;on calls for war with China, 145–151 McCarthy, 126; and his charges, 129;on British China Inland Mission School, 22, 73 Lattimore’s crime, 130, 131; on possible Brokaw, Ann, 56 Chinese intervention, 145–150, 151;on Brokaw, George T. “Teddy”: and marriage to China as a Soviet puppet, 147;on Clare Boothe, 27 Democrats’ concerns about Indochina Brownell, Herbert, 160 intervention, 185; on Ho Chi Minh, 186; Buckley, William F., Jr.: on Time, xiii on the Formosa Straits resolution, 192 Budenz, Louis F., 131–132; criticism of, 132 Beaverbrook, Sir Maxwell Aitken, First Lord Buell, Raymond L., 48 of, 226 Bullitt, William C., former ambassador: as Beijing: and Communist takeover, 108 Luce’s emissary to China, 89–90; Bell, L. Nelson: letter on China, 201 congressional testimony, 90; on Marshall’s Ben Suc, 238 aid plan for China, 91; views echoed, 98;on Bentley, Elizabeth: on Communist subversion, a Communist China, 101; as Luce’s man in 103 Indochina, 118–119; on Ho Chi Minh, 118, Benton, William, Assistant Secretary of State: 119 and recruitment of the Luces, 91 Bundy, McGeorge, 93 Billings, John Shaw, xv, 28, 176; on the Luce Burnham, James: In Life, 81–82; The Struggle marriage, 14; on Luce, 15, 17–18, 31;on for the World, 88; Wedemeyer and, 88–89 Clare Boothe Luce, 28; on Japan crisis, 38; Business Week: on McCarthy boycott, 160 ridicules Hurley, 53; on Luce’s China Byrnes, Secretary of State James F., 53, 54, 79; anguish, 80, 250; on Time Inc. fighting praise from Luce, 80 Communism, 82; on Luce “purge,” 82; dislike of Bullitt, 89; on Hiss, 104; belief in Cambodia, 187, 205; recognition of Red Chambers, 104; on Cold War “dementia” at China, 205 Time Inc., 108; on discomfiture of former Carter, Edward C., “Ned”: Secretary General radicals, 122, 181; fears of nuclear attack on of the IPR, 64; and Pacific House, 64, 69; New York City, 123; on dread of war, 136; confronted by Kohlberg, 66, 68; and on shooting “gooks,” 144, 149; on Luce’s Russian War Relief, 67; pro-Communist recruitment of MacArthur, 150; on Luce’s attitude of, 67–70; and Luce, 69–70, 74; “Greatness,” 145–152; on Luce’s views on congratulated by White, 83 Eisenhower candidacy, 160, 161; on Luce as Castro, Fidel, 217 editor and partisan, 176; on McCarthy Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 123; and destroying himself, 182; on Luce in a failure to foresee Korean invasion, 134; use nostalgic moment, 239 of Time Inc. by, 193; and covert action, Birch, Captain John, 51 196 Blaine, Anita McCormick “Auntie”: and Century Group, 32–33 Leftist ties of, 159 Chamberlain, Neville, 29, 123 Blaine, James G., 65 Chambers, Whittaker, 3, 45, 70, 102–104; Blair, Clay, 143–149; on General Bradley’s impact on Luce, 42–44; marriage, 43; and plan, 144–149 Time, 43, 50, 105–107; Chiang’s critics, 43; Booth, Win: on Truman’s large crowds, 99; attack on Teddy White, 43; heart attack, 50, reports Truman had won the Korean War, 103; HUAC testimony, 103; and “George 139 Crosley,” 104; and “pumpkin papers,” 105; Bourke-White, Margaret, 25 final confrontation with Luce, 107; Witness, Bouvier, Jacqueline (Mrs. John F. Kennedy, 107; vindication from Nixon, 162 Jackie Kennedy): marriage of, 209 Chan, Anna: and marriage to Chennault, 94 Bowie, Robert, 175 Chang Chun, governor, see Zhang Qun, Bowles, Chester: and desire for land reform, governor 225 Chen Cheng, General, 81; squabbles with Wu, Bradley, General Omar, 144, 149; plan for 179 Korea, 144–149; suspected by MacArthur, Chen Chih-Mai, 165

Index 329

Chen Lifu, 54; on Marshall, 54; on Stuart, 94; negative news from, 5, 96; U.S. 61 unwilling to intervene, 119; IOC withdraws Chen Yi, General and governor, 81 recognition, 202 Chennault, General Claire L., 87; critic of China, Communist (See also People’s Stilwell, 40; the Flying Tigers, 40; Republic of China): Kennedy and Luce Fourteenth Army Air Force, 40; and praise on UN issue, 214; as the real enemy, 216; for Hurley, 52; on aid for China, 94; support for Kim Il Sung, 134; North business interests in China, 94; turns against Korean success and, 135; abandonment of Wu, 179 Marxism in, xiv Chennault, Mrs. Claire (Anna Chan), 246 China Air Transport (CAT), 94; history and Chiang Ching-kuo, 166 purpose, 148–154 Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo, 25, 129, 134, China Institute in America (CIAI): Luce and, 135, 144–149, 154, 161, 164, 188, 197, 222, 154; and Chiang’s government, 154;May 225, 235, 248, 251; as a Methodist, 25; 1951 dinner, 154 cultivates Luce, 9; Luce’s man of destiny, 26; China lobby, 1, 10, 42, 70, 190, 197; stymied as tutor to his people, 10; Time’s by Marshall, 80–81; progress of, 138; “disinterested patriot,” 34; attacks pleased by Eisenhower’s rhetoric, 163; Communists, 35; Time blames the Eisenhower’s failure to embrace it, 170; Communists, 35; defies FDR, 44; and the arguments against admission of Red China, Stilwell recall, 44; survives 1945 defeats, 46; 177; Committee of One Million (COOM), unprepared for end of war, 51; criticized in 177–178; losing some of its clout, 202, the U.S. Senate, 53; supported by Luce, 53; 246; appalled by Nixon opening to China, thanks Luce, 47; worried about Marshall, 246 55, 72; praises Stuart, 72–73; prepares China Weekly Review: publication of letters offensives, 55; patience is ebbing, 60–61; denouncing Luce, 101 weary of Marshall mission, 61; wary of Chinese Combat Command, U.S., 9 Stuart, 61; his birthday in 1946, 72–73; Luce Chinese Mass Education Movement, 159 hopes to send aid, 79; march toward Chongqing, 9, 35 disaster, 84; Time on his troops, 101–102; Christian colleges in China: Luce’s support of, Luce losing hope, 108; and Lattimore, 128; 11, 34; fund-raising for, 62; and Marshall, Time on his loss of support, 129; welcomes 85; fate under the Communists, 120 Korean crisis, 135; offers troops to Christian missions in China, 12 MacArthur, 135; lessons drawn from his Christian Nationalists, 147, 153 failure, 141; rejects nuclear offensive, Churchill, Prime Minister Winston: 147–153; the China lobby, 165; happy to see conversations with Luce, 161; and the Luce, 166; glorified in Luce’s magazines, Soviets, 176; ridicule of Chinese, 176; desire 166; unleashed by Eisenhower, 174; for peace talks, 185; and Geneva, 187;on publishes a piece in Life, 175; praised by Sino-Soviet tensions, 200 Robertson, 190; thoughts on nuclear war, Clark, General Mark: warning against Asian 192; and alleged peace plan, 193; in Luce’s war, 228 abortive 1955 plan, 197; Soviet Russia in Clark, Worth: and the China lobby, 165 China, 199–200; no U.S. aid for invasion, Cleveland Council on World Affairs, 79–80; 200; renounces unilateral use of force, 201; co-hosted by Time, 79 death of, 246 Clifford, Clark: and the China lobby, 165; Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 10, 248; warning warning of quagmire, 232; as Defense for Americans, 37, 38; caution for Marshall, Secretary, 245 55; determination to fight on, 93–94; ignores Clurman, Richard, 222; in Vietnam, 222 Luce’s advice, 101; desperate visit to U.S., Cohn, Roy, 182; and G. David Schine, 182 102; audience with Truman, 102; clash with Cold War, 3; in Asia, casualties, 3 Wu, 179 Collier’s Weekly, 50, 158 Chicago Tribune, 104 Committee of One Million (COOM), 197, Childs, Marquis: denounces Luce, 154 201; and China lobby, 177–178; and Luce, China: military debacle in 1944, 42; Luce’s 178, 202; administration wary of, 178; and vision of, 33–35; vast postwar problems, 51; the 1956 party platforms, 198; on lobbying elusive unity, 51; Dulles on, 1946, 58; U.S. for Diem, 204 embargo, 62; ruinous inflation, 84; embargo Communism: in Russia, 23; Luce on, 5, 108; lifted, 84–85; American assistance, 90, 95; Eisenhower on, 163; as “Satan in action,” election-year aid bill, 94; Time’s sarcasm, 197–198

330 Index

Communists, in China, xiii; Luce’s opposition Dulles, John Foster, 98, 176, 251; working to, 2; as “agrarian reformers,” 10; attractive with Luce, 57–58, 98; and Christian to some Americans, 42; offensive from principles, 57; “Thoughts on Soviet Foreign Henan, 14; offensive from Shanxi, 14; Policy ...,” 57–58; as State Department sources of strength, 84, 97; Luce’s counselor, 133; and Communist China, 133; unfamiliarity of, 12; rarely acknowledged by the Japanese peace treaty, 147, 153; and the Time, 97; drive on Beijing, 100 CIAI dinner, 154; and Luce in 1952, 162;“A Communists, in the State Department: Policy of Boldness,” 162; rejects allegations of, 109 containment, 162; and Republican foreign Communists, in the United States: at the end policy plank, 162; strong ties to Luce, 177; of World War II, 58; Luce’s eagerness to wariness of COOM, 178; moves against expose them, 58 Vincent, 180; on Ho’s weakness, 185; and Conlon Report, 203 dilemmas in Indochina, 185, 186; opposition Connally, Senator Tom: on Chiang, 53 to Red China recognition, 186, 187, 200;on Corcoran, Thomas “Tommy the Cork,” 94, the PRC, 188;onQuemoy,190; strategy in 101; and the China lobby, 165; helps Diem, the Straits, 191; “Man of the Year,” 191; 204 Luce’s advice to, 192, 193; and Corregidor, Life’s “Gibraltar of the Pacific,” “brinkmanship,” 198; grave illness of, 202 38 Duncan, David Douglas, 144–150; work in Council for Democracy: Luce’s support of, 38 Life, 183–184; on the French “quagmire,” Council on Foreign Relations (CFR): Luce’s 175, 183; article an embarrassment to Luce, speeches before, 53; and Communist China, 184 126 Duong Van Minh, General, 223 Cronkite, Walter, 243; and CBS News Vietnam coverage, 243; vs. Time’s coverage, 243 East Asia: balance of power shifts, 116 Crusade for Freedom, 123; and the CIA, 123 Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), Cue magazine: salutes Luce, 37–38 95 Czechoslovakia, 147–153 Eden, Foreign Minister Anthony: and Geneva, 187 Dai Li, 59; as the “Chinese Himmler,” 59 Edwards, Dwight: and Kohlberg, 65; support Daily Worker, 67, 68, 159; and a Time Inc. for Rhee, 114 employee, 82 Eighth Route Army, 59 Dairen, see Luda¨ Eisenhower, President Dwight D. (see also Dalrymple, Jean: and affair with Luce, 15 Luce, Henry Robinson: Eisenhower), xiii, Danang: Marines foiled by the enemy, 230 182, 184, 187, 251; and Luce, 177; image in Davenport, Russell W., 25, 248; Willkie’s Time Inc., 158; public opinion savvy, 158; campaign manager, 32 Time Inc. editors rally to him, 160; and Davies, John Paton Jr., 46, 133 support from Luce allies, 160; and refusal to Dewey, Governor Thomas E., 57; Luce’s run for presidency, 161; resignation to run, influence on, 98; and Bullitt, 98; anointed by 161; no expertise on the Far East, 161; Luce, 4; defeat in 1948, 100; plan to send dismissal of MacArthur strategy, 161, 163; Luce to China, 110 intention to unleash Chiang, 161; echoes Diem, Ngo Dinh: celebrated by Time, xiii; Time Inc. on Asia, 163; call for a coherent Luce’s promotion of, 194, 204;onthe policy, 163; “I shall go to Korea,” 164; and American mission, 194; and tough times Luce’s editing, 164; electoral landslide, 164, after 1954, 194; standoff with generals, 194; 249; wariness of McCarthy, 170; abandons elections, 195; overthrows Bao appointment of Clare Luce ambassador, Dai, 195; receives an award, 205; reelection, 173; agreement to Korean armistice, 175; 206; the “Churchill of Asia,” 216; cautious criticism of Chiang strategy, 190; ambiguous on U.S. troops, 216; unpopular in rural response to Luce, 192; on defending areas, 217; Time more critical of, 217 Formosa, 192; criticism of Robertson and Dien Bien Phu, 184–185, 186 Radford, 192; peace and prosperity themes, Donovan, Hedley: as Luce’s successor, 192–193; suspicion of Asia-firsters, 193; 226–227; and China policy, 229; doubts heart attack, 197; inaction on Hungarian about Vietnam, 238, 244, 245;as revolt, 199; 1956 landslide, 199; promise to Fuerbringer’s replacement, 245 block Far East “Munich,” 200; reflection on Dower, John, 48 Quemoy crises, 312n7;onthe Doyle, Robert: advocates recognition, 293 military-industrial complex, 204; skepticism Drumright, Everett, 173 about fallout shelters, 204; on Diem as a

Index 331

“miracle man,” 205; retirement in 1961, U.S. buildup in Vietnam, 231; on looming 206 war with Red China, 232; on guns and Eisenstadt, Alfred “Eisie”: at Life, 29 butter, 233 Elson, Bob: on the China aid bill, 92; with Frankfurter, Felix, Justice: support of Hiss, Luce in China, 71 104 Emmet, Christopher: and Diem, 205 Fuchs, Klaus: arrest and confession, 123 Erskine, General Graves B. “Bobby,” 143–148, Fuerbringer, Otto, 163, 224, 233; managing 149; on domino theory, 143–149 editor of Time, 211; admiration for Nixon, Europe: and growing Cold War tensions, 92; 211; and Cuban missile crisis, 214; “blow Time and World War III, 92 the hell” out of the Communists, 222;on hearing JFK shot, 224; flirtation with Fairbank, Professor John King, 229; and Goldwater candidacy, 227; Time overrules Teddy White, 35, 37, 73; on Yan’an, 42; him, 227; shunted aside, 245; replaced, 245 detests Time Inc., 45, 60; on Marshall’s Fulbright, Senator J. William, 233, 245; failure, 276n95; support for IPR, 66; and hearings derided by Time, 233 praise for “White Paper,” 110; accused of infiltrating Reds, 111; reaction to Time on Gallup polls, 146, 152, 191, 201; American McCarthy, 160 reaction to the China debacle, 109; majority Fascism, 23 opposed to Red China in UN, 201 FDR, see Roosevelt, President Franklin D. Garside, B. A., 197; on the decline of USC, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): and 120; attack on K.C. Wu, 179; attack on Lattimore, 128, 131 Nixon opening to China, 246 Federal Council of Churches: and Luce’s view Gart, Murray, 223 of, 57 General Motors, 178 Field, Frederick V., 67, 68, 159; and The Geneva peace talks 1954, 187–188; Time Communist, 68; and attacks on the IPR, 83; warns Dulles, 187; Vietnam divided, 187; targeted by Kohlberg, 83; resignation from limits on foreign personnel, 187; agreement board, 84 reviled by Time Incers, 188 Finch, Kip, 98; on Formosa as a police state, Geneva summit 1955, 193; and “The Spirit of 166 Geneva,” 193 Fishel, Professor Wesley, 195 “George Crosley,” 105 Fitch, Geraldine, and Rhee, 114 Giap, General Vo Nguyen, 118, 168, 217;on Foreign Service officers, in the McCarthy era, war of attrition, 168 133 Ginsberg, Allen, 240 Formosa, 135, 161, 190; 1947 revolt, 81;at Goldsborough, Laird: coverage of Jews, 29;a first ignored by Time, 81; in Luce’s strategy, permanent “sabbatical,” 29 133; Seventh Fleet, 135; MacArthur’s visit, Goldwater, Senator Barry M., 4; disdained by 136; and U.S. aid to, 136, 147–153, 192; and Time Inc., 230 buying arms, 138; Life compares to England Goodwin, William J., lobbyist for Nationalist in 1940, 192; in Luce’s abortive 1955 plan, China, 94, 165 197; democratization lauded by Time, 200; Gore, Senator Albert, Sr., 233 and an uneasy compromise, 201 Gottfried, Manfred: ridicule of Madame Formosa Resolution, 192 Chiang, 102 Forrestal, James V., Secretary of the Navy, then Gray, William “Bill,” 12; warning on of National Defense, 61, 79;onthe trouble in China, 12; advice from Luce on “American Century,” 38; call for American how to cover China, 13–14; on Chiang’s leadership, 80; and support for military government, 59–60; reporting heavily buildup, 92 edited, 60; with Luce in China, 71;on Fortune, 1, 9; Luce’s plan for, 25; articles on Formosa revolt, 81 anti-Semitism, 29; circulation ca. 1940, 25; Great Britain: 1940, 4; as a junior partner, maps showing Japan’s advances, 34; 39 confidence on postwar China, 51;onthe “Great Leap Forward,” 200; fiasco exposed by American stake in Asia, 92; on a U.S.-led Fortune, 200; ridiculed by Time, 200; Mao’s bloc, 113; influence on business elites, 113; retreat from, 202 backs Korea aid bill, 116; on the appeal of Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 241, Ho, 119; dismissal of Bao Dai, 119; 246; Time sees possible Chiang reconquest, opposition to atomic bombs to liberate 241; China convulsed by, 241 China, 192; Chiang on an “Asiatic Elba,” “Great Society,” 248; and Luce’s admiration 192; on possibility of liberation, 215;on for, 224

332 Index

Griffin, Allen: mocks Madame Chiang, 102 Ho Chi Minh, 141, 142–148, 185, 186, 217; Griffith, Thomas “Tom,” 211–212;onJFK on his revolution, 141; no puppet of Stalin, and RFK, 211 141; accepts recognition by Tito, 141; Gromyko, Ambassador Andrei: on Russian beholden to Moscow says Time, 194; policy at Time Inc., 43 McNamara on, 318; Americans’ refusal to Grover, Allen, xiv, 146–153, 166; on Carter see him as a Hitler, 234 and the IPR, 83; on the board of the Hobson, Priscilla “Prossy”: as employee of American Committee for the Liberation of Luce, 103 the Peoples of Russia, 123, 294 Hodge, Lt. Gen. John R., 114; and use of Grover, Bea: on Luce’s bad manners, 18 police who served Japan, 115 Gruening, Senator Ernest, 233 Hodgins, Eric, 49 Gruin, Frederick, 43, 45; on Marshall’s Hoffman, Paul G.: on hearing Kohlberg’s frustrations, 59 charges, 65; and the IPR, 83; Fortune’s Grunwald, Henry A.: admiration for favorite industrialist, 95; suspends ECA Chambers, 43; on Luce and Donovan, 227; funding in China, 100; and ARCI, 167 as successor to Fuerbringer, 245 Holloway, Jerome: on Republicans and China, Guatemala, and Time Inc., 193 121 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: alleged attacks, Hong Kong: refugees, 167 227; Time’s endorsement of, 227 Hoover, Herbert, former president: on Guomindang, 147–153; Luce’s faith in, 41, Wedemeyer’s plan, 89; on Korea, 147–153, 166 154; attacked by Time, 142, 148 Hoover, J. Edgar, xiii, 109; and antiwar Hadden, Briton, “Brit”: and Luce, 23; “most demonstrators, 234 likely to succeed,” 23; death of, 25; impact Hotchkiss School, 29 on Luce, 25 Hotel Metropole: terrorist bombing of, 236 Haiphong, 168 Hotz, Lila: marriage to Luce, 24; divorce, 28 Halberstam, David, xiv, 249–250; on growing House Committee on Un-American Activities hostility to Diem, 222 (HUAC), 103: and endorsement from Luce, Hall, Gus, 80 46; ridiculed by Time, 131 Hanoi, 144–149, 168 Hughes, Emmet John: on Luce, 18; on joining Harkins, General Paul D., 218 Eisenhower’s campaign, 163; “I shall go to Harriman, W. Averell, 85 Korea” speech, 164; working for President Harvard University: Time Inc. dispatches Eisenhower, 170 at, xiv; Luce on its Communist alumni, Hume, the Rev. Edward H.: and the CIAI, 154 104 Humphrey, Vice-President Hubert H.: on the Hearst, William Randolph: on Time, 248 Viet Cong, 234 Heath, Ambassador Donald R.: on protest of Hungarian revolution, 199 Duncan article, 184; on possibility of French Hunt, Michael H., 252 victory, 184 Hurley, General Patrick, 100; warning to FDR Hecht, Ben, and Luce, 23 not to lose Chiang, 44; failing in China, 46; Henry Luce Foundation, 148, 154; and ARCI, resignation of, 52–53 167; and Luce’s will, 245 Hu Shih: and the CIAI, 154 Herald Tribune (New York), 158 Hutchins, Robert M.: on Time Inc., 248 Hersey, John, xiv, 82; on meeting White in China, 35 ; on leaving Time Inc., 49;onthe Independent Citizens’ Committee of the Arts, board of the AIPR, 284 Sciences and Professions (ICCASP), 58 He Yingqin, former war minister: visit to Indochina, and French effort in: U.S. support Time Inc., 63; on favoring use of force, 63 for the French, 117; “Revolt in Saigon” in Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 48, 49 Life, 117; Lt. Col. Peter A. Dewey, killing of, Hiroshima: atomic attack on, 50; affect on 117; aid from Truman, 135; French Union, Luce, 50 142–148; more U.S. aid, 143, 148; French Hiss, Alger, 197; accusation by Chambers, position crumbling, 175; looking for a way 103–105; president of the Carnegie out, 185 Endowment, 103; celebrated by Time and Indonesia, 143–149 Life, 103; guilty of perjury, 123; Luce feels Ingersoll, Ralph M., “Mac,” 25 vindicated, 123 Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), 64; used by Hitler, Adolf, 29, 30, 31, 74, 234;“Manofthe Time Inc., 64; defiance of Kohlberg, 68; Year,” 29; compared to Chinese financial woes exacerbated by Luce, 82–83; Communists, 187 and McCarthy, 126; and McCarran, 158

Index 333

Internal Security Act: support from Time, Judd, Dr. Walter, 121, 154, 180, 197; 133 supporter of Chiang, 41; praise for Luce, 41; International Olympic Committee (IOC), and Kohlberg, 66, 67; against the IPR, 82; 202 advice rejected by Eisenhower, 170; attack International Volunteer Service, 245 on K.C. Wu, 179 Iran, 55 Iraq, xiv Karnow, Stanley, 217 Isaacs, Harold, 47 Kastner, Joseph, 108 Kattenburg, Paul: on America and Vietnam, Jackson, Andrew, 216 293 Jackson, Charles Douglas “C. D.,” 2, 201;on Kennan, George Frost: good source at Time, Clare Luce’s hysteria, 14, 15; chair of Free 56, 113; “long telegram,” 56; on postwar Europe committee, 123; on Luce visit to Japan, 113; support for engaging PRC, 120; Eisenhower, 158; on joining Eisenhower’s protecting the State Department, 133; and campaign, 163; work for President change in Time’s line, 133 Eisenhower, 170; finds Dulles dull, 170; call Kennedy, President John F., “Jack” (JFK) (see for Indochina intervention, 186; and loss of also Luce, Henry Robinson: Kennedy): Southeast Asia, 188 “New Frontier,” 142–148;onTime views Jacoby, Annalee, 13; fired by Luce, 13; on Asia, 186; in AFV, 205; help from Luce, coauthor of book with White, 52 209; early praise by Time, 316; Why James, Sidney: and Duncan on Indochina, England Slept, 209, 317; saluted by Time, 183 209–210; political encouragement, 317; Janeway, Eliot, xiv; on the IPR, 67–70 marriage as reported in Life, 209; hard line Japan (see also Luce, Henry Robinson: Japan): on Southeast Asia, 210; tries for nuclear attack upon, 9; imperiled if South vice-presidency, 210; personal life protected Korea falls, 135; Stalin’s warning to Mao by Time Inc., 210; 1960 campaign coverage about, 145; avoiding alliances with Chiang in Time, 211; convinced people read Time, and Rhee, 168 212, 249; on Luce and his father, 212; a new Jennings, Peter, 230 China ploy, 214, 215; not ready to defy Jessup, John Knox, 193; and Eisenhower Luce, 215, 216; compares escalation to campaign, 163 drinking, 216; on news coverage on Jessup, Ambassador Philip C., 110; and the Vietnam, 217–218; shocked by murders in “White Paper,” 110; attacked by McCarthy, Saigon, 223; debate about his Vietnam 126 intentions, 223; assassination of in Johnson, General Howard K., 231 Dallas, 224; Luce’s fond recollections of, Johnson, Louis, 165 224 Johnson, President Lyndon Baines (LBJ): fear Kennedy, Ambassador Joseph P. “Joe”: and of losing Indochina, 186, 223; visit to Diem, Japan, 50; on Korea, 142–148, 153; first 216; Red China as the real enemy in Asia, meeting with Luce, 209–211; family 216; as president, 224; relations with Time celebrated in Life, 209; growing Inc., 224, 251; and civil rights, 224; Luce on, antipathy to FDR, 209; massive stroke, 224; Fortune on, 224; visit with Luce, 227; 213 deceptions glossed over by Time, 232; Kennedy, Robert F. “Bobby”: praise by Time endorsement from Life, 230; doubts about in 1960, 211; on U.S. winning in Vietnam, air campaign, 230; refusal to call up 217 reserves, 231; selecting bombing targets, Khe Sanh, 245 235; and the “credibility gap,” 231; gives Khrushchev, Nikita: and Sino-Soviet relations, information to Luce, 234; bombing pause, 199 236; Luce remains supportive, 237; needs Kim Il Sung, 117; and Korean People’s billions for war, 241 Republic, 115; on invading South Korea, Johnston, Senator Olin, 233 134 Joint Chiefs of Staff: southeast Asia critical, Kimmel, Admiral Husband E., 38 140; cautions MacArthur, 145–151; some King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr., 234, 244; Time on scoff at Mao’s threats, 145, 151;on his antiwar activities, 234 deployment of U.S. troops, 216; Kissinger, Professor Henry A.: inspection of opposition from Kennedy administration, South Vietnam, 232; and opening to China, 216 246 Joint State-Defense Survey Mission to Knowland, Senator William F., 121;onthe Southeast Asia, 143–148 Chinese resistance, 142–148

334 Index

Kohlberg, Alfred: business interests in China, Lattimore, Eleanor, 159 64–65; ally of the Guomindang, 65;as Lattimore, Owen: advice to Truman, 47; vehement anti-Communist, 65; says UCR defense of Soviet purge trials, 69; accused of pro-Communist, 65; on discrediting IPR, fellow-traveling, 111; on recognition of 65–66, 67; praise for Bullitt’s article on PRC, 120; cited by McCarthy as agent, 127; China, 89; alliance with Judd and Luce, and Johns Hopkins, 127; and his writings, 67–68; attack on Ambassador Stuart, 68; 127–128; as editor of Pacific Affairs for the religion of, 68; defense of Rankin, 68; and IPR, 127; and promotion of Soviet mobilizing Luce, 68–69; “My Dream of involvement, 127; views on China, 128;in World History,” 68; IPR contest, 83;on Afghanistan for UN, 129; confrontation Carter as a Communist, 83–84; and the with McCarthy, 130–131; denounced by Wedemeyer report, 89; his charges impress Budenz, 131; called a Communist infiltrator, Luce, 108; and McCarthy, 128;on 132; support by Truman, 159; 1934 meeting Lattimore as a paid agent, 128; brags about with Luce, 159–160 his influence, 202 de Lattre de Tassigny, General Jean, 144, 149, Koo, Ambassador Wellington: and China 168; and visit to New York and Luce, 168 betrayed at Yalta, 80; and China on road to Lauterbach, Richard, 82; and Danger from the democracy, 80 East, 59 Korea (see also Luce, Henry Robinson: Korea, Lawrence, David, editor of U.S. News, 109 Korean War) : Christian converts in, 114; “lessons of Munich,” 135 disappointment at disunity, 114–115; rising liberals, and contempt for Time, 249 U.S.-Soviet tensions, 115; largely ignored, “liberation” in Time, 142–148; as a slogan, 115; Luce’s growing interest in, 115; and 178 Soviet-trained army, 115; Luce on South Liebman, Marvin, 178; as liaison for COOM Korea, 115, 116; U.S. and South Korean with Asian allies, 178; on U.S. keeping government, 115; bloody encounters and Chiang tethered, 201; meeting with Diem, refugee problems, 116; U.S. seeks to help 204 economy, 116–117; MacArthur’s strategy on, Life 161 —the magazine: Luce as publisher of, 1; Korean Provisional Government, 114 audience, 9, 157–158; revenues, 158;as Korean War: signs of North’s buildup, 134; victim of new trends, 245; suspends veterans of China revolution mass, 134; publication, 245; Life’s Picture History of major battles in, 135, 138, 143–146, Western Man, 158 147–149, 151, 152, 153; administration —China: praise of Marines in China, 14; willing to sign truce, 154–155; casualties attack on idea of coalition, 79; American listed by Time, 155 skepticism about China aid, 81; on “Japs” Kung, Dr. H. H. “Daddy,” 192, 250; tea with becoming Japanese, 112; imminent collapse Luce, 9; and optimism about the civil war, of Chiang, 100; “Red China” as a Soviet 72 pawn, 100; demand for reinstatement of Ky, General Nguyen Cao, 232; admiration for Chiang, 135–136; on Truman, 198; Hitler, 232; derided by a Johnson adviser, MacArthur’s flight to Taipei, 136; Chiang 232; called a “national hero” by Time, 232; and the mainland, 138–139; confidence in stalls on constitutional government, 236 MacArthur, 136, 144, 149; on Chinese troops near North Korea, 145–150, 151; call Laguerre, Andre: tours battlefronts in for victory in Korea, 164; support for Indochina, 141; almost killed in Saigon, bombing Manchuria, 164; and blockade of 141 China coast, 164; on Rhee to control most Lansdale, Col. Edward, 195 of Korea, 164; and all one war, our war, Laos, 187, 205; and Time Inc., 205; no Diem 169; Luce’s “America and Asia,” 174–175; there, 205 “Formosa Gets Ready,” 174; on Red China Lapham, Roger: China views conveyed to threat to Japan, 174; fears for the fate of Luce, 99 Formosa, 191; Nationalist Chinese fear Larsen, Roy: and Time, 24; and the March of double-cross, 191; on U.S. commitment on Time, 24; as protector of Time Inc. image, Formosa, 192 105; mixed record on civil liberties, 122; and —Indochina and Vietnam War: U.S. killing A. J. Liebling essay, 122; and involvement in, 183; possibility of victory, suppression of Sterling manuscript, 122; 184; and warning Dulles, 187; on all-out praised by Luce, 122; on relocating Time effort in Vietnam, 195; “brinkmanship” Inc., 136 article 1956, 198; and Laos, 198; and

Index 335

Cambodia, 198; on Dulles saving Quemoy, Hearst newspapers, 47; as the “American 198; and Matsu, 198; article angered Winston Churchill,” 47, 67; denounced by Democrats, 198; Eisenhower helps Dulles, Communists, 47, 48; conversion of, 56, 156; 198; on the“dirty little war,” 215; parrots audience with Pope Pius XII, 56, 156;on administration line on Indochina, 230; and impeaching any “traitor,” 57; and franking Lin Biao, 232, 241; Ho’s war not privileges for Chiang, 67; pushing husband Chinese-inspired, 232 to act on the IPR, 83; backer of Rhee, 114; —McCarthy and Communism: opposition to and the Luce-Chambers confrontation, 106; Mundt-Nixon bill, 121; criticism of loyalty praise for Chambers’s book, 107; president boards, 121; on McCarthy hurting of ACPA, 109; “Mystery of American Policy Democrats, 138; attacks on Taft re: in China,” 109; correspondence with McCarthy, 159; on use of nuclear weapons, MacArthur, 146–152; McCarthyite rhetoric, 176; attack on book purges, 181; and 164; Mao as a servant of the Kremlin, 169; gloating about end of McCarthy, 182 Geneva as an American Dunkirk, 188;on —politics: and anticipating Dewey’s “massive retaliation,” 188 election, 99;onthe1948 Truman victory, —China, changing views on China: PRC here 100; “The Case for Ike,” 161; Eisenhower to stay, 229; musings on Sino-Soviet rift, on, 161 229; support for Nixon trip to China, —World War II: Life’s Picture History of 246–247; claims Luce would have agreed, World War II, 158; call for embargo on 247 Japan, 34; as America’s window on the war, —Vietnam: on Madame Nhu, 205, 217;in 39; popularity of “Big Red,” 39, 50; loved AFV, 205; wit remains lethal, 226;on by armed forces personnel, 39; on blaming threatening nuclear war, 228; and Madame Americans for China’s defeats, 45; and its Chiang’s views, 228 competitors, 50 —World War II: on the Western Front, 1940, Lippmann, Walter: and opposition to 31; China as a hard sell in America, 34; MacArthur China plan, 142–143, 148 confusion about China, 37; as informal Liu Liangmo, 153 publicist for MacArthur, 36–37;as Lloyd, David, 125 congresswoman, 12, 47–48; on the Luces’ Lockett, Edward, 101; and covering Truman work in China, 12 for Time, 46; on Leighton Stuart, 61; and Luce, Elizabeth, the future Beth Moore, 21 COOM in 1956, 198 Luce, Emmavail, 21 Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, 94; and Luce, Henry III, “Hank,” xiv, 24; Eisenhower supporting Eisenhower, 160; on possible wary of Chiang offensive, 174; worries Sino-Soviet split, 200; as ambassador to about Vietnam casualties, 239 South Vietnam, 220; and encouraging a Luce, Henry Robinson, “Harry” (see also coup, 223 Luce, Clare Boothe; Life; Time; Time Inc.) Longwell, Daniel “Dan,” 50; on Luce’s quirks, —the American Mission: a global calling, 1, 2; 3, 17; importance of Life to the war effort, exaggerated nationalism, 22; pro-Allied in 38; on publishing in the event of a third 1914–1917, 22; obsessed by foreign policy, world war, 136 2; opposed to bigotry, 22; glories in U.S. Look, 50, 158 power, 12; on the USS Alaska, 12; American Los Angeles Times:onTime, 248 omnipotence, 13; “peace through law,” Loyalty Review Board: reopens Vincent case, 177 180 —biography: birth in China, 1; tonsillectomy, Luce, Clare Boothe 21n; tours Europe, 22; schooling, 22, 23, —biography and marriage: as ambassador to 264; in ROTC, 23; commissioned by U.S. Italy, 2, 173;atVogue and Vanity Fair, 27; Army, 23; tapped for Skull & Bones, 23; darker side, 27; marriage to George Brokaw, tour of British Isles, 23; his ﬁrst marriage, 27; dazzling Luce, 28; troubled marriage to 25, 27; as millionaire, 25;intheSocial Harry, 14–16; leaves U.S. House, 14; Register, 29, 30; as Yale alumnus, 12; his conversion to Catholicism, 14, 16; witness ﬁrst sabbatical, 134, 138, 146–153 to Luce’s “Declaration of Intent,” 156; death —personality and faith: personality traits, 3, of daughter Ann, 16, 56; on perplexing 21–22; isolation of, 18; manner and contemporaries, 16; on making enemies, 16, occasional kindnesses, 18–19; health, 19; 17; gossip about her at Time, Inc., 16, 17; oblivious to pain and danger, 20; molded by and taking LSD, 240 Protestant Christianity, 1, 3, 21, 22, 63; —China and anti-Communism: common fears for fate of missionaries, 63; considers ground with Luce, 16; and praise from the conversion to Catholicism, 156–157

336 Index

Luce, Henry Robinson, “Harry” (cont.) promoter, 252; flawed nation-making —later years: signs of wear, 173, 226; ideology, 252 contemplating retirement, 226; affair with —China; China policy: modernizing and Jean Campbell, 226; Clare’s refusal to grant uplifting China, 3, 21–22; return to China in a divorce, 226; wants Donovan as successor, 1932, 25–26; hard to sell China to 226–227; tour of East Asia, 228; Donovan Americans, 20; created the legend of free to revise China policy, 229; confused by Chiang, 40–41; faith in the Guomindang, the ’60s, 234, 240; Communists behind 41, 53; warned Soong, 41; the Stilwell recall, demonstrations, 234; compared self to 45; confident about China 1945, 51; visit to Bertrand Russell, 239; years in Phoenix, China in 1945, 52; praised by the Chronicle 239–240; weathering Campbell storm, 240; of Beijing, 9; passport revalidated, 9; visited reading Teilhard, 240; debating theology Methodist missionary compound, 9; with Murray, 240; committed to Vietnam, philanthropic network in China, 10; 240; experimentation with LSD, 240; isolation from the masses, 11, 13; banquet in resented Supreme Court on God, 240; Beijing, 11; almost assassinated in Tianjin, despised Ginsberg, 240; happy in 11–12; alignment with administration, 53; Oskaloosa, 240; faith in American mission, humanitarian appeals, 55; and Marshall, 55, 240–241; last visit to Yale, 244; speech at 79, 80–81; worried about Manchuria, 55; Morehouse, 244; final days, 244; burial at and U.S. combat forces in China, 14; visit to Mepkin Abbey, 244; estate of, 245 China in 1946, 71; dined with the Marshalls —achievements, influence, and legacy: and and the Chiangs, 72; praised by the Central interpreting him in a post–Cold War world, Daily News, 73; insisted Chiang can prevail, xiv; influence and limits, 1, 4, 115; 80, 89; anger at being stereotyped, 64;on self-description, 247; place in history, Wedemeyer’s mission, 88–89; failure of 247–250; the newsmagazine, and Alpha divisions, 88; Life sends Bullitt to Fortune, 247; changed attitudes toward China, 89–90; Luce’s anger at Stimson, 93; race, 247–248; Willkie candidacy, 248; illusions about President Dewey, 97; military Time, 248; impact of Time Inc. on the advice to Chiang, 101; wary of Madame culture, 248; turning opinion against Japan, Chiang, 102; admitted Chinese want peace, 248; Marshall on Life, 248; United China 102; Formosa as a vital link, 138; praised Relief, 248; foreshadowed Marshall plan Chiang’s regime, 166, 175; China an and Peace Corps, 248; coined terms “Great American responsibility, 173; Chiang Society” and “New Frontier,” 248; “unleashed,” 174; hopes for liberation of understood dark side of Chinese China, 201; visit with the Chiangs, 228; and Communists, 250; prophet of American Quemoy, 228 engagement in Asia, 248, 250; —Chinese Communists; Communist China: anti-Communism of, 248; as Dulles’s moving away from the United Front, 46; best public relations outlet, 248; little interest in the Communists, 26; access popularized terms “liberation” and to intelligence reports on Communists, 47; “rollback,” 248; role in rebuilding of on keeping Soviets out of China, 48; Germany and Japan, 249; bested underestimated Communist strength, 51, 53; McCarthy, 249; helped make Eisenhower meeting with Mao, 10–11; attacked in the president, 249; his influence at its peak, opposition press, 72, 147–153; meeting with 249–250 Zhou, 72; view of Communist China, 100; —problematic and tragic aspects: blinded by wanted beachheads around China, 134; new realities, 251; self-deception of, 251;an foresaw new offensives, 139; on the Chinese ardent, degraded idealism, 252; who lost not invincible, 142–148; reconsidered China China?, 249, 250; helped to engender policy in 1955, 191, 196, 197; and a McCarthy, 250; tried to prolong and widen response to Zhou, 197; and “Spirit of Korean War, 250; intervention in Vietnam, Geneva,” 197; and implications of the 249, 250; unrealistic image of Chiang, 248, reconsideration, 197; on sending reporters 249, 251; bias of, 251; missed sources of to China, 199; anger at State Department Mao’s strength, 251; missed nature of veto, 199; study group for the CFR, 203; Sino-Soviet tensions, 251; wrong about dismayed by Presbyterian paper on China, Chinese or Soviet control of Ho, 251, 252; 242; recognition of Red China as disaster, accepted almost any ally against 228, 234; emphasizes China subversion, Communism, 251; misconstrued Asian 228 nationalism, 252; missed nationalist–peasant —Communism, domestic: on pro-Communists alliances, 252; at times a salesman not a at Time Inc., 58–59; alliance with Cardinal

Index 337

Spellman, 57; beginning to see broader visit with Rhee, 167; confers with Van conspiracies, 123; Lattimore as an enemy of Fleet, 167; visit with MacArthur, China, 131, 132–133; supports Chambers, 145–151, 152; questions Korean armistice, 103; embarrassed by Hiss-Chambers affair, 175 104; dislikes liberals supporting Hiss, 104; —Luce, Clare Boothe: meets and marries, Chambers’s espionage agitates him, 27–28; works for Chiang’s victory, 17; 105–107; decides to fire Chambers, 106, troubled marriage, 80; happiness in Rome 107; suspects treason in the State with Clare, 173; affairs, 15–16 Department, 108 —McCarthy, Joseph R.: early ambivalence —Eisenhower, President Dwight D.: toward, 126, 146, 152; denounces expectations, 166; hopes to educate him on “Achesonism,” 126, 146–152; Communism China, 166, 168; meeting with Eisenhower worse than McCarthy, 146–152; plans to early in 1953, 169–170; Eisenhower vague attack McCarthy, 159; McCarthy critics about Korea, 169; and refuses to visit trouble him, 164; Republican victory best Taiwan, 170; hopes new administration will answer to McCarthyism, 181;on change the world, 170, 182; urgent message McCarthy’s political demise, 182 to Eisenhower, 191–192; avoids repeat of —Republican politics: ignores bad omens “White Paper,” 191, 192; wants U.S. to before the 1948 election, 99–100; later bomb Chinese bases, 192; frustrated by friendship with Wallace, 98; a sore loser in China policy, 193; worries about China 1948, 100; pessimistic in 1949, 108; hopes policies, 177; containment not liberation, to topple Truman and Acheson, 121, 143, 203 149; visit with Truman in July 1950, 135; —Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR): growing Time soon back on the attack, 135; doubts about, 66–67, 70; rift with Carter, Republican partisanship, 121–122, 146, 67, 68–69; new inquiry into the IPR, 69; 152, 157; MacArthur not “Man of the threatens to break with the IPR, 69; turns Year,” 146, 153; MacArthur isolated on the against the IPR, 82–83 right, 146–153; Korea as Republican —Japan: experience in Japan, 112–114; hostile opportunity, 138; needs a candidate for Life, to “Unconditional Surrender,” 49, 50; 157; impressed by Eisenhower, 158, 160, heretical plan for Japan, 48; doubts about 161, 162; turns to Dulles for foreign policy the Japanese-American danger, 48; meeting plan, 162; expects policy of liberation, 163; with Truman and U.S. senators, 49; meeting worried about Eisenhower campaign, 163; with Kennedy and Spellman, 50; as guest of euphoria on a campaign train, 163; inspires MacArthur, 112; a rare television biased campaign coverage, 163, 164; sends appearance, 147, 153 C. D. Jackson to help, 163; ecstatic about —journalism; Time Inc.: Luce’s journalism, 1952 victory, 165, 166; unhappy with xiv, 22, 23–24; his objection to objectivity, Goldwater, 227 xiv, 24, 222; wariness of “flat-earth” types, —Roosevelt, Franklin D.: meeting with, 29; 131;attheYale Daily News, 22–23; supports much of early New Deal, 29; commissions from sales, 264; work in meeting with FDR again in June 1940, 32; Baltimore, 23; emergence of Time, 23–24; promotes Willkie, 32–33; angry at, 33; learns relations with colleagues, 17–19; continuing of death of, 46 involvement with Time, 20; the TIME —Soviet Union and the Cold War: visit to the formula, 20; ownership of Time Inc. Soviet Union in 1932, 26; doubts about U.S. shares, 20 Soviet policy, 46, 49; prophet of Cold War, —Kennedy, John F.: protects JFK, 210; 82; uses Dulles, 57–58; on Communism, the friendship with Joseph P. Kennedy, 211; Bomb, and humankind, 92, 137; wants warns JFK on Communism, 211; expects defense buildup, 122; works with Crusade JFK to hold Vietnam, 211; admires JFK’s for Freedom, 123; and “lessons of Munich,” style, 211, 212; dismayed by Bay of Pigs, 135; thinks about moving Time Inc., 136; 212; new foreword to JFK book, 213; and advocates guns-and-butter, 137; bidding for American dream fulfilled, 224; warm Cold War victory, 188–189, 198;as message from JFK, 224 spokesman for the military-industrial —Korea, Korean War: Korea, 114; concerns complex, 204; pushes for bomb shelters, about Soviet troops there, 114; Korean War 189, 204; unwilling to launch first strike, vindicates him, 135; desire for total victory, 204; shelters rejected by Eisenhower, 189, 135, 155, 167–168; credits MacArthur with 204; accepts the “Spirit of Geneva” victory, 146–152; desire for wider war, reluctantly, 193; as proponent of universal 144–149; rallies to MacArthur, 142, 148; intervention, 193–194

338 Index

Luce, Henry Robinson, “Harry” (cont.) McCarthy, Joseph R. (see also Luce, Henry —United China Relief; China philanthropies: Robinson: McCarthy), 4, 181; early Time fond memories of Chinese Christians, 26; coverage of, 124; background and character dismisses Kohlberg’s complaints, 65; of, 124; hopes to embarrass Acheson, 124; philanthropic work for China, 85; Scranton speech in Wheeling and Time’s reaction, speech on American redemption of China, 125; style and personality, 126; on the IPR, 85–86; upset at fate of Christian Colleges, 126; and Lattimore, 127, 129, 130, 132; 120, 144–149 receiving information from Kohlberg, —Vietnam; Vietnam War: search for 128–129; attacked by Life, 129; attacked by alternative to Ho, 117–118; as a beachhead Time, 129, 132, 159, 160;onMeet the Press, against China, 139; a crucial commitment, 132; Osborne’s warning about, 144, 149;on 141; and Bao Dai, 142, 148, 169; review of Truman’s dismissal of MacArthur, 145, 151; Time coverage of, 168; and the corruption of and the 1950 elections, 146–152; on Luce colonialism, 169; senses Vietnamese fear following the Communist line, 159, 181; Chinese, 169; wants French to make researchers sloppy, 160; and striking back at reforms, while arming them, 169;on Luce, 160, 181; criticism of from New York cleansing Asia of Reds, 144, 149–150; Daily News, 160; Luce on, 164; wilder Indochina war to be won soon, 182; charges and behavior of, 181; Eisenhower nation-making in Indochina, by the U.S., above the fray, 181 182, 183, 188; Time reporting belies cables, McClure, General Robert B., 9 182, 183; vows to sell Diem to Americans, McCormack, Cyrus Hall, 21 194, 204, 205; sees attacks on Diem akin to McCormack, Nettie Fowler: and H.W. Luce, assault on Chiang, 222; misconstrues 21; and funding Christian colleges in China, Buddhist revolt, 223; Time’s preference for 21; impression of young Luce, 21 Catholics, 223; persists in his support for McCormick, Anne O’Hare: Mao not a Soviet the war, 225; wants greater U.S. role in puppet, 293 1964, 228; journey to Saigon, 228; McCulloch, Frank, 228; on war going badly, argument with a Time correspondent, 228; 222, 231; anger at New York editors, on U.S. nation-building role, 228, 239; 235–236; long experience in Vietnam, 236 praise for new constitution, 242; ignores McGarr, Lt. Gen. Lionel C., 215 basic problems, 242 McLeod, Scott, 180 —White, Theodore H. “Teddy”: meeting with McNamara, Secretary of Defense Robert S., in China, 37; wishes he had ﬁred White, 45, 216, 237; Pentagon sees U.S. victory by 60, 183; and Annalee Jacoby, 13; Luce calls 1965, 223; “stay as long as it takes,” 224; him pro-Communist, 51 later admission of misjudgments, 318; —World War II: early relations with Jews, 29; doubts about air attacks on Hanoi, 230; tours Central Europe in 1938, 29; in Europe gloomy on war, 231, 236, 242; on the limits during the blitz, 32; “Reorganization of the of technology, 237; shouted down at World,” 16, 17, 39; visit to the Paciﬁc Harvard, 241; departure from Pentagon, Theater, 48, 49; spends time with 245 MacArthur, 49; plans for postwar foreign McNaughton, Frank, 140; and good access to policy, 48; on permanent U.S. defense Truman, 46; on the Wallace candidacy, 98; perimeter, 48 on paltry aid for Chiang, 100; and exposure Luce, the Rev. Henry Winters, 21, 92, 246; of Budenz, 132; on trouble for Democrats in fund-raising, 21; and Yenching University, 1950, 138; on the hate-Acheson crowd, 11; with Leighton Stuart, 61; “Brief Outline 147–153; on MacArthur, 143, 145, 148; of the History of Chinese Communism,” 36; endorsement of Truman approach, 146–152 death on the night of Pearl Harbor attack, MacArthur, General Douglas A., 48, 101, 138, 38 144–149, 150, 152; meeting with Luce in Luce, Peter Paul, 25 Tokyo, 71;Luceon,112–113; and praise Luce, Sheldon, 21 from Fortune, 113–114;onzaibatsu, 113; “Lucepower,” 12 and support of U.S. withdrawal from Korea, Luda:¨ Chinese government forces barred from, 115; authorized to commit ground units, 51 135; visit to Formosa, 136; Truman quashes his initiatives, 138; authorized to move McCarran, Patrick: Time on, 158–159; and north, 139; victorious in Korea, 144–150; Subcommittee on Internal Security, 158–159; cautioned by Joint Chiefs, 145–151; and Lattimore a target of, 159 Clare Luce, 146–152; warning against

Index 339

appeasement, 142, 148; feuds with Truman, 79; criticism of government and the 144–145, 150–151; Truman and Acheson Communists, 59, 79; as honorary chairman furious, 144–150, 151; on using Chiang’s of UCR, 62; on Luce being “taken for a troops, 145–150, 151; “no substitute for ride,” 79; opposition to deeper involvement victory,” 145–150, 151; on learning of in China, 80–81; “Marshall Plan” address, dismissal, 145–150, 151; country rallies to 85; attacked by Time on China, 101; agrees him, 145, 151; return to U.S., 145, 151; that Chiang is finished, 102; accused in testimony in Washington, 146–152;onhis conspiracy theory, 128; suspected by spell dissipating, 146–153; Eisenhower’s MacArthur, 145, 151; countered MacArthur rejection of Far East plan, 163, 170; testimony, 146–152; and ARCI, 167;on compared to de Lattre, 168; warns against Life, 248 Asian land war, 228 Martin, Rep. Joseph W., Jr.: on Chiang’s army, MacLeish, Archibald, 25; on anti-Semitism, 142–148; and seeking MacArthur’s opinion, 29; on Luce’s anti-Communism, 50 144–151 Macdonald, Dwight: on Time and Luce, 27; Mateer, Calvin, 63, 157 on the magazine’s lack of credibility, 248;on Matsu, 192–197 Luce and race, 247–248 Matthews, Thomas “Tom,” 164; on Luce, 17, Magsaysay, Ramon: impresses Luce, 169; 157, 166 subsidized by the CIA through Time Inc., Mays, Dr. Benjamin E., 244 169; “writes” article for Life, 169 Mecklin, John, 185; on North Vietnam Manchuria: Japanese conquest, 26; Luce on, invasion, 194; on Diem blocking elections, 12; Russians overrunning, 50; and blocking 194; head of United States Information Chiang’s forces, 51; Chiang plans offensive, Service in Vietnam, 222 59; Wedemeyer plan, 88 Medina, Harold Jr., 105 “Manchurian Manifesto,” 68 Meet the Press, 132 “Man of the Year,” 191, 235 Melby, John: vs. Luce on changing China, 5; Mansfield, Senator Mike: warning against and Joint Survey Mission, 143–148; Vietnam escalation, 225 Indochina a “nightmare,” 143, 149; Mao Zedong, 35, 40, 100, 141, 217, 228; complaints about the French, 299 meeting Luce in 1945, 10; and occupation of Mendes-France, Premier Pierre: and Geneva, Changchun, 59; as totalitarian, 74; hard line 187 with the U.S., 111; on departure of Stuart Military Assistance Command in South and arrival of “White Paper,” 291; Vietnam, 218; pledged to win hearts and proclaims People’s Republic, 116; and minds, 218 Stalin, 134, 293; and Lattimore, 127; North Mitsubishi, 113 Korea and, 134; and support for attack on Mitsui, 113 South Korea, 134; aid to Vietminh, 140; Mohr, Charles “Charlie,” 222; report on Diem threatened by MacArthur advance, clan, 220; with Luce in India, 222 145–151; Time’s cover, 147; called Soviet Molotov, Foreign Minister V.M., 193 puppet, 147–153; rankling the Soviets, 200; Moore, Elizabeth “Beth,” 99; and the CIAI, Time’s hostility toward, 241; on America 154; and ARCI, 167 and fear of Soviets, 246; death of, 246 Moore, Maurice “Tex,” 31 March of Time, 9, 50, 166; glorifies Chiang’s Morse, Senator Wayne: on investigating China reforms, 166 lobby, 165 Marcos, Ferdinand: celebrated by Time, 169 Moyers, Bill, 237 Marines, U.S.: killed in China, 62; leaving Mundt, Representative Karl, 103; Hiss as China, 80 anti-Chiang, 104; Mundt-Nixon bill, 121; Marshall, George C., General and Secretary of ridiculed by Time, 131 State, 44, 53, 121, 144–146, 149, 150, 151, Murphy, Charles J. V. “Charlie”: “China 152; on Time Inc.’s influence, 30–31; praise Reborn,” 14; plans for Life articles on for Life’s role in preparedness, 38; warning China, 63–64; on Chiang as “great man,” of war with Japan, 38; mission to China, 53, 64; on Luce and Marshall, 64; on shift in 54–55; criticized by Chen Li-fu, 54; use of U.S. strategy under Kennedy, 215; U.S. Time Inc. people, 54; friendship with Zhou, Army Special Forces to train ARVN, 215; 55; skepticism about aid to China, 91; pleased with JFK on South Vietnam, 216;on proposal for limited assistance, 91, 92; lack of U.S. Army preparedness, 231; failure in China, 60; warning Chiang, 70; criticism rejected by Fortune, 235;on recalled by Truman, 79; Secretary of State, elusiveness of Viet Cong, 231

340 Index

Murray, the Rev. John Courtney, 156–157, North Korea, 134; military buildup, 134; 240; a favorite of Time, 156 belittled at State Department, 134; CIA fails Murrow, Edward R., 37 to foresee its attack, 134 Mussolini, Benito, 31 Mydans, Carl, 144–150 Occidental College: Luce’s address at, 187; massive evil of Red China and Red Russia, Nagasaki, 50 187 Nanjing, U.S. embassy in, 5; evacuation of, Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 111 101 Office of War Information (OWI), 42; National Committee for a Free Europe, 123; Lattimore at, 128 chaired by C. D. Jackson, 123 Osborne, John, 50, 133, 149; on low morale National Laymen’s Committee for the on Formosa, 136; and fears of Chiang’s Restoration Fund of the Presbyterian secret police, 136; censorship of Life article, Church in the U.S.A., 177 136; on Korea and Asia, 144, 149; criticism National Liberation Front (NLF), 218, 230, of Formosa regime, 166; on Communist 232 takeover in northern Vietnam, 186;on National Presbyterian Church, 177 U.S.-crafted plan to contain Chiang, 193 National Security Council (NSC): and Oskaloosa, 240–241; Luce at William Penn fears of Communist victory in Indochina, College, 240–241 140; on use of nuclear weapons there, Overseas Chinese, 167 185 National Socialism, 23 Patterson, Morehead, 23 nation-building, nation-making, xiv, 3 Pax Americana, 239 Navarre, General Henri, 183; “light at the end Pearl Harbor: visit by Luce in 1941, 38; Luce of the tunnel,” 183; and Dien Bien Phu, learns of the attack on, 38–39 184–185 Pearson, Drew: on the China lobby, 165 Navarre Plan, 183 Peekskill riot, 122 Nehru, Prime Minister Jawaharlal, 138 Pegler, Westbrook: critic of Luce, 104 Neville, Robert, 147–153 People’s Republic of China (PRC) (also Red New Asia College, 120; and Luce, 167; and its China, Communist China), 229; Time’s view site in Hong Kong, 167 of as Soviet-dominated, 120, 147–153; mass The New Leader, 128 killings in, 147–153; Neville foresees Newspaper Guild at Time Inc.: Communists commune horrors, 147–153; Truman more in, 42 hostile to, 147–153, 154; and Japan, 174; Newsweek: different take on China, 47; and visas to American correspondents, 199; more critical of Chiang, 47; coverage of “let a hundred flowers bloom,” 200; “Great China’s civil war, 109; challenge to Time, Leap Forward,” 200; new bombardments of 247 Quemoy, 200; suspension of bombardments, New York Daily News: criticism of McCarthy, 201; U.S. experts advocate recognition, 241; 160 but Time remains hostile, 241; and Lin Biao New York Post: praise for Time story on doctrine, 241; Mao incorrigible, 241 McCarthy, 160 Philippines, 143–149; overseas Chinese and, New York Times, 94, 128, 250; on State 167; as an American success story, 169; and Department China policy, 108, 138;onthe Time Inc., 193 “White Paper,” 110; on the China lobby, Pirnie, Lee & Company: activity in China, 165; China coverage of, 166; regional 94 editions, 247 Pius XII, 56, 156 Nhu, Madame Ngo Dinh, 217, 220 Plain Talk, 68; distributed by Clare Luce, 68; Nixon, President Richard M., 103; received by Forrestal and MacArthur, 68 investigation of Chambers, 104;as Poland, 58 vice-presidential candidate, 162; selection Political Consulatative Conference, 54 vindicated Chambers in Hiss case, 162; feels Pravda: attacks on Luce, 153 betrayed by Time Inc. in 1960, 211; admired Presbyterian Church: “Consultation Study by Fuerbringer, 211; and opening to China Paper on China” attacked by Luce, 242 as president, 246 Pressman, Lee: denigrates Chambers and Luce, Nolting, Ambassador Frederick, 216; leaving 104 Vietnam, 220 Price, Boyce P., 69 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Price, Byron: criticism of the Time formula, 199 24

Index 341

Price, Harry B.: on American-run aid program 227; musings about China, 41; Rep. Clare for China, 91; leaks memo to Luce, 91; Boothe Luce on, 47; Luce and the destroyer pessimism about China, 99 deal, 4, 33; World War II as the “war for Progressive Party convention 1948, 98 survival,” 39; refusal to recognize Rhee, 114; Puerifoy, John: and McCarthy’s charges, 125 but favors eventual Korean independence, Pyongyang, 145–152 114; and Indochina, 117; appointment of Lattimore, 128; and Yalta, 101, 193; death Qingdao: evacuated by U.S. Navy, 100 of, 46, 145–151 Quemoy (Jinmen), 190, 192; Luce demands “Roosevelt Recession”: Time Inc. on, 33 U.S. action, 190; and Dulles, 192; Life on Roosevelt, Theodore, 92; venerated by Luce, 1 British appeasement, 190 public opposition Root, Elizabeth, the former Henry R. Luce’s to involvement, 191; new bombardment of, mother, 21; settles with the Rev. Luce in 200; Chiang’s fighters defeat the enemy, 200; Dengzhou, 21 resupplied by U.S. Navy, 200; Dulles on U.S. Ross, Charles, 9, 52 use of force, 200 Rowe, Professor David: and support for IPR, 66 Radford, Admiral Arthur, 192; and K.C. Wu, Rusk, Dean: warning Time Inc. on McCarthy, 179 143–149; main speaker at CIAI dinner, 154; Ramparts We Watch, 32 attacks on Red China, 154; New York Times Rankin, Karl, ambassador to China, 173 on end of “White Paper” policy, 154; and Rather, Dan: growing skepticism about the Rockefeller Foundation, 167; support Vietnam, 232 from Luce as Secretary of State, 212 Reader’s Digest, 58 Russell, Bertrand, 239 Reagan, Ronald: on Communism and Russian War Relief, 67 democracy, 121; and Screen Actors Guild, 121 Saigon, 142–148: Caravelle Hotel, 222; Republican Party: and Luce, 1, 4; 1952 depicted as corrupt by Time, 225 convention, 161–162; the “Texas steal,” 162; Salisbury, Harrison, 49, 242 Time accuses the Taft forces, 162 Salisbury, Laurence, 67, 90, 91 Rhee, Syngman, 164: his American supporters, Saturday Evening Post, 50, 158; publication of 114, 115; support from Luce, 115; and U.N. Witness., 107 recognition, 116; denounced by Lattimore, Schine, G. David, 182 128; plans for a unified Korea, 139; praise Schlamm, William, 42 from Time, 139; eagerness to see Luce, 166; Schlesinger, Professor Arthur M., Jr.: on the and Liebman, 178; on war with Red China, “Time Inc. ethos,” xiii; aids in Luce’s 188 anti-Communist struggle, 58;onTime Richardson, Sid: and Luce’s project, 177 campaign coverage, 212 Ridgway, General Matthew, 195 Senate Armed Services Committee: MacArthur Robertson, Walter, 192; Assistant Secretary testimony, 146, 152 of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 173; praise Service, John S. “Jack,” 46, 133 from Time Incers, 173; opposition to Sevareid, Eric: on Luce as promoter of China Yalta and China arms embargo, 173; Zhou aid, 101 Enlai as a cutthroat, 173; on solidity of Severinghaus, Rev. Leslie R., 25 Sino-Soviet alliance, 173; confidence in Shandong: Communists in, 10 Chiang, 179, 190; tries to appease Time, Shanghai, 12 191 Shanghai Evening Post: attack on Life, 101 Rockefeller, John D., “Mr. Junior”: and Shaplen, Robert, 47 meeting with Rev. Luce, 21 Sheehan, Neil, 222 Rockefeller Foundations: and ARCI, 167 Sheen, Father Fulton J.: and Clare Luce, 56;on Rogers, Will Jr.: on the American Century, 98 Communism, 56–57; appeal to Time of, 57 “Rollback,” 142, 148 Shemitz, Esther, 43 “Rolling Thunder,” 230, 235 Shepherd, Major General Lemuel: and Luce’s Roman Catholic Church: and Luce, 3, 156, recollection of, 13 196 Shepley, James: hour of decision in China, 14; Roosevelt, Eleanor: and support of Hiss, 104 and the Marshall mission, 54; leaks to Time Roosevelt, President Franklin D. (FDR) (see Inc., 54; on Chiang, 96; on the Lattimore also Luce, Henry Robinson: Roosevelt): hearing, 131; on bold Korea move, 134; meetings with Luce, 30, 32; dislike of Time U.S. could lose nuclear war, 137; and Life, 30, 33; Luce’s views on, 30, 33, 46, undermining Wu, 179

342 Index

Sherrod, Robert “Bob,” xiv, 140, 146–152, magazines, 82; troops in northern Korea, 158; report on coming Japanese attack, 38; 114; air division to arrive in Manchuria, in Indochina for Time, 118 145, 151; peaceful coexistence and Time, Short, Rep. Dewey: and MacArthur as 175, 193; more SAMs in North Vietnam, “a great hunk of God,” 151 236 Sidey, Hugh, 212, 213; and Lyndon Johnson, Spaatz, General Carl “Tooey,” 71 224, 242 Spellman, Archbishop: and Cardinal Francis, Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 205 50; alliance with Luce, 57; and Sheen on Sino-Soviet relations, 175; solidity of, Communism, 57; on America, 80 questioned by Henry Luce III, 175; effect of Stalin, Joseph V., 43, 74, 137, 173; famine and Khrushchev speech, 199; Churchill tells collectivization, 26; possible concerns about Luce of trouble, 200; Rockefeller Brothers Mao, 108; Luce’s antipathy to, 67; and Fund, 203; Time coverage of, 203 Korea, 116, 117; has the Bomb, 116; and Sino-Soviet Treaty 1945, 51–52; Luce and Mao, 293; support of Korean invasion, 134; Time optimistic about, 51, 52 recognition of Ho, 140; collusion with Mao Sino-Soviet Treaty 1950, 121; and Mao as on intervention, 145, 151 Soviet ally, 121 State Department, U.S.: special committee on Smedley, Agnes: on Time Inc. support for China, 120; Fairbank’s role in, 120;onuse Chiang, 44 of U.S. troops in South Vietnam, 216;on Smith, Howard K.: and Luce interview, increasing support for Diem, 217; Viet Cong 230 more numerous and bolder, 220; on death of Smith, Senator Margaret Chase: on McCarthy, Americans in Vietnam in 1962, 220; “Huey” 132 pilots engaged in combat, 220; pessimism Smith, Walter Bedell: on poor French about Vietnam in 1963, 223 performance in Indochina, 185 State of Vietnam, 142–148 Snow, Edgar: visit to China in 1960, 199 Steele, John: enthusiast for the Vietnam War, Snow, Mrs. Edgar, 67 235; defending Johnson’s veracity, 235; U.S. Sokolsky, George, 108 supports self-determination, 235; praised by Soong, Madame: and lavish dinner for Stuart, Johnson, 235 71–72 Sterling, Dorothy: Leftist critic of Time Inc., Soong, Mei-ling, “Madame Chiang,” 10, 25 122; manuscript blacklisted by Larsen, 122; Soong, T. V., 25, 41, 71, 81, 197; assures Luce on Luce the interventionist, 249 on Communist defeat, 26, 72 Stevenson, Adlai E., 165, 166, 197, 243; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), attacked by Time, xiii, 163, 211; tied to 188 Hiss by Clare Luce, 164; defeat in 1952, South Vietnam: flawed reporting on, xiii; State 164 Department pessimistic about, 194; difficult USS Stickell, 141 times after 1954, 194; 450,000 refugees in, Stillman, Charles L, 95–96 194; limited U.S. support for, 194; Stilwell, General Joseph W., 87, 93, 179;in intensification of war in 1961, 215; Burma in 1942, 39–40; contempt for infiltration by North Vietnamese, 215, 216; Chiang, 39; on Communists’ fighting and Diem, unpopularity of, 215; more U.S. potential, 40; enjoys Marshall’s confidence, Army advisers to, 216, 218; U.S. planners 40; attacked by Time, 101 see China as the enemy, 216; Time Inc.’s Stimson, Colonel Henry L.: meeting with Luce desire for more troops in, 217; Buddhist about China, 93; highly critical of Chiang uprising in, 220; ramifications of backing and supportive of Stilwell, 93; and the CIAI, Diem, 223; Buddhists and Viet Cong 154 versions of nationalism, 223; infiltration of Stripling, Robert, 104; subpoenas more enemy troops into, 230; Time thinks Chambers-Hiss documents, 105 bombing would slow down the rate, 230; Stuart, Ambassador Leighton, 61; ineffective U.S. troop level estimates, 231, 232; ambassador, 61, 72–73; admiration for ascendancy of Ky, 232; economy unhinged Chiang, 61; feted by Soong, 72; by the war, 235; but Fortune on opportunity Communists un-Chinese, 72; and for U.S. firms, 236 Wedemeyer, 88 Soviet Union (see also Luce, Henry Robinson: Sun Yat-sen, 25 Soviet Union), xiv, 175, 202; Luce’s growing Sun Yat-sen, Madame, 120 fear of, 2, 49; blamed by Luce for bad Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers relations, 55–56; blocks distribution of Luce (SCAP), 112

Index 343

Swanberg, W. A., 249–250; Luce and His —World War II: massive campaign for Empire, 250; indicts Luce for Vietnam, 250 rearmament appreciated by General Symington, Assistant Secretary of War Stuart, Marshall, 31; on the heroic Soviet ally, 71 42–43; Luce proud of its war effort, 50; wartime growth and profits, 50 Tachen Islands, 191; evacuation of, 192 Time Taft, Senator Robert A., 162;onthe —Style, readership, bias: meaning to the importance of the Far East, 94; Taft-Hartley author of, xiii; emergence of, 9, 23–24; Act, 99; support for McCarthy, 125; influence of, xiii; and its limits, 249; creates criticized by Life, 125; on the Korean defeat, new words, 24; early profitability, 24; 148–154; his isolationism worries Luce, upscale readership, 24; copy filtered through 157 Luce’s prism, xiii; hostile to Democrats, xiii, Teilhard de Chardin, Father Pierre, 240 98; attacked by professors for its bias, 100; Tet Offensive, 243; and press restrictions, its formula, 30; circulation in 1936, 30; 243 alternative to isolationist press, 30; flawed Thomas, J. Parnell: and HUAC, 131 journalism in, xiv; advocacy by, xiv; “pony” Thompson, Edward “Ed”: on obeying Luce at editions, 9; its audience in 1945, 20; Life, 4; warns U.S. nuclear arsenal circulation 1945, 50; no longer unique inadequate, 137; and criticism of Chiang’s national medium, 247; challenged by article, 175 Newsweek, 247; great age of influence Thrasher, Corinne: no affection for her boss passes, 247; its readership in 1965, 233; Luce, 18; on Luce becoming a Catholic, 156 many readers had fought in World War II, Tianjin, U.S. Navy at, 11 233; its growing army of critics, 243–244 Time Inc. —China: U.S. committed to China, 12; wants — the company, its readership and influence: vast U.S. economic and military aid, 53; diversity of its magazines, 3–4; saliency as a cover on Marshall in 1946, 55; warns factor in its influence, 4, 146–152, 249; against Soviets seizing China, 63, 85; prosperity after the war, 20; Luce optimistic about the civil war, 81; but management style, 27; as a generous but sometimes provides troubling anecdotes, 84; patriarchal employer, 27, 263; stock wants aid with few strings, 88; reluctant to appreciation, 25; expansion of employee expose the China lobby, 95; instead exposes rolls, 137; prosperity during Kennedy era, those losing China, 100–101; declares war 223 on Communist China, 108; on Soviet policy —China: warns of a Soviet China, 85; on fall in China, 108; understates Mao’s autonomy, of, 90; alliance with General Chennault, 94; 293; on mass murder in China, 147, 153; poor framework for understanding China, correspondents cautious on China issues, 97; on Chinese guerrillas ready to follow 175; attacks K. C. Wu, 179; and attacks Chiang, 142–148; volume of China coverage Vincent, 180; opposes weak policy in East usually outstrips rivals, 166–167;onthe Asia, 191; thinks Dulles might defend PRC vs. Guomindang, 166 Quemoy, 192; praises Eisenhower for —civil liberties: sometimes critical of the FBI as Quemoy stand, 201; on the plight of a “budding Gestapo,” 121; but supports the Catholics in China, 201–202; sees signs of Smith Act, 122; demands sexual conformity, moderation in China, 202; but sticks to its 122; less committed to civil liberties, 181 policies, 202; admits Sino-Soviet relations —Indochina/Vietnam War: Indochina a have gone sour, 203, 214; concedes China critical test, 143, 149; largely ignores a may change, 245 cautionary voice on Indochina, 144, 149; —Indochina, Vietnam War: hopes for propaganda for Diem, 204; on need for U.S. Indochina autonomy, 117; explains away to fight in Vietnam, 218; usually ignores bad news from Indochina, 118; favors roots of the revolution, 218 U.S.-led regional bloc, 119; see Philippines —Korean War: attacks withdrawal option in as a model, 119; sees more U.S. involvement, Korea, 148, 154; Your Stake in Japan, 140; reasons for intervention in Indochina, 147–153 141; U.S. destroyers in Saigon provoke riots, —Soviet Union, Cold War: Luce out to purge 141; U.S. must engage in Vietnam, 141–142; Communists, 82; speculation about a wider U.S. presence in Saigon growing, 142, 148; war, 136–137; sometimes an arm of U.S. cover on Bao Dai, 142–148; might need to foreign policy, 193; sometimes used by deploy U.S. troops, 142, 148; gap between President Kennedy, 214 its facts and its conclusions, 142–143, 148;

344 Index

Time (cont.) 234; on the need for some kind of military insists Red China a key to Indochina, success, 235; its burgeoning Saigon bureau, 143–149; admits enemy strength, 168;on 236; but victory remains elusive, 236; despite Giap’s tactics, 168; demands greater U.S. huge U.S. buildup, 239; Time sees need for involvement, 168; plays down Ho’s more troops, 236; its euphoria fading by nationalist appeal, 169; praises Vietnamese winter of 1966, 236; admits Saigon a elections, 182; calls for attack on Red China, cesspool and vulnerable, 236–237, 242; sees 184; foresees American bloodshed in Buddhist activists as dupes, 237; admits Indochina, 184, 187; no full-time reporter massive infiltrations, 237; and political in Hanoi, 184; on possible use of nuclear anarchy, 237; depicts wounded children, weapons, 185; reports American carriers 237; and the burning of Ben Suc, 238; in the Gulf of Tonkin, 185; ignores Ho’s advocates a universal “Pax Americana,” fear of China, 186; fears Free World retreat 239; admits Beijing influence ebbing, 241; at Geneva, 187–188; lauds Diem, 194, talks about 750,000 troops in Vietnam, 241; 204–205; boosts the image of Madame Nhu, scolds European critics, 242; says Hanoi 205; pushes for more U.S. aid, 195; Diem’s duped Salisbury, 242; Fuerbringer demands battle against the sects, 195; but some a bigger war, 242; attacks Ali, and salutes anecdotes show Vietminh strength, 195; African Americans serving in Vietnam, 243; used material supplied by Fishel, 195; Diem the growing gap between propaganda and depicted as wildly popular, 195; Washington reality, 243; its credibility undermined, 243, should stand by him, 195; reads Gandhi and 245; but still insists war a noble battle is a devout Catholic, 195; free to overthrow against China, 243; after Luce’s death Bao Dai, 195; U.S. needs new kind of magazine becomes more objective, 245; military, 195–196; obsessed with “The Limits of U.S. Power,” 245;by1968 counter-insurgency, 195; Lansdale advocates phased withdrawal, 245–246;no celebrated for his work in Asia, 195, 196; longer omniscient, 246; its reform a blow to celebrates Diem’s South Vietnam, 206; but China lobby, 246; supports Paris peace guerrilla threat rising, 206; magazine accords, 247; no remorse when South contradictory on Diem’s “agrovilles,” 206, Vietnam falls, 247 217; Diem the “father of his country,” 206; —Korean War: ignorance of Korea, 114; later asks if Marines would be fighting in the emphasizes the threat from North Korea, jungles, 206; intends to put pressure on 115; but optimistic about South Korean Kennedy, 206; warns against abandoning military, 117; blames Moscow for Korean Diem, 216; but more critical of him, 217; War, 134; celebrates MacArthur victory, Mme. Nhu responds, 217; derided as Joan 144–145, 150–151; mocks skeptics, of Arc, 217; says Diem cannot win, 1962; 144–150, 151; doubts China will intervene, wants more U.S. troops in Vietnam, 217, 144–151; yet warns of possible disaster, 146, 220; moments of doubt, 218; but aggressors 152; on rebuilding a united Korea, 145; must not be appeased, 218–220; reports on premature sigh of relief, 146, 152; cover on first Americans to die in battle there, 220; Mao, 147–153; mourns loss of Asia, 147, Time worried about Buddhist troubles; 153; criticizes MacArthur, 147, 153; whom reports Mme. Nhu comment, 220; reports Luce defends, 147; UN on verge of disaster, coup coming, 220–222; Fuerbringer hopes 147–153; lists U.S. casualties, 161; opposes for massive U.S. intervention, 222; attacks concessions in Korea, 138; on Truman’s U.S. press in Saigon, 222; Mohr resigns, dismissal of MacArthur, 145–151; opposes 222; admits war cannot be won by 1965, return to prewar Korean line, 155 223; spares readers Johnson’s crudeness, —McCarthy, Joseph R.: on McCarthy’s early 224; muses about American takeover of war, charges, 125; critical of both Lattimore and 225; supports air attacks on the north, 225, McCarthy, 129; opportunistic coverage, 239; ignores implications of its own facts, 129–130; denounced by Griffith, 129; 229; admits Ho plays off Chinese against Lattimore no Hiss, 131; but perhaps guilty, Russians, 229; China trying to avoid clash 133; its readership during the McCarthy era, with the U.S., 229; but magazine insists Red 131; contrasted with his supporters, 131; China the enemy in Vietnam, 229, 232–233; supports Mundt-Ferguson bill, 133; and the complains about Johnson’s caution, 230; McCarran act, 133; but cover on McCarthy uncertain about Viet Cong casualties, hailed by Wallace, 160; compares Truman to 234–235; downplays Soviet presence in McCarthy, 164; uses homophobia against North Vietnam, 233; attacks U.S. antiwar McCarthy, 181; blasts McCarthy protesters, 233, 234; attacks Arthur Miller, investigators, 181

Index 345

—Republican politics, 1952: on Robert A. Tydings, Senator Millard: McCarthy Taft, 157; Ike more likely to win, 162 subcommittee, 125, 130; on the IPR, 126;on —Soviet Union, Communism: Foreign News the FBI and Lattimore, 131 section, 43; impact of Chambers, 44; draws an iron curtain in 1945, 46; wants a postwar Unconditional surrender: Luce’s opposition to, military buildup, 52; editors speculate about 49 a nuclear war, 92; magazine attacks Hiss, Union Theological Seminary, 62, 274 105; on the Soviet atomic bomb, 111; United China Relief (UCR), 1, 12, 62, 246; derides Louis Johnson budget, 123; fears Luce’s role in, 34–35; raises $4 million, 34; atomic attack on New York City, 123; distribution of literature, 41; hearing on revives “Background for War,” 137; sees Kohlberg’s charges, 65 140 U.S. cities as potential targets, 137; United Nations: plans for Korea, 114, 115;on campaigns for huge military buildup, 137; the Communist China issue, 126; demand wants to talk tough to Soviets, 175; covers for North Korean withdrawal, 134; for Eisenhower’s Korean truce, 175; and for authorizes a unified, democratic Korea, 139; his nuclear policy, 176; downplays role in possible bombing of Manchuria, liberalization in Eastern Europe, 199; slow 147–153; and the Formosa question, 191; to acknowledge impact of Khrushchev’s Kennedy and China issue, 214;onthe speech, 199; Hungarian revolt tests admission of Outer Mongolia, 214; resisted liberation ideology, 199; magazine still by China lobby, 214; on the admission of insists Communism “monolithic,” 233; Communist China, 246 despite protest by Donovan, 233 United Service to China (USC), 62; and Time dispatches: collection at Harvard, Marshall, 85; the Luces and, 85; and xv Communist China, 120–121 Times-Herald (Washington, DC), United States Information Service, 100 128 United States News & World Report (U.S. Tito, Josip Broz, 108, 121, News): and high-quality coverage of China, 293 109 Truman Doctrine, 81 U.S. Air Force, 230; losses due to SAM Truman, Bess: insulted by CBL in 1944, 91, missiles, 235 98 U.S. Army: vast expansion of, 143, 149; body Truman, President Harry S., 115, 161, 175, counts and promotions, 231; and news 197, 251; China policy, 14, 53; on the China policy in Vietnam, 243; restrictions on news “rat hole,” 20; Luce open-minded about, after Tet, 243 46; on Soviet Union, 56; contempt for the U.S. Economic Survey Mission to Southeast Luce media, 9, 98; meeting with Luce, 49; Asia, 141 rebuffed Luce on Japan’s surrender, 50;on U.S. Marines: on leaving China, 59, 108 avoiding use of U.S. combat troops in U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group, 187 China, 52; names Marshall envoy, 53; U.S. Military Assistance Group: in South criticism of Chiang, 61; on Marshall’s Korea, 117 failure, 74; recall of Marshall, 79; attack on U.S. Seventh Fleet, 222 the “Loose” publications, 98, 146, 152; Utley, Freda, 70–71; and Clare Luce, 70; writes refuses deeper involvement in China, 74, for Scripps-Howard, 71; tries to write for 101, 108; sees Chiang as finished, 102; Life, 71; unhappy with Luce, 71 calming fears, 126; and Lattimore, 128;on committing U.S. forces to Korea, 135; and Valenti, Jack, 231 “lessons of Munich,” 135; more aid to Vandenberg, Senator Arthur, 4, 79, 121; Indochina, 135; and to the Philippines, 135; promotes aid for China 1947, 80; China aid, and Seventh Fleet to Straits of Formosa, 135; and the influence of Luce, 95 poor relations with Luce, 135; but praise Van Dusen, Henry P. “Pitt”: ally of Luce, 62; from Time for Korean intervention, 135; on the “world Christian movement,” 80; chortles over attack on China lobby and support for new policy on Red China, Luce, 135; refusal to send military mission to 202 Formosa, 135; on the nuclear option, 147, Van Fleet, General James, 167, 187; U.S. 153; on no wider war, 143–147, 148; feuds commander in Korea, 178; pleases Luce with MacArthur, 144–150; administration with Life articles, 178, 193; Taipei visits for gathers data on Kohlberg, 165; and the Eisenhower, 178; Life’s emissary to CIAI, 165; but fails to act, 165; and the Formosa, 193 Vincent case, 180 “Venona,” 105

346 Index

Viet Cong, 215, 216; U.S. involvement White, Theodore H., “Teddy” (see also Luce, augments their nationalist aura, 216; Time Henry Robinson: White), 75, 82, 250; works on China using them, 217; terror tactics of, for Hollington Tong, 35; employed by Time, 218; strike at will, 218; torture used against, 13, 35; on beginning to differ with Luce, 220; ﬁghting U.S. personnel, 220; capturing 35–36; admiration for Chinese Communists, more weapons, 223, 231; elusive aspects of, 35, 44–45; warns Luce against creating 230; and threats to U.S. bases, 231; increase myths, 13, 41; heavily edited Life article on in troop levels by 30,000, 231; accused of Chiang, 42; dismayed by Time on the atrocities by Humphrey, 234; on gaining Stilwell recall, 45; “Inside Red China” in more recruits, 238, 239 Life, 000; disgust with Time Inc. on China, Vietminh, 118, 140, 142–148, 183, 194; 45, 46; troubling questions about postwar nationalist appeal of, 186; forced to China, 51; journey home, 52; works on scale down demands at Geneva, 187 China book, 60; more advice from Vietnam (see also Luce, Henry Robinson: Fairbank, 60; Thunder Out of China, 60, Vietnam; South Vietnam) on U.S. 73; breaks with Luce, 73–74; right and intervention, 119; worsening of French wrong about China, 74; congratulates position in 1950, 149; Time alarmed, 143, Carter, 83; his edition of the Stilwell diary, 149; de Lattre de Tassigny takes command, 93; on the purge of the China hands, 133; 144, 149; division of, 198 blames Luce for Korea and Vietnam, Vincent, Betty: appeals to Luce, 180–181 249–250 Vincent, John Carter, 75, 133; attacked by Whitman, Walt, 240 Time for years, 75; denounced by Kohlberg, “Who lost China?” 4, 196, 246; how issue 75; denounced by Luce while conferring helped Luce on Vietnam, 251 with Stimson, 93; purged, 179–181;asa Wilde, Jim, 228 scapegoat, 180 Willauer, Whiting, 94 Willkie, Wendell, 4; Luce and his candidacy, Wake Island meeting, 145, 151 32; Time Inc. and, 32 Walker, John: on Korea, 114 Wilson, Charles E., “Engine Charlie,” 178 Walker, Professor Richard L., 178 Wilson, Woodrow, xiv, 216 Wallace, Henry A., 58; Progressive Party Winchell, Walter, 104 candidate, 98; accused of China sellout, World Council of Churches, 242 110; salutes Time story on McCarthy, World Culture, 147–153 160 World Order Study Conference of the Walsh, Father Edmund, 124 Presbyterian Church: and call for Walsh, Bishop James E., 201 recognition of Red China, 201, “War on Poverty,” 224 202 Washington Post: China coverage by, 166 World War II, see Luce, Henry Robinson: Watson, Thomas J., 160 World War II Ways, Max, 163, 224 World War III: debated at Time Inc., 123 Wedemeyer, General Albert C.: replaced Wu, K. C.: defection from Formosa, 178–179; Stilwell, 44; on Chiang regime, 44, 70, 88; Luce on, 178; antagonizes court around doubts about Marshall’s mission, 59; 1947 Chiang, 179; denounces Chiang, 179; mission to China, 86–88; prominent charges upset Luce, 179 coverage by Time Inc., 87; Communists not real Communists, 88–89; trusteeship plan Yale Daily News, 22–23 for Manchuria, 88; on stopping Chinese Yale-in-China, 12, 62, 85, 120 Communists, 89; praise for Time Inc., 248 Yale University, 104 Welch, Joseph: on pixies and fairies, 182 Yalta, 101, 173, 193; Dulles on, 162 Welles, Samuel, 43; access to “long telegram,” Yan’an, 10, 11, 44 56; tour of Vietnam, 140; Ho can strike Yantai, 51 almost anywhere, 140; interviews Acheson, Yenching University, Beijing, 11, 34, 61 140 Yikiang Island, 191 Wertenbaker, Charles, 165 Westmoreland, General William, “Man of the Zhang Qun, governor, 63 Year,” 235 Zhou Enlai, 145–151; meeting with Luce in “White Paper”: as historical account, 110; 1945, 10; warns of civil war, 14; farewell and a collection of documents, 110; to Marshall, 74; tells Stalin of Korea condemned by Time, 110–111; Luce’s intervention, 146–152; on the peaceful recollection of shame of, 191 liberation of Formosa, 193