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2/23/2017

The Lutheran and Anglican Reformations

Objectives

• historical origins/causes • Lutheran reformation – 3 sources for chorales • Anglican reformation –

Reformation: origins

• John Wyclif (1320‐1384) – opposed church wealth – English translation of Bible

• humanism (back to the ancients) – Lorenzo Valla (1406‐1457) Donation of Constantine – Erasmus (1466‐1536) Novum testamentum

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Lutheran Reformation—Martin Luther

• 10/31/1517: 95 Theses – in Wittenberg Germany – simony – indulgences – taxes

Martin Luther on music (W/T 27)

“next to the Word of God, music deserves the highest praise. She is a mistress of the governess of those human emotions—to pass over the animals—which as masters govern men or more often overwhelm them. . . . For whether you wish to comfort the sad, to terrify the happy, to encourage the despairing, . . . what more effective means than music could you find?”

Martin Luther on vernacular song (W/T 27) “I also wish that we had as many songs as possible in the vernacular which the people could sing during Mass, . . . For who doubts that originally all the people sang these which now only the sings or responds while the bishop is consecrating the host? . . . But poets are wanting among us, or not yet known, who could compose evangelical and spiritual songs.”

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Luther’s Views on Music, W/T 27 • music = second to theology • songs in the vernacular • congregational participation

Music in the Lutheran Church

• participation • vernacular – Deudsche messe (1526) • chorale – Monophonic, vernacular • three sources of Chorales – 1. adapt – 2. Contrafacta

Contrafacta

Greensleeves (original) What Child is This (contrafacta) Alas, my love, you do me wrong, What Child is this who, laid to rest To cast me off discourteously. On Mary’s lap is sleeping? For I have loved you well and long, Whom angels greet with anthems sweet Delighting in your company. While shepherds watch are keeping?

Greensleeves was all my joy This, this is Christ the King, Greensleeves was my delight . . . Whom shepherds guard and angels sing . . .

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Music in the Lutheran Church

• participation • vernacular – Deudsche messe (1526) • chorale – Monophonic, vernacular • three sources of Chorales – 1. adapt Gregorian Chant – 2. Contrafacta – 3. New tunes • aab: Bar form

The Anglican Reformation

England – Tudor Dynasty

• separate music culture (from continental Europe) • Henry VII (r.1485‐1509) – unified • Eton (1490‐1502) – Wylkynson, Jesus autem trans.

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Robert Wylkynson, Jesus autem transiens/Credo (Eton Choirbook)

England – Tudor Dynasty

• separate music culture • Henry VII (r.1485‐1509) – unified England • Eton Choirbook (1490‐1502) – Wylkynson, Jesus autem trans. • Henry VIII (r.1509‐1547) – “Defender of the Faith”

Anglican Reformation CatherineAnne ofBoleyn Aragon

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Anglican Reformation

• Henry VIII – wants divorce – creates Anglican church •

Book of Common Prayer

Anglican Reformation

• Henry VIII – wants divorce – creates Anglican church • Book of Common Prayer • – verse anthem – full anthem • W. Byrd: Sing joyfully unto God, NAWM 46

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Byrd, Sing joyfully unto God, NAWM 49

• full anthem • text = psalm 81 [in English!] • free imitation – “Sing joy” • varying textures • text painting (madrigalisms) – instrument sounds

conclusions

• caused by need for divorce • new genres – anthems – new dislikes (“Popish” music)

Conclusions

• 1. reformations had profound effect on European culture – especially music – See NAWM 98 • 2. creation of new repertoires – chorale (three types) – anthems • 3. foundation for later composers

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