United States In cooperation with Department of Tennessee Agricultural Agriculture Experiment Station, Soil Survey of Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Rhea County Rhea County, Board of Commissioners, and Rhea County Soil Natural Conservation District Tennessee Resources Conservation Service

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How To Use This Soil Survey

The information provided in this publication can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas. The text includes descriptions of detailed soil map units and provides an explanation of the information presented in the tables, or soil reports, which are available via the Web Soil Survey of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (accessible from the Soils Web site at http://soils.usda.gov). The publication also includes a glossary of terms used in the text and tables and a list of references. Bookmarks and links in the publication allow the user to navigate from one part of the text to another. Maps showing soil lines and map unit symbols can be accessed for a particular area of interest through Web Soil Survey (by clicking on the “Soil Map” tab). The symbols on the maps represent the detailed soil map units in the area. These map units are listed in the bookmarks panel of the text. Information about the map units can be accessed by clicking on the appropriate bookmark. The bookmarks panel of the text outlines the contents of this publication. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 2001. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 2003. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 2001. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, the Rhea County Board of Commissioners, and the Rhea County Soil Conservation District. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Rhea County Soil Conservation District. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, or, where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, or political beliefs, as a means of reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 800-795-3272 (voice) or 202-720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: The historic Rhea County Courthouse in an area of Urban land-Udorthents complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes. (Photo courtesy of Eva Cruver)

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 CgD—Collegedale silt loam, 12 to 25 percent How To Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 slopes ...... 53 Contents...... 5 CoC—Conasauga silt loam, 5 to 12 percent Foreword ...... 9 slopes ...... 54 General Nature of the County ...... 11 Cr—Cranmore loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, How This Survey Was Made ...... 17 frequently flooded ...... 56 General Soil Map Units ...... 19 DeB—Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 percent 1. Lily-Gilpin-Ramsey ...... 19 slopes ...... 57 2. Gilpin-Allen-Bouldin-Petros...... 20 DeC—Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent 3. Shady-Hamblen-Waynesboro-Cobstone ..... 21 slopes ...... 58 4. Pailo-Fullerton-Tasso...... 23 DeD—Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 percent 5. Colbert-Lyerly-Ketona-Capshaw ...... 24 slopes ...... 59 6. Townley-Sunlight-Salacoa-Apison ...... 25 DL—Dumps, landfills...... 61 7. Waynesboro-Holston-Wolftever ...... 26 Ec—Ealy-Craigsville complex, occasionally 8. Waynesboro-Pailo-Holston ...... 27 flooded ...... 61 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 Eg—Egam silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent Ac—Allegheny-Cotaco complex, occasionally slopes ...... 64 flooded ...... 30 EtB—Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...... 65 AeB—Allen loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes...... 31 EtC—Etowah loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes...... 66 AeC—Allen loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 32 FuB—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 2 to 5 AeD—Allen loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes ...... 34 percent slopes ...... 67 AMC—Allen-Urban land complex, 2 to 12 FuC—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 35 percent slopes ...... 69 AnB—Altavista loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes ...... 36 FuD—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 AsF—Apison-Sunlight-Salacoa complex, 25 percent slopes ...... 70 to 65 percent slopes ...... 37 FuF—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 25 to 60 At—Atkins loam, frequently flooded ...... 39 percent slopes ...... 71 BaE—Barfield-Rock outcrop complex, 10 GpC—Gilpin loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 73 to 40 percent slopes ...... 40 GpD—Gilpin loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes ...... 74 BEF—Bethesda-Mine pits complex, 10 GpF—Gilpin loam, 20 to 60 percent slopes ...... 75 to 80 percent slopes ...... 42 GuF—Gilpin-Bouldin-Petros complex, 25 to Bm—Bloomingdale silty clay loam, frequently 80 percent slopes, very stony ...... 77 flooded ...... 43 Ha—Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded .... 79 CaB—Capshaw silt loam, 2 to 5 percent HoB—Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...... 80 slopes ...... 44 HoC—Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 82 CaC—Capshaw silt loam, 5 to 12 percent JeC—Jefferson cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 46 slopes ...... 83 Cb—Cobstone cobbly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 JsD—Jefferson-Shelocta complex, 10 to 20 percent slopes, rarely flooded ...... 47 percent slopes ...... 84 CDB—Cobstone-Shady-Urban land complex, JsF—Jefferson-Shelocta complex, 20 to 45 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded...... 49 percent slopes ...... 86 CeC—Colbert and Lyerly soils, 2 to 12 percent JvD—Jefferson-Varilla-Shelocta complex, 10 slopes, very rocky ...... 50 to 20 percent slopes, very stony ...... 87 CgC—Collegedale silt loam, 2 to 12 percent JvF—Jefferson-Varilla-Shelocta complex, 20 slopes ...... 52 to 60 percent slopes, very stony ...... 89 6

Kt—Ketona–Tupelo complex, 0 to 3 percent TsD—Townley-Sunlight complex, 12 to 25 slopes, frequently flooded ...... 90 percent slopes ...... 126 LhB—Lily loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes...... 92 UUC—Urban land-Udorthents complex, 2 LhC—Lily loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 93 to 12 percent slopes ...... 127 LhD—Lily loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes ...... 94 W—Water...... 129 LhE—Lily loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes...... 96 Wa—Wax-Rockdell complex, 0 to 3 percent LnB—Lonewood-Hendon complex, 2 to 5 slopes, occasionally flooded ...... 129 percent slopes ...... 97 WbB2—Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent LnC—Lonewood-Hendon complex, 5 to 12 slopes, eroded ...... 130 percent slopes ...... 99 WbC2—Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent PaC—Pailo gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded ...... 132 slopes ...... 100 WbD2—Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 percent PaD—Pailo gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 slopes, eroded ...... 133 percent slopes ...... 102 WfB—Wolftever silt loam, 2 to 5 percent PaF—Pailo gravelly silt loam, 25 to 60 slopes ...... 134 percent slopes ...... 103 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 137 PCF—Pits, clay, 10 to 80 percent slopes ...... 105 Crops, Pasture, and Hayland ...... 137 PM—Pits, mine, and dumps ...... 105 Hydric Soils ...... 141 Pp—Pope and Philo loams, frequently Woodland Management and Productivity...... 142 flooded ...... 105 Recreation...... 143 RaC—Ramsey loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, Wildlife Habitat ...... 144 very rocky ...... 107 Engineering ...... 147 RrD—Ramsey-Rock outcrop complex, 12 Soil Properties ...... 153 to 20 percent slopes ...... 108 Engineering Index Properties...... 153 RrF—Ramsey-Rock outcrop complex, 20 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 153 to 50 percent slopes ...... 109 Soil Features ...... 155 SaC—Salacoa loam, 5 to 12 percent Water Features ...... 155 slopes ...... 111 Classification of the Soils ...... 157 SgE—Sequoia-Gilpin complex, 20 to 35 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 157 percent slopes ...... 112 Allegheny Series ...... 157 ShB—Shady loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes ...... 113 Allen Series ...... 159 Sm—Shady loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, Altavista Series ...... 159 occasionally flooded ...... 114 Apison Series ...... 160 St—Staser loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes...... 116 Atkins Series ...... 161 TaD—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 25 Barfield Series...... 162 percent slopes ...... 117 Bethesda Series...... 163 TmB—Tasso-Minvale complex, 2 to 5 Bloomingdale Series ...... 163 percent slopes ...... 119 Bouldin Series ...... 164 TmC—Tasso-Minvale complex, 5 to 12 Capshaw Series ...... 165 percent slopes ...... 120 Cobstone Series ...... 167 TmD—Tasso-Minvale complex, 12 to 25 Colbert Series ...... 168 percent slopes ...... 122 Collegedale Series ...... 169 TsC—Townley-Sunlight complex, 5 to 12 Conasauga Series ...... 170 percent slopes ...... 124 Cotaco Series ...... 171 7

Craigsville Series ...... 172 Waynesboro Series ...... 203 Cranmore Series ...... 172 Wolftever Series ...... 203 Dewey Series ...... 173 Formation of the Soils ...... 205 Ealy Series ...... 174 Factors of Soil Formation ...... 205 Egam Series ...... 175 Processes of Horizon Differentiation ...... 206 Etowah Series ...... 176 References ...... 209 Fullerton Series...... 177 Glossary ...... 213 Gilpin Series...... 178 Tables ...... 223 Hamblen Series ...... 179 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 224 Hendon Series ...... 179 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 225 Holston Series...... 180 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 225 Jefferson Series ...... 181 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Ketona Series ...... 182 of the Soils ...... 226 Lily Series ...... 183 Table 5.—Relationship Between Residue Lonewood Series ...... 184 Cover and Erosion Control ...... 228 Lyerly Series ...... 185 Table 6.—Grazing Efficiencies ...... 228 Minvale Series ...... 186 Table 7.—The Maintenance of Forages in a Pailo Series ...... 187 Vegetative State...... 228 Petros Series ...... 188 Table 8.—Land Capability and Yields Per Philo Series ...... 188 Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 229 Pope Series...... 189 Table 9.—Prime Farmland ...... 234 Ramsey Series...... 190 Table 10.—Woodland Management and Rockdell Series ...... 191 Productivity ...... 235 Salacoa Series ...... 192 Table 11.—Recreational Development ...... 248 Sequoia Series...... 193 Table 12.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 256 Shady Series...... 193 Table 13.—Building Site Development ...... 263 Shelocta Series ...... 194 Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 272 Staser Series ...... 195 Table 15.—Construction Materials ...... 280 Sunlight Series ...... 196 Table 16.—Water Management ...... 288 Talbott Series ...... 197 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 298 Tasso Series ...... 197 Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties Townley Series ...... 198 of the Soils ...... 321 Tupelo Series ...... 199 Table 19.—Soil Features ...... 330 Udorthents ...... 200 Table 20.—Water Features ...... 334 Varilla Series ...... 201 Table 21.—Classification of the Soils ...... 341 Wax Series ...... 201

Issued 2005

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Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in Rhea County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

James W. Ford State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

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Soil Survey of Rhea County, Tennessee

By Richard L. Livingston and Melissa C. Oliver, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Richard L. Livingston and Melissa C. Oliver, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Billy R. Roach and D. Scott Manning, Rhea County

United State Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Rhea County Board of Commissioners, and Rhea County Soil Conservation District

RHEA COUNTY is located in southeastern Tennessee, about 110 miles southeast of Nashville, 70 miles southwest of Knoxville, and 35 miles north of Chattanooga (fig. 1). The county is roughly rectangular in shape and covers an area of 215,600 acres, or about 337 square miles. About 197,700 Figure 1.—Location of Rhea County in Tennessee. acres are land and 17,900 acres are water (33). The county is bordered on the north by Cumberland and Roane Counties, on the south by Hamilton County, on the west by Bledsoe County, and on the east by Meigs County. The Tennessee River forms the History and Settlement eastern border with Meigs County. Dayton, the Rhea County was formed in 1807 when the county seat, is in the southern part of Rhea Tennessee Legislature passed a bill to reduce the County. Graysville, Evensville, and Spring City are territory of Roane County and to create two new other towns in the county. According to census counties. This bill came to be known as the Act of data, the population of the county was 28,400 in 1807. The original boundaries of Rhea County were 2000 (29). later altered by several other acts. The home of This soil survey updates the soil survey of Rhea William Henry held the first seat of justice for Rhea County, Tennessee, published in 1948 (30). It provides County because no public buildings existed in the additional information about the soils and provides newly formed county. Henry’s home was located maps on a photographic background. about 4 miles northwest of present-day Dayton. This residence served as the courthouse until October General Nature of the County 1812, when the courthouse was relocated to the Washington community. In January 1836, Rhea This section gives general information about the County was divided at the Tennessee River in order to county. It describes the history and settlement; form Meigs County (12). transportation and industry; natural resources; The building of the railroad by Cincinnati Southern physiography, drainage, and geology; and climate in Railroad during the 1870’s created and expanded the survey area. many new communities, such as Spring City. The county seat was moved in July 1889 from Washington 12 Soil Survey

to Smith’s Cross Roads, which was located closer to Transportation and Industry the new railroad (12). Smith’s Cross Roads was named after William R. Rhea County has an excellent network of highways Smith, a New England schoolmaster that emigrated and roads. U.S. Highway 27, the most traveled from Knoxville to Rhea County. The name Smith’s highway in the county, dissects the county northeast Cross Roads was officially changed to Dayton in May to southwest. It was one of the major north-south 1878. Dayton became famous in 1925 for the “Scopes routes in east Tennessee before the completion of Trial of Evolution,” which was argued by William Interstate Highway 75. Other major routes include Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow (12). An annual State Highways 68, 30, and 60. State Highway 68 Scopes Trial Festival and reenactment runs west to east across the northern part of the commemorates the famous event. A museum is county, passing through Spring City. State Highway 30 located in the basement of the courthouse and also runs roughly west to east across the southern contains artifacts and photographs from the trial. The section of the county, passing through Dayton. Rhea County Courthouse is listed on the National Beginning at Dayton, State Highway 60 runs Register of Historic Places. southeast to Cleveland, Tennessee. Numerous Evensville, formerly Darwin’s Station, was renamed secondary State Highways and county roads for the Evan Evens family, who owned a large tract of supplement the main arteries. land in the survey area. In 1917, Evensville was One railroad and several truck lines serve the incorporated. In 1878, the first post office was county. Commercial air service is available in established. John H. Evens was appointed the first Knoxville and Chattanooga. Mark Anton Airport, postmaster (12). owned by Dayton’s municipality, serves light and Grandview was first called Piney Falls. Its name medium jet aircraft for private transportation. was changed to Grandview because of the scenic The Tennessee River is the only major waterway view of the valley and mountains. In 1887, Grandview transportation route for the county. The lock at Watts Normal Institute was started from the Grandview Bar Dam handles an average of 3,300 vessels and Academy started by the American Missionary 1.6 million tons of commodities per year. Association. It operated until 1925. Former students of Industrial enterprises include the manufacture of the institute held reunions in Grandview until the textile products, automotive parts, electrical middle or late 1970’s. A Tennessee Historical Marker appliances and parts, gravel and concrete, paper on State Highway 68 stands on the edge of the old products, wood products, mattresses and bedding, campus of Grandview Normal Institute (12). and furniture. Farming and the wood industry are Graysville, which is 6 miles south of Dayton, also important enterprises in the county (5). The grew because of the arrival of the Cincinnati Southern Tennessee Valley Authority’s Watts Bar Dam and Railroad in 1880. The town was named for Billy Gray, Watts Bar Nuclear Plant also provide employment one of the first settlers in the area. Coal and clay were opportunities in the survey area (fig. 2). both mined around Graysville beginning in the late 1800’s and continuing until 1940. In 1892, an academy was established by the Seventh-day Natural Resources Adventist Church and Elder G.W. Colcord. A B.A. Hartman, Geologist, Natural Resources Conservation sanitarium was also established and had many Service, prepared this section. patrons. It was later moved to Collegedale in Hamilton County (12). Soils, water, minerals, and forestland are important Spring City, which was incorporated in 1890, natural resources in Rhea County. The county has an became a growing community as a result of the abundant supply of fresh water and streams that railroad that was built to the area in the 1870’s. Dr. commonly flow year-round. The main streams that W.M. Snyder was the first mayor. Initially the drain the county include Richland Creek, Whites community was named Walnut Grove, and it was later Creek, Yellow Creek, Clear Creek, Roaring Creek, changed to Spring City. The first post office was Town Creek, and the Piney River (fig. 3). On the established in 1878. Lumber, tanbark, and other eastern border is the Tennessee River. Watts Bar products were shipped to outside markets by rail. In Dam and Lake are in the northern section of the the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, the community was county, and Chickamauga Lake is in the southern a pioneer for strawberry culture in a region that section near Dayton. Springs, small streams, ponds, shipped more strawberries than any other State in the and wells are numerous and furnish water for Union (12). domestic uses and livestock. About 126,400 acres of Rhea County, Tennessee 13

Figure 2.—The Tennessee Valley Authority’s Watts Bar Nuclear Plant supplies electricity to the Tennessee Valley region and offers employment opportunities.

Rhea County are forested (26). Pulpwood and active coal mines in Rhea County, but coal has been hardwood production are important industries in the a historically significant natural resource of the county county. (12). Iron ore (hematite) occurs in one geologic The important mineral resources of the county are formation near the base of the Cumberland limestone, sandstone, coal, and clay (fig. 4). Escarpment. Although there are no current major Limestone for construction materials and roads is businesses associated with the mining and produced from two active quarries in the county. processing of the iron ore in Rhea County, related Several small abandoned limestone quarries and businesses have resulted in the establishment and mines are located on the soil maps by special growth of several communities in the area, including symbols. Sandstone for building stone occurs on the Dayton, Rockwood, and Chattanooga. Historically, Cumberland Plateau. The commercial names of clay mining for brick and other fired products has Crossville Sandstone and Crab Orchard stone been important to the county (12, 34). The generally refer to dimension stone that is mined from Chattanooga Shale geologic formation is exposed in small quarries, while field stone is gathered from very small areas of the county. Although of limited areas where loose sandstone is concentrated on the expanse, this sedimentary rock can contain as much land surface (34). Coal is found in many of the as 15 gallons of oil and 0.06 percent uranium, along geologic formations of the Cumberland Plateau and with unusual concentrations of trace elements, Cumberland Escarpment. Presently there are no phosphate, and gas. The greatest potential for 14 Soil Survey

Figure 3.—The Piney River is a major stream in Rhea County. development lies with materials that can be used for Chickamauga Lake is about 683 feet above m.s.l. industrial and construction materials. These materials Elevation in the Ridges and Valleys portion of the include limestone, dolomite, sand, and gravel (34). county (including the Tennessee River flood plain and stream terraces) ranges from about 690 to 1,000 feet above m.s.l. The Cumberland Plateau and Mountains Physiography, Drainage, and Geology portion (including the Cumberland Escarpment) B.A. Hartman, Geologist, Natural Resources Conservation generally ranges from about 900 to 1,800 feet above Service, prepared this section. m.s.l. in the Cumberland Escarpment area and from about 1,700 to 2,000 feet above m.s.l in the Rhea County lies in two major land resource Cumberland Plateau area. Dayton, the county seat, is areas—the Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys in the Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys and and the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains (32). is about 720 feet above m.s.l. Topography in the county is variable. The highest All surface waters of the county drain into the point in the county is on the Cumberland Plateau near Tennessee River system. Most of the streams reach the Bledsoe County line. It is about 2,020 feet above the Tennessee River by way of Watts Bar Lake and mean sea level (m.s.l.). The lowest point is in the Chickamauga Lake. The Tennessee River flows southern part of the county, near the Tennessee River southward and forms the eastern boundary of the and Chickamauga Lake. Summer pool of county. The northern part of the county near the Rhea County, Tennessee 15

Roddy community generally drains to the north and Both Creeks flow generally east before reaching the reaches Watts Bar Lake by way of Whites Creek. Tennessee River. Near Dayton, Richland Creek flows Important tributary streams are Sandy Creek and into Chickamauga Lake. Little Richland Creek, Paine Laurel Creek. Camp Creek drains directly into Watts Creek, Laurel Creek, Henderson Creek, Tigues Bar Lake. The Piney River drains much of the central Creek, Polebridge Creek, Morgan Creek, and Broyles part of the Cumberland Plateau and flows eastward Branch are the main tributaries of Richland Creek. In through Spring City before reaching Watts Bar Lake. the southernmost part of the county, Roaring Creek Important tributaries of the Cumberland Plateau area and Hickman Branch flow into Sale Creek, near are Edwards Branch, Dunlap Creek, Soak Creek, Graysville. Sale Creek flows into Hamilton County Stinging Fork, Rockhouse Branch, Duskin Creek, before reaching Chickamauga Lake. Bumbee Creek, Piney Creek, Little Piney Creek, and The rocks of Rhea County represent five periods of Moccasin Creek. Vans Creek flows to the south in the the Paleozoic era of geologic time, spanning from valley and enters the Piney River just before the about 600 to 300 million years ago (22). Differences in confluence with Watts Bar Lake. Muddy Branch and the topography of the county can be partly attributed Toestring Branch drain directly into Watts Bar Lake. In to differential weathering (ease or resistance to the central part of the county, Yellow Creek drains an weathering) of the underlying bedrock. Shale, area west of McDonald Bend and Clear Creek limestone, and dolomite weather at a faster rate than originates just west of the Cumberland Escarpment. sandstone, quartzite, and rocks having a large

Figure 4.—The sandstone resource in Rhea County supports an important industry. Sandstone is used for the construction of homes and commercial buildings. 16 Soil Survey

content of chert or silica cementation. Intense folding Payne Chert, Townley and Sunlight soils are common and faulting of the rocks also influenced the on the Chattanooga Shale, and Lily soils are on the weathering characteristics and played a large part in Rockwood Formation. the development of the topography in the county (8). Stream terraces and alluvial fans are scattered The Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys throughout the main valley. Waynesboro and Holston region (including the Tennessee River flood plain and soils occur on the higher stream terraces. The alluvial stream terraces) roughly covers the eastern two- parent material for these soils was probably deposited thirds of the county. This region is characterized by a during the Pleistocene epoch. The towns of Spring series of northeast-southwest oriented ridges and City, Dayton, and Graysville are located on alluvial valleys that formed during the late Paleozoic fans and stream terraces comprised of cobbly and mountain-building episode that formed the sandy material that washed primarily from the Appalachians. Rocks from the Mississippian, Cumberland Plateau. These materials were most Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian periods likely deposited during the Holocene epoch. Cobstone make up these sediments. In the central part of the and Shady soils are dominant in these areas. county, cherty dolomite and limestone of the The stream terraces and flood plains of the Ordovician and Cambrian periods form the ridges. Tennessee River are comprised of alluvium of varying The Copper Ridge Dolomite, Chepultepec Dolomite, ages. The alluvial parent materials of the higher and Longview Formation are the principal ridge stream terraces most likely were deposited during the formers. Pailo, Fullerton, and Dewey soils are Pleistocene epoch. Soils on the higher stream common on these geologic formations. Landscapes terraces include Etowah, Waynesboro, and Holston are usually sloping to very steep and highly dissected. soils. The younger alluvium, on the lower stream The less cherty Newala Formation (Mascot and terraces and in flood plain positions, which are now Kingsport Formations Undifferentiated) are generally protected from flooding by Watts Bar Dam, was most at the slightly lower elevations (18, 19, 20). Dewey likely deposited during the Holocene epoch. Soils on and Fullerton soils are dominant in these areas. these landscapes include Staser, Egam, Shady, Minvale and Tasso soils occur on footslopes, Wolftever, and Altavista soils. toeslopes, fans, and stream terraces in these areas. In the northern and eastern parts of the county, They formed in colluvial and alluvial materials that there are four areas of highly dissected topography. weathered from these rock units. Wax and Rockdell Commonly called “The Knobs” or “River Knobs,” these soils are on flood plains and low stream terraces. areas are located on Muddy Creek Ridge, in They formed in alluvial material. Cottonport Bend, in Smith Bend, and in Gillespie The main valley adjacent to the Cumberland Bend. They are underlain by the Cambrian-age Rome Escarpment and other nearly level and gently sloping Formation (18, 34, 35). This parent material is a areas in the eastern part of the county is underlain by heterogeneous mixture of yellow, brown, red, purple, the Ordovician-age Chickamauga Limestone (18, 19, and green siltstone, sandstone, and shale with a few 20). This bedrock (consisting of limestone, dolomite, thin layers of limestone or dolomite. Townley, Sunlight, and, in some areas, shale) is the parent material for and Apison soils are common in the uplands. Townley, Colbert and Lyerly soils. Capshaw soils are on stream Sunlight, and Apison soils formed primarily in residual terraces and footslopes in these areas. These soils materials. Salacoa soils formed in colluvial materials. formed in a layer of transported material that overlies Hamblen soils formed in alluvial materials and are the fine textured soil material that weathered from the common on narrow flood plains. Chickamauga Limestone. Ketona and Tupelo soils The western one-third of the county is within the formed in fine textured alluvium and the underlying Cumberland Plateau and Mountains (including the residuum from this parent material. The Mississippian- Cumberland Escarpment). This area is underlain by age Fort Payne Chert, Devonian-age Chattanooga rocks of the Pennsylvanian period. Sandstone and Shale, and Silurian-age Rockwood Formation are shale with lesser amounts of siltstone, coal, and exposed on the western side of the main valley. These conglomerate dominate the lithology. These materials rocks are exposed mostly as thin bands or narrow formed in ancient lagoonal swamps and tidal flats and ridges along the base of the Cumberland near shore beach deposits. The surface of the Escarpment. The Chattanooga Shale can contain as Cumberland Plateau proper in Rhea County is mostly much as 15 gallons of oil and 0.06 percent uranium in underlain by the Crooked Fork Group and the specific areas. The Rockwood Formation consists of Rockcastle Conglomerate Undifferentiated (17, 18, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and beds of hematite (iron 19, 20, 21, 23, 24). These near-surface rocks are ore). Pailo and Fullerton soils are common on the Fort mostly sandstone and conglomerate that are very Rhea County, Tennessee 17

resistant to the weathering processes. Lily, Lonewood, In winter, the average temperature is 39.4 degrees and Ramsey soils are the dominant soils on the F and the average daily minimum temperature is 29.0 smoother parts of the Cumberland Plateau uplands. degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which Intermingled areas of Ramsey soils and rock outcrops occurred at Dayton on January 21, 1985, is -15 are common on shoulder slopes, escarpments, and degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 75.6 narrow, convex nose slopes and ridgetops. Allegheny, degrees and the average daily maximum temperature Cotaco, Pope, and Philo soils and small areas of is 87.7 degrees. The highest temperature on record, Atkins soils occur on narrow stream terraces and which occurred at Dayton on July 16, 1980, is 107 flood plains. degrees. The Vandever Formation underlies this resistant Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They sandstone cap rock. This formation is dominated by are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, brownish and grayish shale. It is exposed along the growing degree days accumulate by the amount that upper part of the escarpment and in the incised the average temperature each day exceeds a base drainageways of the plateau. Most areas of this temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly formation are sloping to steep. Gilpin and Petros soils accumulation is used to schedule single or are dominant in these areas of shale bedrock. Below successive plantings of a crop between the last the Vandever Formation is a series of beds that freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall. consist primarily of sandstone, shale, and The average annual total precipitation is 56.31 conglomerate. In order of youngest to oldest, these inches. Of this, 29.87 inches, or about 53 percent, beds include the Newton Sandstone, the Whitwell usually falls in April through October. The growing Shale, the Sewanee Conglomerate, the Signal Point season for most crops falls within this period. The Shale, the Warren Point Sandstone, the Raccoon heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record was Mountain Formation, and the Gizzard Group 5.94 inches at Dayton on December 30, 1969. Undifferentiated (18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24). This group of Thunderstorms occur on about 56 days each year, Pennsylvanian-age rock layers is exposed mostly and most occur between May and August. along the Cumberland Escarpment along with the The average seasonal snowfall is 5.9 inches. The shale-dominated, Mississippian-age Pennington greatest snow depth at any one time during the period Formation. Seams of coal are associated with many of record was 10 inches, recorded on February 13, of the Pennsylvanian-age layers. 1960. On average, 4 days per year have at least 1 On the Cumberland Escarpment, the more inch of snow on the ground. The heaviest 1-day resistant sandstone layers tend to form small benches snowfall on record was 9.6 inches, recorded on and the more easily weathered shaly layers tend to February 13, 1960. form steeper, more linear slopes. The Pennington The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is Formation is comprised mostly of shale and is at least about 55 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the partly covered by cobbly, stony, and bouldery colluvial average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines materials. Soils on the Cumberland Escarpment 64 percent of the time possible in summer and 47 include Gilpin and Petros soils in areas where shale percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the lithology dominates, areas of rock outcrops where south. Average windspeed is highest, around 8 miles sandstone and more resistant rocks are exposed, and per hour, from February through April. Bouldin soils near the base slope, on benches, and in coves where cobbly, stony, and bouldery colluvial How This Survey Was Made materials have accumulated. Allen soils are dominant on the less sloping footslopes where the alluvium and This survey was made to provide information about colluvium contain smaller amounts of cobbles, stones, the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. and boulders. The information includes a description of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their location and a Climate discussion of their suitability, limitations, and management for specified uses. Soil scientists Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation observed the steepness, length, and shape of the for the survey area as recorded at Dayton, slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of Tennessee, in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on the length of the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. the growing season. The profile extends from the surface down into the 18

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other could confirm data and assemble additional data living organisms and has not been changed by other based on experience and research. biological activity. While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey of the soils in the area generally are collected for area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural scientists interpret the data from these analyses and vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular the soil properties to determine the expected behavior kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. By of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the of the soils are field tested through observation of the survey area and relating their position to specific soils in different uses and under different levels of segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a management. Some interpretations are modified to fit concept or model of how they formed. Thus, during local conditions, and some new interpretations are mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the from other sources, such as research information, kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific production records, and field experience of location on the landscape. specialists. For example, data on crop yields under Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge defined levels of management are assembled from into one another as their characteristics gradually farm records and from field or plot experiments on the change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, same kinds of soil. soil scientists must determine the boundaries Predictions about soil behavior are based not only between the soils. They can observe only a limited on soil properties but also on such variables as number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are observations, supplemented by an understanding of predictable over long periods of time, but they are not the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are predictable from year to year. For example, soil sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an scientists can somewhat accurately predict that a area and to determine the boundaries. given soil will have a high water table within certain Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the depths in most years. However, they cannot predict soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, that a high water table will always be at a specific texture, size, and shape of soil aggregates; kind and level in the soil on a specific date. amount of rock fragments; distribution of plant roots; After soil scientists located and identified the reaction; and other features that enable them to significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial area and determining their properties, the soil photographs and identified each as a specific map scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with boundaries accurately. precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a The descriptions, names, and delineations of the basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification of the soils in some adjacent survey areas. used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind Differences are the result of a better knowledge of and character of soil properties and the arrangement soils, modifications in series concepts, or variations in of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists the intensity of mapping or in the extent of the soils in classified and named the soils in the survey area, the survey areas. they compared the individual soils with similar soils in 19

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map shows broad areas that have Soil Properties and Qualities a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each Lily map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural Depth class: Moderately deep landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major Drainage class: Well drained soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or Parent material: Residuum from sandstone and miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or siltstone miscellaneous areas. The components of one map Surface texture: Loam unit can occur in another but in a different pattern. Slope range: Gently sloping to very steep The general soil map can be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas Gilpin of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Depth class: Moderately deep Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can Drainage class: Well drained be identified. Parent material: Residuum from shale, mudstone, and Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable siltstone for planning the management of a farm or field or for Surface texture: Loam selecting a site for a road or building or other Slope range: Sloping to very steep structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from Ramsey place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other Depth class: Shallow and very shallow characteristics that affect management. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Parent material: Residuum from sandstone Surface texture: Loam 1. Lily-Gilpin-Ramsey Slope range: Sloping to very steep Moderately deep, shallow, and very shallow, gently Minor Components sloping to very steep, well drained and somewhat • Hendon and Lonewood soils on gently sloping and excessively drained soils that have a loamy subsoil; sloping broad ridge crests formed in residuum from sandstone, siltstone, shale, • Allegheny and Cotaco soils on low stream terraces or mudstone (fig. 5) and on alluvial fans • Jefferson, Shelocta, and Varilla soils on footslopes Setting and the lower portions of backslopes • Pope, Philo, Ealy, Craigsville, and Atkins soils on Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and flood plains Mountains Landform: Upland plateaus and ridges Use and Management Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Major uses: Woodland, cropland, pasture, hayland, Composition and wildlife habitat Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 39 Management concerns: Extent of the soils in the map unit: • The hazard of erosion in sloping to very steep areas Lily and similar soils—61 percent • The moderate available water capacity in the Lily Gilpin and similar soils—14 percent and Gilpin soils and the very low available water Ramsey and similar soils—7 percent capacity in the Ramsey soils Minor components—18 percent • The equipment limitation in steep and very steep wooded areas 20 Soil Survey

Figure 5.—The relationship of soils, geology, and parent materials in the Lily-Gilpin-Ramsey and Gilpin-Allen-Bouldin-Petros general soil map units.

Management considerations: 2. Gilpin-Allen-Bouldin-Petros • Implementing and maintaining erosion-control practices in gently sloping to steep areas of Very deep to shallow, gently sloping to very steep, cropland excessively drained to well drained soils that have a • Preventing overgrazing and maintaining the proper loamy subsoil; formed in residuum from shale or in fertility levels in areas used for pasture or hay colluvium derived from interbedded sandstone, • Locating woodland roads and trails as close to the siltstone, and shale (fig. 5) contour as possible, installing water breaks and culverts, and closing and seeding roads that are no Setting longer used • Controlling undesirable species and replanting after Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and harvest in areas of woodland Mountains and Cumberland Escarpment • Providing food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife Landform: Escarpments and footslopes Slope range: 2 to 80 percent Rhea County, Tennessee 21

Composition Use and Management Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 10 Major uses: Woodland, pasture, hayland, and wildlife Extent of the soils in the map unit: habitat Gilpin and similar soils—22 percent Management concerns: Allen and similar soils—21 percent • The hazard of erosion in sloping to very steep areas Bouldin and similar soils—17 percent (fig. 6) Petros and similar soils—16 percent • The shallow root zone in the Petros soils and the Minor components—24 percent moderately deep root zone in the Gilpin soils • The very low available water capacity in the Petros Soil Properties and Qualities soil and the moderate available water capacity in Gilpin the Gilpin and Bouldin soils Depth class: Moderately deep • The equipment limitation in steep and very steep Drainage class: Well drained wooded areas Parent material: Residuum from shale, mudstone, and Management considerations: siltstone • Implementing and maintaining erosion-control Surface texture: Loam practices in gently sloping to steep areas of Slope range: Sloping to very steep cropland Allen • Preventing overgrazing and maintaining the proper Depth class: Very deep fertility levels in areas used for pasture or hay Drainage class: Well drained • Locating woodland roads and trails as close to the Parent material: Colluvium and alluvium from contour as possible, installing water breaks and sandstone and shale culverts, and closing and seeding roads that are no Surface texture: Loam longer used Slope range: Gently sloping to moderately steep • Controlling undesirable species and replanting after harvest in areas of woodland Bouldin • Providing food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Parent material: Cobbly and stony colluvium from 3. Shady-Hamblen-Waynesboro- sandstone, siltstone, and shale Surface texture: Cobbly loam Cobstone Slope range: Steep and very steep Very deep, nearly level to moderately steep, well Petros drained and moderately well drained soils that have a Depth class: Shallow loamy or clayey subsoil; formed in alluvium derived Drainage class: Excessively drained from sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone Parent material: Residuum from shale and siltstone Surface texture: Channery silt loam Setting Slope range: Steep and very steep Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Minor Components Landform: Flood plains, stream terraces, and alluvial • Ramsey soil and areas of Rock outcrop on narrow fans ridges and on ledges and benches Slope range: 0 to 25 percent • Intermingled areas of Jefferson, Shelocta, and Composition Varilla soils on footslopes, on alluvial fans, and in drainageways Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 8 • Small areas of Shady, Cobstone, and Hamblen soils Extent of the soils in the map unit: on flood plains, alluvial fans, and stream terraces Shady and similar soils—21 percent • Isolated areas of Fullerton and Pailo soils on hills Hamblen and similar soils—11 percent that are underlain by limestone and dolomite at the Waynesboro and similar soils—16 percent base of the escarpment Cobstone and similar soils—8 percent Minor components—44 percent 22 Soil Survey

Figure 6.—A small harvested area in the Gilpin-Allen-Bouldin-Petros general soil map unit. Locating roads and trails as close to the contour as possible helps to reduce the hazard of erosion.

Soil Properties and Qualities Surface texture: Loam Slope range: Gently sloping to moderately steep Shady Depth class: Very deep Cobstone Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep Parent material: Mixed alluvium from sandstone, Drainage class: Well drained siltstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite Parent material: Cobbly and stony alluvium mostly Surface texture: Loam from sandstone with some siltstone and shale Slope range: Nearly level and gently sloping Surface texture: Cobbly fine sandy loam Slope range: Nearly level and gently sloping Hamblen Depth class: Very deep Minor Components Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Areas of Udorthents and Urban land around Parent material: Mixed alluvium from sandstone, Graysville, Dayton, and Spring City siltstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite • Townley, Sunlight, Apison, and Salacoa soils on hills Surface texture: Silt loam near the base of the Cumberland Escarpment Slope range: Nearly level • Colbert, Capshaw, and Lyerly soils in areas where Waynesboro argillaceous limestone bedrock dominate in the Depth class: Very deep valley Drainage class: Well drained • Allen, Holston, and Etowah soils on footslopes, Parent material: Old alluvium from sandstone, shale, alluvial fans, and stream terraces near the base of and limestone the Cumberland Escarpment Rhea County, Tennessee 23

• Small areas of Pailo, Fullerton, and Dewey soils in Soil Properties and Qualities sloping to very steep areas where cherty dolomite Pailo and limestone are dominant Depth class: Very deep • Isolated areas of Cranmore and Bloomingdale soils Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained in depressional areas of flood plains Parent material: Residuum from cherty limestone and dolomite; the upper 24 inches of the profile may Use and Management have formed in colluvium or creep Major uses: Pasture, hayland, cropland, woodland, Surface texture: Gravelly silt loam and wildlife habitat Slope range: Sloping to very steep Management concerns: Fullerton • The hazard of erosion in sloping to moderately Depth class: Very deep steep areas Drainage class: Well drained • The seasonal high water table in the Hamblen Parent material: Residuum from cherty limestone and soils dolomite; in some pedons there is 1 to 2 feet of • The cobbles and stones in the Cobstone soils colluvium overlying the residuum • The low available water capacity in the Cobstone Surface texture: Gravelly silt loam soils Slope range: Gently sloping to very steep • The potential for flooding in nearly level areas of the Tasso Shady, Hamblen, and Cobstone soils Depth class: Very deep Management considerations: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Implementing and maintaining erosion-control Parent material: Colluvium and alluvium and the practices in gently sloping to moderately steep underlying residuum from cherty limestone and areas of cropland dolomite • Preventing overgrazing and maintaining the proper Surface texture: Gravelly loam fertility levels in areas used for pasture or hay Slope range: Gently sloping to moderately steep • Controlling undesirable species and replanting after Minor Components harvest in areas of woodland • Providing food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife • Minvale soils intermingled with the Tasso soils on footslopes • Dewey and Waynesboro soils on high stream 4. Pailo-Fullerton-Tasso terraces • Etowah and Shady soils on footslopes and stream Very deep, gently sloping to very steep, somewhat terraces excessively drained to well drained soils that have a • Hamblen, Wax, and Rockdell soils on flood plains clayey or loamy subsoil; formed in residuum or Use and Management colluvium derived from cherty limestone and dolomite (fig. 7) Major uses: Woodland, pasture, hayland, cropland, and wildlife habitat Setting Management concerns: Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • The hazard of erosion in sloping to very steep areas and Valleys • The low available water capacity of the Pailo soils Landform: Upland ridges and valleys and the moderate available water capacity of the Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Tasso soils • The equipment limitation in steep and very steep Composition wooded areas Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 23 Management considerations: Extent of the soils in the map unit: • Implementing and maintaining erosion-control Pailo and similar soils—48 percent practices in gently sloping to steep areas of Fullerton and similar soils—24 percent cropland Tasso and similar soils—10 percent • Preventing overgrazing and maintaining the proper Minor components—18 percent fertility levels in areas used for pasture or hay 24 Soil Survey

Figure 7.—The relationship of soils, geology, and parent materials in the Pailo-Fullerton-Tasso and Colbert-Lyerly-Ketona- Capshaw general soil map units.

• Locating woodland roads and trails as close to the Composition contour as possible, installing water breaks and Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 5 culverts, and closing and seeding roads that are no Extent of the soils in the map unit: longer used Colbert and similar soils—22 percent • Controlling undesirable species and replanting after Lyerly and similar soils—19 percent harvest in areas of woodland Ketona and similar soils—12 percent • Providing food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife Capshaw and similar soils—10 percent Minor components—37 percent 5. Colbert-Lyerly-Ketona-Capshaw Soil Properties and Qualities Very deep to moderately deep, nearly level to sloping, Colbert moderately well drained and poorly drained soils that Depth class: Deep and very deep have a clayey subsoil; formed in residuum from Drainage class: Moderately well drained argillaceous limestone and dolomite or in a layer of Parent material: Residuum from argillaceous alluvium overlying residuum from argillaceous limestone, dolomite, and calcareous shale limestone, dolomite, and calcareous shale (fig. 7) Surface texture: Silty clay loam Slope range: Gently sloping and sloping Setting Lyerly Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Depth class: Moderately deep and Valleys Drainage class: Moderately well drained Landform: Ridges, flats, and stream terraces Parent material: Residuum from argillaceous Slope range: 0 to 12 percent limestone, dolomite, and calcareous shale Rhea County, Tennessee 25

Surface texture: Silty clay loam 6. Townley-Sunlight-Salacoa- Slope range: Gently sloping and sloping Apison Ketona Depth class: Deep and very deep Very deep to shallow, sloping to very steep, well Drainage class: Poorly drained drained soils that have a loamy or clayey subsoil; Parent material: Alluvium or alluvium that overlies formed in residuum and in colluvium derived from residuum from argillaceous limestone, dolomite, interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale and calcareous shale Surface texture: Silty clay loam Setting Slope range: Nearly level Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Capshaw Landform: Ridge crests, shoulder slopes, backslopes, Depth class: Deep and very deep side slopes, and footslopes Drainage class: Moderately well drained Slope range: 5 to 65 percent Parent material: Alluvium that overlies residuum from argillaceous limestone, dolomite, and calcareous Composition shale Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 7 Surface texture: Silt loam Extent of the soils in the map unit: Slope range: Gently sloping and sloping Townley and similar soils—27 percent Sunlight and similar soils—26 percent Minor Components Salacoa and similar soils—12 percent • Tupelo soils intermingled with the Ketona soils on Apison and similar soil—10 percent flood plains and low stream terraces Minor components—25 percent • Hamblen soils on flood plains Soil Properties and Qualities • Isolated areas of Barfield and Talbott soils and areas of rock outcrops Townley • Areas of Waynesboro, Etowah, Holston, and Dewey Depth class: Moderately deep soils on high stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Residuum mostly from interbedded Use and Management sandstone, siltstone, and shale Surface texture: Silt loam Major uses: Pasture, hayland, cropland, woodland, Slope range: Sloping and moderately steep and wildlife habitat Sunlight Management concerns: Depth class: Shallow • The hazard of erosion in sloping areas Drainage class: Well drained • The moderately deep root zone in the Lyerly soils Parent material: Residuum from interbedded • The clayey subsoil and very slow permeability in the sandstone, siltstone, and shale Colbert, Capshaw, and Lyerly soils Surface texture: Gravelly loam • The low available water capacity in the Lyerly soils Slope range: Sloping to very steep and the moderate available water capacity in the Colbert soils Salacoa • The seasonal high water table in the Ketona soils Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Management considerations: Parent material: Colluvium and the underlying • Implementing and maintaining erosion-control residuum from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, practices in sloping areas of cropland and shale • Preventing overgrazing and avoiding grazing when Surface texture: Silt loam the soils are saturated Slope range: Sloping to very steep • Maintaining the proper fertility levels in areas used for pasture or hay Apison • Controlling undesirable species and replanting after Depth class: Moderately deep harvest in areas of woodland Drainage class: Well drained • Providing food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife Parent material: Residuum from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale 26 Soil Survey

Surface texture: Channery silt loam Extent of the soils in the map unit: Slope range: Steep and very steep Waynesboro and similar soils—25 percent Holston and similar soils—24 percent Minor Components Wolftever and similar soils—23 percent • Hamblen soils on flood plains Minor components—28 percent • Fullerton soils on adjacent ridgetops and side slopes Soil Properties and Qualities • Etowah and Waynesboro soils on adjacent Waynesboro footslopes and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep Use and Management Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Old alluvium from sandstone, shale, Major uses: Woodland, pasture, hayland, and wildlife and limestone habitat Surface texture: Loam Management concerns: Slope range: Gently sloping to steep • The hazard of erosion Holston • The moderate depth to bedrock in the Apison and Depth class: Very deep Townley soils Drainage class: Well drained • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Sunlight soils Parent material: Old alluvium from sandstone, shale, • The moderate available water capacity in the Apison and limestone soils, the low available water capacity in the Townley Surface texture: Loam soils, and the very low available water capacity in Slope range: Gently sloping and sloping the Sunlight soils • The equipment limitation in wooded areas Wolftever Depth class: Very deep Management considerations: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Implementing and maintaining erosion-control Parent material: Fine-grained alluvium mostly from practices in areas of cropland shale, siltstone, limestone, or dolomite • Preventing overgrazing and maintaining the proper Surface texture: Silt loam fertility levels in areas used for pasture or hay Slope range: Gently sloping • Locating woodland roads and trails as close to the contour as possible, installing water breaks and Minor Components culverts, and closing and seeding roads that are no longer used • Etowah, Altavista, and Shady soils on stream • Controlling undesirable species and replanting after terraces harvest in areas of woodland • Areas of Talbott soils and areas of rock outcrops • Providing food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife • Staser and Egam soils on protected flood plains, low stream terraces, and natural levees • Hamblen, Wax, and Rockdell soils on flood plains 7. Waynesboro-Holston-Wolftever • Bloomingdale, Ketona, and Tupelo soils in depressional areas and on flood plains Very deep, gently sloping to steep, well drained and • Intermingled areas of Fullerton, Dewey, Pailo, moderately well drained soils that have a clayey or Tasso, and Minvale soils where cherty limestone loamy subsoil; formed in alluvium from sandstone, and dolomite are dominant siltstone, shale, and limestone Use and Management Setting Major uses: Woodland, pasture, hayland, cropland, and wildlife habitat Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Management concerns: Landform: Stream terraces of the Tennessee River • The hazard of erosion in sloping to steep areas Slope range: 2 to 25 percent • The equipment limitation in steep wooded areas • The seasonal high water table in the Wolftever soils Composition • The hazard of flooding in the included areas of flood Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 6 plains and drainageways Rhea County, Tennessee 27

Management considerations: Pailo • Implementing and maintaining erosion-control Depth class: Very deep practices in gently sloping to moderately steep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained areas of cropland Parent material: Residuum from cherty limestone and • Preventing overgrazing and maintaining the proper dolomite; the upper 24 inches of the profile may fertility levels in areas used for pasture or hay have formed in colluvium or creep • Locating woodland roads and trails as close to the Surface texture: Gravelly silt loam contour as possible, installing water breaks and Slope range: Sloping to very steep culverts, and closing and seeding roads that are no Holston longer used Depth class: Very deep • Controlling undesirable species and replanting after Drainage class: Well drained harvest in areas of woodland Parent material: Old alluvium from sandstone, shale, • Providing food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife and limestone Surface texture: Loam 8. Waynesboro-Pailo-Holston Slope range: Gently sloping and sloping Minor Components Very deep, gently sloping to very steep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that have a • Etowah and Shady soils on the same landscapes clayey or loamy subsoil; formed in old alluvium or in as the major soils residuum from cherty limestone or dolomite • Small areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops • Areas of Rockdell, Wax, and Hamblen soils on Setting narrow flood plains • Tasso and Minvale soils on footslopes and the lower Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges side slopes and Valleys Landform: Ridgetops, interfluves, stream terraces, Use and Management and flood plains Major uses: Cropland, pasture, hayland, woodland, Slope range: 2 to 60 percent and wildlife habitat Composition Management concerns: Percentage of map unit in the survey area: 2 • The hazard of erosion Extent of the soils in the map unit: • The low available water capacity in the Pailo soils Waynesboro and similar soils—46 percent • The equipment limitation in steep and very steep Pailo and similar soils—25 percent wooded areas Holston and similar soils—8 percent Management considerations: Minor components—21 percent • Implementing and maintaining erosion-control practices in sloping to steep areas used for Soil Properties and Qualities cropland Waynesboro • Preventing overgrazing and maintaining the proper Depth class: Very deep fertility levels in areas used for pasture or hay Drainage class: Well drained • Locating logging roads and trails as close to the Parent material: Old alluvium from sandstone, shale, contour as possible and limestone • Controlling undesirable species and replanting after Surface texture: Loam harvest in areas of woodland Slope range: Gently sloping to steep • Providing food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife

29

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps observed, and consequently they are not mentioned represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was survey area. The map unit descriptions in this section, so complex that it was impractical to make enough along with the maps, can be used to determine the observations to identify all the soils and suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. miscellaneous areas on the landscape. They also can be used to plan the management The presence of included areas in a map unit in no needed for those uses. More information about each way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the map unit is given under the heading “Use and data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure Management of the Soils.” taxonomic classes but rather to separate the Map unit delineation on a map represents an area landscape into landforms or landform segments that dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or have similar use and management requirements. The miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and delineation of such segments on the map provides named according to the taxonomic classification of sufficient information for the development of resource the dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, taxonomic class, there are precisely defined limits for onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the the properties of the soils. On the landscape, soils and miscellaneous areas. however, the soils and miscellaneous areas are An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic in the map unit descriptions. Each description variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range includes general facts about the unit and gives the of some observed properties may extend beyond the principal hazards and limitations to be considered in limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of planning for specific uses. a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make mapped without including areas of other taxonomic up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and some “included” areas that belong to other and arrangement. taxonomic classes. Soils of one series can differ in texture of the Most included soils have properties similar to those surface layer, slope, stoniness, degree of erosion, and of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus other characteristics that affect their use. Because of they do not affect use and management. These are such differences, a soil series is divided into soil called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, phase commonly indicates features that affect use or however, have properties and behavioral management. For example, Fullerton gravelly silt characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, is a phase of the require different management. These are called Fullerton series. contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally Some map units are made up of two or more major are in small areas and could not be mapped soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are separately because of the scale used. Some small complexes or undifferentiated groups. areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous A complex consists of two or more soils or areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in The included areas of contrasting soils or such small areas that they cannot be shown miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of descriptions. A few included areas may not have been the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat 30 Soil Survey

similar in all areas. Townley-Sunlight complex, 5 to 12 Typical Profile percent slopes, is an example. Allegheny An undifferentiated group is made up of two or Surface layer: more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable loam mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar interpretations can be made for use Subsurface layer: and management. The pattern and proportion of the 6 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are loam not uniform. An area can be made up of only one of Subsoil: the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be 12 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown friable clay made up of all of them. Colbert and Lyerly soils, 2 to loam 12 percent slopes, very rocky, is an undifferentiated 36 to 48 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay group in this survey area. loam This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil material and support little Substratum: or no vegetation. The Rock outcrop part of Talbott- 48 to 60 inches—yellowish brown very friable very Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 25 percent slopes, is an gravelly sandy loam example. Cotaco Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent Surface layer: of each map unit. Other tables (see “Contents”) give 0 to 4 inches—brown very friable loam properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The Glossary defines Subsoil: many of the terms used in describing the soils or 4 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown friable loam miscellaneous areas. 24 to 36 inches—yellowish brown friable clay loam that has grayish and reddish mottles 36 to 45 inches—brownish yellow friable gravelly loam Ac—Allegheny-Cotaco complex, that has grayish and reddish mottles occasionally flooded Substratum: 45 to 60 inches—light brownish gray very friable very Setting gravelly fine sandy loam Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Soil Properties and Qualities Mountains Drainage class: Allegheny—well drained; Cotaco— Landscape position: Low stream terraces, alluvial moderately well drained fans, and flood plains Permeability: Moderate Size of areas: 5 to 70 acres Available water capacity: High Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Seasonal high water table: Allegheny—below a depth Major uses: Woodland, pasture, and some cropland of 60 inches; Cotaco—between depths of 24 and Composition 36 inches Flooding: Occasional Allegheny soil and similar components: 50 to 60 Soil reaction: Extremely acid and very strongly acid percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Cotaco soil and similar components: 30 to 40 percent Shrink-swell potential: Low Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent Minor Components Use and Management Similar components: Cropland • Areas of Pope and Philo soils at the slightly lower Suitability: Suited elevations Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: • The main concern in areas used for cultivated crops • Areas of soils that do not flood is the flooding. • Isolated areas of Atkins soils on flood plains and in • Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter depressions and early spring. Rhea County, Tennessee 31

• The wetness of the Cotaco soil delays planting and • Den trees should not be harvested. harvesting in some years. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Urban development and cover crops help to control erosion, increase Suitability: Unsuited the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hay • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the Suitability: Well suited flooding. Management measures and considerations: • The wetness of the Cotaco soil is also a limitation • These soils have few limitations affecting the affecting most urban uses. management of pasture and hayland. • A suitable alternative site should be selected. • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet Interpretive Group minimizes compaction and damage to the stand and helps to prevent excessive runoff. Land capability classification: 2w • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. AeB—Allen loam, 2 to 5 percent • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and slopes reduce the runoff rate. Setting Woodland Suitability: Well suited Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Management measures and considerations: and Valleys; near the base of the Escarpment of • These soils have few limitations affecting forestland the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains management. Landscape position: Footslopes and alluvial fans • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Size of areas: 15 to 70 acres a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Major uses: Pasture, hayland, and row crops • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Composition competition that may occur immediately after planting. Allen soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent cutting, or applying herbicides. Minor Components • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar components: • Small areas of Waynesboro soils on landscapes Wildlife habitat similar to those of the Allen soil Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife • Areas of Lily soils on shoulder slopes habitat is good. • Intermingled areas of Bouldin soils • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Typical Profile • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Surface layer: habitat. 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable loam • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Subsoil: food and cover to wildlife. 6 to 30 inches—strong brown friable loam • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well 30 to 42 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that as control erosion. has strong brown mottles • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing 42 to 48 inches—yellowish red very friable gravelly small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. sandy clay loam that has strong brown mottles • Food plots or areas of green browse can be 48 to 56 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that established along logging roads and trails. has strong brown and red mottles • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 56 to 72 inches—yellowish red very friable clay loam improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. that has strong brown and red mottles 32 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Drainage class: Well drained • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Permeability: Moderate rows can break up large, open areas and provide Available water capacity: High food and cover to wildlife. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches as control erosion. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Use and Management • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Cropland established along logging roads and trails. Suitability: Well suited • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Management measures and considerations: improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. • Den trees should not be harvested. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. contour farming, and cover crops help to control Urban development erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Suitability: Well suited maintain soil tilth. Management measures and considerations: • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and • This soil has few limitations affecting urban uses. filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • The moderate permeability is a limitation affecting Pasture and hay some sanitary facilities and building site Suitability: Well suited developments. Management measures and considerations: • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for • This soil has few limitations affecting the local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a management of pasture and hayland. source of roadfill. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting to overcome some of the soil limitations. schedule are important management practices. Interpretive Group • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and Land capability classification: 2e reduce the runoff rate.

Woodland AeC—Allen loam, 5 to 12 percent Suitability: Well suited slopes Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland Setting management. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Plant competition from undesirable species may be and Valleys; near the base of the Escarpment of a problem when establishing a new forest crop. the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Landscape position: Footslopes and alluvial fans competition that may occur immediately after Size of areas: 5 to 235 acres planting. Major uses: Woodland, pasture, and row crops • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Composition • See table 10 for specific information concerning Allen soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Wildlife habitat Minor Components Suitability: Well suited Similar components: Management measures and considerations: • Small areas of Waynesboro soils • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat is good. Contrasting components: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Areas of Lily soils on shoulder slopes food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Intermingled areas of Bouldin soils Rhea County, Tennessee 33

Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland Surface layer: management. 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable loam • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Subsoil: a problem when establishing a new forest crop. 6 to 30 inches—strong brown friable loam • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant 30 to 42 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that competition that may occur immediately after has strong brown mottles planting. 42 to 48 inches—yellowish red very friable gravelly • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, sandy clay loam that has strong brown mottles cutting, or applying herbicides. 48 to 56 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that • See table 10 for specific information concerning has strong brown and red mottles potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 56 to 72 inches—yellowish red very friable clay loam that has strong brown and red mottles Wildlife habitat Suitability: Well suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Drainage class: Well drained habitat is good. Permeability: Moderate • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Available water capacity: High food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches habitat. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Use and Management food and cover to wildlife. Cropland • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Suitability: Suited as control erosion. Management measures and considerations: • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • The main management concern is the hazard of small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. erosion. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional established along logging roads and trails. tillage system is used. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the contour farming, and cover crops help to control soil. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and • Den trees should not be harvested. maintain soil tilth. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes Urban development helps to control erosion. Suitability: Well suited • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Management measures and considerations: filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, Pasture and hay the low soil strength, and the slope. Suitability: Well suited • The moderate permeability is a limitation affecting Management measures and considerations: some sanitary facilities and building site • This soil has few limitations affecting the developments. management of pasture and hayland. • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting source of roadfill. schedule are important management practices. • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help adequate stand can help to increase production and to overcome some of the soil limitations. reduce the runoff rate. Interpretive Group Woodland Suitability: Well suited Land capability classification: 3e 34 Soil Survey

AeD—Allen loam, 12 to 25 percent • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and cover crops help to control slopes erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Setting • A long-term crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes helps to control erosion. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Diversions, grassed waterways, field borders, and and Valleys; near the base of the Escarpment of filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains Landscape position: Footslopes and side slopes Pasture and hay Size of areas: 5 to 345 acres Suitability: Suited Major uses: Woodland and pasture Management measures and considerations: Composition • The main limitation is the slope. • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Allen soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent hayland. Minor Components • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Similar components: schedule are important management practices. • Small areas of Waynesboro soils • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Contrasting components: adequate stand can help to increase production and • Areas of Lily soils on shoulder slopes reduce the runoff rate. • Intermingled areas of Bouldin soils Woodland Typical Profile Suitability: Well suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable loam • The main management concerns are the hazard of erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant Subsoil: competition. 6 to 30 inches—strong brown friable loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating 30 to 42 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. has strong brown mottles • Permanent access roads can be protected by 42 to 48 inches—yellowish red very friable gravelly spreading gravel on the road surface and installing sandy clay loam that has strong brown mottles water breaks and culverts. 48 to 56 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be has strong brown and red mottles closed and protected by seeding and installing 56 to 72 inches—yellowish red very friable clay loam water breaks. that has strong brown and red mottles • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Soil Properties and Qualities surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, Drainage class: Well drained specialized equipment is used. Permeability: Moderate • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Available water capacity: High enough that conventional equipment can be used. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Use and Management competition that may occur immediately after planting. Cropland • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or Suitability: Poorly suited by applying herbicides. Management measures and considerations: • See table 10 for specific information concerning • The main management concern in areas used for potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. cultivated crops is the hazard of erosion. • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage Wildlife habitat system is used. Suitability: Well suited Rhea County, Tennessee 35

Management measures and considerations: • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and than the Allen soil the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. Contrasting components: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Intermingled areas of Bouldin soils in positions food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. similar to those of the Allen soil • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Small areas of Cobstone soils in the slightly lower habitat. positions • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Typical Profile food and cover to wildlife. Allen • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Surface layer: as control erosion. 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable loam • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Subsoil: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be 6 to 30 inches—strong brown friable loam established along logging roads and trails. 30 to 42 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that • The habitat in areas of native plants can be has strong brown mottles improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. 42 to 48 inches—yellowish red very friable gravelly • Den trees should not be harvested. sandy clay loam that has strong brown mottles • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 48 to 56 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that has strong brown and red mottles Urban development 56 to 72 inches—yellowish red very friable clay loam Suitability: Suited that has strong brown and red mottles Management measures and considerations: • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the Urban land slope. The Urban land mostly consists of areas where the • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for surface is covered by roads, streets, parking lots, local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a commercial buildings, houses, and other types of source of roadfill. impervious material. In places, the natural drainage • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help pattern has been altered by a system of ditches and to overcome some of the soil limitations. storm drains. The underlying soil material is not Interpretive Group observable. A typical profile of Urban land is not given. Land capability classification: 4e Properties and Qualities of the Allen Soil AMC—Allen-Urban land complex, 2 Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate to 12 percent slopes Available water capacity: High Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Setting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Shrink-swell potential: Low Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Use and Management Landscape position: Footslopes and toeslopes Size of areas: 70 to 120 acres Urban development Major uses: Urban areas Suitability: Well suited Composition Management measures and considerations follow. Allen soil and similar components: 50 to 60 percent Site considerations: Urban land: 30 to 40 percent • The hazard of erosion is a major management Contrasting components: 0 to 20 percent concern during construction. • A well designed erosion-control plan is needed. Minor Components • Erosion barriers, diversions, and rock-lined or Similar components: vegetated waterways are important management • Scattered areas of Jefferson soils practices. 36 Soil Survey

• Timely establishment of vegetation in bare areas • Onsite investigation is needed to determine the should be a priority. limitations affecting any proposed use. • Plant species that can tolerate a wide range of soil Interpretive Group conditions grow best. • Providing a good seedbed, maintaining the proper Land capability classification: None assigned fertility level, and mulching seeded areas help to establish a protective cover of vegetation. • Intensive measures for establishing vegetation, AnB—Altavista loam, 1 to 5 percent such as hydroseeding and sodding, may be needed slopes in problem areas. • A layer of concrete, asphalt, coarse gravel, gabion Setting stone, or riprap helps to control erosion in areas where vegetation cannot be established. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Differential settling is a management concern in and Valleys areas of fill material. Landscape position: Steam terraces • The load-bearing strength, the shrink-swell Size of areas: 5 to 160 acres potential, surface runoff, and storm drainage Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay management are concerns affecting urban Composition development. Altavista soil and similar components: 80 to 95 Dwellings: percent • The slope and the shrink-swell potential in the Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent subsoil are the major limitations affecting sites for dwellings. Minor Components • Designing buildings and structures so that they Similar components: conform to the natural slope of the land reduces the • Scattered areas of Shady and Holston soils need for landshaping. Contrasting components: Sanitary facilities: • Intermingled areas of Wolftever soils • The slope and the moderate permeability in the • Areas of soils that have a seasonal water table subsoil are moderate limitations affecting sites for between depths of 12 and 18 inches septic tank absorption fields. • Designing septic tank systems so that they conform Typical Profile to the existing slope and installing specially Surface layer: designed systems help to overcome the soil 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown friable loam limitations. Subsoil: Lawns and landscaping: 6 to 19 inches—yellowish brown friable clay loam • Providing a good seedbed, maintaining the proper 19 to 27 inches—yellowish brown friable clay loam fertility level, and mulching seeded areas help to that has light brownish gray mottles establish ground cover. 27 to 58 inches—yellowish brown friable clay loam Small commercial buildings: that has dark brown and grayish brown mottles • The slope is a moderate limitation on sites for small 58 to 70 inches—yellowish brown friable loam that commercial buildings. has dark brown, strong brown, and gray mottles • Landshaping may be needed to overcome the slope on sites for small commercial buildings. Soil Properties and Qualities Local roads and streets: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • The low soil strength and the slope are moderate Permeability: Moderate limitations on sites for local roads and streets. Available water capacity: High • Adding gravel or other suitable subgrade material Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 18 and helps to prevent the road damage caused by the 40 inches low soil strength. Flooding: None • Designing roads so that they follow the natural Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid contour and landshaping help to overcome the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches slope limitation. Shrink-swell potential: Low Rhea County, Tennessee 37

Use and Management • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Cropland • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Suitability: Well suited rows can break up large, open areas and provide Management measures and considerations: food and cover to wildlife. • The main management concern in areas used for • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well cultivated crops is the wetness. as control erosion. • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing some years. small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Crop species that have a short growing season and • Food plots or areas of green browse can be can tolerate wetness should be selected for established along logging roads and trails. planting. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. and cover crops help to control erosion, increase • Den trees should not be harvested. the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Urban development Suitability: Poorly suited Pasture and hay Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Well suited • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Management measures and considerations: wetness and the low soil strength. • This soil has few limitations affecting the • Special measures are needed to help overcome management of pasture and hayland. subsurface drainage problems. • Forage species that can tolerate wetness grow best. • This soil is best suited to dwellings without • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet basements. minimizes compaction and damage to the stand • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for and helps to prevent excessive runoff. local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred source of roadfill. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help schedule are important management practices. to overcome some of the soil limitations. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and Interpretive Group reduce the runoff rate. Land capability classification: 2e Woodland Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland AsF—Apison-Sunlight-Salacoa management. complex, 25 to 65 percent slopes • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Setting • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges planting. and Valleys • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Landscape position: Dissected ridges and side slopes cutting, or applying herbicides. Size of areas: 5 to 645 acres • See table 10 for specific information concerning Major uses: Woodland potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Composition Wildlife habitat Suitability: Well suited Apison soil and similar components: 25 to 55 percent Management measures and considerations: Sunlight soil and similar components: 20 to 50 • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife percent habitat is good. Salacoa soil and similar components: 15 to 40 • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing percent food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Contrasting components: 5 to 10 percent 38 Soil Survey

Minor Components to moderately acid; Sunlight—very strongly acid or strongly acid Similar components: Depth to bedrock: Apison—20 to 40 inches to soft • Intermingled areas of Townley soils bedrock; Sunlight—10 to 20 inches to soft Contrasting components: bedrock; Salacoa—more than 60 inches • Isolated areas of shale and sandstone rock Shrink-swell potential: Low outcrops Use and Management Typical Profile Cropland Apison Suitability: Unsuited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 5 inches—brown very friable channery silt loam • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are erosion and the depth to bedrock in areas of the Subsoil: Sunlight soil. 5 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown friable channery silt loam Pasture and hay 23 to 37 inches—strong brown friable channery loam Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Bedrock: • The main limitations are the slope, the moderate 37 to 60 inches—brownish soft siltstone and shale available water capacity of the Apison soil, and the Sunlight very low available water capacity of the Sunlight Surface layer: soil. 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable • The slope increases the difficulty of properly gravelly loam managing pastures and limits the use of these soils as hayland. Subsoil: 8 to 17 inches—strong brown friable very gravelly clay Woodland loam that has yellowish red mottles Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Soft bedrock: • The main management concerns are the hazard of 17 to 48 inches—reddish tilted sandstone and sandy erosion and the equipment limitation. shale that can be dug with a spade • Seedling mortality and the hazard of windthrow are Salacoa additional concerns in areas of the Apison and Surface layer: Sunlight soils, and plant competition is an additional 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable silt concern in areas of the Salacoa soil. loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. Subsoil: • Permanent access roads can be protected by 5 to 20 inches—yellowish brown very friable gravelly spreading gravel on the road surface and installing silt loam water breaks and culverts. 20 to 35 inches—strong brown friable gravelly silt • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be loam closed and protected by seeding and installing 35 to 62 inches—strong brown friable very gravelly silt water breaks. loam • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Bedrock: surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. 62 inches—soft shale interbedded with reddish • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, sandstone and siltstone specialized equipment is used. • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Soil Properties and Qualities enough that conventional equipment can be used. Drainage class: Well drained • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs Permeability: Moderate can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Available water capacity: Apison—moderate; have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Sunlight—very low; Salacoa—high by hand. Soil reaction: Apison and Salacoa—very strongly acid • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Rhea County, Tennessee 39

a problem when establishing a new forest crop in At—Atkins loam, frequently flooded areas of the Salacoa soil. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Setting competition that may occur immediately after planting. Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Mountains cutting, or applying herbicides. Landscape position: Flood plains and depressions • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Size of areas: 5 to 185 acres mortality rate may be high because of the shallow Slope range: 0 to 2 percent rooting depth and the very low available water Major uses: Woodland, pasture, and hay capacity of the Sunlight soil. Composition • Slope aspect and the depth to bedrock should be carefully considered when selecting planting sites Atkins soil and similar components: 80 to 90 percent for seedlings. Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Minor Components desired stand is attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Similar components: the shallow root zone in the Sunlight soil. • Scattered areas of soils that have less sand in the • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying subsoil than the Atkins soil a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. Contrasting components: • See table 10 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Pope and Philo soils potential productivity and suggested trees to • Small areas of Cotaco soils in the slightly higher plant. positions Wildlife habitat Typical Profile Suitability: Suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 10 inches—dark brown friable loam • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in areas of the Apison and Salacoa soils and fair in Subsoil: areas of the Sunlight soil. 10 to 30 inches—dark gray and grayish brown friable • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing loam food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. 30 to 52 inches—light brownish gray and gray friable • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing clay loam small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Substratum: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be 52 to 60 inches—gray friable sandy loam established along logging roads and trails. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Soil Properties and Qualities improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the Drainage class: Poorly drained soil. Permeability: Moderate or slow • Den trees should not be harvested. Available water capacity: High • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Seasonal high water table: At the surface or within a depth of 12 inches Urban development Flooding: Frequent Suitability: Poorly suited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, Management measures and considerations: except in limed areas • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches depth to bedrock in areas of the Apison and Shrink-swell potential: Low Sunlight soils and the slope. • A more suitable alternative site should be selected. Use and Management Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability classification: 7s Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns in areas used for 40 Soil Survey

cultivated crops are the seasonal high water table Management measures and considerations: and the flooding. • The potential for wetland, openland, and woodland • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in most wildlife habitat is fair. years. • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Crop species that have a short growing season and food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. can tolerate wetness should be selected for • Buffer zones along streams provide food and cover planting. for wildlife as well as control erosion. • Establishing shallow water areas provides a water Pasture and hay source for upland wildlife and promotes use of the Suitability: Poorly suited area by waterfowl, shore birds, and other wetland Management measures and considerations: wildlife. • The main limitations are the seasonal high water table and the flooding. Urban development • Forage species that can tolerate the wetness and Suitability: Unsuited flooding grow best. Management measures and considerations: • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the minimizes compaction and damage to the stand flooding and wetness. and helps to prevent excessive runoff. • The flooding and the wetness are difficult to • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred overcome. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • A suitable alternative site should be selected. schedule are important management practices. Interpretive Group • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and Land capability classification: 3w reduce the runoff rate. Woodland Suitability: Poorly suited BaE—Barfield-Rock outcrop Management measures and considerations: complex, 10 to 40 percent slopes • The main management concerns are the equipment limitation, plant competition, and seedling mortality. Setting • Operating equipment when the soil is wet results in Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges excessive rutting or miring. and Valleys • Equipment should be operated only when the soil is Landscape position: Low ridges and upland flats dry and after gravel or other suitable subgrade Size of areas: 5 to 110 acres material has been added to the main roads. Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland • If possible, roads should be constructed in areas of nearby, better suited soils. Composition • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Barfield soil and similar components: 70 to 80 percent a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Rock outcrop: 15 to 25 percent • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent competition that may occur immediately after planting. Minor Components • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Similar components: • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling • Intermingled areas of Lyerly soils mortality rate may be high because of the seasonal Contrasting components: high water table. • Isolated areas of Capshaw, Colbert, and • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Collegedale soils desired stand is attained. • Small areas of Tupelo soils on flood plains and in • Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can be depressions planted on ridges helps to overcome the wetness. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Typical Profile potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Barfield Wildlife habitat Surface layer: Suitability: Well suited 0 to 6 inches—dark olive brown friable flaggy silty clay Rhea County, Tennessee 41

Subsoil: spreading gravel on the road surface and installing 6 to 12 inches—olive brown firm flaggy clay water breaks and culverts. • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be Substratum: closed and protected by seeding and installing 12 to 15 inches—olive brown firm flaggy clay that has water breaks. dark yellowish brown mottles • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Bedrock: surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. 15 inches—hard limestone • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, specialized equipment is used. Rock outcrop • Slopes generally are short enough that conventional Rock outcrop consists of exposed areas of equipment can be used. limestone or dolomite and areas that have less than 2 • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs or 3 inches of soil over bedrock. Most outcrops can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that protrude from the surface a few inches to about 2 feet. have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Rock outcrop supports little or no vegetation. by hand. • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Properties and Qualities of the Barfield Soil mortality rate may be high because of the shallow Drainage class: Well drained rooting depth, the low available water capacity, and Permeability: Moderately slow the Rock outcrop. Available water capacity: Very low • Slope aspect and the depth to bedrock should be Soil reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline carefully considered when selecting planting sites Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches for seedlings. Shrink-swell potential: High • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Use and Management • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Cropland the shallow root zone. Suitability: Unsuited • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying Management measures and considerations: a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. • The main management concerns in areas used for • See table 10 for specific information concerning cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. shallow root zone and very low available water capacity of the Barfield soil, the Rock outcrop, and Wildlife habitat the slope. Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hay • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Suitability: Poorly suited habitat is poor. Management measures and considerations: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • The main limitations are the Rock outcrop and the food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. slope. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • The shallow root zone and very low available water habitat. capacity of the Barfield soil are additional limitations • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence affecting the production of some forage species. rows can break up large, open areas and provide • The Rock outcrop and the slope increase the food and cover to wildlife. difficulty of properly managing pastures and limit • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well the use of this map unit as hayland. as control erosion. Woodland • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Suitability: Suited small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Management measures and considerations: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • The main management concerns are the hazard of established along logging roads and trails. erosion, seedling mortality, the equipment limitation, • The habitat in areas of native plants can be and the hazard of windthrow. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • Den trees should not be harvested. roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Permanent access roads can be protected by 42 Soil Survey

Urban development sides of the excavation. Some areas are deep mines Suitability: Poorly suited where a narrow bench is excavated and smoothed. Management measures and considerations: This bench serves as a place to locate a shaft or • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the tunnel and equipment for underground mining depth to bedrock, shrink-swell potential, low soil operations. The excess excavated material is usually strength, and moderately slow permeability in areas pushed toward the downslope side of the excavation. of the Barfield soil and the Rock outcrop. Also included are areas where coal is processed, • A suitable alternative site should be selected. stored, and loaded. Interpretive Group Properties and Qualities of the Bethesda Soil Land capability classification: 7s Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Moderate BEF—Bethesda-Mine pits complex, Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid 10 to 80 percent slopes Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Shrink-swell potential: Low Setting Use and Management Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Cropland Mountains Suitability: Unsuited Landscape position: Man-made benches and Management measures and considerations: outslopes • The main limitations are the hazard of erosion and Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres the slope. Major uses: Idle land Pasture and hay Composition Suitability: Unsuited Bethesda soil and similar components: 70 to 85 Management measures and considerations: percent • The main limitations are the moderately deep root Mine pits: 10 to 25 percent zone, the moderate available water capacity, and Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent the slope. Minor Components Woodland Suitability: Suited Similar components: Management measures and considerations: • Areas of soils that have shale bedrock at a depth of • The main management concerns are the hazard of more than 40 inches erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, • Coal processing and loading facilities and seedling mortality. Contrasting components: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • Small areas of Lily, Ramsey, Gilpin, and Sequoia roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. soils that have not been disturbed • Permanent access roads can be protected by spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Typical Profile water breaks and culverts. • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be Bethesda closed and protected by seeding and installing Surface layer: water breaks. 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown friable channery • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the loam surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. Substratum: • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, 2 to 45 inches—brown friable very channery loam and specialized equipment is used. clay loam • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short 45 to 60 inches—yellowish brown friable flaggy loam enough that conventional equipment can be used. • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs Mine pits can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Mine pits are open excavations made to remove have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted coal seams. A nearly vertical high wall bounds 1 to 3 by hand. Rhea County, Tennessee 43

• Plant competition from undesirable species may be Bm—Bloomingdale silty clay loam, a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant frequently flooded competition that may occur immediately after planting. Setting • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges cutting, or applying herbicides. and Valleys • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Landscape position: Flood plains and depressions mortality rate may be high because of the moderate Size of areas: 5 to 180 acres available water capacity. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland desired stand is attained. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Composition potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Bloomingdale soil and similar components: 80 to 90 Wildlife habitat percent Suitability: Suited Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is poor. Similar components: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Intermingled areas of Cranmore and Ketona soils food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Contrasting components: • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Scattered areas of Hamblen and Capshaw soils at habitat. the slightly higher elevations • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Areas of Rockdell soils rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Typical Profile • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Surface layer: as control erosion. 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable silty clay loam • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Subsoil: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be 6 to 21 inches—grayish brown friable clay that has established along logging roads and trails. strong brown mottles • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 21 to 42 inches—gray firm clay that has yellowish improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. brown mottles • Den trees should not be harvested. Substratum: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 42 to 55 inches—greenish gray firm clay that has Urban development yellowish brown mottles Suitability: Unsuited 55 to 63 inches—gray firm clay that has yellowish Management measures and considerations: brown mottles • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the 63 to 72 inches—gray firm clay that has strong brown depth to bedrock, the differential settling, and the mottles slope. • The moderate depth to bedrock and the slope affect Soil Properties and Qualities most building site developments and sanitary Drainage class: Poorly drained facilities. Permeability: Moderately slow or slow • Differential settling can cause concrete footers and Available water capacity: High floors to crack and can cause damage to improperly Seasonal high water table: At the surface or within a constructed structures. depth of 12 inches • A more suitable alternative site should be selected. Flooding: Frequent Soil reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline Interpretive Group Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Land capability classification: 7s Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 44 Soil Survey

Use and Management planted on ridges helps to minimize seeding mortality. Cropland • See table 10 for specific information concerning Suitability: Poorly suited potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Management measures and considerations: Wildlife habitat • The main management concerns in areas used for Suitability: Well suited cultivated crops are the seasonal high water table Management measures and considerations: and the flooding. • The potential for wetland wildlife habitat is good, • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in most and the potential for openland and woodland wildlife years. habitat is fair. • Crop species that have a short growing season and • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing can tolerate wetness should be selected for food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. planting. • Buffer zones along streams provide food and cover Pasture and hay for wildlife as well as control erosion. Suitability: Poorly suited • Establishing shallow water areas provides a water Management measures and considerations: source for upland wildlife and promotes use of the • The main limitations are the seasonal high water area by waterfowl, shore birds, and other wetland table and the flooding. wildlife. • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet Urban development minimizes compaction and damage to the stand. Suitability: Unsuited • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Management measures and considerations: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the schedule are important management practices. flooding and wetness. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • The flooding and wetness are difficult to overcome. adequate stand can help to increase production. • A suitable alternative site should be selected. • Forage species that can tolerate the wetness and flooding grow best. Interpretive Group Land capability classification: 3w Woodland Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: CaB—Capshaw silt loam, 2 to 5 • The main management concerns are the equipment limitation, plant competition, and seedling mortality. percent slopes • Operating equipment when the soil is wet results in excessive rutting or miring. Setting • Equipment should be operated only when the soil is Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges dry and after gravel or other suitable subgrade and Valleys material has been added to the main roads. Landscape position: Stream terraces and upland flats • If possible, roads should be constructed in areas of Size of areas: 5 to 280 acres nearby, better suited soils. Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Composition • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Capshaw soil and similar components: 85 to 95 competition that may occur immediately after percent planting. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Minor Components • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Similar components: mortality rate may be high because of the seasonal • Intermingled areas of Colbert soils high water table. • Areas of well drained soils • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Contrasting components: • Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can be • Isolated areas of Conasauga and Lyerly soils Rhea County, Tennessee 45

• Small areas of Bloomingdale soils along • Forage species that can tolerate the wetness grow drainageways and in depressions best. • Isolated areas of Barfield soils intermingled with • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet limestone outcrops minimizes compaction and damage to the stand and helps to prevent excessive runoff. Typical Profile • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Surface layer: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting 0 to 4 inches—brown friable silt loam schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Subsurface layer: adequate stand can help to increase production and 4 to 9 inches—brown friable silty clay loam reduce the runoff rate. Subsoil: 9 to 24 inches—brownish yellow firm silty clay loam Woodland 24 to 72 inches—brownish yellow firm clay and silty Suitability: Well suited clay having gray and black mottles Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland Bedrock: management. 72 inches—soft shale • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Soil Properties and Qualities a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Drainage class: Moderately well drained competition that may occur immediately after Permeability: Slow planting. Available water capacity: High • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 24 and cutting, or applying herbicides. 40 inches • See table 10 for specific information concerning Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid in the potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. surface layer and the upper part of the subsoil; slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of Wildlife habitat the subsoil and in the substratum Suitability: Well suited Depth to bedrock: 40 to more than 72 inches Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat is good. Use and Management • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Cropland food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Suitability: Suited • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Management measures and considerations: habitat. • The main management concerns in areas used for • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion and the rows can break up large, open areas and provide wetness. food and cover to wildlife. • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in • Trees and shrubs along streams benefit wildlife as some years. well as control erosion. • Crop species that have a short growing season and • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing can tolerate the wetness should be selected for small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. planting. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, established along logging roads and trails. and cover crops help to control erosion, increase • The habitat in areas of native plants can be the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and • Den trees should not be harvested. filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Pasture and hay Urban development Suitability: Well suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting the • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the management of pasture and hayland. wetness, the shrink-swell potential, the low soil 46 Soil Survey

strength, and the clayey texture and slow Subsoil: permeability in the subsoil. 9 to 24 inches—brownish yellow firm silty clay loam • Special measures are needed to help overcome 24 to 72 inches—brownish yellow firm clay and silty subsurface drainage problems. clay having gray and black mottles • This soil is best suited to dwellings without Bedrock: basements. 72 inches—soft shale • The wetness, the slow permeability, and the clayey subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary Soil Properties and Qualities facilities and building site developments. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for Permeability: Slow local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a Available water capacity: High source of roadfill. Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 24 and • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a 40 inches problem when footers and basements are Soil reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid in the constructed. surface layer and the upper part of the subsoil; • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of to overcome some of the soil limitations. the subsoil and in the substratum Interpretive Group Depth to bedrock: 40 to more than 72 inches Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Land capability classification: 2e Use and Management CaC—Capshaw silt loam, 5 to 12 Cropland percent slopes Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • The main management concerns in areas used for cultivated crops are the erosion hazard and Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges wetness. and Valleys • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional Landscape position: Stream terraces and upland flats tillage system is used. Size of areas: 5 to 60 acres • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland some years. Composition • Crop species that have a short growing season and can tolerate the wetness should be selected for Capshaw soil and similar components: 85 to 95 planting. percent • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent and cover crops help to control erosion, increase Minor Components the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Similar components: filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • Intermingled areas of Colbert soils • Areas of well drained soils Pasture and hay Suitability: Well suited Contrasting components: Management measures and considerations: • Isolated areas of Conasauga and Lyerly soils • This soil has few limitations affecting the • Small areas of Bloomingdale soils along management of pasture and hayland. drainageways and in depressions • Forage species that can tolerate the wetness grow • Isolated areas of Barfield soils intermingled with best. limestone outcrops • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet Typical Profile minimizes compaction and damage to the stand and helps to prevent excessive runoff. Surface layer: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 0 to 4 inches—brown friable silt loam grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Subsurface layer: schedule are important management practices. 4 to 9 inches—brown friable silty clay loam • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Rhea County, Tennessee 47

adequate stand can help to increase production and local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a reduce the runoff rate. source of roadfill. • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a Woodland problem when footers and basements are Suitability: Well suited constructed. Management measures and considerations: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help management. to overcome some of the soil limitations. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Interpretive Group • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Land capability classification: 3e competition that may occur immediately after planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Cb—Cobstone cobbly fine sandy cutting, or applying herbicides. • See table 10 for specific information concerning loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. rarely flooded Wildlife habitat Setting Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife and Valleys habitat is good. Landscape position: Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing at the base of the Cumberland Plateau food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Escarpment • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Size of areas: 35 to 245 acres habitat. Major uses: Pasture and hay • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Composition rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Cobstone soil and similar components: 85 to 95 • Trees and shrubs along streams benefit wildlife as percent well as control erosion. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Minor Components • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Similar components: established along logging roads and trails. • Scattered areas of Shady soils • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • Areas of soils that flood frequently or occasionally improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Contrasting components: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Intermingled areas of Hamblen soils along drainageways Urban development • Small areas of Allen and Bouldin soils on footslopes Suitability: Poorly suited • Isolated areas of Cranmore soils in depressions Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Typical Profile wetness, the shrink-swell potential, the low soil strength, the slope, and the clayey texture and slow Surface layer: permeability in the subsoil. 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown very friable cobbly • Special measures are needed to help overcome fine sandy loam subsurface drainage problems. Subsurface layer: • This soil is best suited to dwellings without 5 to 12 inches—strong brown very friable cobbly fine basements. sandy loam • The wetness, the slow permeability, and the clayey subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary Subsoil: facilities and building site developments. 12 to 28 inches—strong brown very friable extremely • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for cobbly fine sandy clay loam 48 Soil Survey

28 to 34 inches—strong brown very friable extremely • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant cobbly fine sandy loam competition that may occur immediately after 34 to 63 inches—yellowish brown very friable planting. extremely cobbly sandy loam • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Soil Properties and Qualities • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling mortality rate may be high because of the cobbly Drainage class: Well drained surface layer and low available water capacity. Permeability: Moderately rapid • The amount of cobbles in the soil should be Available water capacity: Low considered when selecting planting sites for Seasonal high water table: At a depth of more than 60 seedlings. inches • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Flooding: Rare desired stand is attained. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, • See table 10 for specific information concerning except in limed areas potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Shrink-swell potential: Low Wildlife habitat Suitability: Suited Use and Management Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Cropland habitat is fair. Suitability: Suited • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Management measures and considerations: food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • The main management concerns in areas used for • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife cultivated crops are the low available water capacity habitat. and the cobbles. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Cobbles in the surface layer may restrict tillage rows can break up large, open areas and provide operations. food and cover to wildlife. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well and cover crops help to control erosion, increase as control erosion. the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Pasture and hay • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Suitability: Suited established along logging roads and trails. Management measures and considerations: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • This soil has few limitations affecting the improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the management of pasture and hayland. soil. • Forage species that can tolerate droughty • Den trees should not be harvested. conditions grow best. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet minimizes compaction and damage to the stand Urban development and helps to prevent excessive runoff. Suitability: Poorly suited • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Management measures and considerations: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the schedule are important management practices. flooding and the cobbles. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • The pebbles and cobbles throughout the soil cause adequate stand can help to increase production and problems in areas used for lawns and if the soil is reduce the runoff rate. landscaped or used as a source of topsoil material. • This soil is generally unsuited to building sites Woodland because of the flooding potential. Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Land capability classification: 6s Rhea County, Tennessee 49

CDB—Cobstone-Shady-Urban land 25 to 32 inches—strong brown friable sandy clay loam complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes, 32 to 42 inches—yellowish brown friable loam rarely flooded 42 to 72 inches—yellowish brown very friable very cobbly sandy loam Setting Urban land Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Urban land mostly consists of areas where the Landscape position: Footslopes, alluvial fans, and surface is covered by roads, streets, parking lots, stream terraces commercial buildings, houses, and other types of Size of areas: 20 to 370 acres impervious material. In places, the natural drainage Major uses: Urban areas pattern has been altered by a system of ditches and storm drains. The underlying soil material is not Composition observable. A typical profile of Urban land is not Cobstone soil and similar components: 30 to 50 given. percent Properties and Qualities Shady soil and similar components: 25 to 35 percent of the Cobstone and Shady Soils Urban land: 15 to 25 percent Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Cobstone—moderately rapid; Shady— Minor Components moderate Similar components: Available water capacity: Cobstone—low; Shady— • Areas of soils that flood frequently high • Intermingled areas of Holston and Etowah soils on Seasonal high water table: Cobstone—at a depth of landscapes similar to those of the Cobstone and more than 60 inches; Shady—between depths of Shady soils 60 and 72 inches Flooding: Rare; areas that presently do not flood had Contrasting components: the potential for flooding before streams and • Scattered areas of Allen and Jefferson soils at the drainage patterns were modified slightly higher elevations Soil reaction: Cobstone—very strongly acid or • Isolated areas of Cranmore soils in depressions strongly acid, except in limed areas; Shady—very Typical Profile strongly acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Cobstone Shrink-swell potential: Low Surface layer: 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown very friable cobbly Use and Management fine sandy loam Subsurface layer: Urban development 5 to 12 inches—strong brown very friable cobbly fine Suitability: Suited sandy loam Management measures and considerations follow. Subsoil: Site considerations: 12 to 28 inches—strong brown very friable extremely • The flooding is a major management concern in cobbly fine sandy clay loam most areas. 28 to 34 inches—strong brown very friable extremely • The load-bearing strength, surface runoff, and cobbly fine sandy loam storm drainage management are additional 34 to 63 inches—yellowish brown very friable concerns affecting urban development. extremely cobbly sandy loam Dwellings: Shady • The guidelines and restrictions for building dwellings Surface layer: and small commercial buildings on flood plains 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam should be followed. Subsoil: • The soil material varies widely in areas of Urban 8 to 25 inches—strong brown friable clay loam land. 50 Soil Survey

Sanitary facilities: Minor Components • This map unit commonly is not suitable as a site for Similar components: onsite subsurface sewage disposal. • Intermingled areas of Capshaw and Conasauga • In most places access to a municipal sewage soils disposal system is needed. • Small areas of well drained Collegedale soils Lawns and landscaping: Contrasting components: • Providing a good seedbed, maintaining the proper • Small areas of Barfield soils fertility level, and mulching seeded areas help to • Small areas of Tupelo and Ketona soils along establish ground cover. drainageways and in depressions Small commercial buildings: Typical Profile • The guidelines and restrictions for building on flood Colbert plains should be followed. Surface layer: • Differential settling is a management concern in 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown friable silty clay some areas of fill material that are used as sites for loam small commercial buildings. • Proper compaction of fill material minimizes Subsoil: differential settling. 6 to 26 inches—strong brown firm and very firm clay 26 to 36 inches—yellowish brown very firm clay that Local roads and streets: has gray mottles • Differential settling is a management concern in 36 to 46 inches—light olive brown very firm clay that some areas of fill material that are used as areas has gray and red mottles for local roads and streets. Substratum: • Proper compaction of fill material minimizes 46 to 63 inches—light olive brown very firm clay that differential settling. has gray and brown mottles • The low soil strength is a limitation affecting local roads and streets. Bedrock: • Adding gravel or other suitable subgrade material 63 inches—hard limestone helps to prevent the road damage caused by low Lyerly soil strength. Surface layer: • Onsite investigation is needed to determine the 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown friable silty clay limitations affecting any proposed use. loam Interpretive Group Subsoil: Land capability classification: None assigned 4 to 22 inches—yellowish brown firm clay 22 to 28 inches—yellowish brown very firm clay that has gray mottles CeC—Colbert and Lyerly soils, 2 to Bedrock: 12 percent slopes, very rocky 28 inches—hard limestone Soil Properties and Qualities Setting Drainage class: Moderately well drained Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Permeability: Very slow and Valleys Available water capacity: Colbert—moderate; Lyerly— Landscape position: Low ridges and upland flats low Size of areas: 5 to several hundred acres Seasonal high water table: Colbert—between depths Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland of 42 and 60 inches; Lyerly—between depths of 22 and 40 inches Composition Soil reaction: Colbert—strongly acid to slightly acid in Colbert soil and similar components: 0 to 80 percent the surface layer and in the upper part of the Lyerly soil and similar components: 0 to 80 percent subsoil and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent lower part of the subsoil and in the substratum; Rhea County, Tennessee 51

Lyerly—strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface • Plant competition from undesirable species may be layer and the upper part of the subsoil and slightly a problem when establishing a new forest crop. acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant subsoil competition that may occur immediately after Depth to hard bedrock: Colbert—40 to more than 72 planting. inches; Lyerly—20 to 40 inches • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Shrink-swell potential: High cutting, or applying herbicides. • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Use and Management mortality rate may be high because of the low available water capacity in areas of the Lyerly soil. Cropland • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas of the Lyerly Suitability: Poorly suited soil because of the moderately deep root zone. Management measures and considerations: • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying • The main management concerns in areas used for a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, rock • See table 10 for specific information concerning outcrops, and the wetness in areas of the Lyerly potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. soil. • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional Wildlife habitat tillage system is used. Suitability: Well suited • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Management measures and considerations: contour farming, and cover crops help to control • The potential for openland wildlife is good. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and • The potential for woodland wildlife is good in areas maintain soil tilth. of the Colbert soil and fair in areas of the Lyerly soil. • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing helps to control erosion. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife help to control erosion and runoff. habitat. • Areas of rock outcrop increase the difficulty of • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence properly managing cropland in this map unit. rows can break up large, open areas and provide • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in food and cover to wildlife. some years. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well • Crop species that have a short growing season and as control erosion. can tolerate wetness should be selected for • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing planting. small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Pasture and hay established along logging roads and trails. Suitability: Suited • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Management measures and considerations: improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • The main limitations are rock outcrops and the low • Den trees should not be harvested. available water capacity of the Lyerly soil. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Rock outcrops increase the difficulty of properly managing pastures and limit the use of this map Urban development unit as hayland. Suitability: Poorly suited • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Management measures and considerations: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the schedule are important management practices. shrink-swell potential, the very slow permeability, • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an the clayey subsoil texture, the low soil strength, and adequate stand can help to increase production and rock outcrops. reduce the runoff rate. • The moderate depth to bedrock and wetness in areas of the Lyerly soil are additional limitations Woodland affecting most sanitary facilities and building sites. Suitability: Well suited • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns are plant Interpretive Group competition, seedling mortality, and the hazard of windthrow. Land capability classification: 4s 52 Soil Survey

CgC—Collegedale silt loam, 2 to 12 • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. percent slopes • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and cover crops help to control Setting erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes and Valleys helps to control erosion. Landscape position: Upland ridgetops, shoulder • Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field slopes, and side slopes borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and Size of areas: 5 to 145 acres runoff. Major uses: Hay, pasture, and cropland Pasture and hay Composition Suitability: Well suited Collegedale soil and similar components: 85 to 95 Management measures and considerations: percent • This soil has few limitations affecting the Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent management of pasture and hayland. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Minor Components grazing, and a well planned clipping and Similar components: harvesting schedule are important management • Scattered areas of Dewey, Waynesboro, and practices. Capshaw soils • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and Contrasting components: reduce the runoff rate. • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along drainageways, in depressions, and on low terraces Woodland • Scattered areas of Colbert and Lyerly soils Suitability: Well suited • Small areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland Typical Profile management. Surface layer: • Plant competition from undesirable species may be 0 to 6 inches—brown friable silt loam a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Subsoil: competition that may occur immediately after 6 to 32 inches—yellowish red very firm clay that has planting. yellow and red mottles • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, 32 to 53 inches—yellowish red very firm clay that has cutting, or applying herbicides. red, yellow, and brown mottles • See table 10 for specific information concerning 53 to 80 inches—mottled red, brown, yellow, and gray potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. very firm clay Wildlife habitat Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Well suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderately slow • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Available water capacity: High habitat is good. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Use and Management • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Cropland food and cover to wildlife. Suitability: Suited • Trees and shrubs along streams benefit wildlife as Management measures and considerations: well as control erosion. • The main management concern is the hazard of • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing erosion. small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Rhea County, Tennessee 53

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be • Scattered areas of Colbert and Lyerly soils established along logging roads and trails. • Small areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops • The habitat in areas of native plants can be improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Typical Profile • Den trees should not be harvested. Surface layer: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 0 to 6 inches—brown friable silt loam Urban development Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 6 to 32 inches—yellowish red very firm clay that has Management measures and considerations: yellow and red mottles • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the 32 to 53 inches—yellowish red very firm clay that has moderately slow permeability, clayey subsoil, low red, yellow, and brown mottles soil strength, shrink-swell potential, and slope. 53 to 80 inches—mottled red, brown, yellow, and gray • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil very firm clay are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and building site developments. Soil Properties and Qualities • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a Drainage class: Well drained source of roadfill. Permeability: Moderately slow • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a Available water capacity: High problem when footers and basements are Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid constructed. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help to overcome some of the soil limitations. Use and Management Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 4e Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: • The main management concern is the hazard of CgD—Collegedale silt loam, 12 to erosion. 25 percent slopes • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Setting contour farming, and cover crops help to control Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and and Valleys maintain soil tilth. Landscape position: Upland ridgetops, shoulder • A long-term crop rotation that includes grasses and slopes, and side slopes legumes helps to control erosion. Size of areas: 5 to 120 acres • Diversions, grassed waterways, field borders, and Major uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Composition Pasture and hay Suitability: Suited Collegedale soil and similar components: 85 to 95 Management measures and considerations: percent • The main limitation is the slope. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Minor Components managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as hayland. Similar components: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Scattered areas of Dewey, Waynesboro, and grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Capshaw soils schedule are important management practices. Contrasting components: • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along adequate stand can help to increase production and drainageways, in depressions, and on low terraces reduce the runoff rate. 54 Soil Survey

Woodland • Den trees should not be harvested. Suitability: Suited • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Management measures and considerations: Urban development • The main management concerns are the hazard of Suitability: Poorly suited erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant Management measures and considerations: competition. • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating moderately slow permeability, the clayey subsoil, roads and trails as close to the contour as the low soil strength, the shrink-swell potential, and possible. the slope. • Permanent access roads can be protected by • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil spreading gravel on the road surface and installing are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and water breaks and culverts. building site developments. • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for closed and protected by seeding and installing local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a water breaks. source of roadfill. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. problem when footers and basements are • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, constructed. specialized equipment is used. • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help enough that conventional equipment can be used. to overcome some of the soil limitations. • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Interpretive Group have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Land capability classification: 6e by hand. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. CoC—Conasauga silt loam, 5 to 12 • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after percent slopes planting. Setting • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • See table 10 for specific information concerning and Valleys potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Landscape position: Dissected upland ridges and side slopes Wildlife habitat Size of areas: 15 to 320 acres Suitability: Well suited Major uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and Composition the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. Conasauga soil and similar components: 85 to 95 • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing percent food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Minor Components • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Similar components: rows can break up large, open areas and provide • Areas of Capshaw soils at the lower elevations food and cover to wildlife. • Isolated areas of Colbert and Lyerly soils in • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well positions similar to those of the Conasauga soil as control erosion. • Intermingled areas of Townley soils at the slightly • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing higher elevations small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Contrasting components: established along logging roads and trails. • Small areas of Bloomingdale and Tupelo soils along • The habitat in areas of native plants can be drainageways improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Isolated areas of limestone rock outcrop Rhea County, Tennessee 55

Typical Profile moderately deep root zone and the moderate available water capacity. Surface layer: • Forage species that can tolerate the wetness and 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown friable silt loam flooding grow best. Subsoil: • Deferment of grazing when the soil is wet minimizes 4 to 14 inches—yellowish brown firm clay that has compaction and damage to the stand and helps to brown mottles prevent excessive runoff. 14 to 20 inches—yellowish brown firm clay that has • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred red and olive gray mottles grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Substratum: • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an 20 to 24 inches—light gray firm clay that has adequate stand can help to increase production and yellowish red mottles reduce the runoff rate. 24 to 34 inches—grayish brown firm clay that has yellowish brown and light gray mottles Woodland Suitability: Well suited Soft bedrock: Management measures and considerations: 34 to 48 inches—soft shale with 30 percent clayey • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland fine-earth material management. Soil Properties and Qualities • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Permeability: Slow competition that may occur immediately after Available water capacity: Moderate planting. Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 14 and • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, 40 inches in winter and early spring cutting, or applying herbicides. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to slightly acid • See table 10 for specific information concerning Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Wildlife habitat Use and Management Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Cropland • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Suitability: Suited habitat is good. Management measures and considerations: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • The main management concerns in areas used for food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. cultivated crops are the moderately deep root zone, • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife the moderate available water capacity, and the habitat. wetness. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in rows can break up large, open areas and provide some years. food and cover to wildlife. • Crop species that have a short growing season and • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well can tolerate the wetness should be selected for as control erosion. planting. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. and cover crops help to control erosion, increase • Food plots or areas of green browse can be the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. established along logging roads and trails. • Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips • The habitat in areas of native plants can be help to control erosion and runoff. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Pasture and hay • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Urban development • This soil has few limitations affecting the Suitability: Poorly suited management of pasture and hayland. Management measures and considerations: • The growth of some forage species is limited by the • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the 56 Soil Survey

slow permeability, the clayey subsoil, the low soil Subsoil: strength, the shrink-swell potential, the wetness, 5 to 11 inches—dark grayish brown friable loam that and the depth to bedrock. has brownish yellow mottles • The slow permeability in the subsoil, the clayey 11 to 24 inches—gray friable loam that has yellowish subsoil, and the shrink-swell potential are limitations red mottles affecting some sanitary facilities and building site Substratum: developments. 24 to 40 inches—gray friable loam • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for 40 to 55 inches—olive gray friable loam local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a 55 to 62 inches—olive gray friable loam that has source of roadfill. greenish gray mottles • The moderate depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting some building site developments. Soil Properties and Qualities • Special measures are needed to help overcome Drainage class: Poorly drained subsurface drainage problems. Permeability: Moderate • This soil is best suited to dwellings without Available water capacity: High basements. Seasonal high water table: At the surface or within a • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help depth of 12 inches to overcome some of the soil limitations. Flooding: Frequent Interpretive Group Soil reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Land capability classification: 6e Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management Cr—Cranmore loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded Cropland Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • The main management concerns in areas used for Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges cultivated crops are the seasonal high water table and Valleys and the flooding. Landscape position: Flood plains and depressions • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in most Size of areas: 5 to 55 acres years. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Crop species that have a short growing season and Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland can tolerate the wetness should be selected for planting. Composition Pasture and hay Cranmore soil and similar components: 80 to 90 Suitability: Poorly suited percent Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent • The main limitations are the seasonal high water Minor Components table and the flooding. • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet Similar components: minimizes compaction and damage to the stand. • Scattered areas of soils that have less sand in the • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred subsoil than the Cranmore soil grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Areas of somewhat poorly drained soils schedule are important management practices. • Small areas of Bloomingdale soils • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Contrasting components: adequate stand can help to increase production. • Intermingled areas of Cobstone, Hamblen, and • Forage species that can tolerate the wetness and Shady soils at the slightly higher elevations flooding grow best. Woodland Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown very friable loam • The main management concerns are the equipment Rhea County, Tennessee 57

limitation, plant competition, seedling mortality, and DeB—Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 the hazard of windthrow. • Operating equipment when the soil is wet results in percent slopes excessive rutting or miring. • Equipment should be operated only when the soil is Setting dry and after gravel or other suitable subgrade Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges material has been added to the main roads. and Valleys • If possible, roads should be constructed in areas of Landscape position: Upland ridgetops nearby, better suited soils. Size of areas: 5 to 55 acres • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Major uses: Hay, pasture, and cropland a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Composition competition that may occur immediately after Dewey soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent planting. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Minor Components • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Similar components: mortality rate may be high because of the seasonal • Intermingled areas of Etowah, Fullerton, Minvale, high water table. and Waynesboro soils • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Contrasting components: • Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can be • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along planted on ridges helps to minimize seedling drainageways and in depressions mortality. • Scattered areas of Pailo soils • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. Typical Profile • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Surface layer: 0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown very friable silt Wildlife habitat loam Suitability: Well suited Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 9 to 35 inches—red friable clay • The potential for wetland wildlife habitat is good, 35 to 61 inches—red friable clay that has strong and the potential for openland and woodland wildlife brown and reddish yellow mottles habitat is fair. 61 to 72 inches—yellowish red friable clay that has • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing reddish yellow mottles food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Buffer zones along streams provide food and cover Soil Properties and Qualities for wildlife as well as control erosion. Drainage class: Well drained • Establishing shallow water areas provides a water Permeability: Moderate source for upland wildlife and promotes use of the Available water capacity: High area by waterfowl, shore birds, and other wetland Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid wildlife. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Urban development Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Use and Management • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the flooding and wetness. Cropland • The flooding and wetness are difficult to overcome. Suitability: Well suited • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. Interpretive Group • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Land capability classification: 3w contour farming, and cover crops help to control 58 Soil Survey

erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Urban development maintain soil tilth. Suitability: Suited • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Management measures and considerations: filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, and the Pasture and hay slope. Suitability: Well suited • The moderate permeability, the shrink-swell Management measures and considerations: potential, and the clayey subsoil are limitations • This soil has few limitations affecting the affecting some sanitary facilities and building site management of pasture and hayland. developments. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a schedule are important management practices. source of roadfill. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. adequate stand can help to increase production and • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help reduce the runoff rate. to overcome some of the soil limitations. Woodland Interpretive Group Suitability: Well suited Land capability classification: 2e Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland management. DeC—Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. percent slopes • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Setting competition that may occur immediately after planting. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, and Valleys cutting, or applying herbicides. Landscape position: Upland ridgetops and side slopes • See table 10 for specific information concerning Size of areas: 5 to 140 acres potential productivity and suggested trees to Major uses: Hay, pasture, and cropland plant. Composition Wildlife habitat Dewey soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent Suitability: Well suited Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat is good. Similar components: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Intermingled areas of Etowah, Fullerton, Minvale, food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. and Waynesboro soils • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Contrasting components: habitat. • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence drainageways and in depressions rows can break up large, open areas and provide • Scattered areas of Pailo soils food and cover to wildlife. • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well as control erosion. Typical Profile • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Surface layer: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown very friable silt • Food plots or areas of green browse can be loam established along logging roads and trails. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Subsoil: improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. 9 to 35 inches—red friable clay • Den trees should not be harvested. 35 to 61 inches—red friable clay that has strong • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. brown and reddish yellow mottles Rhea County, Tennessee 59

61 to 72 inches—yellowish red friable clay that has Wildlife habitat reddish yellow mottles Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Drainage class: Well drained habitat is good. Permeability: Moderate • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Available water capacity: High food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches habitat. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Use and Management food and cover to wildlife. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Cropland as control erosion. Suitability: Suited • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Management measures and considerations: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • The main management concern is the hazard of • Food plots or areas of green browse can be erosion. established along logging roads and trails. • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional • The habitat in areas of native plants can be tillage system is used. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Den trees should not be harvested. contour farming, and cover crops help to control • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Urban development • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes Suitability: Suited helps to control erosion. Management measures and considerations: • Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, and the runoff. slope. • The moderate permeability, the shrink-swell Pasture and hay potential, and the clayey subsoil are limitations Suitability: Well suited affecting some sanitary facilities and building site Management measures and considerations: developments. • This soil has few limitations affecting the • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for management of pasture and hayland. local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred source of roadfill. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. schedule are important management practices. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an to overcome some of the soil limitations. adequate stand can help to increase production and reduce the runoff rate. Interpretive Group Woodland Land capability classification: 3e Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland DeD—Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 management. percent slopes • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Setting • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges planting. and Valleys • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Landscape position: Narrow upland ridgetops and cutting, or applying herbicides. side slopes • See table 10 for specific information concerning Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Major uses: Hay, pasture, and cultivated crops 60 Soil Survey

Composition Management measures and considerations: • The main limitation is the slope. Dewey soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as Minor Components hayland. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Similar components: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Intermingled areas of Etowah, Fullerton, Minvale, schedule are important management practices. and Waynesboro soils • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Contrasting components: adequate stand can help to increase production and • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along reduce the runoff rate. drainageways and in depressions Woodland • Scattered areas of Pailo soils Suitability: Suited • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • The main management concerns are the hazard of erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant Surface layer: competition. 0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown very friable silt • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating loam roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. Subsoil: • Permanent access roads can be protected by 9 to 35 inches—red friable clay spreading gravel on the road surface and installing 35 to 61 inches—red friable clay that has strong water breaks and culverts. brown and reddish yellow mottles • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be 61 to 72 inches—yellowish red friable clay that has closed and protected by seeding and installing reddish yellow mottles water breaks. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Soil Properties and Qualities surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. Drainage class: Well drained • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, Permeability: Moderate specialized equipment is used. Available water capacity: High • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid enough that conventional equipment can be used. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs Shrink-swell potential: Moderate can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Use and Management by hand. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Cropland a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Suitability: Poorly suited • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Management measures and considerations: competition that may occur immediately after • The main management concern is the hazard of planting. erosion. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage cutting, or applying herbicides. system is used. • See table 10 for specific information concerning • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. contour farming, and cover crops help to control Wildlife habitat erosion, increase the rate of infiltration, and Suitability: Suited maintain soil tilth. Management measures and considerations: • A long-term crop rotation that includes grasses and • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and legumes helps to control erosion. the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. • Diversions, grassed waterways, field borders, and • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Pasture and hay • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Suitability: Suited habitat. Rhea County, Tennessee 61

• Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Contrasting components: rows can break up large, open areas and provide • Hamblen and Rockdell soils along drainageways food and cover to wildlife. and on narrow flood plains • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well • Scattered areas of Fullerton and Dewey soils as control erosion. Typical Profile • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. A typical profile is not given for this map unit. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be established along logging roads and trails. Soil Properties and Qualities • The habitat in areas of native plants can be The soil materials in this map unit are disturbed improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. and vary greatly. In most areas the original soil • Den trees should not be harvested. material was removed and stockpiled to create a • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. place where domestic solid waste could be disposed. Urban development The stockpiled soil material was then used to cover Suitability: Poorly suited the deposited waste material. An onsite investigation Management measures and considerations: is needed to determine the limitations affecting any • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, proposed use. the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, and the slope. Use and Management • The moderate permeability, the shrink-swell • The hazard of erosion is the major management potential, and the clayey subsoil are limitations concern. affecting some sanitary facilities and building site • A well designed erosion-control plan is needed. developments. • Erosion barriers, diversions, and rock-lined or • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for vegetated waterways are important management local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a practices. source of roadfill. • Timely establishment of vegetation in inactive areas • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. should be a priority. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • Plant species that can tolerate a wide range of soil to overcome some of the soil limitations. conditions grow best. Interpretive Group • Providing a good seedbed, maintaining the proper fertility level, and mulching seeded areas help to Land capability classification: 4e establish a protective cover of vegetation. • Intensive measures to establish vegetation, such as hydroseeding or sodding, may be needed in DL—Dumps, landfills problem areas. • A layer of coarse gravel, gabion stone, or riprap Setting helps to control erosion in areas where vegetation cannot be established. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Interpretive Group Landscape position: Uplands Size of area: About 50 acres Land capability classification: None assigned Slope range: 10 to 80 percent Major uses: Storage and disposal of domestic waste Composition Ec—Ealy-Craigsville complex, Dumps, landfills, and similar components: 70 to 90 occasionally flooded percent Contrasting components: 10 to 30 percent Setting Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Minor Components Mountains Similar components: Landscape position: Flood plains and alluvial fans • Udorthents in similar landscape positions Size of areas: 5 to 215 acres 62 Soil Survey

Figure 8.—Picnic grounds in an area of Ealy-Craigsville complex, occasionally flooded, along the Piney River.

Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Contrasting components: Major uses: Woodland and some cropland (fig. 8) • Areas of Allegheny and Cotaco soils on stream terraces and alluvial fans Composition • Areas of Jefferson, Shelocta, and Varilla soils on footslopes Ealy soil and similar components: 50 to 65 percent Craigsville soil and similar components: 25 to 40 Typical Profile percent Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent Ealy Surface layer: Minor Components 0 to 3 inches—brown very friable fine sandy loam 3 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable fine Similar components: sandy loam • Low-lying areas of Ealy and Craigsville soils that flood frequently Subsoil: • Areas of Pope and Philo soils in landscape 10 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable positions similar to those of the major soils fine sandy loam Rhea County, Tennessee 63

Substratum: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 39 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting loam and fine sandy loam schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Craigsville adequate stand can help to increase production and Surface layer: reduce the runoff rate. 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very friable cobbly fine sandy loam Woodland Suitability: Suited Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 3 to 9 inches—brown friable cobbly sandy loam • These soils have few limitations affecting forestland 9 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown friable very management. cobbly sandy loam • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Substratum: a problem when establishing a new forest crop. 21 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant brown loose extremely cobbly loamy sand competition that may occur immediately after planting. Soil Properties and Qualities • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Drainage class: Well drained cutting, or applying herbicides. Permeability: Moderately rapid • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Available water capacity: Ealy—high; Craigsville—low mortality rate may be high because of the cobbles Seasonal high water table: Ealy—between depths of in the surface layer and a low available water 60 and 72 inches; Craigsville—at a depth of more capacity in areas of the Craigsville soil. than 60 inches • Stones and cobbles on the soil surface and in the Flooding: Occasional soil should be carefully considered when selecting Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid planting sites for seedlings. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Shrink-swell potential: Low desired stand is attained. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Use and Management potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Cropland Wildlife habitat Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations are the stones and cobbles on • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good in and in the soil surface layer and the flooding. areas of the Ealy soil and fair in areas of the • Some crops may be damaged by the flooding in Craigsville soil. winter and early spring. • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in • The stones and cobbles on and in the surface layer areas of the Ealy soil and fair in areas of the of the Craigsville soil restrict tillage. Craigsville soil. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing and cover crops help to control erosion, increase food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Pasture and hay • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Suitability: Suited rows can break up large, open areas and provide Management measures and considerations: food and cover to wildlife. • These soils have few limitations affecting the • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well management of pasture and hayland. as control erosion. • The stones and cobbles on and in the surface layer • The habitat in areas of native plants can be of the Craigsville soil increase the difficulty of improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. properly managing pastures and limit the use of this • Den trees should not be harvested. soil as hayland. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet minimizes compaction and damage to the stand Urban development and helps to prevent excessive runoff. Suitability: Unsuited 64 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: 35 to 49 inches—brown firm clay that has brownish • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the mottles flooding. Substratum: • The stones and cobbles in areas of the Craigsville 49 to 63 inches—dark yellowish brown firm clay that soil also cause problems for lawns and create has grayish mottles limitations if the soil is landscaped or used as a 63 to 72 inches—dark yellowish brown firm clay that source of topsoil material. has grayish and brownish mottles • The flooding limitation is difficult to overcome. • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Soil Properties and Qualities Interpretive Group Drainage class: Moderately well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Land capability classification: 3s Available water capacity: High Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 24 to 40 inches Eg—Egam silty clay loam, 0 to 3 Flooding: None; most areas are protected from percent slopes flooding by Watts Bar Dam Soil reaction: Neutral to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Setting Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Use and Management Landscape position: Low stream terraces Size of areas: 5 to 60 acres Cropland Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. Egam soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent some years. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Minor Components and cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain Similar components: soil tilth. • Areas of Tupelo and Wolftever soils in landscape positions similar to those of the Egam soil Pasture and hay • Areas of Staser soils on natural levees Suitability: Well suited • Small areas of soils that have steeper slopes; near Management measures and considerations: tributary streams and on streambanks • This soil has few limitations affecting the management of pasture and hayland. Contrasting components: • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet • Intermingled areas of Altavista soils at the slightly minimizes compaction and damage to the stand higher elevations and helps to prevent excessive runoff. • Small areas of Bloomingdale soils in depressions • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred and along drainageways grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management Typical Profile practices. Surface layer: • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an 0 to 8 inches—dark brown friable silty clay loam adequate stand can help to increase production and reduce the runoff rate. Subsurface layer: 8 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown firm silty clay Woodland loam Suitability: Well suited Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 24 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown firm silty clay • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland that has brownish mottles management. Rhea County, Tennessee 65

• Plant competition from undesirable species EtB—Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. slopes • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Setting planting. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, and Valleys cutting, or applying herbicides. Landscape position: Stream terraces and footslopes • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres mortality rate may be high because of the seasonal Major uses: Hay, pasture, and cropland water table. • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Composition desired stand is attained. Etowah soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent • See table 10 for specific information concerning Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Components Wildlife habitat Similar components: Suitability: Well suited • Scattered areas of Dewey, Holston, and Management measures and considerations: Waynesboro soils • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife • A few areas of Altavista soils habitat is good. • Intermingled areas of Shady soils • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Contrasting components: • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along habitat. drainageways and in depressions • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Typical Profile rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Surface layer: • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well 0 to 7 inches—dark brown friable silt loam as control erosion. Subsoil: • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing 7 to 38 inches—yellowish red friable silty clay loam small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 38 to 70 inches—strong brown friable silty clay loam • Food plots or areas of green browse can be established along logging roads and trails. Soil Properties and Qualities • The habitat in areas of native plants can be improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Drainage class: Well drained • Den trees should not be harvested. Permeability: Moderate • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Available water capacity: High Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Urban development Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Poorly suited Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Use and Management wetness, the clayey subsoil, the shrink-swell potential, and the moderately slow permeability in Cropland the subsoil. Suitability: Well suited • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for Management measures and considerations: local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. source of roadfill. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • A more suitable alternative site should be contour farming, and cover crops help to control considered. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Interpretive Group • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Land capability classification: 1 filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. 66 Soil Survey

Pasture and hay limitation affecting some sanitary facilities and Suitability: Well suited building site developments. Management measures and considerations: • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for • This soil has few limitations affecting the local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a management of pasture and hayland. source of roadfill. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting to overcome some of the soil limitations. schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Interpretive Group adequate stand can help to increase production and Land capability classification: 2e reduce the runoff rate. Woodland Suitability: Well suited EtC—Etowah loam, 5 to 12 percent Management measures and considerations: slopes • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland management. Setting • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant and Valleys competition that may occur immediately after Landscape position: Stream terraces planting. Size of areas: 5 to 65 acres • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Major uses: Hay, pasture, and cropland cutting, or applying herbicides. Composition • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Etowah soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Wildlife habitat Suitability: Well suited Minor Components Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Similar components: habitat is good. • Scattered areas of Dewey, Holston, and • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Waynesboro soils food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • A few areas of Altavista soils • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Intermingled areas of Shady soils habitat. Contrasting components: • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along rows can break up large, open areas and provide drainageways and in depressions food and cover to wildlife. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Typical Profile as control erosion. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Surface layer: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 0 to 7 inches—dark brown friable silt loam • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Subsoil: established along logging roads and trails. 7 to 38 inches—yellowish red friable silty clay loam • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 38 to 70 inches—strong brown friable silty clay loam improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Soil Properties and Qualities • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Drainage class: Well drained Urban development Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: High Management measures and considerations: Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid • This soil has few limitations affecting urban uses. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a Shrink-swell potential: Low Rhea County, Tennessee 67

Use and Management rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Cropland • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Suitability: Suited as control erosion. Management measures and considerations: • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • The main management concern is the hazard of small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. erosion. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional established along logging roads and trails. tillage system is used. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. contour farming, and cover crops help to control • Den trees should not be harvested. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. maintain soil tilth. • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes Urban development helps to control erosion. Suitability: Suited • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Management measures and considerations: filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, the low soil strength, and the slope. Pasture and hay • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil Suitability: Well suited are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and Management measures and considerations: building site developments. • This soil has few limitations affecting the • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for management of pasture and hayland. local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred source of roadfill. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. schedule are important management practices. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an to overcome some of the soil limitations. adequate stand can help to increase production and Interpretive Group reduce the runoff rate. Land capability classification: 3e Woodland Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: FuB—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 2 • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland to 5 percent slopes management. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Setting a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant and Valleys competition that may occur immediately after Landscape position: Ridge crests planting. Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay cutting, or applying herbicides. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Composition potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Fullerton soil and similar components: 80 to 95 percent Wildlife habitat Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Similar components: habitat is good. • Intermingled areas of Etowah, Dewey, Minvale, and • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Waynesboro soils food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Contrasting components: habitat. • Scattered areas of Pailo soils • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops 68 Soil Survey

Typical Profile • Plant competition from undesirable species may be problem when establishing a new forest crop. Surface layer: • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant 0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable competition that may occur immediately after gravelly silt loam planting. Subsurface layer: • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, 7 to 15 inches—brownish yellow very friable very cutting, or applying herbicides. gravelly loam • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Subsoil: 15 to 30 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly clay Wildlife habitat 30 to 65 inches—red friable gravelly clay that has Suitability: Well suited brownish yellow mottles Management measures and considerations: 65 to 72 inches—red firm very gravelly clay that has • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife brownish yellow mottles habitat is good. Soil Properties and Qualities • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Drainage class: Well drained • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Permeability: Moderate habitat. Available water capacity: Moderate • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid rows can break up large, open areas and provide Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches food and cover to wildlife. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well as control erosion. Use and Management • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Cropland • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Suitability: Well suited established along logging roads and trails. Management measures and considerations: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Den trees should not be harvested. contour farming, and cover crops help to control • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and improve soil tilth. Urban development • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Suitability: Suited filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hay • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, Suitability: Well suited the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, and the Management measures and considerations: shrink-swell potential. • This soil has few limitations affecting the • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil management of pasture and hayland. are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred building site developments. grazing, and a well planned clipping and • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for harvesting schedule are important management local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a practices. source of roadfill. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a adequate stand can help to increase production and problem when footers and basements are reduce the runoff rate. constructed. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Woodland to overcome some of the soil limitations. Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland management. Land capability classification: 2e Rhea County, Tennessee 69

FuC—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 5 • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. to 12 percent slopes • The gravelly surface layer restricts tillage in some areas. Setting • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and cover crops help to control Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and and Valleys maintain soil tilth. Landscape position: Ridge crests and shoulder slopes • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes Size of areas: 5 to 300 acres helps to control erosion. Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay • Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field Composition borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Fullerton soil and similar components: 80 to 95 percent Pasture and hay Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent Suitability: Well suited Minor Components Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting the Similar components: management of pasture. • Intermingled areas of Etowah, Dewey, Minvale, and • The slope may be a limitation affecting hayland. Waynesboro soils • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Contrasting components: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Scattered areas of Pailo soils schedule are important management practices. • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and Typical Profile reduce the runoff rate. Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable Woodland gravelly silt loam Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Subsurface layer: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland 7 to 15 inches—brownish yellow very friable very management. gravelly loam • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Subsoil: a problem when establishing a new forest crop. 15 to 30 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly clay • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant 30 to 65 inches—red friable gravelly clay that has competition that may occur immediately after brownish yellow mottles planting. 65 to 72 inches—red firm very gravelly clay that has • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, brownish yellow mottles cutting, or applying herbicides. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Soil Properties and Qualities potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Drainage class: Well drained Wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches habitat is good. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Use and Management • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Cropland habitat. Suitability: Suited • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Management measures and considerations: rows can break up large, open areas and provide • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. food and cover to wildlife. 70 Soil Survey

• Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Minor Components as control erosion. Similar components: • Brushy thickets can be established by • Intermingled areas of Etowah, Dewey, Minvale, and clearing small areas in large tracts of mature Waynesboro soils woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Contrasting components: established along logging roads and trails. • Scattered areas of Pailo soils • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the Typical Profile soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Surface layer: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable gravelly silt loam Urban development Subsurface layer: Suitability: Suited 7 to 15 inches—brownish yellow very friable very Management measures and considerations: gravelly loam • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, the shrink- Subsoil: swell potential, and the slope. 15 to 30 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly clay • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil 30 to 65 inches—red friable gravelly clay that has are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and brownish yellow mottles building site developments. 65 to 72 inches—red firm very gravelly clay that has • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for brownish yellow mottles local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a Soil Properties and Qualities source of roadfill. • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a Drainage class: Well drained problem when footers and basements are Permeability: Moderate constructed. Available water capacity: Moderate • The slope is a limitation affecting some urban uses. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches to overcome some of the soil limitations. Shrink-swell potential: Low

Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 3e Cropland Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: FuD—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, • The main management concern in areas used for 12 to 25 percent slopes cultivated crops is the hazard of erosion. • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. Setting • The gravelly surface layer restricts tillage in some Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges areas. and Valleys • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Landscape position: Ridge crests, shoulder slopes, contour farming, and cover crops help to control and side slopes erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Size of areas: 5 to 360 acres maintain soil tilth. Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland • A long-term crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes helps to control erosion. Composition • Diversions, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Fullerton soil and similar components: 80 to 90 percent Pasture and hay Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent Suitability: Suited Rhea County, Tennessee 71

Management measures and considerations: Wildlife habitat • The main limitation is the slope. Suitability: Suited • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Management measures and considerations: managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and hayland. the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. schedule are important management practices. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an habitat. adequate stand can help to increase production and • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence reduce the runoff rate. rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Woodland • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Suitability: Suited as control erosion. Management measures and considerations: • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • The main management concerns are the hazard of small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, • Food plots or areas of green browse can be and seedling mortality. established along logging roads and trails. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • The habitat in areas of native plants can be roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Permanent access roads can be protected by • Den trees should not be harvested. spreading gravel on the road surface and installing • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. water breaks and culverts. • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be Urban development closed and protected by seeding and installing Suitability: Poorly suited water breaks. Management measures and considerations: • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, the shrink- • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, swell potential, and the slope. specialized equipment is used. • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and short enough that conventional equipment can be building site developments. used. • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that source of roadfill. have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a by hand. problem when footers and basements are • Plant competition from undesirable species may be constructed. a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help competition that may occur immediately after to overcome some of the soil limitations. planting. Interpretive Group • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Land capability classification: 4e • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling mortality rate may be high because of the moderate available water capacity and the gravelly surface FuF—Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 25 layer. to 60 percent slopes • Slope aspect should be carefully considered when selecting planting sites for seedlings. Setting • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • See table 10 for specific information concerning and Valleys potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Landscape position: Side slopes and backslopes 72 Soil Survey

Size of areas: 5 to 360 acres managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as Major uses: Woodland hayland. Composition Woodland Suitability: Suited Fullerton soil and similar components: 75 to 95 Management measures and considerations: percent • The main management concerns are the hazard of Contrasting components: 5 to 25 percent erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, Minor Components and seedling mortality. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Similar components: roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Intermingled areas of Etowah, Dewey, Minvale, and • Permanent access roads can be protected by Waynesboro soils spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Contrasting components: water breaks and culverts. • Scattered areas of Pailo soils • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops closed and protected by seeding and installing water breaks. Typical Profile • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Surface layer: surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. 0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, gravelly silt loam specialized equipment is used. • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Subsurface layer: enough that conventional equipment can be used. 7 to 15 inches—brownish yellow very friable very • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs gravelly loam can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Subsoil: have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted 15 to 30 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly clay by hand. 30 to 65 inches—red friable gravelly clay that has • Plant competition from undesirable species may be brownish yellow mottles a problem when establishing a new forest crop. 65 to 72 inches—red firm very gravelly clay that has • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant brownish yellow mottles competition that may occur immediately after planting. Soil Properties and Qualities • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Drainage class: Well drained cutting, or applying herbicides. Permeability: Moderate • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Available water capacity: Moderate mortality rate may be high because of the moderate Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid available water capacity and the gravelly surface Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches layer. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Slope aspect should be carefully considered when selecting planting sites for seedlings. Use and Management • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Cropland • See table 10 for specific information concerning Suitability: Unsuited potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Management measures and considerations: Wildlife habitat • The main management concern in areas used for Suitability: Suited cultivated crops is the hazard of erosion. Management measures and considerations: • The slope prevents the use of most tillage • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. equipment. • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Pasture and hay food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Suitability: Unsuited • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Management measures and considerations: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • The main limitation is the slope. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • The slope increases the difficulty of properly established along logging roads and trails. Rhea County, Tennessee 73

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be Soil Properties and Qualities improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Drainage class: Well drained • Den trees should not be harvested. Permeability: Moderate • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Available water capacity: Moderate Urban development Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Suitability: Poorly suited Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Low • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, the shrink- Use and Management swell potential, and the slope. • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Cropland Suitability: Suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 7e • The main management concern is the hazard of erosion. • In addition, the moderate available water capacity GpC—Gilpin loam, 5 to 12 percent and the moderately deep root zone may limit the production of some crop species. slopes • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. Setting • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and cover crops help to control Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Mountains maintain soil tilth. Landscape position: Ridge crests and shoulder slopes • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes Size of areas: 5 to 345 acres helps to control erosion. Major uses: Woodland, hay, and pasture • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Composition filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Gilpin soil and similar components: 90 to 95 percent Pasture and hay Contrasting components: 5 to 10 percent Suitability: Well suited Minor Components Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting the Similar components: management of pasture and hayland. • Scattered areas of Lily and Lonewood soils • Forage species that can tolerate a moderately deep • Areas of Sequoia soils root zone and can withstand occasional Contrasting components: droughtiness are best suited to this soil. • Intermingled areas of Petros soils • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Isolated areas of sandstone or shale rock outcrops grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Typical Profile • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and Surface layer: reduce the runoff rate. 0 to 1 inch—brown very friable loam Subsoil: Woodland 1 to 5 inches—yellowish brown friable loam Suitability: Well suited 5 to 34 inches—yellowish brown friable channery silty Management measures and considerations: clay loam • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland management. Substratum: • Plant competition from undesirable species may be 34 to 38 inches—yellowish brown firm channery silty a problem when establishing a new forest crop. clay • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Bedrock: competition that may occur immediately after 38 to 50 inches—soft multicolored mudstone planting. 74 Soil Survey

• Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Composition cutting, or applying herbicides. Gilpin soil and similar components: 80 to 95 percent • See table 10 for specific information concerning Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Components Wildlife habitat Similar components: Suitability: Well suited • Scattered areas of Lily and Lonewood soils Management measures and considerations: • Areas of Sequoia soils • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good, and the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair. Contrasting components: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Intermingled areas of Petros soils food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Small areas of Shelocta and Jefferson soils on the • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife lower side slopes habitat. Typical Profile • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Surface layer: food and cover to wildlife. 0 to 1 inch—brown very friable loam • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Subsoil: as control erosion. 1 to 5 inches—yellowish brown friable loam • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing 5 to 34 inches—yellowish brown channery friable silty small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. clay loam • Food plots or areas of green browse can be established along logging roads and trails. Substratum: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 34 to 38 inches—yellowish brown firm channery silty improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. clay • Den trees should not be harvested. Bedrock: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 38 to 50 inches—soft multicolored mudstone Urban development Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the depth Available water capacity: Moderate to bedrock. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • The moderate depth to bedrock affects most Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches building site developments and sanitary facilities. Shrink-swell potential: Low • This soil is best suited to dwellings without basements. Use and Management • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help to overcome the depth to bedrock. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 3e • The main management concern in areas used for cultivated crops is the hazard of erosion. • In addition, the moderate available water capacity GpD—Gilpin loam, 12 to 20 percent and the moderately deep root zone may limit the slopes production of some crop species. • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. Setting • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and contour farming, and cover crops help to control Mountains erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Landscape position: Shoulder slopes and side slopes maintain soil tilth. Size of areas: 5 to 590 acres • A long-term crop rotation that includes grasses and Major uses: Woodland legumes helps to control erosion. Rhea County, Tennessee 75

• Diversions, grassed waterways, field borders, and mortality rate may be high because of the moderate filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. available water capacity. • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Pasture and hay desired stand is attained. Suitability: Suited • See table 10 for specific information concerning Management measures and considerations: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • The main limitations are the moderately deep root zone, the moderate available water capacity, and Wildlife habitat the slope. Suitability: Suited • Forage species that can tolerate a moderately deep Management measures and considerations: root zone and can withstand occasional • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife droughtiness are best suited to this soil. habitat is fair. • The slope increases the difficulty of properly • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. hayland. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred habitat. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence schedule are important management practices. rows can break up large, open areas and provide • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an food and cover to wildlife. adequate stand can help to increase production and • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well reduce the runoff rate. as control erosion. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Woodland small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Suitability: Suited • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Management measures and considerations: established along logging roads and trails. • The main management concerns are the hazard of • The habitat in areas of native plants can be erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. and seedling mortality. • Den trees should not be harvested. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. locating roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. Urban development • Permanent access roads can be protected by Suitability: Poorly suited spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Management measures and considerations: water breaks and culverts. • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be depth to bedrock and the slope. closed and protected by seeding and installing • The moderate depth to bedrock and the slope affect water breaks. most building site developments and sanitary • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the facilities. surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • This soil is best suited to dwellings without • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, basements. specialized equipment is used. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short to overcome some of the soil limitations. enough that conventional equipment can be used. Interpretive Group • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Land capability classification: 4e have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by hand. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be GpF—Gilpin loam, 20 to 60 percent a problem when establishing a new forest crop. slopes • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Setting planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and cutting, or applying herbicides. Mountains • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Landscape position: Side slopes 76 Soil Survey

Size of areas: 5 to 570 acres Woodland Major uses: Woodland Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • The main management concerns are the hazard of Gilpin soil and similar components: 80 to 90 percent erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent and seedling mortality. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Minor Components roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. Similar components: • Permanent access roads can be protected by • Intermingled areas of Sequoia soils spreading gravel on the road surface and installing water breaks and culverts. Contrasting components: • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be • Intermingled areas of Petros soils closed and protected by seeding and installing • Small areas of Shelocta and Jefferson soils on the water breaks. lower parts of side slopes and near drainageways • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Typical Profile surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, Surface layer: specialized equipment is used. 0 to 1 inch—dark grayish brown very friable loam • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Subsoil: enough that conventional equipment can be used. 1 to 5 inches—yellowish brown friable loam • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs 5 to 34 inches—yellowish brown friable channery silty can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that clay loam have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by hand. Substratum: • Plant competition from undesirable species may be 34 to 38 inches—yellowish brown firm channery silty a problem when establishing a new forest crop. clay • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Bedrock: competition that may occur immediately after 38 to 50 inches—soft multicolored mudstone planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Soil Properties and Qualities cutting, or applying herbicides. • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Drainage class: Well drained mortality rate may be high because of the moderate Permeability: Moderate available water capacity. Available water capacity: Moderate • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Flooding: None desired stand is attained. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • See table 10 for specific information concerning Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Shrink-swell potential: Low Wildlife habitat Use and Management Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Cropland • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair. Suitability: Unsuited • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Management measures and considerations: food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • The main limitations are the hazard of erosion and • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife the slope. habitat. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Pasture and hay rows can break up large, open areas and provide Suitability: Unsuited food and cover to wildlife. Management measures and considerations: • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well • The main limitations are the moderately deep root as control erosion. zone, the moderate available water capacity, and • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing the slope. small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Rhea County, Tennessee 77

• Food plots or areas of green browse can be Typical Profile established along logging roads and trails. Gilpin • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Surface layer: improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the 0 to 1 inch—dark grayish brown very friable loam soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Subsoil: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 1 to 5 inches—yellowish brown friable loam 5 to 34 inches—yellowish brown friable channery silty Urban development clay loam Suitability: Unsuited Substratum: Management measures and considerations: 34 to 38 inches—yellowish brown firm channery silty • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the clay depth to bedrock and the slope. • The moderate depth to bedrock and the slope affect Bedrock: most building site developments and sanitary 38 to 50 inches—soft multicolored mudstone facilities. Bouldin • A more suitable alternative site should be selected. Surface layer: Interpretive Group 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown very friable cobbly loam Land capability classification: 7e Subsurface layer: 2 to 6 inches—yellowish brown very friable cobbly GuF—Gilpin-Bouldin-Petros loam complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, Subsoil: very stony 6 to 16 inches—strong brown very friable very cobbly loam 16 to 40 inches—strong brown friable very cobbly clay Setting loam Physiographic area: Escarpment of the Cumberland 40 to 64 inches—yellowish red firm extremely gravelly Plateau clay loam Landscape position: Side slopes, backslopes, and 64 to 80 inches—brownish, yellowish, and reddish footslopes firm cobbly loam Size of areas: 5 to several hundred acres Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat (fig. 9) Petros Surface layer: Composition 0 to 1 inch—dark grayish brown very friable channery silt loam Gilpin soil and similar components: 25 to 45 percent Bouldin soil and similar components: 30 to 45 percent Subsoil: Petros soil and similar components: 15 to 25 percent 1 to 16 inches—yellowish brown friable extremely Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent channery silt loam Bedrock: Minor Components 16 inches—rippable shale Similar components: • Soils that have shale bedrock at a depth of more Soil Properties and Qualities than 40 inches Drainage class: Gilpin and Bouldin—well drained; • Intermingled areas of Sequoia soils Petros—excessively drained Contrasting components: Permeability: Gilpin—moderate; Bouldin—moderately • Isolated areas of sandstone and shale rock rapid; Petros—moderate or moderately rapid outcrops Available water capacity: Gilpin and Bouldin— • Areas of Shelocta, Jefferson, and Varilla soils on the moderate; Petros—very low lower side slopes, on footslopes, and along Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid drainageways Depth to bedrock: Gilpin—20 to 40 inches; Bouldin— 78 Soil Survey

Figure 9.—Woodland and wildlife habitat are the major uses for Gilpin-Bouldin-Petros complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, very stony. The slope limits this map unit for most other uses.

more than 60 inches; Petros—10 to 20 inches to Gilpin soil, the moderate available water capacity in soft bedrock areas of the Bouldin soil, and the slope. Shrink-swell potential: Low Woodland Use and Management Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Cropland • The main management concerns are the hazard of Suitability: Unsuited erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, Management measures and considerations: and seedling mortality. • The main limitations are the hazard of erosion and • The hazard of windthrow is an additional concern in the slope. areas of the Petros soil. • Stones on the soil surface and depth to bedrock in • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating areas of the Petros soil are additional limitations. roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Permanent access roads can be protected by Pasture and hay spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Suitability: Unsuited water breaks and culverts. Management measures and considerations: • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be • The main limitations are the shallow root zone and closed and protected by seeding and installing very low available water capacity in areas of the water breaks. Petros soil, the moderately deep root zone and the • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the moderate available water capacity in areas of the surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. Rhea County, Tennessee 79

• The slope generally is a limitation only when large, soils, the slippage potential in areas of the Bouldin specialized equipment is used. soil, and the slope. • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short • The shallow and moderate depth to bedrock, the enough that conventional equipment can be used. slippage potential, and the slope affect most • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs building site developments and sanitary facilities. can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that • A more suitable alternative site should be selected. have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Interpretive Group by hand. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Land capability classification: 7s a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Ha—Hamblen silt loam, planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, occasionally flooded cutting, or applying herbicides. • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Setting mortality rate may be high because of the moderate Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges available water capacity. and Valleys • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Landscape position: Flood plains and drainageways desired stand is attained. Size of areas: 5 to 565 acres • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Slope range: 0 to 3 percent the shallow root zone of the Petros soil. Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. Composition • See table 10 for specific information concerning Hamblen soil and similar components: 85 to 95 potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. percent Wildlife habitat Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Suitability: Suited Minor Components Management measures and considerations: • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair in Similar components: areas of Gilpin and Bouldin soils. • Scattered areas of Etowah and Shady soils on • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing stream terraces food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Intermingled areas that have more silt in the subsoil • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife than the Hamblen soil; in similar positions habitat. Contrasting components: • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Intermingled areas of Altavista soils rows can break up large, open areas and provide • Isolated areas of Cranmore and Bloomingdale soils food and cover to wildlife. in depressions • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well as control erosion. Typical Profile • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Surface layer: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable silt • Food plots or areas of green browse can be loam established along logging roads and trails. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Subsoil: improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. 5 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very friable silt loam • Den trees should not be harvested. 22 to 43 inches—yellowish brown very friable fine • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. sandy loam that has light brownish gray and yellowish red mottles Urban development Suitability: Unsuited Substratum: Management measures and considerations: 43 to 62 inches—light yellowish brown very friable • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the sandy loam that has light brownish gray and depth to bedrock in areas of the Gilpin and Petros yellowish red mottles 80 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • See table 10 for specific information concerning Permeability: Moderate potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Available water capacity: High Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 24 and Wildlife habitat 40 inches Suitability: Well suited Flooding: Occasional Management measures and considerations: Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to neutral • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches habitat is good. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Use and Management • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Cropland • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Suitability: Well suited rows can break up large, open areas and provide Management measures and considerations: food and cover to wildlife. • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in as control erosion. some years. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. and early spring. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, established along logging roads and trails. and cover crops help to control erosion, increase • The habitat in areas of native plants can be the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Pasture and hay • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Urban development • This soil has few limitations affecting the Suitability: Unsuited management of pasture and hayland. Management measures and considerations: • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the minimizes compaction and damage to the stand flooding and wetness. and helps to prevent excessive runoff. • The flooding and wetness are difficult to overcome. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • A suitable alternative site should be selected. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Interpretive Group • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Land capability classification: 2w adequate stand can help to increase production and reduce the runoff rate. Woodland HoB—Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: slopes • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland management. Setting • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges mortality rate may be high because of the high and Valleys water table. Landscape position: Stream terraces and footslopes • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Size of areas: 5 to 105 acres desired stand is attained. Major uses: Hay, pasture, and cropland • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Composition • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Holston soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent planting. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Rhea County, Tennessee 81

Minor Components • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and Similar components: reduce the runoff rate. • Scattered areas of Dewey and Waynesboro soils • Areas of Etowah and Shady soils on landscapes Woodland similar to those of the Holston soil Suitability: Well suited • Intermingled areas of Altavista soils at the slightly Management measures and considerations: lower elevations and in slight depressions • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland • Intermingled areas of very gravelly or very cobbly management. soils • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Contrasting components: a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant drainageways and in depressions that flood competition that may occur immediately after • Scattered areas of Wolftever soils at the slightly planting. lower elevations • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Typical Profile • See table 10 for specific information concerning Surface layer: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam Wildlife habitat Subsoil: Suitability: Well suited 6 to 23 inches—strong brown friable clay loam Management measures and considerations: 23 to 72 inches—strong brown friable clay loam that • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife has yellowish brown mottles habitat is good. Soil Properties and Qualities • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Drainage class: Well drained • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Permeability: Moderate habitat. Available water capacity: High • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, rows can break up large, open areas and provide except in limed areas food and cover to wildlife. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Shrink-swell potential: Low as control erosion. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Use and Management small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Cropland established along logging roads and trails. Suitability: Well suited • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Management measures and considerations: improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. soil. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Den trees should not be harvested. contour farming, and cover crops help to control • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Urban development • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Suitability: Well suited filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting urban uses. Pasture and hay • The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a Suitability: Well suited limitation affecting some sanitary facilities. Management measures and considerations: • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • This soil has few limitations affecting the to overcome some of the soil limitations. management of pasture and hayland. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Interpretive Group grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Land capability classification: 2e 82 Soil Survey

HoC—Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. slopes • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and cover crops help to control Setting erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes and Valleys helps to control erosion. Landscape position: Stream terraces • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Size of areas: 5 to 180 acres filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Major uses: Hay, pasture, and cropland Pasture and hay Composition Suitability: Well suited Holston soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • This soil has few limitations affecting the management of pasture and hayland. Minor Components • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Similar components: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Scattered areas of Dewey and Waynesboro soils schedule are important management practices. • Areas of Etowah and Shady soils on landscapes • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an similar to those of the Holston soil adequate stand can help to increase production and • Intermingled areas of Altavista soils at the slightly reduce the runoff rate. lower elevations and in slight depressions Woodland • Intermingled areas of very gravelly or very cobbly Suitability: Well suited soils Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along management. drainageways and in depressions that flood • Plant competition from undesirable species may be • Scattered areas of Wolftever soils at the slightly a problem when establishing a new forest crop. lower elevations • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Typical Profile planting. Surface layer: • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam cutting, or applying herbicides. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 6 to 23 inches—strong brown friable clay loam 23 to 72 inches—strong brown friable clay loam that Wildlife habitat has yellowish brown mottles Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Drainage class: Well drained habitat is good. Permeability: Moderate • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Available water capacity: High food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife except in limed areas habitat. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Shrink-swell potential: Low rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Use and Management • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Cropland as control erosion. Suitability: Suited • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Management measures and considerations: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • The main management concern is the hazard of • Food plots or areas of green browse can be erosion. established along logging roads and trails. Rhea County, Tennessee 83

• The habitat in areas of native plants can be Subsoil: improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. 7 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam • Den trees should not be harvested. 40 to 56 inches—yellowish brown friable very cobbly • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. clay loam Urban development Substratum: Suitability: Suited 56 to 60 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly Management measures and considerations: sandy loam • The main limitations are the moderate permeability Soil Properties and Qualities and the slope. • The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a Drainage class: Well drained limitation affecting some sanitary facilities. Permeability: Moderately rapid • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Available water capacity: Moderate • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid to overcome some of the soil limitations. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Shrink-swell potential: Low Interpretive Group Land capability classification: 3e Use and Management

Cropland JeC—Jefferson cobbly loam, 5 to 12 Suitability: Poorly suited percent slopes Management measures and considerations: • The main management concern is the hazard of erosion. Setting • In addition, cobbles in the surface layer may hinder Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and tillage operations. Mountains • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage Landscape position: Lower side slopes and footslopes system is used. Size of areas: 5 to 190 acres • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Major uses: Woodland and pasture contour farming, and cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Composition maintain soil tilth. Jefferson soil and similar components: 85 to 95 • A long-term crop rotation that includes grasses and percent legumes helps to control erosion. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Minor Components Pasture and hay Similar components: Suitability: Suited • Areas that have fewer rock fragments in the surface Management measures and considerations: layer than the Jefferson soil • This soil has few limitations affecting the • Scattered areas of Shelocta soils management of pasture and hayland. • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred than the Jefferson soil grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Contrasting components: schedule are important management practices. • Intermingled areas of Lily and Gilpin soils • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • Isolated areas of rock outcrops adequate stand can help to increase production and • Scattered areas of Varilla soils along drainageways reduce the runoff rate. Typical Profile Woodland Suitability: Well suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown very friable • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland cobbly loam management. Subsurface layer: • Plant competition from undesirable species may be 1 to 7 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam a problem when establishing a new forest crop. 84 Soil Survey

• Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Size of areas: 5 to 135 acres competition that may occur immediately after Major uses: Woodland planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Composition cutting, or applying herbicides. Jefferson soil and similar components: 45 to 65 • See table 10 for specific information concerning percent potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Shelocta soil and similar components: 30 to 50 Wildlife habitat percent Suitability: Well suited Contrasting components: 5 to 25 percent Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and Minor Components the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. Similar components: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Areas that have fewer rock fragments in the surface food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. layer than the Jefferson and Shelocta soils • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil habitat. than the Jefferson and Shelocta soils • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Contrasting components: food and cover to wildlife. • Intermingled areas of Lily and Gilpin soils • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well • Isolated areas of rock outcrops as control erosion. • Scattered areas of Varilla soils along drainageways • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Typical Profile • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Jefferson established along logging roads and trails. Surface layer: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown very friable improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. cobbly loam • Den trees should not be harvested. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Subsurface layer: 1 to 7 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam Urban development Suitability: Suited Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 7 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam • The main limitations are the cobbles in the soil and 40 to 56 inches—yellowish brown friable very cobbly the slope. clay loam • The cobbles and stones throughout the soil may Substratum: cause problems in areas used for lawns or as sites 56 to 60 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly for sanitary facilities or if the soil is landscaped or sandy loam excavated. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Shelocta to overcome some of the soil limitations. Surface layer: Interpretive Group 0 to 1 inch—dark brown very friable loam Land capability classification: 4s Subsurface layer: 1 to 3 inches—yellowish brown very friable loam JsD—Jefferson-Shelocta complex, Subsoil: 3 to 11 inches—yellowish brown very friable loam 10 to 20 percent slopes 11 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable silty clay loam Setting 40 to 50 inches—brownish yellow firm channery silty clay loam Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Mountains Substratum: Landscape position: Side slopes and footslopes 50 to 60 inches—soft multicolored shale bedrock Rhea County, Tennessee 85

Soil Properties and Qualities • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Drainage class: Well drained have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Permeability: Jefferson—moderately rapid; Shelocta— by hand. moderate • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Available water capacity: Moderate a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Depth to bedrock: Jefferson—more than 60 inches; competition that may occur immediately after Shelocta—more than 48 inches planting. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Use and Management • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling mortality rate may be high because of the moderate Cropland available water capacity and the stony surface layer. Suitability: Unsuited • Slope aspect should be carefully considered when Management measures and considerations: selecting planting sites for seedlings. • The main management concerns in areas used for • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the desired stand is attained. stones in the surface layer and on the soil surface, • See table 10 for specific information concerning and the slope. potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Pasture and hay Wildlife habitat Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The main limitation is the slope. • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and • The slope increases the difficulty of properly the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. managing pastures and limits the use of these soils • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing as hayland. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting habitat. schedule are important management practices. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an rows can break up large, open areas and provide adequate stand can help to increase production and food and cover to wildlife. reduce the runoff rate. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Woodland as control erosion. Suitability: Suited • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Management measures and considerations: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • The main management concerns are the hazard of • Food plots or areas of green browse can be erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, established along logging roads and trails. and seedling mortality. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Den trees should not be harvested. • Permanent access roads can be protected by • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Urban development water breaks and culverts. Suitability: Poorly suited • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be Management measures and considerations: closed and protected by seeding and installing • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the water breaks. slope. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. to overcome this limitation. • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, specialized equipment is used. Interpretive Group • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short enough that conventional equipment can be used. Land capability classification: 6s 86 Soil Survey

JsF—Jefferson-Shelocta complex, 40 to 50 inches—brownish yellow firm channery silty 20 to 45 percent slopes clay loam Substratum: 50 to 60 inches—soft multicolored shale bedrock Setting Soil Properties and Qualities Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Landscape position: Side slopes and footslopes Permeability: Jefferson—moderately rapid; Shelocta— Size of areas: 10 to 130 acres moderate Major uses: Woodland Available water capacity: Jefferson—moderate; Shelocta—high Composition Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Jefferson soil and similar components: 45 to 65 Depth to bedrock: Jefferson—more than 60 inches; percent Shelocta—more than 48 inches Shelocta soil and similar components: 30 to 40 Shrink-swell potential: Low percent Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Use and Management Minor Components Cropland Similar components: Suitability: Unsuited • Scattered areas of Varilla soils Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of soils that have more clay in • The main management concerns in areas used for the subsoil than the Jefferson and Shelocta soils cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion and the slope. Contrasting components: • Isolated areas of rock outcrops Pasture and hay • Intermingled areas of Gilpin, Lily, and Ramsey soils Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • The main limitation is the slope. • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Jefferson managing pastures and limits the use of these soils Surface layer: as pasture and hayland. 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown very friable cobbly loam Woodland Suitability: Suited Subsurface layer: Management measures and considerations: 1 to 7 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam • The main management concerns are the hazard of Subsoil: erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, 7 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam and seedling mortality. 40 to 56 inches—yellowish brown friable very cobbly • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating clay loam roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Permanent access roads can be protected by Substratum: spreading gravel on the road surface and installing 56 to 60 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly water breaks and culverts. sandy loam • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be Shelocta closed and protected by seeding and installing Surface layer: water breaks. 0 to 1 inch—dark brown very friable loam • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. Subsurface layer: • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, 1 to 3 inches—yellowish brown very friable loam specialized equipment is used. Subsoil: • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short 3 to 11 inches—yellowish brown very friable loam enough that conventional equipment can be used. 11 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable silty clay • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs loam can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Rhea County, Tennessee 87

have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Size of areas: 5 to 95 acres by hand. Major uses: Woodland • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Composition a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Jefferson soil and similar components: 45 to 55 competition that may occur immediately after percent planting. Varilla soil and similar components: 10 to 25 percent • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Shelocta soil and similar components: 10 to 20 cutting, or applying herbicides. percent • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Contrasting components: 5 to 30 percent mortality rate may be high because of the moderate Minor Components available water capacity and the stony surface layer. • Slope aspect should be carefully considered when Similar components: selecting planting sites for seedlings. • Intermingled areas of soils that have more clay in • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the the subsoil than the major soils desired stand is attained. Contrasting components: • See table 10 for specific information concerning • Isolated areas of rock outcrops potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Scattered areas of Gilpin, Lily, and Ramsey soils Wildlife habitat Typical Profile Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Jefferson • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. Surface layer: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown very friable food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. cobbly loam • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Subsurface layer: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 1 to 7 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam • Food plots or areas of green browse can be established along logging roads and trails. Subsoil: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 7 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. 40 to 56 inches—yellowish brown friable very cobbly • Den trees should not be harvested. clay loam • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Substratum: Urban development 56 to 60 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly Suitability: Poorly suited sandy loam Management measures and considerations: Varilla • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the Surface layer: slope. 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown very friable very • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help cobbly sandy loam to overcome this limitation. Subsoil: Interpretive Group 1 to 7 inches—brown very friable very cobbly sandy Land capability classification: 7s loam 7 to 44 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable very cobbly sandy loam JvD—Jefferson-Varilla-Shelocta Substratum: complex, 10 to 20 percent slopes, 44 to 60 inches—yellowish brown loose very cobbly very stony sandy loam Shelocta Setting Surface layer: 0 to 1 inch—dark brown very friable loam Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Mountains Subsurface layer: Landscape position: Footslopes and alluvial fans 1 to 3 inches—yellowish brown very friable loam 88 Soil Survey

Subsoil: • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be 3 to 11 inches—yellowish brown very friable loam closed and protected by seeding and installing 11 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable silty clay water breaks. loam • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the 40 to 50 inches—brownish yellow firm channery silty surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. clay loam • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, specialized equipment is used. Substratum: • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short 50 to 60 inches—soft multicolored shale bedrock enough that conventional equipment can be used. Soil Properties and Qualities • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Drainage class: Jefferson and Shelocta—well drained; have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Varilla—somewhat excessively drained by hand. Permeability: Jefferson and Varilla—moderately rapid; • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Shelocta—moderate a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Available water capacity: Jefferson—moderate; • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Varilla—low; Shelocta—high competition that may occur immediately after Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid planting. Depth to bedrock: Jefferson—more than 60 inches; • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Varilla and Shelocta—more than 48 inches cutting, or applying herbicides. Shrink-swell potential: Low • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling mortality rate may be high because of the moderate Use and Management available water capacity in areas of the Jefferson and Shelocta soils, the low available water capacity Cropland in areas of the Varilla soil, and the stony surface Suitability: Unsuited layer. Management measures and considerations: • Slope aspect should be carefully considered when • The main management concerns in areas used for selecting planting sites for seedlings. cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the stones in the surface layer and on the soil surface, desired stand is attained. and the slope. • See table 10 for specific information concerning • In addition, the low available water capacity in areas potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. of the Varilla soil is a limitation. Pasture and hay Wildlife habitat Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations are the low available water • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good capacity in areas of the Varilla soil, the slope, and and the potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair the stones on the surface. in areas of the Jefferson and Shelocta soils. • The slope and the stones on the surface increase • The potential for woodland wildlife is fair in areas of the difficulty of properly managing pastures and the Varilla soil. limit the use of these soils as hayland. • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Woodland • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Suitability: Suited small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Management measures and considerations: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • The main management concerns are the hazard of established along logging roads and trails. erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, • The habitat in areas of native plants can be and seedling mortality. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • Den trees should not be harvested. roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Permanent access roads can be protected by spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Urban development water breaks and culverts. Suitability: Poorly suited Rhea County, Tennessee 89

Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the 7 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam stones on the surface and the slope. 40 to 56 inches—yellowish brown friable very cobbly • In addition, areas of the Varilla soil may provide a clay loam poor filter for septic tank absorption fields. Substratum: • The stones on the surface and cobbles throughout 56 to 60 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly the soil in areas of the Varilla soil may cause sandy loam problems for lawns or sites for sanitary facilities or where the soil is landscaped or excavated. Varilla • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Surface layer: to overcome some of the soil limitations. 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown very friable very cobbly sandy loam Interpretive Group Subsoil: Land capability classification: 6s 1 to 7 inches—brown very friable very cobbly sandy loam 7 to 44 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable very JvF—Jefferson-Varilla-Shelocta cobbly sandy loam complex, 20 to 60 percent slopes, Substratum: very stony 44 to 60 inches—yellowish brown loose very cobbly sandy loam Setting Shelocta Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Surface layer: Mountains 0 to 1 inch—dark brown very friable loam Landscape position: Lower side slopes and footslopes Subsurface layer: Size of areas: 5 to 885 acres 1 to 3 inches—yellowish brown very friable loam Major uses: Woodland Subsoil: Composition 3 to 11 inches—yellowish brown very friable loam 11 to 40 inches—yellowish brown friable silty clay Jefferson soil and similar components: 45 to 55 loam percent 40 to 50 inches—brownish yellow firm channery silty Varilla soil and similar components: 15 to 25 percent clay loam Shelocta soil and similar components: 10 to 20 percent Substratum: Contrasting components: 5 to 30 percent 50 to 60 inches—soft multicolored shale bedrock Soil Properties and Qualities Minor Components Drainage class: Jefferson and Shelocta—well drained; Similar components: Varilla—somewhat excessively drained • Intermingled areas of soils that have more clay in Permeability: Jefferson and Varilla—moderately rapid; the subsoil than the major soils Shelocta—moderate Contrasting components: Available water capacity: Jefferson—moderate; • Isolated areas of rock outcrops Varilla—low; Shelocta—high • Scattered areas of Gilpin, Lily, and Ramsey soils Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: Jefferson—more than 60 inches; Typical Profile Varilla and Shelocta—more than 48 inches Shrink-swell potential: Low Jefferson Surface layer: Use and Management 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown very friable Cropland cobbly loam Suitability: Unsuited Subsurface layer: Management measures and considerations: 1 to 7 inches—yellowish brown friable cobbly loam • The main management concerns in areas used for 90 Soil Survey

cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the Wildlife habitat stones on the surface, and the slope. Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hay • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in Suitability: Unsuited areas of the Jefferson and Shelocta soils and fair in Management measures and considerations: areas of the Varilla soil. • The main limitations are the slope and the stones • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing on the surface. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • The slope and the stones on the surface increase • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing the difficulty of properly managing pastures and small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. limit the use of these soils as pasture and hayland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Woodland established along logging roads and trails. Suitability: Suited • The habitat in areas of native plants can Management measures and considerations: be improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the • The main management concerns are the hazard of soil. erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, • Den trees should not be harvested. and seedling mortality. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. Urban development • Permanent access roads can be protected by Suitability: Poorly suited spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Management measures and considerations: water breaks and culverts. • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be stones on the surface and the slope. closed and protected by seeding and installing • In addition, areas of the Varilla soil may provide a water breaks. poor filter for septic tank absorption fields. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the • The stones on the surface and cobbles throughout surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. the soil in areas of the Varilla soil may cause • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, problems for lawns or sites for sanitary facilities or specialized equipment is used. where the soil is landscaped or excavated. • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help enough that conventional equipment can be used. to overcome some of the soil limitations. • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs Interpretive Group can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Land capability classification: 7s by hand. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Kt—Ketona-Tupelo complex, 0 to 3 • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after percent slopes, frequently planting. flooded • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Setting • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges mortality rate may be high because of the moderate and Valleys available water capacity in areas of the Jefferson Landscape position: Drainageways, depressions, and Shelocta soils, the low available water capacity flood plains, and upland flats in areas of the Varilla soil, and the stony surface Size of areas: 5 to 615 acres layer. Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland • Slope aspect should be carefully considered when selecting planting sites for seedlings. Composition • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Ketona soil and similar components: 60 to 80 percent • See table 10 for specific information concerning Tupelo soil and similar components: 10 to 30 percent potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Rhea County, Tennessee 91

Minor Components of 6 and 12 inches; Tupelo—between depths of 12 and 24 inches Similar components: Flooding: Frequent • Small areas of Bloomingdale and Cranmore soils Soil reaction: Ketona—moderately acid to moderately Contrasting components: alkaline; Tupelo—strongly acid to moderately • Areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of alkaline less than 20 inches Depth to bedrock: Ketona—more than 40 inches; • Small areas of Colbert, Capshaw, Conasauga, and Tupelo—more than 60 inches Lyerly soils Shrink-swell potential: High • Isolated areas of limestone rock outcrop • Small areas of Hamblen soils Use and Management

Typical Profile Cropland Suitability: Poorly suited Ketona Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • The main management concerns in areas used for 0 to 6 inches—brown friable silty clay loam cultivated crops are the seasonal high water table Subsoil: and the flooding. 6 to 15 inches—grayish brown friable clay that has • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in most yellowish brown mottles years. 15 to 36 inches—grayish brown firm and very firm • Crop species that have a short growing season and clay that has gray and yellowish brown mottles can tolerate the wetness should be selected for planting. Substratum: 36 to 48 inches—light olive brown very firm clay that Pasture and hay has gray mottles Suitability: Suited Bedrock: Management measures and considerations: 48 inches—hard limestone • The main limitations are the seasonal high water table and the flooding. Tupelo • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet Surface layer: minimizes compaction and damage to the stand. 0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown friable silt loam that • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred has light olive brown mottles grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Subsoil: schedule are important management practices. 8 to 16 inches—yellowish brown friable silt loam that • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an has light olive brown mottles adequate stand can help to increase production. 16 to 26 inches—light olive brown firm silty clay that • Forage species that can tolerate the wetness and has yellowish brown and light brownish gray flooding grow best. mottles 26 to 32 inches—pale olive firm clay that has light Woodland brownish gray and dark brown mottles Suitability: Suited 32 to 48 inches—light brownish gray firm clay that has Management measures and considerations: yellowish brown and brown mottles • The main management concerns are the equipment limitation, plant competition, and seedling mortality. Substratum: • Operating equipment when the soils are wet results 48 to 60 inches—gray very firm clay that has strong in excessive rutting or miring. brown mottles • Equipment should be operated only when the soils are dry and after gravel or other suitable subgrade Soil Properties and Qualities material has been added to the main roads. Drainage class: Ketona—poorly drained; Tupelo— • If possible, roads should be constructed in areas of somewhat poorly drained nearby, better suited soils. Permeability: Slow • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Available water capacity: Moderate a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Seasonal high water table: Ketona—between depths • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant 92 Soil Survey

competition that may occur immediately after Landscape position: Ridge crests and shoulder slopes planting. Size of areas: 5 to 270 acres • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Major uses: Pulpwood production, woodland, pasture, cutting, or applying herbicides. and row crops • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Composition mortality rate may be high because of the seasonal high water table. Lily soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent desired stand is attained. Minor Components • Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can be planted on ridges helps to reduce seedling Similar components: mortality. • Intermingled areas of Lonewood and Hendon soils • See table 10 for specific information concerning Contrasting components: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Areas of Ramsey soils on shoulder slopes Wildlife habitat • Isolated areas of sandstone rock outcrops Suitability: Well suited Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • The potential for wetland wildlife habitat is fair. Surface layer: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife 0 to 2 inches—brown friable loam habitat is fair in areas of the Ketona soil and good in Subsoil: areas of the Tupelo soil. 2 to 31 inches—yellowish brown friable loam • Establishing shallow water areas provides a water source for upland wildlife and promotes use of the Substratum: area by waterfowl, shore birds, and other wetland 31 to 35 inches—brownish yellow firm cobbly sandy wildlife. loam • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Bedrock: food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. 35 inches—hard sandstone • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Soil Properties and Qualities • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Drainage class: Well drained established along logging roads and trails. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Den trees should not be harvested. Available water capacity: Moderate • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Urban development Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Suitability: Poorly suited Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Use and Management flooding and wetness. • Slow permeability and the shrink-swell potential of Cropland the subsoil are additional limitations. Suitability: Well suited • The soil limitations are difficult to overcome. Management measures and considerations: • A suitable alternative site should be selected. • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. • The moderate available water capacity and the Interpretive Group moderately deep root zone may limit the production Land capability classification: 4w of some crop species. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and cover crops help to control LhB—Lily loam, 2 to 5 percent erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and slopes maintain soil tilth. • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Setting filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Pasture and hay Mountains Suitability: Well suited Rhea County, Tennessee 93

Management measures and considerations: • The moderate depth to bedrock affects most • This soil has few limitations affecting the building site developments and sanitary facilities. management of pasture and hayland. • This soil is best suited to dwellings without • Forage species that can tolerate a moderately deep basements. root zone and can withstand occasional • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help droughtiness are best suited. to somewhat overcome the depth to bedrock • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred limitation. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Interpretive Group schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Land capability classification: 2e adequate stand can help to increase production and reduce the runoff rate. LhC—Lily loam, 5 to 12 percent Woodland Suitability: Well suited slopes Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland Setting management. Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Mountains a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Landscape position: Ridge crests and side slopes • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Size of areas: 5 to several hundred acres competition that may occur immediately after Major uses: Woodland, pasture, and row crops planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Composition cutting, or applying herbicides. Lily soil and similar components: 80 to 95 percent • See table 10 for specific information concerning Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Components Wildlife habitat Suitability: Well suited Similar components: Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Lonewood and Hendon soils • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Contrasting components: habitat is good. • Areas of Ramsey soils on shoulder slopes • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Isolated areas of sandstone rock outcrop food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Typical Profile habitat. Surface layer: • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence 0 to 2 inches—brown friable loam rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Subsoil: • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well 2 to 31 inches—yellowish brown friable loam as control erosion. Substratum: • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing 31 to 35 inches—brownish yellow firm cobbly sandy small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. loam • Food plots or areas of green browse can be established along logging roads and trails. Bedrock: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 35 inches—hard sandstone improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Soil Properties and Qualities • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Drainage class: Well drained Urban development Permeability: Moderately rapid Suitability: Suited Available water capacity: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the depth Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to bedrock. Shrink-swell potential: Low 94 Soil Survey

Use and Management • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Cropland • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Suitability: Suited habitat. Management measures and considerations: • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • The main management concern is the hazard of rows can break up large, open areas and provide erosion. food and cover to wildlife. • In addition, the moderate available water capacity • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well and the moderately deep root zone may limit the as control erosion. production of some crop species. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. tillage system is used. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, established along logging roads and trails. contour farming, and cover crops help to control • The habitat in areas of native plants can be erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. maintain soil tilth. • Den trees should not be harvested. • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. helps to control erosion. • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Urban development filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hay • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the depth Suitability: Well suited to bedrock. Management measures and considerations: • The moderate depth to bedrock affects most • This soil has few limitations affecting the building site developments and sanitary facilities. management of pasture and hayland. • This soil is best suited to dwellings without • Forage species that can tolerate a moderately deep basements. root zone and can withstand occasional • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help droughtiness are best suited. to overcome the depth to bedrock limitation. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Interpretive Group schedule are important management practices. Land capability classification: 3e • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and reduce the runoff rate. LhD—Lily loam, 12 to 20 percent Woodland slopes Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and management. Mountains • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Landscape position: Ridge crests and side slopes a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Size of areas: 5 to several hundred acres • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Major uses: Woodland and pasture competition that may occur immediately after planting. Composition • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Lily soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent cutting, or applying herbicides. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Components Similar components: Wildlife habitat • Intermingled areas of Lonewood and Hendon soils Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife • Areas of Ramsey soils on shoulder slopes habitat is good. • Isolated areas of sandstone rock outcrop Rhea County, Tennessee 95

Typical Profile grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Surface layer: • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an 0 to 2 inches—brown friable loam adequate stand can help to increase production and Subsoil: reduce the runoff rate. 2 to 31 inches—yellowish brown friable loam Woodland Substratum: Suitability: Suited 31 to 35 inches—brownish yellow firm cobbly sandy Management measures and considerations: loam • The main management concerns are the hazard of erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, Bedrock: and seedling mortality. 35 inches—hard sandstone • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. Soil Properties and Qualities • Permanent access roads can be protected by Drainage class: Well drained spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Permeability: Moderately rapid water breaks and culverts. Available water capacity: Moderate • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid closed and protected by seeding and installing Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches water breaks. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. Use and Management • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, Cropland specialized equipment is used. Suitability: Poorly suited • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Management measures and considerations: enough that conventional equipment can be used. • The main management concern in areas used for • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs cultivated crops is the hazard of erosion. can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that • In addition, the moderate available water capacity have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted and the moderately deep root zone may limit the by hand. production of some crop species. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage a problem when establishing a new forest crop. system is used. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, competition that may occur immediately after contour farming, and cover crops help to control planting. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, maintain soil tilth. cutting, or applying herbicides. • A long-term crop rotation that includes grasses and • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling legumes helps to control erosion. mortality rate may be high because of the moderate • Diversions, grassed waterways, field borders, and available water capacity. filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Pasture and hay • See table 10 for specific information concerning Suitability: Suited potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations are the moderately deep root Wildlife habitat zone, the moderate available water capacity, and Suitability: Suited the slope. Management measures and considerations: • Forage species that can tolerate a moderately deep • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and root zone and can withstand occasional the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. droughtiness are best suited. • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • The slope increases the difficulty of properly food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife hayland. habitat. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence 96 Soil Survey

rows can break up large, open areas and provide Typical Profile food and cover to wildlife. Surface layer: • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well 0 to 2 inches—brown friable loam as control erosion. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Subsoil: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 2 to 31 inches—yellowish brown friable loam • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Substratum: established along logging roads and trails. 31 to 35 inches—brownish yellow firm cobbly sandy • The habitat in areas of native plants can be loam improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Bedrock: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 35 inches—hard sandstone Urban development Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Available water capacity: Moderate depth to bedrock and the slope. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • The moderate depth to bedrock and the slope affect Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches most building site developments and sanitary Shrink-swell potential: Low facilities. • This soil is best suited to dwellings without Use and Management basements. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Cropland to overcome some of these limitations. Suitability: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: • The main management concern in areas used for Land capability classification: 4e cultivated crops is the hazard of erosion.

Pasture and hay LhE—Lily loam, 20 to 35 percent Suitability: Poorly suited slopes Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations are the moderately deep root zone, the moderate available water capacity, and Setting the slope. Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Mountains managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as Landscape position: Side slopes and backslopes hayland. Size of areas: 5 to 455 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Composition • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Lily soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent adequate stand can help to increase production and Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent reduce the runoff rate.

Minor Components Woodland Suitability: Suited Similar components: Management measures and considerations: • Small areas of Jefferson and Shelocta soils on the • The main management concerns are the hazard of lower parts of slopes erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, • Intermingled areas of Gilpin soils and seedling mortality. Contrasting components: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • Areas of Ramsey soils on shoulder slopes roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Isolated areas of sandstone rock outcrop • Permanent access roads can be protected by Rhea County, Tennessee 97

spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Management measures and considerations: water breaks and culverts. • The moderate depth to bedrock and the slope affect • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be most building site developments and sanitary closed and protected by seeding and installing facilities. water breaks. • A more suitable alternative site should be selected. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Interpretive Group surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, Land capability classification: 6e specialized equipment is used. • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short enough that conventional equipment can be used. LnB—Lonewood-Hendon complex, • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that 2 to 5 percent slopes have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by hand. Setting • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Mountains • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Landscape position: Broad ridge crests competition that may occur immediately after Size of areas: 5 to 170 acres planting. Major uses: Woodland, pine plantations, pasture, and • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, row crops cutting, or applying herbicides. • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Composition mortality rate may be high because of the moderate Lonewood soil and similar components: 60 to 80 available water capacity. percent • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Hendon soil and similar components: 10 to 20 percent desired stand is attained. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Components Wildlife habitat Similar components: Suitability: Suited • Areas of soils that have less sand in the subsoil Management measures and considerations: than the Lonewood and Hendon soils • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. Contrasting components: • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Intermingled areas of Lily and Gilpin soils food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Scattered areas of Ramsey soils • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Isolated areas of sandstone rock outcrop habitat. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Typical Profile rows can break up large, open areas and provide Lonewood food and cover to wildlife. Surface layer: • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable fine sandy loam as control erosion. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Subsoil: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 6 to 24 inches—yellowish brown friable clay loam • Food plots or areas of green browse can be 24 to 35 inches—strong brown friable clay loam that established along logging roads and trails. has light yellowish brown mottles • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 35 to 54 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. has light yellowish brown and brownish yellow • Den trees should not be harvested. mottles • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Substratum: Urban development 54 to 60 inches—strong brown friable clay loam and Suitability: Unsuited sandy clay loam having yellowish red mottles 98 Soil Survey

Hendon Pasture and hay Surface layer: Suitability: Well suited 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown friable silt loam Management measures and considerations: • These soils have few limitations affecting the Subsurface layer: management of pasture and hayland. 1 to 10 inches—yellowish brown friable silt loam • The growth of some forage species is limited by the Subsoil: moderately deep root zone and the moderate 10 to 25 inches—yellowish brown friable loam available water capacity in areas of the Hendon soil. 25 to 32 inches—yellowish brown friable firm and • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet brittle loam that has yellowish red mottles and minimizes compaction and damage to the stand pockets of very pale brown friable silt loam and and helps to prevent excessive runoff. loam • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 32 to 44 inches—yellowish red firm and brittle loam grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting that has light olive brown mottles schedule are important management practices. 44 to 65 inches—yellowish red friable loam that has • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an brownish yellow mottles adequate stand can help to increase production and reduce the runoff rate. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Well suited Permeability: Lonewood—moderate; Hendon— Management measures and considerations: moderate or moderately slow • These soils have few limitations affecting forestland Available water capacity: Lonewood—high; Hendon— management. moderate • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Seasonal high water table: Lonewood—at a depth of a problem when establishing a new forest crop. more than 60 inches; Hendon—between depths • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant of 20 and 36 inches competition that may occur immediately after Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid planting. Depth to bedrock: Lonewood—40 to 72 inches; • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Hendon—more than 60 inches cutting, or applying herbicides. Shrink-swell potential: Low • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Use and Management Wildlife habitat Cropland Suitability: Well suited Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife • The main management concerns in areas used for habitat is good. cultivated crops are the moderately deep root zone, • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing the moderate available water capacity, and the food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. wetness in areas of the Hendon soil. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • The moderate available water capacity and the habitat. moderately deep root zone may be limitations • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence affecting some crops. rows can break up large, open areas and provide • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in food and cover to wildlife. some years. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well • Crop species that have a short growing season and as control erosion. can tolerate the wetness should be selected for • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing planting. small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Food plots or areas of green browse can be contour farming, and cover crops help to control established along logging roads and trails. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and • The habitat in areas of native plants can be maintain soil tilth. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and • Den trees should not be harvested. filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Rhea County, Tennessee 99

Urban development Subsoil: Suitability: Suited 6 to 24 inches—yellowish brown friable clay loam Management measures and considerations: 24 to 35 inches—strong brown friable clay loam that • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the has light yellowish brown mottles moderately slow permeability and the clayey subsoil 35 to 54 inches—yellowish red friable clay loam that in areas of the Hendon soil. has light yellowish brown and brownish yellow • In addition, depth to bedrock may be a limitation in mottles areas of the Lonewood soil. Substratum: • The moderately slow permeability and the clayey 54 to 60 inches—strong brown friable clay loam and subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary sandy clay loam having yellowish red mottles facilities and building site developments. • Special measures are needed to help overcome Hendon subsurface drainage problems. Surface layer: • This map unit is best suited to dwellings without 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown friable silt loam basements. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Subsurface layer: to overcome some of the soil limitations. 1 to 10 inches—yellowish brown friable silt loam Subsoil: Interpretive Group 10 to 25 inches—yellowish brown friable loam Land capability classification: 2e 25 to 32 inches—yellowish brown friable firm and brittle loam that has yellowish red mottles and pockets of very pale brown friable silt loam and LnC—Lonewood-Hendon complex, loam 32 to 44 inches—yellowish red firm and brittle loam 5 to 12 percent slopes that has light olive brown mottles 44 to 65 inches—yellowish red friable loam that has Setting brownish yellow mottles Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Soil Properties and Qualities Mountains Landscape position: Ridge crests and shoulder slopes Drainage class: Well drained Size of areas: 5 to 395 acres Permeability: Lonewood—moderate; Hendon— Major uses: Woodland, pasture, hay, and row crops moderate or moderately slow Available water capacity: Lonewood—high; Hendon— Composition moderate Lonewood soil and similar components: 60 to 70 Seasonal high water table: Lonewood—at a depth of percent more than 60 inches; Hendon—between depths Hendon soil and similar components: 10 to 20 percent of 20 and 36 inches Contrasting components: 5 to 25 percent Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: Lonewood—40 to 72 inches; Minor Components Hendon—more than 60 inches Shrink-swell potential: Low Similar components: • Areas of soils that have less sand in the subsoil Use and Management than the Lonewood and Hendon soils Cropland Contrasting components: Suitability: Well suited • Intermingled areas of Lily and Gilpin soils Management measures and considerations: • Scattered areas of Ramsey soils • The main management concern is the hazard of • Isolated areas of sandstone rock outcrop erosion. • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional Typical Profile tillage system is used. Lonewood • The moderately deep root zone, the moderate Surface layer: available water capacity, and the wetness are 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable fine sandy loam additional concerns. 100 Soil Survey

• The wetness delays planting and harvesting in Management measures and considerations: some years. • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife • Crop species that have a short growing season and habitat is good. can tolerate wetness should be selected for • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing planting. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • The moderate available water capacity and the • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife moderately deep root zone in areas of the Hendon habitat. soil may be limitations affecting some crops. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, rows can break up large, open areas and provide contour farming, and cover crops help to control food and cover to wildlife. erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well maintain soil tilth. as control erosion. • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing helps to control erosion. small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field • Food plots or areas of green browse can be borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and established along logging roads and trails. runoff. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Pasture and hay • Den trees should not be harvested. Suitability: Well suited • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Management measures and considerations: • These soils have few limitations affecting the Urban development management of pasture and hayland. Suitability: Suited • The growth of some forage species is limited by the Management measures and considerations: moderately deep root zone and the moderate • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the available water capacity in areas of the Hendon soil. moderately slow permeability and the clayey subsoil • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet in areas of the Hendon soil and the slope. minimizes compaction and damage to the stand • The depth to bedrock may also be a limitation in and helps to prevent excessive runoff. areas of the Lonewood soil. • The slope may be a limitation affecting hayland. • The moderately slow permeability and the clayey • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary grazing, and a well planned clipping and facilities and building site developments. harvesting schedule are important management • Special measures are needed to help overcome practices. subsurface drainage problems. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • This map unit is best suited to dwellings without adequate stand can help to increase production and basements. reduce the runoff rate. • The slope is a limitation affecting some urban uses. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Woodland to overcome some of the soil limitations. Suitability: Well suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: • These soils have few limitations affecting forestland Land capability classification: 3e management. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. PaC—Pailo gravelly silt loam, 5 to • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after 12 percent slopes planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Setting cutting, or applying herbicides. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • See table 10 for specific information concerning and Valleys potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Landscape position: Ridge crests and shoulder slopes Wildlife habitat Size of areas: 5 to 855 acres Suitability: Well suited Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay Rhea County, Tennessee 101

Composition erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Pailo soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent helps to control erosion. • Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field Minor Components borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and Similar components: runoff. • Intermingled areas of Minvale and Tasso soils Pasture and hay • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Fullerton soils in Suitability: Suited landscape positions similar to those of the Pailo soil Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: • The main limitation is the low available water • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops capacity. • The slope may be a limitation affecting hayland. Typical Profile • Plant species that can withstand droughtiness grow Surface layer: best. 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed pine needles and • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred twigs grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting 1 to 6 inches—brown very friable gravelly silt loam schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Subsurface layer: adequate stand can help to increase production and 6 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very friable gravelly reduce the runoff rate. silt loam Subsoil: Woodland 15 to 25 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly Suitability: Well suited silty clay loam Management measures and considerations: 25 to 36 inches—strong brown friable very gravelly • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland clay loam that has brownish yellow mottles management. 36 to 50 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay • Plant competition from undesirable species may be 50 to 62 inches—mottled red, strong brown, and problem when establishing a new forest crop. brownish yellow firm gravelly clay • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Soil Properties and Qualities planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained cutting, or applying herbicides. Permeability: Rapid in the upper part of the profile and • The seedling mortality rate may be high because of slow in the lower part the gravelly surface layer and the low available Available water capacity: Low water capacity. Flooding: None • Reinforcement plantings can be made until a Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid desirable stand is attained. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • See table 10 for specific information concerning Shrink-swell potential: Low potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Use and Management Wildlife habitat Cropland Suitability: Suited Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife • The main management concerns in areas used for habitat is fair. cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion and the • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing low available water capacity. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • The gravelly surface layer may restrict tillage. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional habitat. tillage system is used. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, rows can break up large, open areas and provide contour farming, and cover crops help to control food and cover to wildlife. 102 Soil Survey

• Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Typical Profile as control erosion. Surface layer: • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed pine needles and small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. twigs • Food plots or areas of green browse can be 1 to 6 inches—brown very friable gravelly silt loam established along logging roads and trails. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Subsurface layer: improved by applying lime and fertilizer to 6 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very friable gravelly the soil. silt loam • Den trees should not be harvested. Subsoil: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 15 to 25 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly silty clay loam Urban development 25 to 36 inches—strong brown friable very gravelly Suitability: Suited clay loam that has brownish yellow mottles Management measures and considerations: 36 to 50 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the 50 to 62 inches—mottled red, strong brown, and pebbles and cobbles throughout the soil and the brownish yellow firm gravelly clay slope. • The gravel in the surface layer and the pebbles, Soil Properties and Qualities cobbles, and stones throughout the soil may cause Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained problems in areas used for lawns or if the soil is Permeability: Rapid in the upper part of the profile and landscaped or excavated. slow in the lower part • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Available water capacity: Low to overcome some of the soil limitations. Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Interpretive Group Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Shrink-swell potential: Low Land capability classification: 4s Use and Management PaD—Pailo gravelly silt loam, 12 to Cropland Suitability: Unsuited 25 percent slopes Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns in areas used for Setting cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the slope, and the low available water capacity. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Pasture and hay Landscape position: Shoulder slopes, side slopes, Suitability: Suited and narrow ridge crests Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 5 to 575 acres • The main limitations are the low available water Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland capacity and the slope. • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Composition managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as hayland. Pailo soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent • Plant species that can withstand droughtiness grow Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent best. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Minor Components grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Similar components: schedule are important management practices. • Intermingled areas of Minvale and Tasso soils • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Fullerton soils in adequate stand can help to increase production and landscape positions similar to those of the Pailo soil reduce the runoff rate. Contrasting components: Woodland • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops Suitability: Suited Rhea County, Tennessee 103

Management measures and considerations: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • The main management concerns are the hazard of established along logging roads and trails. erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, • The habitat in areas of native plants can be and seedling mortality. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • Den trees should not be harvested. roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Permanent access roads can be protected by spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Urban development water breaks and culverts. Suitability: Poorly suited • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be Management measures and considerations: closed and protected by seeding and installing • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the water breaks. pebbles, cobbles, and stones throughout the soil • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the and the slope. surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • The gravel in the surface layer and the pebbles, • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, cobbles, and stones throughout the soil may cause specialized equipment is used. problems in areas used for lawns or if the soil is • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short landscaped or excavated. enough that conventional equipment can be used. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs to overcome some of the soil limitations. can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Interpretive Group by hand. Land capability classification: 6s • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after PaF—Pailo gravelly silt loam, 25 to planting. 60 percent slopes • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Setting • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling mortality rate may be high because of the low Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges available water capacity and the gravelly surface and Valleys layer. Landscape position: Side slopes • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Size of areas: 5 to several hundred acres desired stand is attained. Major uses: Woodland • See table 10 for specific information concerning Composition potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Pailo soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Wildlife habitat Suitability: Suited Minor Components Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Similar components: habitat is fair. • Intermingled areas of Minvale and Tasso soils • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Fullerton soils in food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. landscape positions similar to those of the Pailo soil • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Contrasting components: habitat. • Isolated areas of Talbott soils and rock outcrops • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Typical Profile food and cover to wildlife. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Surface layer: as control erosion. 0 to 1 inch—partially decomposed pine needles and • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing twigs small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 1 to 6 inches—brown very friable gravelly silt loam 104 Soil Survey

Subsurface layer: • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, 6 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very friable gravelly specialized equipment is used. silt loam • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short enough that conventional equipment can be used. Subsoil: • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs 15 to 25 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that silty clay loam have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted 25 to 36 inches—strong brown friable very gravelly by hand. clay loam that has brownish yellow mottles • Plant competition from undesirable species may be 36 to 50 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay a problem when establishing a new forest crop. 50 to 62 inches—mottled red, strong brown, and • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant brownish yellow firm gravelly clay competition that may occur immediately after Soil Properties and Qualities planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained cutting, or applying herbicides. Permeability: Rapid in the upper part of the profile and • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling slow in the lower part mortality rate may be high because of the low Available water capacity: Low available water capacity and the gravelly surface Soil reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid layer. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Shrink-swell potential: Low desired stand is attained. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Use and Management potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Cropland Wildlife habitat Suitability: Unsuited Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The main management concern in areas used for • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is fair. cultivated crops is the hazard of erosion. • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • The slope limits the use of most equipment. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Pasture and hay • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Suitability: Unsuited small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Management measures and considerations: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • The main limitations are the low available water established along logging roads and trails. capacity and the slope. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • The slope increases the difficulty of properly improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as • Den trees should not be harvested. hayland. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Woodland Urban development Suitability: Suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns are the hazard of • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the erosion, the equipment limitation, plant competition, pebbles, cobbles, and stones throughout the soil and seedling mortality. and the slope. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • The gravel in the surface layer and the pebbles, roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. cobbles, and stones throughout the soil may cause • Permanent access roads can be protected by problems in areas used for lawns or if the soil is spreading gravel on the road surface and installing landscaped or excavated. water breaks and culverts. • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be • A suitable alternative site should be selected. closed and protected by seeding and installing Interpretive Group water breaks. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Land capability classification: 7s surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. Rhea County, Tennessee 105

PCF—Pits, clay, 10 to 80 percent PM—Pits, mine, and dumps slopes Setting Setting Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Landscape position: Uplands Escarpment Size of areas: About 40 acres Landscape position: Ridgetops and side slopes Slope range: 10 to 80 percent Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Major uses: Mining of limestone Major uses: Idle land Composition Composition Pits, mine, and dumps, and similar components: 85 to Pits, clay, and similar components: 75 to 90 percent 95 percent Contrasting components: 10 to 25 percent Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Minor Components Minor Components Similar components: Similar components: • Bare areas of shale bedrock • Highwalls, spoil piles, and piles of processed • Areas of severely eroded soils or gullied land limestone and areas with buildings and limestone- processing machinery Contrasting components: • Scattered areas of Gilpin, Petros, and Sequoia Contrasting components: soils • Small areas of Colbert, Lyerly, and Barfield soils Typical Profile Typical Profile A typical profile is not given for this map unit. A typical profile is not given for this map unit. Soil Properties and Qualities Soil Properties and Qualities The soil materials and miscellaneous areas in this In areas of this map unit, soil materials are map unit vary greatly. disturbed and are extremely variable. Areas consist of Use and Management excavations that have been made to obtain shale and clay. The remaining high walls and spoil piles are • Extensive reclamation, landshaping, and intensive included in the map unit. erosion-control measures are needed for most uses. Use and Management • Onsite investigation is needed to determine the limitations affecting any proposed use. • The main limitations are the hazard of erosion and the slope. Interpretive Group • Providing a good seedbed and proper fertility Land capability classification: None assigned and mulching seeded areas help to establish vegetation. • Problem areas may require intensive measures, Pp—Pope and Philo loams, such as hydroseeding and sodding, for the establishment of vegetation. frequently flooded • In areas where vegetation cannot be established, erosion may be controlled by using coarse gravel, Setting gabion stone, or riprap to protect the exposed Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and surface. Mountains Landscape position: Flood plains and alluvial fans Interpretive Group Size of areas: 5 to 70 acres Land capability classification: None assigned Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Major uses: Woodland and some cropland 106 Soil Survey

Composition Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Pope soil and similar components: 0 to 90 percent Shrink-swell potential: Low Philo soil and similar components: 0 to 80 percent Contrasting components: 10 to 20 percent Use and Management Minor Components Cropland Similar components: Suitability: Suited • Areas of Pope and Philo soils that flood Management measures and considerations: occasionally or rarely • The main concern in areas used for cultivated crops • Areas of Allegheny and Cotaco soils in the slightly is the flooding. higher elevations • Some crops may be damaged by flooding in winter Contrasting components: and early spring. • Areas of soils that do not flood • In addition, the wetness in areas of the Philo soil • Isolated areas of Atkins soils in depressions delays planting and harvesting in some years. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Typical Profile and cover crops help to control erosion, increase Pope the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Surface layer: Pasture and hay 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very friable loam Suitability: Well suited Subsurface layer: Management measures and considerations: 5 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam • These soils have few limitations affecting the management of pasture and hayland. Subsoil: • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet 8 to 43 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable minimizes compaction and damage to the stand loam and helps to prevent excessive runoff. Substratum: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 43 to 60 inches—yellowish brown very friable very grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting gravelly sandy loam schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Philo adequate stand can help to increase production and Surface layer: reduce the runoff rate. 0 to 6 inches—brown very friable loam Woodland Subsoil: Suitability: Well suited 6 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown friable loam Management measures and considerations: 27 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown friable loam • These soils have few limitations affecting forestland that has brown and gray mottles management. Substratum: • Plant competition from undesirable species may be 36 to 48 inches—yellowish brown very friable sandy a problem when establishing a new forest crop. loam that has gray and brown mottles • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant 48 to 60 inches—gray very friable gravelly sandy loam competition that may occur immediately after that has reddish mottles planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Soil Properties and Qualities cutting, or applying herbicides. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Drainage class: Pope—well drained; Philo— potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. moderately well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Pope—high; Philo— Suitability: Well suited moderate Management measures and considerations: Seasonal high water table: Pope—between depths of • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife 60 and 72 inches; Philo—between depths of 24 habitat is good. and 36 inches • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Flooding: Occasional food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Rhea County, Tennessee 107

• Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Typical Profile habitat. Surface layer: • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Subsoil: • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well 2 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown loam as control erosion. 15 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very friable sandy • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing loam small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Bedrock: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be 18 inches—hard sandstone bedrock established along logging roads and trails. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Soil Properties and Qualities improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Den trees should not be harvested. Permeability: Rapid • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Available water capacity: Very low Urban development Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Suitability: Unsuited Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Low • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the flooding. Use and Management • In addition, wetness in areas of the Philo soil is a Cropland limitation affecting most urban uses. Suitability: Unsuited • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are Interpretive Group the erosion hazard, the depth to bedrock, and the Land capability classification: 2w very low available water capacity.

Pasture and hay RaC—Ramsey loam, 5 to 12 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: slopes, very rocky • The main limitation is the very low available water capacity. Setting • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and schedule are important management practices. Mountains • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Landscape position: Convex ridge crests, benches, adequate stand can help to increase production and and shoulder slopes reduce the runoff rate. Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres Major uses: Woodland Woodland Suitability: Suited Composition Management measures and considerations: Ramsey soil and similar components: 85 to 95 • The main management concerns are the seedling percent mortality rate and the hazard of windthrow. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling mortality rate may be high because of the shallow Minor Components rooting depth and the very low available water capacity. Similar components: • Slope aspect and the depth to bedrock should be • Intermingled areas of Lily and Gilpin soils carefully considered when selecting planting sites Contrasting components: for seedlings. • Areas of Hendon and Lonewood soils • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the • Isolated areas of sandstone rock outcrop desired stand is attained. 108 Soil Survey

• Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Rock outcrop: 10 to 35 percent the shallow root zone. Contrasting components: 5 to 30 percent • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying Minor Components a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Similar components: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of Lily and Gilpin soils • Areas of soils that have more rock fragments Wildlife habitat throughout than the Ramsey soil Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife • Areas of Hendon and Lonewood soils habitat is poor. Typical Profile • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Ramsey • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Surface layer: habitat. 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Subsoil: rows can break up large, open areas and provide 2 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown loam food and cover to wildlife. 15 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very friable sandy • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well loam as control erosion. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Bedrock: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 18 inches—hard sandstone bedrock • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Rock outcrop established along logging roads and trails. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Rock outcrop consists of areas of exposed improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. sandstone that are 2 to 20 feet across and as much • Den trees should not be harvested. as 30 feet high. Most outcrops protrude from the • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. surface a few inches. Some outcrops form nearly vertical cliffs. Rock outcrop supports little or no Urban development vegetation. Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Properties and Qualities of the Ramsey Soil • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the depth Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained to bedrock. Permeability: Rapid • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Available water capacity: Very low Interpretive Group Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches Land capability classification: 6s Shrink-swell potential: Low

Use and Management RrD—Ramsey-Rock outcrop Cropland complex, 12 to 20 percent slopes Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Setting • The main management concerns in areas used for cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and shallow root zone, the depth to bedrock, the very Mountains low available water capacity, and the Rock outcrop. Landscape position: Side slopes • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Size of areas: 5 to 345 acres Major uses: Woodland Pasture and hay Suitability: Poorly suited Composition Management measures and considerations: Ramsey soil and similar components: 60 to 80 • The main limitations are the slope, the very low percent available water capacity, and the Rock outcrop. Rhea County, Tennessee 109

• The slope and Rock outcrop increase the difficulty • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing of properly managing pastures and limit the use of food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. this map unit for pasture and hayland. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred habitat. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence schedule are important management practices. rows can break up large, open areas and provide • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an food and cover to wildlife. adequate stand can help to increase production and • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well reduce the runoff rate. as control erosion. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Woodland small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Suitability: Unsuited • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Management measures and considerations: established along logging roads and trails. • The main management concerns are the hazard of • The habitat in areas of native plants can be erosion, the equipment limitation, seedling mortality, improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. and the hazard of windthrow. • Den trees should not be harvested. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. • Permanent access roads can be protected by Urban development spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Suitability: Unsuited water breaks and culverts. Management measures and considerations: • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the closed and protected by seeding and installing depth to bedrock, the slope, and the Rock outcrop. water breaks. • A suitable alternative site should be selected. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Interpretive Group surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, Land capability classification: 6s specialized equipment is used. • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short enough that conventional equipment can be used. RrF—Ramsey-Rock outcrop • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that complex, 20 to 50 percent slopes have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by hand. Setting • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and mortality rate may be high because of the shallow Mountains rooting depth and the very low available water Landscape position: Side slopes capacity. Size of areas: 5 to several hundred acres • Slope aspect and the depth to bedrock should be Major uses: Woodland carefully considered when selecting planting sites for seedlings. Composition • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Ramsey soil and similar components: 60 to 80 • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of percent the shallow root zone. Rock outcrop: 10 to 35 percent • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying Contrasting components: 5 to 30 percent a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Minor Components potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar components: Wildlife habitat • Intermingled shallow soils and areas that have more Suitability: Poorly suited rock fragments in the subsoil than the Ramsey soil Management measures and considerations: • Scattered areas of Lily soils • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife • Areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil habitat is poor. than the Ramsey soil 110 Soil Survey

Contrasting components: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • Areas of Jefferson and Varilla soils on footslopes roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. and along drainageways • Permanent access roads can be protected by spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Typical Profile water breaks and culverts. Ramsey • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be Surface layer: closed and protected by seeding and installing 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam water breaks. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Subsoil: surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. 2 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown loam • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, 15 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very friable sandy specialized equipment is used. loam • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Bedrock: enough that conventional equipment can be used. 18 inches—hard sandstone bedrock • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Rock outcrop have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted Rock outcrop consists of areas of exposed by hand. sandstone that are 2 to 20 feet across and as much • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling as 40 feet high. Most outcrops protrude from the mortality rate may be high because of the shallow surface a few inches. Some outcrops form nearly rooting depth and the very low available water vertical bluffs. Rock outcrop supports little or no capacity. vegetation. • Slope aspect and the depth to bedrock should be carefully considered when selecting planting sites Properties and Qualities of the Ramsey Soil for seedlings. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Permeability: Rapid desired stand is attained. Available water capacity: Very low • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid the shallow root zone. Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying Shrink-swell potential: Low a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Use and Management potential productivity and suggested trees to plant.

Cropland Wildlife habitat Suitability: Unsuited Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns in areas used for • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the habitat is very poor. shallow root zone, the depth to bedrock, the very • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing low available water capacity, and the Rock outcrop. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • A suitable alternative site should be selected. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Pasture and hay • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Suitability: Unsuited rows can break up large, open areas and provide Management measures and considerations: food and cover to wildlife. • The main limitations are the slope, the very low • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well available water capacity, and the Rock outcrop. as control erosion. Woodland • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Suitability: Poorly suited small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Management measures and considerations: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • The main management concerns are the hazard of established along logging roads and trails. erosion, the equipment limitation, seedling mortality, • The habitat in areas of native plants can be and the hazard of windthrow. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Rhea County, Tennessee 111

• Den trees should not be harvested. Soil Properties and Qualities • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Urban development Available water capacity: High Suitability: Unsuited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, Management measures and considerations: except in limed areas • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches depth to bedrock and the Rock outcrop. Shrink-swell potential: Low • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 7s Cropland Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: SaC—Salacoa loam, 5 to 12 percent • The main management concern is the hazard of erosion. slopes • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. Setting • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and cover crops help to control Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and and Valleys maintain soil tilth. Landscape position: Dissected ridges and side slopes • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes Size of areas: 5 to 295 acres helps to control erosion. Major uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and Composition filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Salacoa soil and similar components: 80 to 95 Pasture and hay percent Suitability: Well suited Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting the Minor Components management of pasture and hayland. Similar components: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Intermingled areas that have more rock fragments grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting in the subsoil than the Salacoa soil schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Contrasting components: adequate stand can help to increase production and • Small areas of Apison, Sunlight, and Townley soils reduce the runoff rate. • Isolated areas of shale and sandstone rock outcrop Woodland Typical Profile Suitability: Well suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland management. Subsoil: • Plant competition from undesirable species may be 5 to 20 inches—yellowish brown very friable gravelly a problem when establishing a new forest crop. silt loam • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant 20 to 35 inches—strong brown friable gravelly silt competition that may occur immediately after loam planting. 35 to 62 inches—strong brown friable very gravelly silt • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, loam cutting, or applying herbicides. Bedrock: • See table 10 for specific information concerning 62 inches—soft shale interbedded with reddish potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. sandstone and siltstone 112 Soil Survey

Wildlife habitat Contrasting components: Suitability: Well suited • Intermingled areas of Bouldin soils Management measures and considerations: • Shelocta and Jefferson soils on the lower side • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife slopes habitat is good. Typical Profile • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Sequoia • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Surface layer: habitat. 0 to 1 inch—yellowish brown very friable silt loam • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Subsoil: rows can break up large, open areas and provide 1 to 12 inches—yellowish brown friable silty clay loam food and cover to wildlife. 12 to 27 inches—yellowish red firm channery silty • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well clay as control erosion. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Bedrock: small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 27 to 31 inches—rippable multicolored shale bedrock • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Gilpin established along logging roads and trails. Surface layer: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be 0 to 1 inch—brown very friable loam improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Subsoil: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 1 to 5 inches—yellowish brown friable loam 5 to 34 inches—yellowish brown friable channery silty Urban development clay loam Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Substratum: • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. 34 to 38 inches—yellowish brown firm channery silty • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help clay to overcome this limitation. Bedrock: Interpretive Group 38 to 50 inches—soft multicolored mudstone Land capability classification: 3e Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained SgE—Sequoia-Gilpin complex, 20 to Permeability: Sequoia—moderately slow; Gilpin— moderate 35 percent slopes Available water capacity: Moderate Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Setting Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Shrink-swell potential: Sequoia—moderate; Gilpin— Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and low Mountains Landscape position: Side slopes and backslopes Use and Management Size of areas: 10 to 660 acres Cropland Major uses: Woodland Suitability: Unsuited Composition Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns in areas used for Sequoia soil and similar components: 40 to 55 cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the percent moderate depth to bedrock, and the slope. Gilpin soil and similar components: 30 to 45 percent Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Pasture and hay Suitability: Poorly suited Minor Components Management measures and considerations: Similar components: • The main limitations are the slope and the moderate • Scattered areas of soils that have shale bedrock at available water capacity. a depth of more than 40 inches • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Rhea County, Tennessee 113

managing pastures and limits the use of this map • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife unit as pasture and hayland. habitat. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting rows can break up large, open areas and provide schedule are important management practices. food and cover to wildlife. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well adequate stand can help to increase production and as control erosion. reduce the runoff rate. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Woodland • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Suitability: Suited established along logging roads and trails. Management measures and considerations: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • The main management concerns are the hazard of improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. erosion, the equipment limitation, and the plant • Den trees should not be harvested. competition. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Urban development roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. Suitability: Unsuited • Permanent access roads can be protected by Management measures and considerations: spreading gravel on the road surface and installing • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the water breaks and culverts. depth to bedrock and the slope. • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be • In addition, the clayey subsoil and moderate shrink- closed and protected by seeding and installing swell potential of the Sequoia soil may be limitations water breaks. affecting most sanitary facilities and building site • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the developments. surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • A more suitable alternative site should be selected. • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, specialized equipment is used. Interpretive Group • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Land capability classification: 6e enough that conventional equipment can be used. • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that ShB—Shady loam, 1 to 5 percent have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by hand. slopes • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Setting • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges competition that may occur immediately after and Valleys planting. Landscape position: Low terraces • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Size of areas: 5 to 215 acres cutting, or applying herbicides. Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Composition Shady soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent Wildlife habitat Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • In areas of the Sequoia soil, the potential for Similar components: openland wildlife habitat is fair and the potential for • Intermingled areas of Etowah and Holston soils woodland wildlife habitat is good. • In areas of Gilpin soil, the potential for openland Contrasting components: wildlife habitat is poor and the potential for • Scattered areas of Cobstone soils woodland wildlife habitat is fair. • Intermingled areas of Altavista soils • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Areas of Shady and Hamblen soils that are food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. occasionally flooded 114 Soil Survey

Typical Profile competition that may occur immediately after planting. Surface layer: • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam cutting, or applying herbicides. Subsoil: • See table 10 for specific information concerning 8 to 25 inches—strong brown friable clay loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 25 to 32 inches—strong brown friable sandy clay Wildlife habitat loam Suitability: Well suited 32 to 42 inches—yellowish brown friable loam Management measures and considerations: 42 to 72 inches—yellowish brown very friable very • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife cobbly sandy loam habitat is good. Soil Properties and Qualities • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Drainage class: Well drained • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Permeability: Moderate habitat. Available water capacity: High • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 60 and rows can break up large, open areas and provide 72 inches food and cover to wildlife. Flooding: None • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid as control erosion. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Shrink-swell potential: Low small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Use and Management established along logging roads and trails. Cropland • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Suitability: Well suited improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Management measures and considerations: • Den trees should not be harvested. • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Urban development and cover crops help to control erosion, increase Suitability: Well suited the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Management measures and considerations: • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and • This soil has few limitations affecting urban uses. filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. Pasture and hay Interpretive Group Suitability: Well suited (fig. 10) Land capability classification: 2e Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting the management of pasture and hayland. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Sm—Shady loam, 0 to 3 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting slopes, occasionally flooded schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Setting adequate stand can help to increase production and reduce the runoff rate. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Woodland Landscape position: Flood plains and low terraces Suitability: Well suited Size of areas: 5 to 425 acres Management measures and considerations: Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland management. Composition • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Shady soil and similar components: 75 to 85 percent • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Contrasting components: 15 to 25 percent Rhea County, Tennessee 115

Figure 10.—Hay in an area of Shady loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes. This map unit has few limitations affecting hay and pasture. Allen loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, is on the steeper footslopes near the woodland. Gilpin-Bouldin-Petros complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, very stony, is in the steeper wooded areas.

Minor Components Subsoil: 8 to 25 inches—strong brown friable clay loam Similar components: 25 to 32 inches—strong brown friable sandy clay • Scattered areas of Etowah and Holston soils loam • Isolated areas of Wolftever soils 32 to 42 inches—yellowish brown friable loam • Areas of Hamblen soils along drainageways 42 to 72 inches—yellowish brown very friable very cobbly sandy loam Contrasting components: • Areas of soils that do not flood Soil Properties and Qualities • Intermingled areas of Capshaw and Cobstone soils Drainage class: Well drained in landscape positions similar to those of the Shady Permeability: Moderate soil Available water capacity: High • Small areas of Bloomingdale and Cranmore soils in Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 60 and depressions and at the lower elevations 72 inches Flooding: Occasional Typical Profile Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Surface layer: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable loam Shrink-swell potential: Low 116 Soil Survey

Use and Management • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Cropland • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Suitability: Suited established along logging roads and trails. Management measures and considerations: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Some crops may be damaged by flooding or • Den trees should not be harvested. ponding in winter and early spring. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, and cover crops help to control erosion, increase Urban development the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hay • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Suitability: Well suited flooding and ponding. Management measures and considerations: • The flooding and ponding are difficult to overcome. • This soil has few limitations affecting the • A suitable alternative site should be selected. management of pasture and hayland. • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet Interpretive Group minimizes compaction and damage to the stand Land capability classification: 2w and helps to prevent excessive runoff. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting St—Staser loam, 0 to 3 percent schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an slopes adequate stand can help to increase production and reduce the runoff rate. Setting Woodland Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Suitability: Well suited and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landscape position: Flood plains, low terraces, and • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland natural levees of the Tennessee River management. Size of areas: 5 to 330 acres • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Composition • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Staser soil and similar components: 85 to 95 percent planting. Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Minor Components cutting, or applying herbicides. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Similar components: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Scattered areas of Etowah, Holston, and Shady soils Wildlife habitat Contrasting components: Suitability: Well suited • Small areas of soils that have steeper slopes than Management measures and considerations: the Shady soils; near tributary streams and on • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and streambanks the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. • Areas of Hamblen soils along drainageways • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • Intermingled areas of Egam soils food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Typical Profile habitat. Surface layer: • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown very friable rows can break up large, open areas and provide loam food and cover to wildlife. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Subsoil: as control erosion. 10 to 30 inches—dark brown very friable loam Rhea County, Tennessee 117

30 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable Management measures and considerations: loam • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat is good. Soil Properties and Qualities • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Drainage class: Well drained food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Available water capacity: High habitat. Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 48 and • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence 72 inches or deeper rows can break up large, open areas and provide Flooding: None; most areas are protected from food and cover to wildlife. flooding by Watts Bar Dam • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Soil reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline as control erosion. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Shrink-swell potential: Low small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Use and Management established along logging roads and trails. Cropland • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Suitability: Well suited improved by applying lime and fertilizer to Management measures and considerations: the soil. • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. • Den trees should not be harvested. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. and cover crops help to control erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Urban development • Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips Suitability: Suited help to control erosion and runoff. Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting urban uses. Pasture and hay • Wetness is a limitation affecting some building sites Suitability: Well suited and sanitary facilities. Management measures and considerations: • This soil is best suited to dwellings without • This soil has few limitations affecting the basements. management of pasture and hayland. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet to overcome the wetness limitation. minimizes compaction and damage to the stand and helps to prevent excessive runoff. Interpretive Group • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Land capability classification: 1 schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an adequate stand can help to increase production and TaD—Talbott-Rock outcrop reduce the runoff rate. complex, 5 to 25 percent slopes Woodland Suitability: Well suited Setting Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges management. and Valleys • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Landscape position: Low ridges and upland flats a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant Major uses: Pasture, hay, and woodland competition that may occur immediately after planting. Composition • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Talbott soil and similar components: 50 to 80 percent cutting, or applying herbicides. Rock outcrop: 15 to 40 percent Wildlife habitat Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent Suitability: Well suited 118 Soil Survey

Minor Components grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Similar components: • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • Scattered areas of Barfield and Lyerly soils adequate stand can help to increase production and • Intermingled areas of Conasauga soils reduce the runoff rate. Contrasting components: Woodland • Areas of Collegedale, Capshaw, and Dewey soils Suitability: Suited Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns are the hazard of Talbott erosion, the equipment limitation, seedling mortality, Surface layer: plant competition, and Rock outcrop. 0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown friable silt loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Subsoil: roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. 6 to 24 inches—yellowish red firm clay that has brown • Permanent access roads can be protected by mottles spreading gravel on the road surface and installing 24 to 36 inches—yellowish brown very firm clay that water breaks and culverts. has red mottles • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be closed and protected by seeding and installing Bedrock: water breaks. 36 inches—hard limestone • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the Rock outcrop surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • The slope and Rock outcrop generally are Rock outcrop consists of exposed areas of limitations only when large, specialized equipment limestone or dolomite and areas that have less than 2 is used. or 3 inches of soil over bedrock. Most outcrops • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short protrude from the surface a few inches to almost 2 enough and that conventional equipment can be feet. Rock outcrop supports little or no vegetation. used. Properties and Qualities of the Talbott Soil • The Rock outcrop is usually widely spaced and scattered enough that it can be avoided by the Drainage class: Well drained roads and trails used for equipment. Permeability: Moderately slow • The depth to bedrock should be carefully Available water capacity: Moderate considered when planting sites are selected for Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid seedlings. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock • Slope aspect and the content of gravel in the Shrink-swell potential: Moderate surface layer should also be carefully considered when selecting planting sites for seedlings. Use and Management • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Cropland • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Suitability: Unsuited a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Management measures and considerations: • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant • The main management concerns in areas used for competition that may occur immediately after cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion, the Rock planting. outcrop, and the slope. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or Pasture and hay applying herbicides. Suitability: Poorly suited • See table 10 for specific information concerning Management measures and considerations: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • The main limitations are the Rock outcrop and the slope. Wildlife habitat • The Rock outcrop and the slope increase the Suitability: Well suited difficulty of properly managing pastures and limit Management measures and considerations: the use of this map unit as hayland. • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, and • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good. Rhea County, Tennessee 119

• Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Typical Profile food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Tasso • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Surface layer: habitat. 0 to 7 inches—brown friable gravelly loam • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Subsoil: food and cover to wildlife. 7 to 20 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay • Trees and shrubs along streams benefit wildlife as loam well as control erosion. 20 to 26 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing loam that has pinkish gray mottles small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. 26 to 34 inches—strong brown firm and brittle gravelly • Food plots or areas of green browse can be clay loam that has pinkish gray mottles established along logging roads and trails. 34 to 44 inches—strong brown friable gravelly loam • The habitat in areas of native plants can be that has light brown mottles improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. 44 to 54 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay • Den trees should not be harvested. loam that has pinkish gray mottles • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. 54 to 72 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay loam that has strong brown and pinkish gray Urban development mottles Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Minvale • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Surface layer: Rock outcrop, the depth to bedrock, the moderately 0 to 8 inches—brown friable gravelly silt loam slow permeability, the shrink-swell potential, and the Subsurface layer: slope. 8 to 13 inches—strong brown friable gravelly silt loam • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Subsoil: Interpretive Group 13 to 30 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty Land capability classification: 6s clay loam 30 to 60 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty clay loam that has pale brown mottles TmB—Tasso-Minvale complex, 2 to 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty 5 percent slopes clay loam that has brownish yellow, light yellowish brown, and strong brown mottles Setting Soil Properties and Qualities Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Drainage class: Tasso—moderately well drained; and Valleys Minvale—well drained Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, and fans Permeability: Tasso—moderately slow; Minvale— Size of areas: 5 to 140 acres moderate Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay Available water capacity: Tasso—moderate; Minvale— Composition high Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 20 and Tasso soil and similar components: 50 to 60 percent 40 inches Minvale soil and similar components: 30 to 40 percent Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Minor Components Shrink-swell potential: Tasso—moderate; Minvale— low Similar components: • Scattered areas of Fullerton, Waynesboro, Etowah, Use and Management and Dewey soils Cropland Contrasting components: Suitability: Well suited • Intermingled areas of Pailo soils Management measures and considerations: • Areas of Wax and Rockdell soils on flood plains and • The main management concerns in areas used for stream terraces cultivated crops are the moderately deep root zone, 120 Soil Survey

the moderate available water capacity, and the • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing wetness in areas of the Tasso soil. food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • The moderate available water capacity and the • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife moderately deep root zone may be limitations habitat. affecting some crops. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in rows can break up large, open areas and provide some years. food and cover to wildlife. • Crop species that have a short growing season and • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well can tolerate the wetness should be selected for as control erosion. planting. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. contour farming, and cover crops help to control • Food plots or areas of green browse can be erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and established along logging roads and trails. maintain soil tilth. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. • Den trees should not be harvested. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Pasture and hay Suitability: Well suited Urban development Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Suited • These soils have few limitations affecting the Management measures and considerations: management of pasture and hayland. • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the • The growth of some forage species is limited by the moderately slow permeability, the clayey subsoil, moderately deep root zone and the moderate the low soil strength, and the shrink-swell potential available water capacity in areas of the Tasso soil. in areas of the Tasso soil. • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet • The moderately slow permeability of the Tasso soil minimizes compaction and damage to the stand and the clayey subsoil of both soils are limitations and helps to prevent excessive runoff. affecting some sanitary facilities and building site • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred developments. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for schedule are important management practices. local roads and streets or if the soils are used as a • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an source of roadfill. adequate stand can help to increase production and • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a reduce the runoff rate. problem when footers and basements are constructed. Woodland • Special measures are needed to help overcome Suitability: Well suited subsurface drainage problems. Management measures and considerations: • The Tasso soil is best suited to dwellings without • These soils have few limitations affecting forestland basements. management. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • Plant competition from undesirable species may be to overcome some of the soil limitations. a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Interpretive Group • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Land capability classification: 2e planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. TmC—Tasso-Minvale complex, 5 to • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 12 percent slopes Wildlife habitat Setting Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife and Valleys habitat is good. Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, and fans Rhea County, Tennessee 121

Size of areas: 5 to 390 acres Permeability: Tasso—moderately slow; Minvale— Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay moderate Available water capacity: Tasso—moderate; Minvale— Composition high Tasso soil and similar components: 40 to 60 percent Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 20 and Minvale soil and similar components: 30 to 40 percent 40 inches Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Minor Components Shrink-swell potential: Tasso—moderate; Minvale— Similar components: low • Scattered areas of Fullerton, Waynesboro, Etowah, Use and Management and Dewey soils Cropland Contrasting components: Suitability: Suited • Intermingled areas of Pailo soils Management measures and considerations: • Areas of Wax and Rockdell soils on flood plains and • The main management concern is the hazard of stream terraces erosion. Typical Profile • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional tillage system is used. Tasso • Additional concerns are the moderately deep root Surface layer: zone, the moderate available water capacity, and 0 to 7 inches—brown friable gravelly loam the wetness in areas of the Tasso soil. Subsoil: • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in 7 to 20 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay some years. loam • Crop species that have a short growing season and 20 to 26 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay can tolerate the wetness should be selected for loam that has pinkish gray mottles planting. 26 to 34 inches—strong brown firm and brittle gravelly • The moderate available water capacity and the clay loam that has pinkish gray mottles moderately deep root zone may be limitations 34 to 44 inches—strong brown friable gravelly loam affecting some crops. that has light brown mottles • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, 44 to 54 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay contour farming, and cover crops help to control loam that has pinkish gray mottles erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and 54 to 72 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay maintain soil tilth. loam that has strong brown and pinkish gray • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes mottles helps to control erosion. • Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field Minvale borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and Surface layer: runoff. 0 to 8 inches—brown friable gravelly silt loam Pasture and hay Subsurface layer: Suitability: Well suited 8 to 13 inches—strong brown friable gravelly silt loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • These soils have few limitations affecting the 13 to 30 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty management of pasture and hayland. clay loam • The growth of some forage species is limited by the 30 to 60 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty moderately deep root zone and the moderate clay loam that has pale brown mottles available water capacity in areas of the Tasso soil. 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet clay loam that has brownish yellow, light yellowish minimizes compaction and damage to the stand brown, and strong brown mottles and helps to prevent excessive runoff. • The slope may be a limitation affecting hayland. Soil Properties and Qualities • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Drainage class: Tasso—moderately well drained; grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Minvale—well drained schedule are important management practices. 122 Soil Survey

• Maintaining the proper fertility level and an local roads and streets or if the soils are used as a adequate stand can help to increase production and source of roadfill. reduce the runoff rate. • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a problem when footers and basements are Woodland constructed. Suitability: Well suited • The slope is a limitation affecting some urban uses. Management measures and considerations: • The Tasso soil is best suited to dwellings without • These soils have few limitations affecting forestland basements. management. • Special measures are needed to help overcome • Plant competition from undesirable species may be subsurface drainage problems. a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant to overcome some of the soil limitations. competition that may occur immediately after planting. Interpretive Group • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Land capability classification: 3e cutting, or applying herbicides. • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. TmD—Tasso-Minvale complex, 12 to Wildlife habitat 25 percent slopes Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat is good. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing and Valleys food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Landscape position: Footslopes, benches, and fans • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Size of areas: 5 to 40 acres habitat. Major uses: Pasture and hay • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Composition rows can break up large, open areas and provide food and cover to wildlife. Tasso soil and similar components: 40 to 60 percent • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Minvale soil and similar components: 30 to 40 percent as control erosion. Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Minor Components small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Similar components: established along logging roads and trails. • Scattered areas of Fullerton, Waynesboro, Etowah, • The habitat in areas of native plants can be and Dewey soils improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Contrasting components: • Den trees should not be harvested. • Intermingled areas of Pailo soils • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Small areas of Wax and Rockdell soils on flood Urban development plains and stream terraces Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the Tasso moderately slow permeability, the clayey subsoil, Surface layer: the low soil strength, and the shrink-swell potential 0 to 7 inches—brown friable gravelly loam in areas of the Tasso soil. • The slope is an additional limitation affecting urban Subsoil: development. 7 to 20 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay • The moderately slow permeability of the Tasso soil loam and the clayey subsoil of both soils are limitations 20 to 26 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay affecting some sanitary facilities and building site loam that has pinkish gray mottles developments. 26 to 34 inches—strong brown firm and brittle gravelly • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for clay loam that has pinkish gray mottles Rhea County, Tennessee 123

34 to 44 inches—strong brown friable gravelly loam moderately deep root zone may be limitations that has light brown mottles affecting some crops. 44 to 54 inches—strong brown friable gravelly clay • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, loam that has pinkish gray mottles contour farming, and cover crops help to control 54 to 72 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and loam that has strong brown and pinkish gray maintain soil tilth. mottles • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes helps to control erosion. Minvale • Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips Surface layer: help to control erosion and runoff. 0 to 8 inches—brown friable gravelly silt loam Pasture and hay Subsurface layer: Suitability: Suited 8 to 13 inches—strong brown friable gravelly silt loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • The main limitation is the slope. 13 to 30 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty • The slope increases the difficulty of properly clay loam managing pastures and limits the use of these soils 30 to 60 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty as hayland. clay loam that has pale brown mottles • The growth of some forage species is limited by the 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red friable gravelly silty moderately deep root zone and the moderate clay loam that has brownish yellow, light yellowish available water capacity in areas of the Tasso soil. brown, and strong brown mottles • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet minimizes compaction and damage to the stand Soil Properties and Qualities and helps to prevent excessive runoff. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Drainage class: Tasso—moderately well drained; grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Minvale—well drained schedule are important management practices. Permeability: Tasso—moderately slow; Minvale— • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an moderate adequate stand can help to increase production and Available water capacity: Tasso—moderate; Minvale— reduce the runoff rate. high Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 20 and Woodland 40 inches Suitability: Well suited Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The main management concerns are the hazard of Shrink-swell potential: Tasso—moderate; Minvale— erosion, the equipment limitation, seedling mortality, low and plant competition. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Use and Management roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. Cropland • Permanent access roads can be protected by Suitability: Poorly suited spreading gravel on the road surface and installing Management measures and considerations: water breaks and culverts. • The main management concern is the hazard of • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be erosion. closed and protected by seeding and installing • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage water breaks. system is used. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the • Additional concerns are the moderately deep root surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. zone, the moderate available water capacity, and • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, the wetness in areas of the Tasso soil. specialized equipment is used. • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short some years. enough that conventional equipment can be used. • Crop species that have a short growing season and • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling can tolerate the wetness should be selected for mortality rate may be high because of the gravelly planting. surface layer. • The moderate available water capacity and the • Slope aspect and the content of gravel in the 124 Soil Survey

surface layer should be carefully considered when problem when footers and basements are selecting planting sites for seedlings. constructed. • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the • The Tasso soil is best suited to dwellings without desired stand is attained. basements. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be • Special measures are needed to help overcome a problem when establishing a new forest crop. subsurface drainage problems. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help competition that may occur immediately after to overcome some of the soil limitations. planting. Interpretive Group • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cutting or by applying herbicides. Land capability classification: 4e • See table 10 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. TsC—Townley-Sunlight complex, 5 Wildlife habitat Suitability: Well suited to 12 percent slopes Management measures and considerations: • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair, Setting and the potential for woodland wildlife habitat is Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges good. and Valleys • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Landscape position: Convex ridgetops and side food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. slopes • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife Size of areas: 5 to 725 acres habitat. Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Composition food and cover to wildlife. Townley soil and similar components: 50 to 70 percent • Trees and shrubs along streams benefit wildlife as Sunlight soil and similar components: 20 to 40 well as control erosion. percent • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Minor Components established along logging roads and trails. Similar components: • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • Intermingled areas of Apison soils improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Areas of soils that have clayey subsoil layers less • Den trees should not be harvested. than 10 inches thick • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Isolated areas that have hard bedrock between depths of 10 and 40 inches Urban development Suitability: Poorly suited Contrasting components: Management measures and considerations: • Scattered areas of soils that have soft bedrock • The main limitation affecting urban uses is the between depths of 40 and 60 inches slope. • Isolated areas of sandstone or shale rock outcrop • Additional limitations are the moderately slow Typical Profile permeability, the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, and the shrink-swell potential in areas of Townley the Tasso soil. Surface layer: • The moderately slow permeability of the Tasso soil 0 to 3 inches—brown friable silt loam and the clayey subsoil of both soils are limitations Subsoil: affecting some sanitary facilities and building site 3 to 28 inches—strong brown firm clay that has developments. yellowish mottles in the lower part • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for local roads and streets or if the soils are used as a Soft bedrock: source of roadfill. 28 to 60 inches—yellowish brown tilted sandy shale • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil may be a and siltstone Rhea County, Tennessee 125

Sunlight • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Surface layer: a problem when establishing a new forest crop. 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant gravelly loam competition that may occur immediately after planting. Subsoil: • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, 8 to 17 inches—strong brown friable very gravelly clay cutting, or applying herbicides. loam that has yellowish red mottles • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Soft bedrock: mortality rate may be high because of the shallow 17 to 48 inches—red tilted sandstone and sandy rooting depth and the very low available water shale that can be dug with a spade capacity of the Sunlight soil. • Slope aspect and the depth to bedrock should be Soil Properties and Qualities carefully considered when selecting planting sites Drainage class: Well drained for seedlings. Permeability: Townley—slow; Sunlight—moderate • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Available water capacity: Townley—low; Sunlight— desired stand is attained. very low • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Soil reaction: Townley—very strongly acid to the shallow root zone in the Sunlight soil. moderately acid; Sunlight—very strongly acid or • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying strongly acid a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. Depth to bedrock: Townley—20 to 40 inches to soft • See table 10 for specific information concerning bedrock; Sunlight—10 to 20 inches to soft potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. bedrock Shrink-swell potential: Townley—moderate; Sunlight— Wildlife habitat low Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Cropland • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good in Suitability: Poorly suited areas of the Townley soil. Management measures and considerations: • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in • The main management concerns in areas used for areas of the Townley soil and fair in areas of the cultivated crops are the hazard of erosion on both Sunlight soil. soils, the depth to bedrock and the very low • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing available water capacity of the Sunlight soil, and the food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. low available water capacity of the Townley soil. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Pasture and hay • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Suitability: Suited rows can break up large, open areas and provide Management measures and considerations: food and cover to wildlife. • The main limitations are the low available water • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well capacity of the Townley soil and the very low as control erosion. available water capacity of the Sunlight soil. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting • Food plots or areas of green browse can be schedule are important management practices. established along logging roads and trails. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • The habitat in areas of native plants can be adequate stand can help to increase production and improved by applying lime and fertilizer to reduce the runoff rate. the soil. Woodland • Den trees should not be harvested. Suitability: Well suited • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns are plant Urban development competition in areas of the Townley soil and Suitability: Poorly suited seedling mortality and the hazard of windthrow in Management measures and considerations: areas of the Sunlight soil. • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the 126 Soil Survey

restricted permeability, the clayey subsoil, the low Typical Profile soil strength, the shrink-swell potential, the depth to Townley bedrock, and the slope. Surface layer: • The slow permeability in the subsoil, the clayey 0 to 3 inches—brown friable silt loam subsoil, and the shrink-swell potential of the Townley soil are limitations affecting some sanitary Subsoil: facilities and building site developments. 3 to 28 inches—strong brown firm clay that has • The moderate permeability of the Sunlight soil may yellowish mottles in the lower part be a limitation affecting some sanitary facilities. Soft bedrock: • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for 28 to 60 inches—yellowish brown tilted sandy shale local roads and streets or if the soils are used as a and siltstone source of roadfill. • The limited depth to bedrock and the slope are Sunlight limitations affecting most building site Surface layer: developments. 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help gravelly loam to overcome some of the soil limitations. Subsoil: Interpretive Group 8 to 17 inches—strong brown friable very gravelly clay loam that has yellowish red mottles Land capability classification: 6e Soft bedrock: 17 to 48 inches—red tilted sandstone and sandy TsD—Townley-Sunlight complex, 12 shale that can be dug with a spade to 25 percent slopes Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Townley—slow; Sunlight—moderate Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Available water capacity: Townley—low; Sunlight— and Valleys very low Landscape position: Dissected convex ridgetops and Soil reaction: Townley—very strongly acid to side slopes moderately acid; Sunlight—very strongly acid or Size of areas: 5 to 345 acres strongly acid Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Depth to bedrock: Townley—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock; Sunlight—10 to 20 inches to soft Composition bedrock Townley soil and similar components: 50 to 70 percent Shrink-swell potential: Townley—moderate; Sunlight— Sunlight soil and similar components: 20 to 40 low percent Use and Management Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent Cropland Minor Components Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Similar components: • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are • Intermingled areas of Apison soils erosion and the depth to bedrock in areas of the • Areas of soils that have clayey subsoil layers less Sunlight soil. than 10 inches thick • Isolated areas that have hard bedrock between Pasture and hay depths of 10 and 40 inches Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Contrasting components: • The main limitations are the slope, the low available • Scattered areas of soils that have soft bedrock water capacity of the Townley soil, and the very low between depths of 40 and 60 inches available water capacity of the Sunlight soil. • Isolated areas of sandstone or shale rock outcrop • The slope increases the difficulty of properly Rhea County, Tennessee 127

managing pastures and limits the use of these soils • See table 10 for specific information concerning as hayland. potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Wildlife habitat grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Suitability: Suited schedule are important management practices. Management measures and considerations: • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is fair in adequate stand can help to increase production and areas of the Townley soil. reduce the runoff rate. • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is good in areas of the Townley soil and fair in areas of the Woodland Sunlight soil. Suitability: Suited • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Management measures and considerations: food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. • The main management concerns are the hazard of • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife erosion, the equipment limitation, seedling mortality, habitat. windthrow hazard, and plant competition. • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating rows can break up large, open areas and provide roads and trails as close to the contour as possible. food and cover to wildlife. • Permanent access roads can be protected by • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well spreading gravel on the road surface and installing as control erosion. water breaks and culverts. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. closed and protected by seeding and installing • Food plots or areas of green browse can be water breaks. established along logging roads and trails. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the • The habitat in areas of native plants can be surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, • Den trees should not be harvested. specialized equipment is used. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Slopes generally are short enough that conventional equipment can be used. Urban development • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs Suitability: Poorly suited may be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that Management measures and considerations: have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the by hand. restricted permeability, clayey subsoil, low soil • Plant competition from undesirable species may be strength, shrink-swell potential, depth to bedrock, a problem when establishing a new forest crop. and slope. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant • The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations competition that may occur immediately after affecting most building site developments and planting. sanitary facilities. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, • A suitable alternative site should be selected. cutting, or applying herbicides. Interpretive Group • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the shallow root zone in the Sunlight soil. Land capability classification: 7e • The windthrow hazard can be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning and salvage program. • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling UUC—Urban land-Udorthents mortality rate may be high because of the low complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes available water capacity of the Townley soil and the very low available water capacity of the Sunlight Setting soil. • Slope aspect and the content of gravel in the Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges surface layer should be carefully considered when and Valleys selecting planting sites for seedlings. Landscape position: Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the Size of areas: 10 to 575 acres desired stand is attained. Major uses: Urban uses 128 Soil Survey

Composition • Providing a good seedbed, maintaining the proper fertility level, and mulching seeded areas help to Urban land: 20 to 60 percent establish a protective cover of vegetation. Udorthents and similar components: 20 to 60 percent • Intensive measures for establishing vegetation, Contrasting components: 10 to 30 percent such as hydroseeding and sodding, may be needed Minor Components in problem areas. • A layer of concrete, asphalt, coarse gravel, gabion Similar components: stone, or riprap helps to control erosion in areas • Areas of severely eroded soils or gullied areas where vegetation cannot be established. • Borrow pits and areas of truncated soils where the • The load-bearing strength, the shrink-swell native soil has been removed potential, surface runoff, and storm drainage Contrasting components: management are concerns affecting urban • Undisturbed areas of Allen, Shady, Cobstone, development. Waynesboro, and Townley soils on stream terraces • Differential settling is a management concern in and uplands some areas of fill material used as sites for • Small areas of Bloomington, Ketona, and Tupelo dwellings, small commercial buildings, or local soils that are frequently or occasionally flooded roads and streets. • Proper compaction of fill material minimizes Typical Profile differential settling. Urban land Dwellings: Urban land mostly consists of areas where the • The slope is the major limitation affecting sites for surface is covered by roads, streets, parking lots, dwellings. commercial buildings, houses, and other types of • Landshaping helps to overcome the slope limitation impervious material. In places, the natural drainage on sites for dwellings. pattern has been altered by a system of ditches and • Designing buildings and structures so that they storm drains. The underlying soil material is not conform to the natural slope of the land reduces the observable. A typical profile of Urban land is not need for landshaping. given. • The shrink-swell potential of the Udorthents should be considered when footers and basements are Udorthents designed. A typical profile is not given because Udorthents Sanitary facilities: vary greatly. • This map unit commonly is not suitable as a site for Properties and Qualities of Udorthents onsite subsurface sewage disposal. • In most places access to a municipal sewage Soil properties and qualities are not given because disposal system is needed. Udorthents vary greatly. Lawns and landscaping: Use and Management • The stoniness may be a limitation in areas used for lawns or golf fairways and if the soils are Urban development landscaped. Suitability: Suited • Adding topsoil and maintaining the proper fertility Management measures and considerations follow. level help to establish ground cover. Site considerations: • The hazard of erosion is a major management Small commercial buildings: concern during construction. • The slope is the major limitation affecting small • A well designed erosion-control plan is needed. commercial buildings. • Erosion barriers, diversions, and rock-lined or • Landshaping helps to overcome the slope on sites vegetated waterways are important management for small commercial buildings. practices. • Designing buildings and structures so that they • Timely establishment of vegetation in bare areas conform to the natural slope of the land reduces the should be a priority. need for landshaping. • Plant species that can tolerate a wide range of soil • The shrink-swell potential of Udorthents should be conditions grow best. considered when footers are designed. Rhea County, Tennessee 129

Local roads and streets: Contrasting components: • The low soil strength and the slope are limitations • Areas of Tasso and Minvale soils on footslopes and on sites for local roads and streets. stream terraces • Adding gravel or other suitable subgrade material • Intermingled areas of Hamblen soils helps to prevent the road damage caused by the low soil strength. Typical Profile • Designing roads so that they follow the natural Wax contour and landshaping help to overcome the Surface layer: slope limitation. 0 to 4 inches—brown very friable gravelly loam • The shrink-swell potential in the subsoil should be considered when local roads are planned and Subsurface layer: designed. 4 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown very friable • Onsite investigation is needed to determine the gravelly loam limitations affecting any proposed use. Subsoil: Interpretive Group 9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay loam Land capability classification: None assigned 17 to 28 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly clay loam that has strong brown mottles W—Water 28 to 46 inches—yellowish brown friable very gravelly clay loam that has strong brown, pale brown, and This map unit consists of areas inundated with light brownish gray mottles water for most of the year. It generally includes rivers, 46 to 72 inches—brownish yellow, red, and strong lakes, and ponds. The Tennessee River, Watts Bar brown firm very gravelly clay that has light gray Lake, and Chickamauga Lake are the largest areas of mottles water in Rhea County. No land capability classification is assigned to this Rockdell map unit. Surface layer: 0 to 10 inches—brown very friable gravelly loam Subsoil: Wa—Wax-Rockdell complex, 0 to 3 10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown friable gravelly loam percent slopes, occasionally 18 to 29 inches—yellowish brown friable extremely flooded gravelly loam Substratum: Setting 29 to 41 inches—light yellowish brown friable very gravelly loam Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Buried subsoil: Landscape position: Flood plains, drainageways, 41 to 60 inches—strong brown friable very cobbly clay terraces, and toeslopes loam that has light gray and yellowish red mottles Size of areas: 5 to 245 acres Soil Properties and Qualities Major uses: Woodland, pasture, and hay Drainage class: Wax—moderately well drained; Composition Rockdell—well drained Permeability: Wax—slow; Rockdell—moderate or Wax soil and similar inclusions: 45 to 55 percent moderately rapid Rockdell soil and similar inclusions: 30 to 45 percent Available water capacity: Wax—low; Rockdell— Contrasting components: 5 to 25 percent moderate Seasonal high water table: Wax—between depths of Minor Components 18 and 36 inches; Rockdell—between depths of Similar components: 42 and 60 inches in winter and early spring • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Flooding: Occasional fragments throughout than the Wax and Rockdell Soil reaction: Wax—very strongly acid or strongly soils acid; Rockdell—moderately acid or slightly acid 130 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The content of gravel in the soil should be carefully Shrink-swell potential: Low considered when selecting planting sites for seedlings. Use and Management • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the desired stand is attained. Cropland • See table 10 for specific information concerning Suitability: Poorly suited potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Management measures and considerations: • The main management concerns in areas used for Wildlife habitat cultivated crops are the moderately deep root zone, Suitability: Well suited the low available water capacity, and the wetness in Management measures and considerations: areas of the Wax soil. • The potential for openland wildlife habitat is good in • In addition, the moderate available water capacity is areas of the Wax soil and fair in areas of the a concern in areas of the Rockdell soil. Rockdell soil. • Some crops may be damaged by the flooding in • The potential for woodland wildlife habitat is poor winter and early spring. areas of the Wax soil and fair in areas of the • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in Rockdell soil. some years. • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing • The gravelly surface layer may restrict tillage food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. operations. • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, habitat. and cover crops help to control erosion, increase • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. rows can break up large, open areas and provide • Grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips food and cover to wildlife. help to control erosion and runoff. • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well as control erosion. Pasture and hay • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Suitability: Poorly suited improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Management measures and considerations: • Den trees should not be harvested. • These soils have few limitations affecting the • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. management of pasture and hayland. • The deferment of grazing when the soils are wet Urban development minimizes compaction and damage to the stand Suitability: Unsuited and helps to prevent excessive runoff. Management measures and considerations: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting flooding and wetness. schedule are important management practices. • The gravel and cobbles throughout the soil cause • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an problems in areas used for lawns and if the soils are adequate stand can help to increase production and landscaped or used as a source of topsoil material. reduce the runoff rate. • The flooding and wetness are difficult to overcome. • A suitable alternative site should be selected. Woodland Suitability: Suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 3w • These soils have few limitations affecting forestland management. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be WbB2—Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant percent slopes, eroded competition that may occur immediately after Setting planting. • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges cutting, or applying herbicides. and Valleys • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling Landscape position: High terraces and uplands mortality rate may be high because of the gravelly Size of areas: 5 to 110 acres surface layer. Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay Rhea County, Tennessee 131

Composition Management measures and considerations: • This soil has few limitations affecting the Waynesboro soil and similar components: 85 to 95 management of pasture and hayland. percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Minor Components schedule are important management practices. • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an Similar components: adequate stand can help to increase production and • Scattered areas of Dewey and Fullerton soils on reduce the runoff rate. ridge crests and side slopes • Scattered areas of Etowah and Holston soils in Woodland landscape positions similar to those of the Suitability: Well suited Waynesboro soil Management measures and considerations: • Waynesboro soils that have a surface layer of silt • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland loam or loam management. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Contrasting components: a problem when establishing a new forest crop. • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant drainageways and in depressions competition that may occur immediately after • Isolated areas of Talbott soils planting. • Intermingled areas of very gravelly soils • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, Typical Profile cutting, or applying herbicides. • See table 10 for specific information concerning Surface layer: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 0 to 5 inches—dark brown friable loam Wildlife habitat Subsurface layer: Suitability: Well suited 5 to 11 inches—dark brown friable clay loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife 11 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown friable clay habitat is good. 25 to 37 inches—yellowish red friable clay • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing 37 to 65 inches—red friable clay that has brownish food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. yellow mottles • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Soil Properties and Qualities • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence Drainage class: Well drained rows can break up large, open areas and provide Permeability: Moderate food and cover to wildlife. Available water capacity: High • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid as control erosion. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing Shrink-swell potential: Low small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be Use and Management established along logging roads and trails. Cropland • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Suitability: Well suited improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Management measures and considerations: • Den trees should not be harvested. • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Urban development contour farming, and cover crops help to control Suitability: Well suited erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Management measures and considerations: maintain soil tilth. • This soil has few limitations affecting urban uses. • Terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and Pasture and hay building site developments. Suitability: Well suited • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for 132 Soil Survey

local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a Permeability: Moderate source of roadfill. Available water capacity: High • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid to overcome some of the soil limitations. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Shrink—swell potential: Low Interpretive Group Land capability classification: 2e Use and Management Cropland WbC2—Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: percent slopes, eroded • This soil has few limitations affecting cropland. • Erosion is a moderate hazard if a conventional Setting tillage system is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges contour farming, and cover crops help to control and Valleys erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and Landscape position: High terraces and uplands maintain soil tilth. Size of areas: 5 to 170 acres • A crop rotation that includes grasses and legumes Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay helps to control erosion. Composition • Terraces, diversions, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips help to control erosion and Waynesboro soil and similar components: 85 to 95 runoff. percent Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent Pasture and hay Suitability: Well suited Minor Components Management measures and considerations: Similar components: • This soil has few limitations affecting the • Scattered areas of Dewey and Fullerton soils on management of pasture and hayland. ridge crests and side slopes • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Scattered areas of Etowah and Holston soils in grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting landscape positions similar to those of the schedule are important management practices. Waynesboro soil • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • Waynesboro soils that have a surface layer of silt adequate stand can help to increase production and loam or loam reduce the runoff rate. Contrasting components: Woodland • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along Suitability: Well suited drainageways and in depressions Management measures and considerations: • Isolated areas of Talbott soils • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland • Intermingled areas of very gravelly soils management. • Plant competition from undesirable species may be Typical Profile a problem when establishing a new forest crop. Surface layer: • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant 0 to 5 inches—dark brown friable loam competition that may occur immediately after planting. Subsurface layer: • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, 5 to 11 inches—dark brown friable clay loam cutting, or applying herbicides. Subsoil: • See table 10 for specific information concerning 11 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown friable clay potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 25 to 37 inches—yellowish red friable clay 37 to 65 inches—red friable clay that has brownish Wildlife habitat yellow mottles Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Drainage class: Well drained habitat is good. Rhea County, Tennessee 133

• Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Minor Components food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Similar components: • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • Scattered areas of Dewey and Fullerton soils on habitat. ridge crests and side slopes • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence • Scattered areas of Etowah and Holston soils in rows can break up large, open areas and provide landscape positions similar to those of the food and cover to wildlife. Waynesboro soil • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well • Waynesboro soils that have a surface layer of silt as control erosion. loam or loam • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. Contrasting components: • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • Narrow strips of Hamblen and Shady soils along established along logging roads and trails. drainageways and in depressions • The habitat in areas of native plants can be • Isolated areas of Talbott soils improved by applying lime and fertilizer to • Intermingled areas of very gravelly soils the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Typical Profile • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Surface layer: 0 to 5 inches—dark brown friable loam Urban development Suitability: Suited Subsurface layer: Management measures and considerations: 5 to 11 inches—dark brown friable clay loam • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, Subsoil: the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, and the 11 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown friable clay slope. 25 to 37 inches—yellowish red friable clay • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil 37 to 65 inches—red friable clay that has brownish are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and yellow mottles building site developments. • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for Soil Properties and Qualities local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a source of roadfill. Drainage class: Well drained • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. Permeability: Moderate • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help Available water capacity: High to overcome some of the soil limitations. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Interpretive Group Shrink-swell potential: Low Land capability classification: 3e Use and Management

WbD2—Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 Cropland percent slopes, eroded Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: • The main management concern is the hazard of Setting erosion. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Erosion is a severe hazard if a conventional tillage and Valleys system is used. Landscape position: High terraces and ridge crests • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres contour farming, and cover crops help to control Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay erosion, increase the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Composition • A long-term crop rotation that includes grasses and Waynesboro soil and similar components: 85 to 95 legumes helps to control erosion. percent • Diversions, grassed waterways, field borders, and Contrasting components: 5 to 15 percent filter strips help to control erosion and runoff. 134 Soil Survey

Pasture and hay • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Suitability: Suited food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Management measures and considerations: • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife • The main limitation is the slope. habitat. • The slope increases the difficulty of properly • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence managing pastures and limits the use of this soil as rows can break up large, open areas and provide hayland. food and cover to wildlife. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting as control erosion. schedule are important management practices. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. adequate stand can help to increase production and • Food plots or areas of green browse can be reduce the runoff rate. established along logging roads and trails. • The habitat in areas of native plants can be Woodland improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. Suitability: Suited • Den trees should not be harvested. Management measures and considerations: • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. • The main management concerns are the hazard of Urban development erosion, the equipment limitation, and plant Suitability: Poorly suited competition. Management measures and considerations: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating • The main limitations are the moderate permeability, roads and trails as close to the contour as the clayey subsoil, the low soil strength, and the possible. slope. • Permanent access roads can be protected by • The moderate permeability and the clayey subsoil spreading gravel on the road surface and installing are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and water breaks and culverts. building site developments. • Temporary roads that are no longer used can be • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for closed and protected by seeding and installing local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a water breaks. source of roadfill. • Logging methods that minimize disturbance of the • The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses. surface layer reduce the hazard of erosion. • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help • The slope generally is a limitation only when large, to overcome some of the soil limitations. specialized equipment is used. • Slopes generally are broken up enough or are short Interpretive Group enough that conventional equipment can be used. • In areas where slopes are long and unbroken, logs Land capability classification: 4e can be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes and seedlings can be planted by hand. WfB—Wolftever silt loam, 2 to 5 • Plant competition from undesirable species may be a problem when establishing a new forest crop. percent slopes • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant competition that may occur immediately after Setting planting. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, and Valleys cutting, or applying herbicides. Landscape position: Steam terraces • See table 10 for specific information concerning Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Major uses: Cropland, pasture, and hay Wildlife habitat Composition Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Wolftever soil and similar components: 80 to 95 • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife percent habitat is good. Contrasting components: 5 to 20 percent Rhea County, Tennessee 135

Minor Components • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Similar components: schedule are important management practices. • Scattered areas of Etowah and Holston soils • Maintaining the proper fertility level and an • Intermingled areas of Egam soils adequate stand can help to increase production and Contrasting components: reduce the runoff rate. • Intermingled areas of Altavista soils Woodland • Small areas of Bloomingdale soils in depressions Suitability: Well suited and along drainageways Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • This soil has few limitations affecting forestland management. Surface layer: • When establishing a new forest crop, the seedling 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown friable silt loam mortality rate may be high because of the high Subsoil: water table. 8 to 24 inches—yellowish brown friable silty clay that • Reinforcement plantings can be made until the has pale yellow mottles desired stand is attained. 24 to 38 inches—yellowish brown friable silty clay that • Plant competition from undesirable species may be has light gray mottles a problem when establishing a new forest crop. 38 to 46 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light gray, • Proper site preparation helps to control the plant and strong brown firm silty clay competition that may occur immediately after 46 to 72 inches—yellowish brown firm silty clay that planting. has gray mottles • Undesirable plants can be controlled by cultivating, cutting, or applying herbicides. Soil Properties and Qualities • See table 10 for specific information concerning Drainage class: Moderately well drained potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Permeability: Moderately slow Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: High Suitability: Well suited Seasonal high water table: Between depths of 24 and Management measures and considerations: 40 inches • The potential for openland and woodland wildlife Flooding: None habitat is good. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Habitat can be maintained or improved by providing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches food, cover, nesting areas, and den sites. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Field borders and filter strips provide good wildlife habitat. Use and Management • Trees or shrubs in small areas and along fence rows can break up large, open areas and provide Cropland food and cover to wildlife. Suitability: Well suited • Buffer zones along streams benefit wildlife as well Management measures and considerations: as control erosion. • The main limitation is the flooding. • Brushy thickets can be established by clearing • The wetness delays planting and harvesting in small areas in large tracts of mature woodland. some years. • Food plots or areas of green browse can be • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, established along logging roads and trails. and cover crops help to control erosion, increase • The habitat in areas of native plants can be the rate of water infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. improved by applying lime and fertilizer to the soil. • Den trees should not be harvested. Pasture and hay • Brush piles or other nesting sites are needed. Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Urban development • This soil has few limitations affecting the Suitability: Poorly suited management of pasture and hayland. Management measures and considerations: • The deferment of grazing when the soil is wet • The main limitations affecting urban uses are the minimizes compaction and damage to the stand wetness, the moderately slow permeability, the and helps to prevent excessive runoff. clayey subsoil, and the low soil strength. 136

• Special measures are needed to help overcome local roads and streets or if the soil is used as a subsurface drainage problems. source of roadfill. • This soil is best suited to dwellings without • Proper design, installation, and site preparation help basements. to overcome some of the soil limitations. • The moderately slow permeability and the clayey Interpretive Group subsoil are limitations affecting some sanitary facilities and building site development. Land capability classification: 2e • The low soil strength may be a problem on sites for 137

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of pasture is suggested in this section. The estimated the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust yields of the main crops and pasture plants are listed land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural for each soil, the system of land capability resources and the environment. Also, it can help to classification used by the Natural Resources prevent soil-related failures in land uses. Conservation Service is explained, and prime In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, farmland is discussed. conservationists, engineers, and others collect Planners of management systems for individual extensive field data about the nature and behavioral fields or farms should consider the detailed characteristics of the soils. They collect data on information given in the description of each soil under erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific affect various soil uses and management. Field information can be obtained from the local office of experience and collected data on soil properties and the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the performance are used as a basis in predicting soil Cooperative Extension Service. behavior. In 1996, more than 15,000 acres in Rhea County Information in this section can be used to plan the was used for crops and hay (26). The field crops use and management of soils for crops and pasture; suited to the soils and climate of Rhea County include woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, burley tobacco, soybeans, corn, and wheat. The highways and other transportation systems, and nearly level to sloping soils in the survey area parks and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife generally are well suited to row crops. Most of the row habitat. It can be used to identify the potentials and crops are grown on uplands and old stream terraces limitations of each soil for specific land uses and to because the acreage of bottomland is limited. The help prevent construction failures caused by broad ridges and more nearly level areas are suitable unfavorable soil properties. for grain crops. The very deep, well drained soils, Planners and others using soil survey information such as Etowah, Waynesboro, Dewey, and Fullerton can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on soils, are suited to tobacco and alfalfa. The more productivity and on the environment in all or part of sloping areas of Pailo, Fullerton, Townley, and Minvale the survey area. The survey can help planners to soils are commonly used for hay and pasture. In maintain or create a land use pattern in harmony with addition to the land currently being cropped, some the natural soil. land that is idle, wooded, or pastured has potential for Contractors can use this survey to locate sources use as cropland. Food production could be increased of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use considerably by applying soil and water conservation it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very practices to cropland in the survey area. Information firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. in this soil survey can facilitate the application of such Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and technology. others may also find this survey useful. The survey can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, Managing Cropland playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. The management systems needed on cropland are those that protect or improve the soil, help to control Crops, Pasture, and Hayland erosion, and minimize the pollution of water by Gregory L. Brann, Grazing Lands Specialist, Natural nutrients, soil particles, and pesticides carried in Resources Conservation Service, prepared this section. runoff. In Rhea County, soil erosion is a major hazard on most of the soils used for crops or pasture. It is a General management needed for crops and hazard where slopes are more than 2 percent. Dewey, 138 Soil Survey

Fullerton, Waynesboro, and Minvale are examples of done in areas that do not have smooth, uniform soils that have slopes of more than 2 percent. As the slopes. Although this is not as effective as contour slope increases, the hazard of erosion and the stripcropping, it does help to reduce erosion and difficulty in controlling erosion also increase. runoff. Loss of the surface layer through erosion is Concentrated flow areas (drainageways) should be damaging for two reasons. First, productivity is established and or maintained in permanent reduced as the surface layer is lost and part of the vegetation. It is important to install waterways with a subsoil is incorporated into the plow layer. Loss of the uniform grade and parabola (bowl shape). Fertilizer surface layer is especially damaging on soils that and lime should be applied to the grassed waterways have a clayey subsoil, such as Dewey, Waynesboro, when the crop or pasture field is fertilized. and Capshaw soils, and on soils that have a layer Soil wetness is a management concern on some below the subsoil that limits the depth of the root soils in the county. Some areas of moderately well zone, such as the bedrock in Townley, Lyerly, and drained soils, such as Hamblen and Wolftever soils, Apison soils. Second, erosion on farmland results in are used for cropland but wetness delays planting or the sedimentation of streams. Control of erosion hinders harvesting operations in some years. minimizes this pollution and improves the quality of Bloomingdale soils are poorly drained and are rarely water for municipal use, recreation, and fish and used for crop production. wildlife. Many soils on uplands and stream terraces are In many sloping areas of clayey soils, preparing a very strongly acid to moderately acid unless limed. good seedbed is difficult because the original friable Applications of ground limestone are needed to raise surface layer has been eroded. This degree of erosion the pH level sufficiently for the production of some is common in areas of Dewey, Waynesboro, Etowah, crops. The levels of available phosphorus and and Fullerton soils. Erosion-control practices provide potassium are naturally low in most of these soils. a protective surface cover, help to control runoff, and Additions of lime and fertilizer should be based on the increase the rate of water infiltration. A cropping results of a soil test, the needs of the crop, and a system that keeps a plant cover on the surface for realistic yield expectation. The Cooperative Extension extended periods generally can keep soil losses to an Service can help to determine the kind and amount of amount that does not reduce the productivity of fertilizer and lime needed and the proper method of the soil. In sloping areas on livestock farms, sod- application. based crop rotations and the inclusion of forage Some of the soils have a surface layer that is light crops of grasses and legumes in the cropping system in color and low in organic matter. A surface crust may help to control erosion. Forage crops can also add form during periods of heavy rainfall. The crust is hard nitrogen and/or organic matter to the soil and improve when dry and nearly impervious to water. It reduces soil tilth. the rate of water infiltration and increases the runoff Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the rate. Regular additions of crop residue, manure, and surface increase the rate of water infiltration and other organic material can improve soil structure and reduce the hazards of runoff and erosion (see minimize crusting. Most of the cropland in the survey table 5). These practices can be effective on most of area consists of soils that are subject to erosion if the soils in the survey area. In the more sloping areas they are plowed in the fall. used for corn or double-cropped soybeans, no-till Eroded, clayey soils, such as some Waynesboro farming is effective in controlling erosion. It takes and Dewey soils, become cloddy if they are plowed 3 to 5 years of conservation tillage before soil outside a narrow range in optimum moisture content. structure and weed control are improved and yields Fall plowing on such soils generally results in better stabilize. tilth in the spring. If plowing is done in the fall, fields Terraces and diversions reduce the length of should be plowed on the contour and drainageways slopes and thus help to control runoff and erosion. should be maintained in permanent vegetation. They are most effective on deep and very deep, well Plowed ground should be left rough over the winter. drained soils that have long uniform slopes. These are The content and size of rock fragments impairs the expensive structures and are only recommended tilth of some soils. Pailo and Rockdell soils and where conservation tillage and grassed waterways isolated areas of Fullerton soils may contain enough are not practical. rock fragments that the use of tillage implements is Contour farming and contour stripcropping help to impractical. Because tillage releases soil carbon, the control erosion. They are best suited to soils that have organic matter content and water-holding capacity of smooth, uniform slopes. Some field stripcropping is the soil are reduced. Rhea County, Tennessee 139

Managing Pasture and Hayland Renovation with legumes can increase forage yields in areas that have a 50 percent stand of grass. In 1997, there were about 12,000 beef and dairy Areas that have a grass stand of less than 50 percent cattle and calves in Rhea County. Most of the hayland should be reestablished to a grass-legume mixture. and pasture in the county supports a mixture of Stands that have greater than 50 percent stand of grasses and legumes. Much of the hay is grown in grass should be managed for grass only or the stand rotation with pasture. Most of the harvested hay is should be reduced to 50 percent through tillage or rolled into round bales. Some higher quality hay is chemical treatment. Renovation involves partial square baled or preserved as silage. destruction of the sod, applications of lime and A successful livestock enterprise depends on a fertilizer, and seeding of the desirable forage species. forage program that provides large quantities of good- Adding legumes to grass stands provides higher quality feed. Such a program can provide most of the quality feed. Legumes increase summer production feed for beef and dairy cattle. Renovation, pasture and take nitrogen from the air. It is estimated that rotation, proper fertility, the stockpiling of forages, and alfalfa can fix as much as 200 to 300 pounds of a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are nitrogen per acre per year; red clover, 100 to 200 important forage management practices. Grazing can pounds; ladino clover, 100 to 150 pounds; and Korean reduce cow cost by 50 to 65 percent. Grazing reduces lespedeza, 75 to 100 pounds. the cost of harvesting, storage, and feeding hay; Additional information about managing pasture and lengthens the grazing season; and improves harvest hayland can be obtained from the local office of the efficiency. Table 6 shows different grazing efficiencies Natural Resources Conservation Service or the for different rotational systems. Grazing heights Cooperative Extension Service. should be maintained within the heights listed in table 7 for best production. Yields per Acre The nearly level and gently sloping, deep and very deep, well drained soils can be planted to the highest The average yields per acre that can be expected producing crops, such as corn silage, alfalfa, or a of the principal crops under a high level of mixture of alfalfa and orchardgrass. Sod-forming management are shown in table 8. In any given year, grasses, such as tall fescue, minimize erosion in the yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in steeper areas. Legumes can be established through the table because of variations in rainfall and other renovation in areas that support sod-forming grasses. climatic factors. The land capability classification of Tall fescue is an important cool-season grass that each map unit also is shown in the tables. is suited to a wide range of soil conditions. It is grown The yields are based mainly on the experience and for both pasture and hay. The growth that occurs in records of farmers, conservationists, and extension the period of August through November is commonly agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and permitted to accumulate in the field and is stockpiled results of field trials and demonstrations are also for grazing late in fall and in winter. For maximum considered. production, as much as 60 pounds of nitrogen The management needed to obtain the indicated fertilizer should be applied during the stockpiling yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil period (September 1 through September 30). The rate and the crop. Management can include drainage, of application should be based on the desired erosion control, and protection from flooding; the production level, date, and available moisture. proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high Warm-season grasses should planted from April to yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; June 15. Where weeds are a potential problem, they control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; should be planted between June 1 and June 15. favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, Warm-season forages help to alleviate the summer phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each slump of cool-season grasses. They grow well during crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, warm periods. Their greatest growth occurs from mid- and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures June to September, which is the period when the the smallest possible loss. growth of cool-season grasses is slow. Examples of The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity warm-season grasses are introduced grasses, such of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are as bermudagrass, Caucasian bluestem, crabgrass, likely to increase as new production technology is pearl millet, and sudangrass hybrids, and native developed. The productivity of a given soil compared grasses, such as eastern gamagrass, switchgrass, with that of other soils, however, is not likely to big bluestem, and indiangrass. change. 140 Soil Survey

Crops other than those shown in table 8 are grown Capability subclasses are soil groups within one in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, because the acreage of such crops is small. The local w, or s, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide erosion unless close-growing plant cover is information about the management and productivity of maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil the soils for those crops. interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial Land Capability Classification drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony. Land capability classification shows, in a general In class 1 there are no subclasses because the way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops soils of this class have few limitations. The capability (31). Crops that require special management are classification of each map unit is given in the section excluded. The soils are grouped according to their “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in table 8. limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for crops, and the way they respond to Prime Farmland management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important landforming that would change slope, depth, or other farmland defined by the U.S. Department of characteristics of the soils, nor do they include Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and Capability classification is not a substitute for fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is interpretations designed to show suitability and limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes limitations of groups of soils for woodland and that responsible levels of government, as well as engineering purposes. individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise In the capability system, soils are generally use of our Nation’s prime farmland. grouped at three levels—capability class, subclass, Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department and unit. Only class and subclass are used in this of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of survey. physical and chemical characteristics for producing Capability classes, the broadest groups, are food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is designated by numerals 1 through 8. The numerals available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not choices for practical use. The classes are defined as urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil follows: qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are Class 1 soils have few limitations that restrict their those needed for the soil to economically produce use. sustained high yields of crops when proper Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that reduce management, including water management, and the choice of plants or that require moderate acceptable farming methods are applied. In general, conservation practices. prime farmland has an adequate and dependable Class 3 soils have severe limitations that reduce supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a the choice of plants or that require special favorable temperature and growing season, conservation practices, or both. acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable reduce the choice of plants or that require very to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or careful management, or both. saturated with water for long periods, and it is not Class 5 soils are not likely to erode but have other frequently flooded during the growing season or is limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. protected from flooding. The slope ranges mainly from Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make 0 to 6 percent. More detailed information about the them generally unsuitable for cultivation. criteria for prime farmland is available at the local Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. make them unsuitable for cultivation. About 27,800 acres in the survey area, or about 14 Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have percent of the total land acreage, meets the soil limitations that nearly preclude their use for requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of commercial crop production. this land are throughout the county, mainly in general Rhea County, Tennessee 141

soil map units 1, 3, 4, and 7, which are described the water table, is needed. Thus, criteria that identify under the heading “General Soil Map Units.” Common those estimated soil properties unique to hydric soils crops grown on this land are corn for grain and silage, have been established (7). These criteria are used to wheat and small grains for grain and silage, identify a phase of a soil series that normally is soybeans, alfalfa for hay, and other grasses and associated with wetlands. The criteria used are legumes for hay and pasture. selected estimated soil properties that are described A recent trend in land use in some parts of the in “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (15) and in the “Soil survey area has been the loss of some prime Survey Manual” (14). farmland to industrial and urban uses. The loss of If soils are wet enough for a long enough period to prime farmland to other uses puts pressure on be considered hydric, they should exhibit certain marginal lands, which generally are more erodible, properties that can be easily observed in the field. droughty, and less productive and cannot be easily These visible properties are indicators of hydric soils. cultivated. The indicators used to make onsite determinations The map units in the survey area that are of hydric soils in this survey area are specified in considered prime farmland are listed in table 9. This “Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States” list does not constitute a recommendation for a (9). particular land use. On some soils included in the list, Hydric soils are identified by examining and measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such describing the soil to a depth of about 20 inches. This as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. depth may be greater if determination of an Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or appropriate indicator so requires. It is always not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by recommended that soils be excavated and described corrective measures. The extent of each listed map to the depth necessary for an understanding of the unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the redoximorphic processes. Then, using the completed detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use soil descriptions, soil scientists can compare the soil and management are described under the heading features required by each indicator and specify which “Detailed Soil Map Units.” indicators have been matched with the conditions observed in the soil. The soil can be identified as a Hydric Soils hydric soil if at least one of the approved indicators is present. In this section, hydric soils are defined and The following map units meet the definition of described and the hydric soils in the survey area are hydric soils and, in addition, have at least one of the listed. hydric soil indicators. This list can help in planning The three essential characteristics of wetlands are land uses; however, onsite investigation is hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland recommended to determine the hydric soils on a hydrology (4, 11, 27, 28). Criteria for each of the specific site (9, 11). characteristics must be met for areas to be identified At Atkins loam, frequently flooded as wetlands. Undrained hydric soils that have natural Bm Bloomingdale silty clay loam, frequently vegetation should support a dominant population of flooded ecological wetland plant species. Hydric soils that Cr Cranmore loam, frequently flooded have been converted to other uses should be capable Kt Ketona-Tupelo complex, 0 to 3 percent of being restored to wetlands. slopes, frequently flooded (Ketona part) Hydric soils are defined by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) as soils that Map units that are made up of hydric soils may formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or have small areas, or inclusions, of nonhydric soils in ponding long enough during the growing season to the higher positions on the landform, and map units develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (6). made up of nonhydric soils may have inclusions of These soils are either saturated or inundated long hydric soils in the lower positions on the landform. enough during the growing season to support the The following map units, in general, do not meet growth and reproduction of hydrophytic vegetation. the definition of hydric soils because they do not have The NTCHS definition identifies general soil one of the hydric soil indicators. A portion of these properties that are associated with wetness. In order map units, however, may include hydric soils. Onsite to determine whether a specific soil is a hydric soil or investigation is recommended to determine whether a nonhydric soil, however, more specific information, hydric soils occur and the location of the included such as information about the depth and duration of hydric soils. 142 Soil Survey

Ac Allegheny-Cotaco complex, occasionally Extension Service can help to determine specific flooded forestland management needs. CaB Capshaw silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Table 10 can be used by woodland owners or Cb Cobstone very stony loam, 0 to 3 percent forest managers in planning the use of soils for wood slopes, rarely flooded crops. Only those soils suitable for wood crops are CDB Cobstone-Shady-Urban land complex, 0 to 5 listed. percent slopes, rarely flooded In table 10, slight, moderate, and severe indicate CeC Colbert and Lyerly soils, 2 to 12 percent the degree of the major soil limitations to be slopes, very rocky considered in management. Ha Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will Pp Pope and Philo loams, frequently flooded occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where Sm Shady loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire occasionally flooded lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have WfB Wolftever silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates Woodland Management and that no particular prevention measures are needed Productivity under ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that erosion-control measures are needed in Originally, all of Rhea County was forested. As the certain silvacultural activities. A rating of severe county was settled, much of the land was cleared for indicates that special precautions are needed to agricultural purposes. In 1989, about 126,400 acres control erosion in most silvacultural activities. were in forest. Of this total, 5,500 acres were federally Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics owned, 44,000 acres were owned by individuals, and conditions of the soil that restrict use of the 27,500 acres were part of farms, and 44,000 acres equipment generally needed in woodland were owned or leased by the forest industry (26). management or harvesting. The chief characteristics The soils in the county can produce good or and conditions considered in the ratings are slope, excellent stands of commercial hardwood and stones on the surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, pulpwood species. In most areas additional and texture of the surface layer. A rating of slight management is needed to achieve the best potential indicates that under normal conditions the kind of production. On better sites, plant competition from equipment and season of use are not significantly undesirable species is a major concern when restricted by soil factors. Soil wetness can restrict establishing a new forest crop. Thinning out mature equipment use, but the wet period does not exceed 1 trees and undesirable species improves production on month. A rating of moderate indicates that equipment most established sites. Species conversion and use is moderately restricted because of one or more increased stocking rates are also needed in some soil factors. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts native areas to improve production. Protection from equipment use for a period of 1 to 3 months. A rating grazing and fire and control of disease and insects of severe indicates that equipment use is severely also can improve the stands. restricted either as to the kind of equipment that can The largest areas of forestland are in general soil be used or the season of use. If the soil is wet, the map units 1, 2, 4, and 6, which are described in the wetness restricts equipment use for more than 3 section “General Soil Map Units.” The common months. commercial species in the county are loblolly pine, Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally shortleaf pine, and Virginia pine. Upland oaks, red occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by maple, hickory, and yellow-poplar are dominant in the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic areas of native forest. conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for Soils vary in their ability to produce trees. Available seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, water capacity and depth of the root zone have major depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of effects on tree growth. In addition to soils, elevation, the period when the water table is high, rock aspect, and climate determine the kinds of trees that fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, can be grown on a site. and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that The Natural Resources Conservation Service, the seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under Tennessee Division of Forestry, or the Cooperative normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 Rhea County, Tennessee 143

percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some Recreation problems from seedling mortality can be expected. Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is Rhea County has many outdoor recreational 25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that facilities. Five natural or pocket wilderness areas are seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra located in the county and have trails for hiking and precautions are important. Replanting may be rocks for climbing. These areas are Laurel-Snow necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 Pocket Wilderness, Buzzard Point, Stinging Fork percent. Pocket Wilderness, Twin Rocks Nature Trail, and Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be Piney Falls. In 1998, Tennessee State Parks uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep announced the creation of the Cumberland Trail State enough for adequate root anchorage. The main Park. This linear park is the only one of its kind in the restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high State. Areas of Stinging Fork, Piney River, Twin water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or Rocks, and Laurel-Snow are part of the overall trail other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that project because the Cumberland Trail State Park under normal conditions no trees are blown down by contains segments of them (25). Walking trails, picnic the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they areas, and playgrounds are included in four parks— do not uproot them. A rating of moderate indicates two in Dayton, one in Graysville, and one in Spring that some trees can be blown down during periods City. Rhea Springs Park and Recreation Area is when the soil is wet and winds are moderate or located in the northeastern part of the county. One strong. A rating of severe indicates that many trees golf course and one public pool are available. can be blown down during these periods. Excellent areas for boating, fishing, and water sports Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to are provided by the county’s two lakes on the which undesirable species are expected to invade and Tennessee River—Chickamauga Lake and Watts Bar grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The Lake. Two public hunting areas are located near the main factors that affect plant competition are depth to Tennessee River. The Chickamauga Wildlife the water table and the available water capacity. A Management Area and the Yuchi Refuge at Smith rating of slight indicates that competition from Bend are managed by the Tennessee Wildlife undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural Resources Agency. Rules and regulations concerning regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. the use of these areas change periodically. Planted seedlings can become established without Rhea County has high potential for most types of undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that recreational development. Attention should be given competition may delay the establishment of desirable to such soil characteristics as depth, permeability, species. Competition may hamper stand texture, slope, and drainage when recreational development, but it will not prevent the eventual enterprises are developed. development of fully stocked stands. A rating of The soils of the survey area are rated in table 11 severe indicates that competition can be expected to according to limitations that affect their suitability for prevent regeneration unless precautionary measures recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil are applied. features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the The potential productivity of merchantable or surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index. Not considered in the ratings, but important in The site index is the average height, in feet, that evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of dominant and codominant trees of a given species the area, the size and shape of the area and its attain in a specified number of years. The site index scenic quality, vegetation, access to water, potential applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged water impoundment sites, and access to public sewer stands. Commonly grown trees are those lines. The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank that woodland managers generally favor in effluent and the ability of the soil to support vegetation intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are are also important. Soils subject to flooding are limited selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, for recreational uses by the duration and intensity of and marketability. flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In The first tree listed under common trees for a soil is planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of the indicator species for that soil. the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of Suggested trees to plant are those that are suitable flooding is essential. for commercial wood production. In table 11, the degree of soil limitation is 144 Soil Survey

expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight They have moderate slopes and no stones or means that soil properties are generally favorable and boulders on the surface. The suitability of the soil for that limitations are minor and easily overcome. tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are Wildlife Habitat unfavorable and that limitations can be offset only by Michael E. Zeman, Biologist, Natural Resources Conservation costly soil reclamation, special design, intensive Service, prepared this section. maintenance, limited use, or by a combination of these measures. Wildlife is an important natural resource of Rhea The information in table 11 can be supplemented County. It provides a source of revenue, through sport by other information in this survey, for example, hunting, and recreational opportunities, such as interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in photography and fishing. Popular game species table 14 and interpretations for dwellings without include bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit, whitetail deer, basements and for local roads and streets in table 13. mourning dove, gray squirrel, and fox squirrel. Camp areas require site preparation, such as The whitetail deer is the most popular game animal shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, in the county. Deer populations are moderate and stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and have grown considerably over the past 20 years. installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp Harvest records from the Tennessee Wildlife areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some Resources Agency (TWRA) indicate that essentially vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and no deer were harvested in 1976 but nearly 1,900 deer are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of were harvested in 1996. The eastern wild turkey was use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, eliminated from the county by the 1950’s but has absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not since been reintroduced. Turkey populations remain dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders low, but huntable populations now occur in the county can greatly increase the cost of constructing due to the TWRA restoration program and campsites. management of the habitat. Over 100 birds were Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most harvested in 2000. The number of bobwhite quail in vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and the county is low. The highest populations of bobwhite parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm quail are in areas where cropland is adjacent to when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to brushy fencerows or idle areas of native warm-season flooding during the period of use, and do not have grasses that provide cover. The cottontail rabbit slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of population is moderate in the county. Good numbers shaping sites or of building access roads and parking occur across the county in areas where agricultural areas. lands that are intermixed with low brushy cover Playgrounds require soils that can withstand provide the best habitat. The population of mourning intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level dove is typically low in the county. Fall migrants of this and are not wet or subject to flooding during the game bird typically utilize crop fields, such as fields of season of use. The surface is free of stones and corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans, or fields recently boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. planted to wheat. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over There are three species of squirrels in the county bedrock or a hardpan should be considered. and all occur in good numbers. Both the gray squirrel Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding and the primarily nocturnal southern flying squirrel should require little or no cutting and filling. The best occur in good to excellent numbers throughout the soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty hardwood forests. The fox squirrel typically occurs in when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than lower numbers and generally inhabits areas along once a year during the period of use. They have woodland edges and woody fencerows near moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on agricultural lands that are used for crop production. the surface. Squirrel populations vary greatly from year to year, Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and depending on the production of hard mast, such as some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be acorns, hickory nuts, and beechnuts. Waterfowl required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are numbers are low in the county. The most common firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not species migrating through the county include the subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. wood duck, mallard, gadwall, and Canada goose. The Rhea County, Tennessee 145

highest numbers typically occur along the warm-water streams, in addition to parts of Chickamauga and Watts Bar Reservoir or along the Chickamauga and Watts Bar Reservoirs. Major main watercourses that have associated wetland streams of the county and tributaries to the wildlife habitat. Upland farm ponds and small lakes Tennessee River include Roaring Creek, the Piney are often used for resting and roosting. Several River, Whites Creek, and Richland Creek. These and species of furbearers occur in the county. Wetland other streams provide about 475 acres of aquatic furbearers include mink, muskrat, and beaver. They habitat and support populations of largemouth bass, can be found in moderate or high numbers along smallmouth bass, rock bass, bluegill, green sunfish, streams, small lakes, and farm ponds. Upland channel catfish, and several species of minnows and furbearers are common and abundant throughout the darters. Most of the streams are moderately county. They include bobcat, opossum, raccoon, gray productive with fair populations of warm-water fish. In fox, striped skunk, and coyote. the past there have been at least two commercial Many nongame species occur in abundance aquaculture operations in the county near Spring City. throughout the county. Different species of songbirds, Fish species raised included channel catfish, rainbow both resident and migratory, are associated with trout, and various species of minnows. Overall, the different plant communities. Woodland birds include topography renders much of the county unsuitable for the Carolina chickadee, tufted titmouse, pileated extensive commercial pond construction. The most woodpecker, and warblers. Openland birds include common aquifer that may provide adequate supplies robins, meadowlarks, and various sparrows. Common of good-quality water is the East Tennessee Aquifer. birds of prey include the red-tailed hawk, sparrow This aquifer generally provides drinking water hawk, barred owl, and screech owl. Common reptiles supplies within a depth of 300 feet, but the depth to and amphibians include the eastern box turtle, large quantities of suitable water that may be needed hognose snake, copperhead snake, bullfrog, and for aquaculture production remains unclear. There are dusky salamander. Common small mammals include some outcrop springs associated with this aquifer. hispid cotton rats, moles, shrews, and other rodents. Excluding artificial wetlands, such as upland farm The relative abundance of nongame species is ponds, there are several acres of natural wetlands in dependent upon the type and quality of habitat the county. In the 1980’s, the State of Tennessee available. estimated that there were about 2,300 acres of State and federally listed threatened or endangered wetlands in Rhea County. Most of the natural wildlife species that may occur in the county include wetlands are along stream courses that have native several species of mussels and fish and several plant communities consisting of herbaceous plants, including dwarf milkwort and prairie goldenrod. vegetation. A few bottomland hardwood wetlands Rare species that may migrate through the county remain, and these provide some of the most include the bald eagle and Bachman’s sparrow. Other productive wildlife habitat in the county. The migrators include the peregrine falcon, osprey, sharp- bottomland hardwoods improve the water quality of shinned hawk, and Cooper’s hawk. streams by removing nutrients and trapping sediment Some of the soils in the county, such as the flatter from upland runoff, lowering water temperatures areas of Wolftever, Dewey, Etowah, and Collegedale through providing shade, and providing leaf litter that soils, have only slight or moderate limitations affecting serves as the foundation for aquatic food chains. the impoundment of water. Other soils, such as the Conservation practices improve or provide quality steeper areas of Fullerton, Pailo, Capshaw, and Gilpin wildlife habitat. On cropland, planned crop rotations soils, may have severe limitations affecting sites for and crop residue management provide food and ponds because of the excessive slopes or the winter cover for many species of wildlife. On susceptibility to seepage. Most of the ponds in the grasslands, deferred grazing of livestock and fencing county are used for livestock water, but many are also help to protect food plots and nesting cover and also stocked with fish and can be used for recreational help to protect fish habitat through providing fishing. Common fish species that are stocked include streambank protection. Field borders, filter strips, and largemouth bass, bluegill sunfish, and channel catfish. forested riparian buffers along streams help to protect The water in ponds is typically acidic because of the water quality and provide food, cover, and travel lanes pH of the majority of the soils. As a result, the for many species of wildlife. Native, tall, warm-season production of fish may be limited. Few privately owned grasses are the most beneficial for these types of ponds are being intensively managed for the areas. Selective thinning of woodlands should be production of fish. carried out in a manner that protects den trees and Rhea County has a total of about 106 miles of the best mast-producing trees. Other practices that 146 Soil Survey

can improve wildlife habitat include upland wildlife The elements of wildlife habitat are described in habitat management, wetland wildlife habitat the following paragraphs. management, fish pond management, prescribed Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and grazing, livestock exclusion, and woodland seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties improvement. Conversely, some practices are harmful and features that affect the growth of grain and seed to wildlife. The most common practices include crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the indiscriminate burning, indiscriminate use of surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, pesticides, heavy grazing, complete clean mowing in slope, surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil the growing (nesting) season, clean fall plowing, temperature and soil moisture are also extensive clearcutting of timber, draining and clearing considerations. Examples of grain and seed crops are of wetlands, and removal of den and all mast- corn, wheat, oats, and barley. producing trees. Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial Technical assistance in the planning or application grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and of wildlife conservation practices can be obtained features that affect the growth of grasses and from the Natural Resources Conservation Service; legumes are depth of the root zone, texture of the the University of Tennessee, Agricultural Extension surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, Service; the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency; or surface stoniness, flooding, and slope. Soil the Tennessee Division of Forestry. temperature and soil moisture are also Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that considerations. Examples of grasses and legumes are is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also timothy, orchardgrass, annual lespedeza, clover, and affect the construction of water impoundments. The alfalfa. kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by properties and features that affect the growth of these planting the appropriate vegetation, by maintaining plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the the existing plant cover, or by promoting the natural surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, establishment of desirable plants. surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and In table 12, the soils in the survey area are rated soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of according to their potential for providing habitat for wild herbaceous plants are common ragweed, various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used goldenrod, beggarweed, partridge pea, common in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, pokeweed, broom sedge, switchgrass, and big and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils bluestem. that are suitable for establishing, improving, or Hardwood trees and woody understory produce maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and determining the intensity of management needed for foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the each element of the habitat. growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, blackberry, and blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can good are silky dogwood, wild plum, and crabapple. be established, improved, or maintained in most Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil places. Moderately intensive management is required properties and features that affect the growth of for satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth limitations are severe for the designated element or of the root zone, available water capacity, and kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine and maintained in most places, but management is cedar. difficult and must be intensive. A rating of very poor Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild indicates that restrictions for the element or kind of herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. habitat are very severe and that unsatisfactory results Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. can be expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants habitat is impractical or impossible. are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, Rhea County, Tennessee 147

salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, rushes, in the design and construction of engineering works. sedges, and cattails. Government ordinances and regulations that Shallow water areas have an average depth of less restrict certain land uses or impose specific design than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are criteria were not considered in preparing the created by embankments, dikes, levees, or other information in this section. Local ordinances and water-control structures. Soil properties and features regulations should be considered in planning, in site affecting shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, selection, and in design. wetness, surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Soil properties, site features, and observed Examples of shallow water areas are marshes, performance were considered in determining the waterfowl feeding areas, and ponds. ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described survey, determinations were made about grain-size in the following paragraphs. distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of areas include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed sparrow, cottontail, and red fox. cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and available water capacity, and other behavioral associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous characteristics affecting engineering uses. plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild This information can be used to evaluate the turkey, ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes, potential of areas for residential, commercial, woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, deer, and a industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary variety of nongame birds. estimates of construction conditions; evaluate Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, marshy or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate wildlife attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank herons, shore birds, muskrat, mink, and beaver. absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate Engineering potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, This section provides information for planning land terraces, and other structures for soil and water uses related to urban development and to water conservation; and predict performance of proposed management. Soils are rated for various uses, and small structures and pavements by comparing the the most limiting features are identified. Ratings are performance of existing similar structures on the given for building site development, sanitary facilities, same or similar soils. construction materials, and water management. The The information in the tables, along with the soil ratings are based on observed performance of the maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in soils and on the estimated data and test data in the this survey, can be used to make additional “Soil Properties” section. interpretations. Information in this section is intended for land use Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for special meaning in soil science and are defined in the planning site investigations prior to design and Glossary. construction. The information, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data Building Site Development generally apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small Table 13 shows the degree and kind of soil areas of different soils may be included within the limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings mapped areas of a specific soil. with and without basements, small commercial The information is not site specific and does not buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if 148 Soil Survey

soil properties and site features are generally Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf favorable for the indicated use and limitations are and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil and maintained. The ratings are based on soil properties or site features are not favorable for the properties, site features, and observed performance indicated use and special planning, design, or of the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the bedrock, and the available water capacity in the upper limitations; and severe if soil properties or site 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or that special design, significant increases in organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability construction costs, and possibly increased after vegetation is established. maintenance are required. Special feasibility studies may be required where the soil limitations are severe. Sanitary Facilities Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, Table 14 shows the degree and kind of soil utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations observed performance of the soils. The ease of are considered slight if soil properties and site digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the features are generally favorable for the indicated use depth to bedrock, or a very firm dense layer; stone and limitations are minor and easily overcome; content; soil texture; and slope. The time of the year moderate if soil properties or site features are not that excavations can be made is affected by the depth favorable for the indicated use and special planning, to a seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or the soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties walls or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to soil texture and depth to the water table. overcome that special design, significant increases in Dwellings and small commercial buildings are construction costs, and possibly increased structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed maintenance are required. soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family Table 14 also shows the suitability of the soils for dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good made for small commercial buildings without indicates that soil properties and site features are basements, for dwellings with basements, and for favorable for the use and good performance and low dwellings without basements. The ratings are based maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil on soil properties, site features, and observed properties and site features are moderately favorable performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, for the use and one or more soil properties or site and shrinking and swelling, can cause the movement features make the soil less desirable than the soils of footings. A high water table, depth to bedrock, large rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil stones, slope, and flooding affect the ease of properties or site features are unfavorable for the use excavation and construction. Landscaping and and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 special design, extra maintenance, or costly feet are not considered. alteration. Local roads and streets have an all-weather Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that a base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings site features, and observed performance of the soils. are based on soil properties, site features, and Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large a high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope stones and bedrock interfere with installation. affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank strength (as inferred from the engineering absorption fields, including excessively slow classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, and absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and depth to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting hillside seepage, can affect public health. Ground capacity. water can be polluted if highly permeable sand and Rhea County, Tennessee 149

gravel or fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below rated slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite the base of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, investigation is needed. or if the water table is near the surface. There must be Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field used to cover compacted solid waste in an area to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, require that this material be of a certain thickness. transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the affect the ease of removing and spreading the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides subject to wind erosion. is required to minimize seepage and contamination of After soil material has been removed, the soil ground water. material remaining in the borrow area must be thick Table 14 gives ratings for the natural soil that enough over bedrock or the water table to permit makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer are excavated to provide material for the layer generally has the best workability, more organic embankments. The ratings are based on soil matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from properties, site features, and observed performance the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the of the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, final cover. permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, flooding, and large stones. Construction Materials Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Table 15 gives information about the soils as a enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater topsoil. They are rated as probable or improbable overtops the lagoon. Slope and bedrock can cause sources of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on construction problems, and large stones can hinder soil properties and site features that affect the compaction of the lagoon floor. removal of the soil and its use as construction Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is material. Normal compaction, minor processing, and disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types other standard construction practices are assumed. of landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the Each soil is evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at place and used in road embankments in another the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of successive layers on the surface of the soil. The roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a feet high and less exacting in design than higher thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. embankments. Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy The ratings are for the soil material below the vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and should be considered. spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting The ratings in table 14 are based on soil suitability within their profile. Table 17 shows the properties, site features, and observed performance engineering index properties and provides detailed of the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high information about each soil layer. This information can water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of help to determine the suitability of each layer for use landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, and soil reaction as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized affect trench type landfills. Unless otherwise stated, with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. the ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a The ratings are based on soil properties, site depth of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation features, and observed performance of the soils. The 150 Soil Survey

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. ease of excavating, loading, and spreading is affected The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a by rock fragments, slope, a water table, soil texture, high water table, and slope. How well the soil and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation of the performs in place after it has been compacted and borrow area is affected by slope, a water table, rock drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from fragments, and bedrock. the engineering classification of the soil) and shrink- Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a swell potential. depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones Soils rated good contain significant amounts of and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of of less than 8 percent. They are naturally fertile or suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few respond well to fertilizer, and are not so wet that cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. excavation is difficult. Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or of 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a not so wet that excavation is difficult. plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have potential, many stones, or slopes of more than 25 less than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large percent. They are wet and have a water table at a amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than depth of less than 1 foot. They may have layers of 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water table at or suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet near the surface. thick. The surface layer of most soils is generally Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter commercial use with a minimum of processing. They content. Organic matter greatly increases the are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for for each use vary widely. In table 15, only the plant growth. probability of finding material in suitable quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific Water Management purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect excavation of the material. Table 16 gives information on the soil properties The properties used to evaluate the soil as a and site features that affect water management. The source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond (as indicated by the engineering classification of the reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and soil), the thickness of suitable material, and the aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are content of rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and considered slight if soil properties and site features stratification are given in the soil series descriptions. are generally favorable for the indicated use and Gradation of grain sizes is given in table 17, which limitations are minor and are easily overcome; shows the engineering index properties. moderate if soil properties or site features are not A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of favorable for the indicated use and special planning, clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or is up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to large stones. All other soils are rated as an overcome that special design, significant increase in improbable source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, construction costs, and possibly increased such as shale and siltstone, are not considered to be maintenance are required. sand and gravel. This table also gives for each soil the restrictive Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and can be established and maintained. The upper 40 diversions, and grassed waterways. inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low area. seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The Plant growth is affected by such properties as soil seepage potential is determined by the permeability reaction, available water capacity, and fertility. The of the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other Rhea County, Tennessee 151

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the movement; permeability; depth to a high water table storage capacity of the reservoir area. or depth of standing water if the soil is subject to Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised ponding; slope; and susceptibility to flooding. structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet Excavating and grading and the stability of ditch high, constructed to impound water or to protect land banks are affected by depth to bedrock, large stones, against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a slope, and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The source of material for embankment fill. The ratings productivity of the soil after drainage may be apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a adversely affected by acidity. Availability of drainage depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will outlets is not considered in the ratings. be uniformly mixed and compacted during Irrigation is the controlled application of water to construction. supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural design and management of an irrigation system are soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a affected by depth to the water table, the need for depth even greater than the height of the drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake embankment can affect performance and safety of the rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is construction of a system is affected by large stones needed to determine these properties. and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is Soil material in embankments must be resistant to affected by the depth of the root zone and soil seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable reaction. compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features Terraces and diversions are embankments or a include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high combination of channels and ridges constructed content of stones or boulders. A high water table across a slope to control erosion and conserve affects the amount of usable material. It also affects moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large trafficability. stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts of terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth a severe hazard of water erosion, an excessively below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds coarse texture, and restricted permeability adversely that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment affect maintenance. ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the Grassed waterways are natural or constructed original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct depth to a permanent water table and permeability of surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. the aquifer. Depth to bedrock and the content of large Large stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock stones affect the ease of excavation. affect the construction of grassed waterways. Low Drainage is the removal of excess surface and available water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and subsurface water from the soil. How easily and restricted permeability adversely affect the growth effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to and maintenance of the grass after construction. bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water

153

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during properties that affect their use as construction the course of the soil survey. The data and the material. Soils are classified according to grain-size estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in are explained on the following pages. diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, Estimates of soil properties are based on field and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field and OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils observations, verify properties that cannot be exhibiting engineering properties of two groups can estimated accurately by field observation, and help to have a dual classification, for example, CL-ML. characterize key soils. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to The estimates of soil properties shown in the those properties that affect roadway construction and tables include the range of grain-size distribution and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified the physical and chemical properties of the major in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the layers of each soil. Pertinent soil and water features basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and also are given. plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other Engineering Index Properties extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis Table 17 gives estimates of the engineering of visual inspection. classification and of the range of index properties for Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a soils have layers of contrasting properties within the percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The upper 5 or 6 feet. percentages are estimates determined mainly by Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each converting volume percentage in the field to weight layer is indicated. The range in depth and information percentage. on other properties of each layer are given for each Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than Morphology.” 3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The Texture is given in the standard terms used by the sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and 0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 on laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil area and in nearby areas and on estimates made in that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and the field. less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” estimates are based on test data from the survey Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. area or from nearby areas and on field examination. Classification of the soils is determined according to the Unified soil classification system (2) and the Physical and Chemical Properties system adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (1). Table 18 shows estimates of some characteristics The Unified system classifies soils according to and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates 154 Soil Survey

are given for the layers of each soil in the survey area. water that the soil is capable of storing for use by The estimates are based on field observations and on plants. The capacity for water storage is given in test data for these and similar soils. inches of water per inch of soil for each soil layer. The Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each capacity varies, depending on soil properties that layer is indicated. affect retention of water. The most important Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. properties are the content of organic matter, soil The pH of each soil horizon is based on many field texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available tests. For many soils, values have been verified by water capacity is an important factor in the choice of laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in plants or crops to be grown and in the design and selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil management of irrigation systems. Available water amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water determining the risk of corrosion. actually available to plants at any given time. Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased diameter. In table 18, the estimated clay content of from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of volume change between the water content of the clod 1 1 the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in at /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and diameter. oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and table as percent change for the whole soil. Volume physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil change is influenced by the amount and type of clay to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They minerals in the soil. influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink- plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil swell potential of soils. The shrink-swell potential is properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also low if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3 affect tillage and earthmoving operations. percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9 Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (oven dry) percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If the per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and 1 1 at /3- or /10-bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture tension. other structures and to plant roots. Special design Weight is determined after the soil is dried at 105 commonly is needed. degrees C. In the table, the estimated moist bulk Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in density of each soil horizon is expressed in grams per the soil at various stages of decomposition. In cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 table 18, the estimated content of organic matter is millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil compute shrink-swell potential, available water material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The content of organic matter in a soil can be The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore maintained by returning crop residue to the soil. space available for water and roots. Depending on soil Organic matter has a positive effect on available texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict water capacity, water infiltration, soil organism activity, water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of for crops and soil organisms. organic matter, and soil structure. Erosion factors are shown in table 18 as the K Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K water or air. The term “permeability,” as used in soil indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic conductivity erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in

(Ksat). The estimates in the table indicate the rate of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the water movement, in inches per hour, when the soil is Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to saturated. They are based on soil characteristics predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The and texture. Permeability is considered in the design estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and fields. permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the Rhea County, Tennessee 155

more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion Water Features by water. Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the Table 20 gives estimates of various water features. whole soil. The estimates are modified by the The estimates are used in land use planning that presence of rock fragments. involves engineering considerations. Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of fine-earth fraction, or the material less than 2 runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four millimeters in size. groups according to the rate of water infiltration when Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum the soils are not protected by vegetation, are average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- that can occur without affecting crop productivity over duration storms. a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per The four hydrologic soil groups are: year. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist Soil Features mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate Table 19 gives estimates of various soil features. of water transmission. The estimates are used in land use planning that Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate involves engineering considerations. when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or has one or more physical or chemical properties that well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to significantly impede the movement of water and air moderately coarse texture. These soils have a through the soil or that restrict roots or otherwise moderate rate of water transmission. provide an unfavorable root environment. Examples Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when are bedrock, cemented layers, and dense layers. The thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a table indicates the hardness of the restrictive layer, layer that impedes the downward movement of water which significantly affects the ease of excavation. or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. Depth to top is the vertical distance from the These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. soil surface to the upper boundary of the restrictive Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate layer. (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of have a clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors are shallow over nearly impervious material. These as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and soils have a very slow rate of water transmission. electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion The months in the table indicate the portion of the of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium year in which the feature is most likely to be a content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the concern. soil. Special site examination and design may be Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil. needed if the combination of factors results in a Table 20 indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper severe hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits layers is more susceptible to corrosion than steel or are based mainly on observations of the water table concrete in installations that are entirely within one at selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, soil layer. namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for expressed as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil less than a month is not considered a water table. drainage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from saturation extract. adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered expressed as low, moderate, or high. It is based on flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the is considered ponding rather than flooding. saturation extract. Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is 156

expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours, less than 50 percent in all months in any year); and very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long very frequent that it is likely to occur very often under if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding is Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare, more than 50 percent in all months of any year). occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means The information is based on evidence in the soil that flooding is not probable; very rare that it is very profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1 matter content with increasing depth; and little or no percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but horizon development. possible under unusual weather conditions (the Also considered are local information about the chance of flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); extent and levels of flooding and relation of each soil occasional that it occurs infrequently under normal on the landscape to historic floods. Information on the weather conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific percent in any year); frequent that it is likely to occur than that provided by detailed engineering surveys often under normal weather conditions (the chance of that delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood flooding is more than 50 percent in any year but is frequency levels. 157

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the typifies the great group. An example is Typic National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories Paleudults. (15, 16). Beginning with the broadest, these FAMILY. Families are established within a categories are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based properties and other characteristics that affect on soil properties observed in the field or inferred management. Generally, the properties are those of from those observations or from laboratory horizons below plow depth where there is much measurements. Table 21 shows the classification of biological activity. Among the properties and the soils in the survey area. The categories are characteristics considered are particle size, mineral defined in the following paragraphs. content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, reaction, ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The and clay activity. A family name consists of the name differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil forming processes and the degree of soil formation. properties. An example is fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An Paleudults. example is Ultisol. SERIES. The series consists of soils within a SUBORDER. Each order is divided into family that have horizons similar in color, texture, suborders primarily on the basis of properties that structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical influence soil genesis and are important to plant composition, and arrangement in the profile. growth or properties that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An Soil Series and Their Morphology example is Udult (Ud, meaning humid, plus ult, from In this section, each soil series recognized in the Ultisol). survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into and the material in which it formed are identified for great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area arrangement, and degree of development of of soil that is typical of the series in the survey area is pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature described. The detailed description of each soil regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” great group is identified by the name of a suborder (14). Many of the technical terms used in the and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (16) and example is Paleudults (Pale, meaning old, plus udult, in “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (15). Unless otherwise the suborder of the Ultisols that has a udic moisture indicated, colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. regime). Following the pedon description is the range of SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic important characteristics of the soils in the series. subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or The map units of each soil series are described in extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” of the great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some Allegheny Series properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other Depth class: Very deep taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one Drainage class: Well drained or more adjectives preceding the name of the great Permeability: Moderate group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Mountains 158 Soil Survey

Position on the landform: Footslopes, stream terraces, Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in and alluvial fans limed areas Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium from sandstone, siltstone, and shale Ap horizon: Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Associated soils: Cotaco soils in landform positions Value—4 or 5 similar to those of the Allegheny soils; Atkins, Chroma—2 to 4 Pope, and Philo soils on adjacent flood plains Texture—loam Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent mesic Typic Hapludults BE horizon: Typical Pedon Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—4 to 6 Allegheny loam in an area of Allegheny-Cotaco Chroma—3 to 8 complex, occasionally flooded; in Morgan County, Texture—loam or silt loam Tennessee; on a stream terrace in a field on the north Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent bank of the Emory River, about 300 feet south of Macedonia Church and 6 miles east of Gobey; USGS Bt horizon: Gobey Quadrangle: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—4 or 5 Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak Chroma—3 to 8 medium granular structure; very friable; few fine Mottles and redoximorphic features (if they roots; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. occur)—mottles in shades of yellow, red, or BE—6 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) brown; iron depletions in shades of gray occur loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; below the upper 24 inches in some pedons few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; strongly Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay acid; gradual smooth boundary. loam, or sandy clay loam Bt1—12 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent 4/6) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium BC horizon: tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of Hue—7.5YR or 10YR peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 Bt2—21 to 36 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Chroma—3 to 8 4/6) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium Mottles and redoximorphic features (if they subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine occur)—mottles in shades of yellow, red, gray, and medium tubular pores and few vesicular or brown; iron depletions in shades of gray; iron pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 15 and manganese concentrations, masses, and percent sandstone gravel as much as 2 inches concretions in shades of brown, red, or black across; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, fine BC—36 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam gravelly clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent structure; friable; many fine and medium tubular pores; 15 percent sandstone gravel as much as 2 C horizon: inches across; strongly acid; clear smooth Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—4 to 6 C—48 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Chroma—3 to 8 gravelly sandy loam; massive; very friable; 35 Mottles and redoximorphic features (if they percent sandstone gravel as much as 3 inches occur)—mottles in shades of yellow, red, or across; very strongly acid. brown; iron depletions in shades of gray; iron and manganese concentrations, masses, and Range in Characteristics concretions in shades of brown, red, or black Thickness of the solum: 30 to more than 60 inches Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, or sandy clay Size and kind of rock fragments: Commonly gravel of loam sandstone and shale Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent Rhea County, Tennessee 159

Allen Series distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent subrounded soft sandstone Depth class: Very deep gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt5—56 to 72 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) gravelly Permeability: Moderate sandy clay loam; common medium distinct strong Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges brown (7.5YR 5/6) and red (2.5YR 4/6) mottles; and Valleys; near the base of the Escarpment of weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains distinct clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent Position on the landform: Footslopes and side slopes subrounded soft sandstone gravel; very strongly Parent material: Colluvium and alluvium from acid. sandstone and shale Range in Characteristics Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Associated soils: Jefferson, Bouldin, Gilpin, and Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Shady soils in landform positions similar to those Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches of the Allen soils Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, of sandstone and shale thermic Typic Paleudults Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except in limed areas Typical Pedon Ap horizon: Allen loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in Rhea County, Hue—10YR Tennessee; about 4.8 miles north of Spring City on Value—3 to 5 U.S. Highway 27, about 0.8 mile northwest on Chroma—2 to 4 Caywood Road, 300 feet north of Caywood Road, on Texture—loam a footslope in a pasture; USGS Spring City Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent Quadrangle: Bt horizon: Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR medium granular structure; very friable; common Value—4 to 6 fine roots; 2 percent rounded sandstone gravel; Chroma—4 to 8 moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Mottles (if they occur)—in shades of red, brown, Bt1—6 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay or yellow loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, structure; friable; common fine roots; common sandy clay loam, or loam; some horizons below distinct clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent a depth of about 36 inches are clay rounded sandstone gravel; strongly acid; clear Content of rock fragments—0 to 25 percent wavy boundary. Bt2—30 to 42 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay loam; common medium distinct strong brown Altavista Series (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Depth class: Very deep many distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 Drainage class: Moderately well drained percent rounded sandstone gravel; very strongly Permeability: Moderate acid; clear wavy boundary. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Bt3—42 to 48 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly and Valleys sandy clay loam; common medium faint strong Position on the landform: Stream terraces brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium Parent material: Alluvium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common Slope range: 1 to 5 percent distinct clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent Associated soils: Wolftever soils in landform positions rounded sandstone gravel; very strongly acid; similar to those of the Altavista soils; Hamblen clear wavy boundary. soils on adjacent flood plains; Etowah, Holston, Bt4—48 to 56 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay and Waynesboro soils on the higher stream loam; common medium distinct strong brown terraces (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, subangular blocky structure; friable; common thermic Aquic Hapludults 160 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles of sandstone and chert Altavista loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes; in Rhea County, Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Tennessee; about 3.8 miles east of Dayton on State Road 30, about 2.8 miles east on Cottonport Road, Ap horizon: 0.8 mile south on a private gravel road to a field, Hue—7.5YR or 10YR about 500 feet north of the Tennessee River Value—3 or 4 (Chickamauga Lake); USGS Big Spring Quadrangle: Chroma—2 to 4 Texture—loam Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth Bt horizon: boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bt1—6 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay Value—5 or 6 loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Chroma—6 to 8 structure; friable; common fine roots; common Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine masses and concretions in shades of brown, flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear smooth yellow, or red and iron depletions in shades of boundary. brown, gray, or olive occur in the upper 24 Bt2—19 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) inches of horizon clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent clay films on faces of peds; common medium BC horizon: prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron Hue—7.5YR or 10YR depletions in the matrix; common fine prominent Value—4 or 5 dark brown (10YR 3/3) manganese masses in the Chroma—6 to 8 matrix; common fine flakes of mica; moderately Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese acid; clear smooth boundary. masses and concretions in shades of brown, Bt3—27 to 47 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) yellow, or red; iron depletions in shades of clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky brown, gray, or olive structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, of peds; common coarse distinct dark brown sandy clay loam, or loam (10YR 3/3) manganese masses in the matrix; Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent common medium prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine C horizon: flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear smooth Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—5 or 6 BC—47 to 58 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay Chroma—6 to 8 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese friable; common coarse distinct dark brown (10YR masses and concretions in shades of brown, 3/3) manganese masses in the matrix; common yellow, or red; iron depletions in shades of medium prominent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron brown, gray, or olive depletions in the matrix; common fine flakes of Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, mica; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or loam C—58 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent massive; friable; common fine faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron masses in the matrix; common coarse prominent gray (N 6/0) iron depletions in Apison Series the matrix; common fine flakes of mica; strongly Depth class: Moderately deep acid. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Range in Characteristics Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches and Valleys Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Position on the landform: Side slopes and backslopes Depth to seasonal high water table: 18 to 30 inches Parent material: Residuum from interbedded Rhea County, Tennessee 161

sandstone, shale, and siltstone that has some Bt horizon: influence from limestone and dolomite Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: 25 to 65 percent Value—4 or 5 Associated soils: Sunlight and Salacoa soils in the Chroma—3 to 6 same landform positions as the Apison soils; Mottles (if they occur)—in shades of red, yellow, Townley and Salacoa soils or brown; many are lithochromic Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay thermic Typic Hapludults loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Content of rock fragments—2 to 35 percent Typical Pedon Cr horizon: Apison channery silt loam in an area of Apison- Texture and color—brown to olive yellow soft Sunlight-Salacoa complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes; in shale and siltstone Rhea County, Tennessee; about 7.1 miles east of Dayton on State Road 30, about 4.2 miles north on The Apison soils in Rhea County are considered State Road 302, about 1.8 miles east on Breedenton taxadjuncts to the Apison series because they have Ferry Road, 0.5 mile north on Smith Bend Road, 750 higher base saturation immediately above the feet southeast of Smith Bend Road; USGS Decatur paralithic contact than is typical for the series. This Quadrangle: difference, however, does not significantly affect the use and management of the soils. Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood litter. A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium and few coarse Atkins Series roots; 21 percent shale channers and gravel; Depth class: Very deep strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Drainage class: Poorly drained Bt1—5 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Permeability: Moderate channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; Mountains few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent Position on the landform: Flood plains shale channers; strongly acid; clear wavy Parent material: Mixed alluvium from soils that formed boundary. in sandstone, siltstone, and shale Bt2—23 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Slope range: 0 to 2 percent channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky Associated soils: Allegheny and Cotaco soils on structure; friable; few medium and coarse roots; adjacent footslopes and drainageways; Pope and few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 23 percent Philo soils in landform positions similar to those of shale channers; moderately acid; abrupt irregular the Atkins soils boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, acid, Cr—37 to 60 inches; soft brownish shale and mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts siltstone. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Atkins loam, frequently flooded; in Cumberland Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches County, Tennessee; about 2.1 miles west of Highway Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches 68 on Grassy Cove Road, 200 feet south of the road; Depth to hard bedrock: More than 60 inches USGS Grassy Cove Quadrangle: Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and gravel Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed grass, sedge of sandstone and shale stems, and leaves. Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam; A horizon: moderate medium granular structure; friable; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR many fine and very fine roots; many reddish iron Value—4 or 5 accumulations lining root channels; moderately Chroma—3 or 4 acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or silt Bg1—10 to 20 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam; loam weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Content of rock fragments—2 to 25 percent common fine roots; few small manganese 162 Soil Survey

concretions; many reddish iron accumulations masses and concretions in shades of brown, lining root channels; very strongly acid; gradual yellow, red, or black; iron depletions in shades smooth boundary. of gray or olive Bg2—20 to 30 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; loam friable; common very fine roots; few small Content of rock fragments—0 to 40 percent manganese concretions; common reddish iron accumulations lining root channels and in the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual smooth Barfield Series boundary. Depth class: Shallow Bg3—30 to 36 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Drainage class: Well drained clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky Permeability: Moderately slow structure; friable; few very fine roots; few Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges manganese concretions; common medium and Valleys prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron Position on the landform: Low ridges and upland flats concentrations; very strongly acid; gradual and side slopes smooth boundary. Parent material: Residuum from limestone Bg4—36 to 52 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; Slope range: 10 to 40 percent weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; Associated soils: Lyerly, Capshaw, Colbert, and many fine and medium prominent brownish yellow Conasauga soils and areas of limestone rock (10YR 6/8) iron concentrations; very strongly acid; outcrop gradual smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, active, thermic Lithic C—52 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy loam; Hapludolls massive; friable; very strongly acid. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Barfield flaggy silty clay in an area of Barfield-Rock Thickness of the solum: 10 to 55 inches outcrop complex, 10 to 40 percent slopes; in Rhea Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches County, Tennessee; about 303 miles east of Dayton Depth to reduced matrix: Less than 12 inches on State Road 30, about 3.9 miles south on New Size and kind of rock fragments: Mostly rounded or Union Road, 400 feet southwest of New Union Road; subrounded gravel of sandstone USGS Big Spring Quadrangle: Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid A—0 to 6 inches; dark olive brown (2.5YR 3/3) flaggy Ap horizon: silty clay; moderate medium granular structure; Hue—10YR friable; many fine roots; 15 percent limestone Value—4 or 5 flagstones and channers; slightly acid; abrupt Chroma—1 or 2 smooth boundary. Texture—loam Bw—6 to 12 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) flaggy Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; Bg horizon: firm; common fine roots; 20 percent limestone Hue—10YR or 2.5Y flagstones and channers; neutral; abrupt smooth Value—4 to 6 boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 BC—12 to 15 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) flaggy Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese clay; common medium dark yellowish brown masses and concretions in shades of brown, (10YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium angular blocky yellow, red, or black; iron depletions in shades structure; firm; few fine roots; 30 percent of gray or olive limestone flagstones and channers; neutral; Texture—loam, silt loam, or clay loam abrupt smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent R—15 to 19 inches; hard limestone bedrock. C horizon: Range in Characteristics Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Value—4 to 6 Thickness of the solum: 8 to 20 inches Chroma—1 or 2 Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and Rhea County, Tennessee 163

flagstones of limestone and, in places, chert less than 3 inches in diameter; very strongly acid; gravel clear smooth boundary. Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline C1—2 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very channery loam; massive; friable; 40 percent dark shale and A horizon: coal fragments less than 3 inches in diameter; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Value—2 or 3 C2—23 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Chroma—2 or 3 very channery clay loam; massive; friable; 40 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay percent dark shale and coal fragments less than Content of rock fragments—5 to 25 percent 3 inches in diameter; strongly acid; gradual Bw horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y C3—38 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Value—2 to 4 channery loam; massive; friable; 50 percent shale Chroma—2 to 4 fragments less than 3 inches in diameter; very Mottles—in shades of red, yellow, brown, or gray strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay or silty clay C4—45 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Content of rock fragments—5 to 25 percent cobbly loam; massive; friable; 25 percent sandstone fragments as much as 6 inches in BC horizon: diameter; very strongly acid. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Value—4 or 5 Range in Characteristics Chroma—4 to 6 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Mottles—in shades of red, yellow, brown, or gray Size and kind of rock fragments: Commonly gravel, Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay or silty clay channers, flagstones, cobbles, and stones of Content of rock fragments—5 to 25 percent sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in Bethesda Series limed areas A horizon: Depth class: Deep and very deep Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Drainage class: Well drained Value—3 to 6 Permeability: Moderately slow Chroma—2 to 6 Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam Mountains Content of rock fragments—5 to 50 percent Position on the landform: Ridges and side slopes Parent material: Acid regolith from surface mine C horizon: operations Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: 10 to 80 percent Value—3 to 6 Associated soils: Lily and Lonewood soils on adjacent Chroma—2 to 6 side slopes and ridges; Gilpin, Jefferson, Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam, Shelocta, and Bouldin soils on adjacent side loam, clay loam, or silt loam slopes Content of rock fragments—25 to 80 percent Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, acid, mesic Typic Udorthents Bloomingdale Series Typical Pedon Depth class: Very deep Bethesda channery loam in an area of Bethesda-Mine Drainage class: Poorly drained pits complex, 10 to 80 percent slopes; in Cumberland Permeability: Moderately slow County, Tennessee; about 1.3 miles south of the Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Grassy Cove community on Highway 68, about 300 and Valleys feet southwest of the road; USGS Grassy Cove Position on the landform: Flood plains and Quadrangle: depressions A—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Parent material: Mixed alluvium from soils that formed channery loam; weak medium granular structure; in limestone and shale friable; 20 percent dark shale and coal fragments Slope range: 0 to 2 percent 164 Soil Survey

Associated soils: Hamblen soils on adjacent flood masses and concretions in the matrix; common plains; Colbert and Capshaw soils on adjacent fine flakes of mica; neutral. terraces and uplands Range in Characteristics Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Endoaquepts Thickness of the solum: 14 to 40 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Typical Pedon Depth to mottles with dominant chroma of 2: Less than 12 inches Bloomingdale silty clay loam, frequently flooded; in Size and kind of rock fragments: Mostly rounded or Rhea County, Tennessee; about 7.1 miles east of subrounded gravel of chert and shale Dayton on State Road 30, about 4.2 miles north on Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline State Road 302, about 1.5 miles east on Breedenton Ferry Road, 0.5 mile south on a field road, 700 feet A horizon: east of the field road, along a drainageway; USGS Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Decatur Quadrangle: Value—4 or 5 Chroma—2 to 4 A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese moderate medium granular structure; very friable; masses and concretions in shades of yellow, many fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth brown, red, or black; iron depletions in shades boundary. of gray or olive Bg1—6 to 21 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay; Texture—silty clay loam moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent friable; common fine and few coarse roots; common fine and medium distinct strong brown Bg horizon: (7.5YR 5/8) iron accumulations on faces of peds; Hue—10YR to 5Y or neutral common fine and medium black (10YR 2/1) Value—5 or 6 manganese masses and concretions in the Chroma—0 to 2 matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese Bg2—21 to 42 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) clay; weak masses and concretions in shades of yellow, medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few brown, red, or black; a reduced matrix and iron medium and coarse roots; common medium depletions in shades of gray or olive distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam accumulations on faces of peds; common fine Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent black (10YR 2/1) manganese masses and Cg horizon: concretions in the matrix; slightly acid; clear Hue—10YR to 5Y or neutral smooth boundary. Value—5 to 7 Cg1—42 to 55 inches; greenish gray (10Y 5/1) clay; Chroma—0 to 2 massive; firm; few very fine roots; common Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses and concretions in shades of yellow, iron masses and concretions in the matrix; many brown, red, or black; a reduced matrix and iron fine and medium prominent black (10YR 2/1) depletions in shades of gray or olive manganese masses and concretions in the Texture (general)—silty clay loam matrix; common fine flakes of mica; neutral; clear Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay, silty clay, smooth boundary. or silty clay loam Cg2—55 to 63 inches; gray (2.5Y 6/1) clay; massive; Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent firm; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron masses and concretions in the matrix; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) Bouldin Series manganese masses and concretions; common fine flakes of mica; neutral; clear smooth Depth class: Very deep boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Cg3—63 to 72 inches; gray (N 6/0) clay; massive; Permeability: Moderately rapid firm; many coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and 5/6) iron masses and concretions in the matrix; Mountains and Cumberland Escarpment common fine black (10YR 2/1) manganese Position on the landform: Backslopes and footslopes Rhea County, Tennessee 165

Parent material: Loamy and stony colluvium from BC—64 to 80 inches; variegated strong brown (7.5YR sandstone, shale, and siltstone 4/6), brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), and yellowish Slope range: 25 to 80 percent red (5YR 5/8) cobbly loam; weak fine subangular Associated soils: Allen and Jefferson soils in landform blocky structure; firm; 15 percent sandstone positions similar to those of the Bouldin soils; cobbles and gravel as much as 10 inches across; Gilpin and Petros soils on the upper and middle very strongly acid. portions of backslopes Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, Range in Characteristics subactive, mesic Typic Paleudults Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Typical Pedon Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel, cobbles, Bouldin cobbly loam in an area of Gilpin-Bouldin- stones, and boulders of sandstone Petros complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, very stony; Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except in Morgan County, Tennessee; on an east-facing side in limed areas slope on Jackson Mountain, 25 feet south of a logging road west of Poplar Creek, 1.2 miles from the end of A horizon: an improved road in Magazine Hollow at the Hue—10YR confluence of Poplar Creek and Big Mountain Creek, Value—3 about 3.3 miles (airline) northwest of Oliver Springs; Chroma—1 or 2 USGS Petros Quadrangle: Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam Content of rock fragments—15 to 40 percent A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) cobbly loam; weak fine granular structure; very BE horizon: friable; many fine medium and coarse roots; 20 Hue—7.5YR or 10YR percent sandstone cobbles and gravel as much Value—4 or 5 as 8 inches across; very strongly acid; clear Chroma—4 to 8 smooth boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy BE—2 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) cobbly loam loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very Content of rock fragments—15 to 40 percent friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; 20 Bt horizon: percent sandstone cobbles and gravel as much Hue—2.5YR or 5YR as 8 inches across; very strongly acid; clear Value—4 or 5 smooth boundary. Chroma—6 to 8 Bt1—6 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay cobbly loam; moderate fine subangular blocky loam, or sandy clay loam structure; very friable; common fine and few Content of rock fragments—35 to 65 percent medium roots; common distinct clay films; 35 percent sandstone cobbles and gravel as much BC horizon: as 10 inches across; very strongly acid; abrupt Hue—2.5YR or 5YR smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 Bt2—16 to 40 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) very Chroma—6 to 8 cobbly clay loam; moderate fine subangular Mottles—some horizons are mottled in shades of blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium red, brown, or yellow roots; many prominent clay films; 40 percent Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay sandstone cobbles and gravel as much as 10 loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam inches across; very strongly acid; gradual smooth Content of rock fragments—35 to 65 percent boundary. Bt3—40 to 64 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) extremely gravelly clay loam; many fine prominent Capshaw Series brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles; coarse fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common Depth class: Deep and very deep prominent clay films; 40 percent sandstone gravel Drainage class: Moderately well drained and 20 percent sandstone cobbles as much as 10 Permeability: Very slow inches across; very strongly acid; clear smooth Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges boundary. and Valleys 166 Soil Survey

Position on the landform: Low terraces, drainageways, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few fine and upland flats tubular pores; common distinct yellowish brown Parent material: Alluvium over residuum from (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds and lining interbedded argillaceous limestone and pores; common medium prominent black (10YR calcareous shale 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; Slope range: 2 to 12 percent common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR Associated soils: Colbert, Lyerly, and Conasauga 5/8) irregular iron masses in the matrix; common soils and areas of limestone rock outcrop on medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) uplands; Shady and Hamblen soils on adjacent irregular iron depletions in the matrix; slightly acid; flood plains and drainageways clear wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic BC—53 to 72 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty Oxyaquic Hapludalfs clay; weak coarse angular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; 10 percent Typical Pedon shale channers; many medium prominent black Capshaw silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; in Roane (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; County, Tennessee; in a field on a west-facing many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) footslope, 100 feet north of a driveway that is about irregular iron masses and common medium 700 feet northeast of the intersection of Mays Valley prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregular Road and Old Harriman Highway, about 850 feet iron depletions in the matrix; slightly acid; abrupt southwest of the community of Dyllis; USGS Elverton smooth boundary. Quadrangle: Cr—72 to 76 inches; shale bedrock. Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak Range in Characteristics medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of the solum: 40 to 60 inches or more BE—4 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam; Depth to bedrock: 40 to more than 72 inches weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and channers many fine and medium roots; common medium of limestone, shale, and chert tubular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the A boundary. horizon and the upper part of the Bt horizon, Bt1—9 to 24 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty except in limed areas; slightly acid to slightly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky alkaline just above bedrock structure; firm; common fine and few medium roots; common medium tubular pores; common Ap horizon: distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on Hue—10YR or 2.5Y faces of peds and lining pores; common medium Value—4 or 5 prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese Chroma—3 to 6 concretions in the matrix; common medium Texture—silt loam distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and pale brown Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent (10YR 6/3) irregular iron masses on faces of BE horizon: peds; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bt2—24 to 36 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Value—4 to 6 clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; Chroma—4 to 8 firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay fine tubular pores; common distinct yellowish Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; many medium prominent black Bt horizon: (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR Value—4 to 6 5/8) irregular iron masses in the matrix; common Chroma—4 to 8 medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Redoximorphic features—manganese irregular iron depletions in the matrix; slightly acid; concretions and iron masses in shades of red, clear wavy boundary. yellow, brown, or black; iron depletions in Bt3—36 to 53 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty shades of gray occur below the upper 10 clay; weak medium angular blocky structure; firm, inches Rhea County, Tennessee 167

Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay subangular blocky structure; very friable; common Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent fine and medium roots; many fine and common tubular pores; about 45 percent sandstone BC horizon: 1 cobbles and gravel /8 inch to 8 inches across; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Value—4 or 5 Bt1—12 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Chroma—4 to 8 extremely cobbly sandy clay loam; weak medium Redoximorphic features—manganese subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine concretions and iron masses in shades of red, roots; common fine and medium tubular pores; yellow, brown, or black; iron depletions in few faint clay films on faces of peds and some shades of gray; some horizons are variegated weak bridging of sand grains; about 65 percent without dominant hue or chroma 1 sandstone cobbles and pebbles /8 inch to 12 Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay inches across; strongly acid; gradual wavy Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent boundary. Cr horizon: Bt2—28 to 34 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Texture—interbedded calcareous shale and extremely cobbly fine sandy loam; weak fine limestone subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; about 75 percent sandstone 1 Cobstone Series cobbles and pebbles /8 inch to 12 inches across; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep BC—34 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Drainage class: Well drained extremely cobbly sandy loam; weak fine Permeability: Moderately rapid subangular blocky structure; very friable; about 80 Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges 1 percent cobbles, pebbles, and stones /8 inch to and Valleys and coves that cut into the 18 inches across; very strongly acid. Cumberland Plateau and Mountains and Cumberland Escarpment Range in Characteristics Position on the landform: Alluvial fans and stream Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches terraces Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Parent material: Stony and cobbly alluvium mostly Size and kind of rock fragments: Rounded cobbles, from sandstone with some siltstone and shale pebbles, and stones of sandstone Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Associated soils: Allen soils on footslopes; Shady soils in landform positions similar to those of the Ap horizon: Cobstone soils Hue—10YR Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, Value—4 semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Chroma—2 to 4 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments—25 to 50 percent Cobstone cobbly fine sandy loam, rarely flooded; in BE horizon: Bledsoe County, Tennessee; about 1.0 mile south of Hue—7.5YR or 10YR College Station Mountain Road on Alvin C. York Value—4 or 5 Highway, 350 feet west of the highway, 150 feet south Chroma—4 to 8 of Cannon Creek; USGS Pikeville Quadrangle: Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments—25 to 50 percent cobbly fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and common Bt and BC horizons: medium roots; many fine tubular pores; about 25 Hue—7.5YR or 10YR 1 percent sandstone cobbles and pebbles /8 inch to Value—4 or 5 5 inches across; strongly acid; clear wavy Chroma—4 to 8 boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, BE—5 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam cobbly fine sandy loam; weak medium and fine Content of rock fragments—35 to 80 percent 168 Soil Survey

Colbert Series manganese concretions in the matrix; many medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) iron masses Depth class: Deep on faces of peds; common medium prominent Drainage class: Moderately well drained light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions in Permeability: Very slow the matrix; 2 percent chert gravel; neutral; gradual Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges smooth boundary. and Valleys BC—36 to 46 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay; Position on the landform: Low upland ridges and flats weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very Parent material: Residuum from interbedded firm, very sticky, very plastic; few distinct clay argillaceous limestone and calcareous shale films on faces of peds; many fine and medium Slope range: 2 to 12 percent prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) iron- Associated soils: Capshaw, Lyerly, and Conasauga manganese masses and concretions in the soils and areas of limestone rock outcrop matrix; common medium prominent yellowish red Taxonomic class: Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic (5YR 5/8) iron masses on faces of peds; many Hapludalfs coarse prominent light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent chert gravel; Typical Pedon neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Colbert silty clay loam in an area of Colbert and C—46 to 63 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay; Lyerly soils, 2 to 12 percent slopes, very rocky; in massive; very firm, very sticky, very plastic; Rhea County, Tennessee; about 3.8 miles east of common distinct pressure faces; many fine and Dayton on State Road 30, about 0.9 mile east on medium prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR Cottonport Road, 0.3 mile south on Double S Road, 4/4) iron-manganese masses and concretions in 0.8 mile southeast on Purser Road, 750 feet east of the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish Purser Road; USGS Big Spring Quadrangle: brown (10YR 5/8) iron masses in the matrix; common medium prominent light olive gray (5Y Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 10 percent chert silty clay loam; moderate medium granular and limestone gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine boundary. prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese R—63 inches; hard limestone bedrock. concretions in the matrix; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Range in Characteristics Bt1—6 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Thickness of the solum: 40 to 60 inches firm, sticky, plastic; common fine roots; common Depth to bedrock: 40 to more than 72 inches distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine and Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and medium prominent black (10YR 2/1) and distinct flagstones of limestone and chert brown (10YR 4/3) manganese and iron Nodules, concretions, and masses of iron and concretions in the matrix; 2 percent chert gravel; manganese: None or few in the A horizon; few to slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. many in the Bt, BC, and C horizons Bt2—17 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay; Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the A moderate medium subangular blocky structure; horizon and the upper part of the Bt horizon; firm, sticky, plastic; few fine roots; many distinct slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of clay films on faces of peds; common fine and the Bt horizon and in the BC and C horizons medium prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese Ap horizon: concretions in the matrix; many coarse distinct Hue—10YR or 2.5Y yellowish red (5YR 5/6) iron masses on faces of Value—4 to 6 peds; 2 percent chert gravel; slightly acid; gradual Chroma—2 to 4 smooth boundary. Texture—silty clay loam Bt3—26 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent clay; moderate medium angular and subangular blocky structure; very firm, very sticky, very Bt horizon: plastic; very few fine roots; common distinct clay Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y films on faces of peds; few fine and medium Value—5 to 7 distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) iron- Chroma—4 to 8 Rhea County, Tennessee 169

Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear masses and concretions in shades of red, smooth boundary. yellow, brown, or black; iron depletions in Bt2—16 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; shades of gray or olive occur below the upper few fine and medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 10 inches 5/6) and prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) mottles; Texture—clay or silty clay moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent very firm, plastic; few fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear BC and C horizons: smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR to 5Y Bt3—22 to 32 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay; Value—5 or 6 common medium and coarse prominent brownish Chroma—2 to 8 yellow (10YR 6/6) and olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) and Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron distinct red (2.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate masses and concretions in shades of red, medium angular blocky structure parting to yellow, brown, or black; iron depletions in moderate fine angular blocky; very firm, plastic; shades of gray or olive common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Texture—clay or silty clay strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent Bt4—32 to 53 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay; many medium and coarse distinct red (2.5YR Collegedale Series 5/6), prominent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), and prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) mottles; Depth class: Very deep moderate medium angular blocky structure Drainage class: Well drained parting to moderate fine angular blocky; very firm, Permeability: Slow plastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds; Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. and Valleys Bt5—53 to 80 inches; variegated yellowish red (5YR Position on the landform: Ridges, side slopes, and 5/6), light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), red (2.5YR shoulder slopes 5/6), light gray (10YR 7/2), and olive yellow (2.5Y Parent material: Interbedded limestone and shale 6/6) clay; weak medium subangular blocky residuum structure; very firm, plastic; few faint clay films on Slope range: 2 to 25 percent faces of peds; strongly acid. Associated soils: Townley soils on adjacent, lower ridges; Capshaw soils in drainageways and on Range in Characteristics low terraces; Colbert and Lyerly soils on adjacent Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches uplands Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and channers Typic Paleudults of chert and shale Typical Pedon Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except in limed areas Collegedale silt loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes; in Hamilton County, Tennessee; in a field south of Ap horizon: Grindstone Mountain between tributary forks of Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Wolftever Creek, 0.6 mile northwest of the Value—4 or 5 intersection of Tallent Road and McDonald Road, Chroma—3 or 4 about 1.6 miles (airline) northeast of Collegedale; Texture—silt loam USGS Ooltewah Quadrangle: Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; Bt horizon: many fine roots; few chert pebbles less than 1 Hue—2.5YR or 5YR inch in diameter; strongly acid; abrupt smooth Value—4 or 5 boundary. Chroma—6 to 8 Bt1—6 to 16 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; Mottles—in shades of brown, yellow, or red moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Texture—clay or silty clay very firm; common fine roots; common distinct Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent 170 Soil Survey

Conasauga Series and concretions in the matrix; many medium and coarse prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) iron Depth class: Moderately deep masses in the matrix; 10 percent shale channers; Drainage class: Moderately well drained slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Permeability: Slow Cg2—24 to 34 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay; Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges massive; firm; many coarse prominent black and Valleys (10YR 2/1) manganese masses and concretions Position on the landform: Upland ridges and side in the matrix; common medium prominent slopes yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron masses in the Parent material: Residuum from calcareous shale and matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR shaly limestone 7/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 10 percent shale Slope range: 5 to 12 percent channers; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Associated soils: Townley soils on the adjacent higher Cr—34 to 48 inches; soft brown and olive shale; 30 ridges; Capshaw soils on low stream terraces; percent clay or silty clay fine-earth in interstitial Bloomingdale and Tupelo soils on adjacent flood areas; many black (10YR 2/1) manganese plains and in drainageways masses in cracks and covering rock fragments. Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Conasauga silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in Rhea Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and channers County Tennessee; about 2.6 miles south of Spring of shale City on U.S. Highway 27 to the junction of State Road Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid, except in 68, about 1.9 miles south on State Road 68, about 0.9 limed areas mile north on Wolf Creek Road, 0.3 mile north on Old Rhea Springs Road, 150 feet west of Old Rhea Ap horizon: Springs Road, in an area of mixed hardwood trees; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y USGS Spring City Quadrangle: Value—3 to 5 Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Chroma—3 or 4 silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; Texture—silt loam friable; many fine roots; 2 percent shale channers; Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt horizon: Bt1—4 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y common fine distinct brown (10YR 5/3) mottles in Value—5 to 7 the matrix; moderate medium subangular blocky Chroma—6 to 8 structure; firm; common medium and fine roots; Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few masses and concretions in shades of yellow, fine black (10YR 2/1) manganese masses in the red, black, or brown; iron depletions in shades matrix; 2 percent shale channers; moderately of gray or olive occur below the upper 10 acid; clear smooth boundary. inches of horizon Bt2—14 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Texture—silty clay, clay, or, rarely, clay loam clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine Cg horizon: prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese masses Hue—10YR or 2.5Y in the matrix; common medium prominent red Value—4 to 7 (2.5YR 4/6) iron masses on faces of peds; Chroma—0 to 2 common fine prominent olive gray (5Y 5/2) iron Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent shale masses and concretions in shades of yellow, channers; moderately acid; clear smooth red, black, or brown; iron depletions in shades boundary. of gray or olive Cg1—20 to 24 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) clay; Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay, clay, massive; firm; common fine and medium or, rarely, clay loam prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese masses Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent Rhea County, Tennessee 171

Cr horizon: BC—36 to 45 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Texture and color—soft brown and olive shale gravelly loam; weak fine subangular blocky with clay or silty clay material filling cracks and structure; friable; many fine and medium tubular interstitial areas pores; many medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) very weakly cemented iron nodules in the matrix; many medium prominent light Cotaco Series brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregular iron depletions in the matrix; 15 percent sandstone gravel as Depth class: Very deep much as 2 inches across; strongly acid; clear Drainage class: Moderately well drained smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderate Cg—45 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and very gravelly fine sandy loam; massive; very Mountains friable; common medium prominent strong brown Position on the landform: Footslopes and stream (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) iron terraces masses in the matrix; 50 percent sandstone Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium from gravel as much as 2 inches across; very strongly sandstone, shale, and siltstone acid. Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Associated soils: Allegheny soils in landform positions Range in Characteristics similar to those of the Cotaco soils; Atkins, Pope, Thickness of the solum: 30 to 60 inches and Philo soils on adjacent flood plains; Lily, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Lonewood, and Gilpin soils on adjacent uplands Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel of sandstone Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic shale and siltstone Aquic Hapludults Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in limed areas Typical Pedon Ap horizon: Cotaco loam in an area of Allegheny-Cotaco complex, Hue—10YR occasionally flooded; in Morgan County, Tennessee; Value—4 to 6 on a stream terrace in a field, on the north bank of the Chroma—2 to 4 Emory River, about 500 feet southeast of Macedonia Texture—loam Church, about 6 miles east of Gobey; USGS Gobey Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent Quadrangle: Bt horizon: Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak Hue—5YR to 10YR medium granular structure; very friable; few fine Value—4 to 6 roots; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. Chroma—3 to 8 Bt1—4 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Redoximorphic features—iron nodules and loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; masses in shades of red or brown; iron few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; strongly depletions in shades of gray occur in the upper acid; gradual smooth boundary. 24 inches Bt2—13 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay 4/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky loam, or sandy clay loam structure; friable; many fine and medium tubular Content of rock fragments—0 to 25 percent pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. BC horizon: Bt3—24 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Hue—5YR to 10YR clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Value—4 to 6 structure; friable; many fine and medium tubular Chroma—3 to 8 pores and few vesicular pores; few faint clay films Redoximorphic features—iron nodules and on faces of peds; common medium prominent masses in shades of red or brown; iron yellowish red (5YR 5/6) iron concretions in the depletions in shades of gray matrix; many medium distinct light brownish gray Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay (10YR 6/2) depletions on faces of peds; strongly loam, or sandy clay loam acid; gradual smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—0 to 25 percent 172 Soil Survey

Cg horizon: cobbles, gravel, and stones as much as 20 inches Hue—7.5YR or 10YR or neutral across; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Value—4 to 8 C1—21 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Chroma—0 to 2 extremely cobbly loamy sand; single grain; loose; Redoximorphic features—iron nodules and few fine roots; 70 percent sandstone cobbles, masses in shades of red or brown; a reduced gravel, and stones as much as 20 inches across; matrix in shades of gray; some horizons are strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. variegated without dominant value or chroma C2—34 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, extremely cobbly loamy sand; single grain; loose; clay loam, sandy clay loam, or fine sandy loam 70 percent sandstone cobbles, gravel, and stones Content of rock fragments—2 to 50 percent as much as 20 inches across; strongly acid. Range in Characteristics Craigsville Series Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Depth class: Very deep Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel, cobbles, and Drainage class: Well drained stones of sandstone Permeability: Moderately rapid Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and in limed areas Mountains Position on the landform: Flood plains and alluvial A horizon: fans Hue—10YR Parent material: Alluvium Value—3 or 4 Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Chroma—2 to 4 Associated soils: Ealy soils in the same landform Texture of the fine-earth fraction—fine sandy loam positions as the Craigsville soils; Jefferson, Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent Shelocta, and Varilla soils on adjacent footslopes AB horizon: and alluvial fans Hue—10YR Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, Value—3 to 5 mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts Chroma—2 to 6 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—fine sandy Typical Pedon loam, sandy loam, or loam Craigsville cobbly fine sandy loam in an area of Ealy- Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent Craigsville complex, occasionally flooded; in Bw horizon: Cumberland County, Tennessee; on the flood plain of Hue—10YR the Obed River west of Potters Ford Road, about 300 Value—4 or 5 feet west of the confluence of Underwood Branch and Chroma—4 to 6 the Obed River at Potters Ford; USGS Fox Creek Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy loam or Quadrangle: loam A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly fine Content of rock fragments—35 to 70 percent sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very C horizon: friable; many fine to coarse roots; 30 percent Hue—10YR sandstone cobbles and gravel as much as 8 Value—4 or 5 inches across; strongly acid; clear smooth Chroma—3 to 6 boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loamy sand or AB—3 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly sandy sandy loam loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many Content of rock fragments—35 to 70 percent fine to coarse roots; 30 percent sandstone cobbles and gravel as much as 8 inches across; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Cranmore Series Bw—9 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very cobbly sandy loam; weak medium Depth class: Very deep subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine Drainage class: Poorly drained and few medium roots; 45 percent sandstone Permeability: Moderate Rhea County, Tennessee 173

Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges friable; 1 percent rounded sandstone gravel; and Valleys moderately acid. Position on the landform: Flood plains and Range in Characteristics depressions Parent material: Mixed alluvium from soils that formed Thickness of the solum: 14 to 40 inches in limestone, shale, and sandstone Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Depth to reduced matrix: Less than 12 inches Associated soils: Shady and Hamblen soils on Size and kind of rock fragments: Mostly rounded or adjacent flood plains subrounded gravel of sandstone and chert with Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, some shale, siltstone, and coal nonacid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon; moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the B and C Typical Pedon horizons Cranmore loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently Ap horizon: flooded; in Rhea County, Tennessee; about 1.8 miles Hue—10YR or 2.5Y northwest of Dayton on State Route 30, about 0.5 Value—4 or 5 mile southwest on State Route 303 (Cranmore Cove Chroma—2 to 4 Road), 200 feet north of State Route 303, about 100 Texture—loam feet north of Sale Creek; USGS Morgan Springs Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent Quadrangle: Bg horizon: Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Hue—10YR to 5Y or neutral loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; Value—4 to 6 very friable; many fine and medium and few Chroma—0 to 2 coarse roots; common fine and medium Redoximorphic fractures—manganese and iron prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) irregular iron masses, concretions, and nodules in shades of masses in the matrix; 1 percent gravel-sized coal yellow, brown, red, or black; a reduced matrix fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. in shades of gray, olive, or brown Bg1—5 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam, loam; moderate fine and medium subangular silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, loam, or blocky structure; friable; common fine and sandy loam medium roots; many medium prominent black Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent (5YR 2.5/1) manganese masses in the matrix; few Cg horizon: fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron Hue—10YR to 5Y or neutral masses in the matrix; 2 percent rounded Value—4 to 7 sandstone gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Chroma—0 to 2 boundary. Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron Bg2—11 to 24 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; weak masses, concretions, and nodules in shades of medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few yellow, brown, red, or black; reduced matrix in fine and medium prominent black (5YR 2.5/1) shades of gray, olive, or brown manganese masses in the matrix; few fine and Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silty clay loam, medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) iron silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, loam, or masses in the matrix; 2 percent rounded sandy loam sandstone gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Content of rock fragments—0 to 40 percent boundary. Cg1—24 to 40 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; massive; friable; 1 percent rounded sandstone Dewey Series gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Cg2—40 to 55 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) loam; Depth class: Very deep massive; very friable; 1 percent rounded Drainage class: Well drained sandstone gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth Permeability: Moderate boundary. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Cg3—55 to 62 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) and dark and Valleys greenish gray (10Y 4/1) loam; massive; very Position on the landform: Ridges and side slopes 174 Soil Survey

Parent material: Old alluvium underlain by residuum and lining pores; 5 percent angular chert gravel; from limestone or dolomite very strongly acid. Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Range in Characteristics Associated soils: Fullerton, Collegedale, Talbott, and Waynesboro soils Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Paleudults Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel of chert and sandstone Typical Pedon Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, except in limed areas Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; in McMinn County, Tennessee; about 1.4 miles south of Niota on Ap horizon: U.S. Highway 11, about 875 feet west of U.S. Highway Hue—5YR or 7.5YR 11, in pasture; USGS Niota Quadrangle: Value—3 to 5 Chroma—3 to 6 Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt Texture—silt loam loam; weak medium and coarse granular Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent structure; very friable; many fine roots; 2 percent subrounded chert gravel; slightly acid; abrupt Bt horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—2.5YR or 5YR Bt1—9 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; common Value—3 to 5 medium distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) Chroma—6 to 8 mottles; moderate medium and coarse Mottles—in shades of yellow, red, or brown subangular blocky structure; friable; common very Texture—dominantly clay or silty clay; in some fine and fine roots; common fine pores; common pedons the horizon is silty clay loam or clay distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining loam in the upper 5 inches pores; 5 percent subrounded sandstone gravel; Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. 2Bt2—22 to 35 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; Ealy Series friable; common very fine roots; common very fine Depth class: Very deep pores; common prominent clay films on faces of Drainage class: Well drained peds and lining pores; 2 percent subrounded Permeability: Moderately rapid chert gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and boundary. Mountains 2Bt3—35 to 43 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) clay; common Position on the landform: Flood plains medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; Parent material: Alluvium strong medium subangular blocky structure; Slope range: 0 to 3 percent friable; common very fine roots; common very fine Associated soils: Craigsville soils in the same pores; common prominent clay films on faces of landform positions as the Ealy soils; Jefferson, peds and lining pores; 2 percent angular chert Varilla, and Shelocta soils on adjacent footslopes gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. and alluvial fans 2Bt4—43 to 61 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, common medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts 6/8) mottles; moderate medium and coarse angular blocky structure; friable; few very fine Typical Pedon roots; common very fine pores; common Ealy fine sandy loam in an area of Ealy-Craigsville prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining complex, occasionally flooded; in Cumberland County, pores; 2 percent angular chert gravel; very Tennessee; on the flood plain of the Obed River in the strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Catoosa Wildlife Management Area, 100 feet 2Bt5—61 to 72 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; northwest of Elmore Creek and the Obed River; many medium distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) USGS Fox Creek Quadrangle: mottles; moderate medium and coarse angular blocky structure; friable; common very fine pores; A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy common prominent clay films on faces of peds loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Rhea County, Tennessee 175

many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt Texture—loam or fine sandy loam smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent BA—3 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; common medium and coarse yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; weak coarse Egam Series granular structure; very friable; many fine to Depth class: Very deep coarse roots; strongly acid; clear smooth Drainage class: Moderately well drained boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow Bw—10 to 39 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges 4/6) fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular and Valleys blocky structure; very friable; common fine and Position on the landform: Low stream terraces medium roots; strongly acid; gradual smooth Parent material: Mixed alluvium boundary. Slope range: 0 to 3 percent C1—39 to 50 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Associated soils: Staser soils on adjacent natural loam; common medium faint yellowish brown levees; Wolftever soils on landform positions (10YR 5/4) mottles; weak medium subangular similar to those of the Egam soils blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Cumulic roots; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Hapludolls C2—50 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; massive; very friable; few fine Typical Pedon and medium roots; strongly acid. Egam silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes; in Rhea Range in Characteristics County, Tennessee; about 3.8 miles east of Dayton on State Road 30, about 3.6 miles east on Cottonport Thickness of the solum: 24 to 40 inches Road, 0.8 mile south on Maple Spring Road, 750 feet Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches east of Maple Spring Road, about 500 feet north of Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles the Tennessee River (Chickamauga Lake); USGS Big of sandstone Spring Quadrangle: Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except in limed areas Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; A horizon: friable; common fine roots; common fine flakes of Hue—10YR mica; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 A—8 to 24 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Chroma—2 to 4 3/2) silty clay loam; strong medium granular Texture—fine sandy loam structure; firm; few fine roots; common fine flakes Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent of mica; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw1—24 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR BA horizon: 4/4) silty clay; moderate medium subangular Hue—7.5YR or 10YR blocky structure; firm; few fine prominent black Value—4 or 5 (10YR 2/1) manganese masses in the matrix; Chroma—3 or 4 common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Texture—fine sandy loam or loam iron masses in the matrix and on faces of peds; Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent common fine flakes of mica; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bw horizon: Bw2—35 to 49 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Value—4 or 5 firm; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) Chroma—3 to 6 manganese masses in the matrix; common fine Texture—loam or fine sandy loam faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions in the Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent matrix; common fine flakes of mica; neutral; clear C horizon: wavy boundary. Hue—10YR C1—49 to 63 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Value—4 or 5 clay; massive; firm; common fine prominent black Chroma—2 to 4 (10YR 2/1) manganese masses in the matrix; 176 Soil Survey

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges 5/6) iron masses in the matrix; common medium and Valleys prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the Position on the landform: Stream terraces, alluvial matrix; common fine flakes of mica; neutral; clear fans, and footslopes wavy boundary. Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium C2—63 to 72 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Slope range: 2 to 12 percent clay; massive; firm; few fine prominent black Associated soils: Waynesboro, Wolftever, and Holston (10YR 2/1) manganese masses in the matrix; soils in landform positions similar to those of the common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Etowah soils iron masses in the matrix; common medium Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the thermic Typic Paleudults matrix; common fine flakes of mica; neutral. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Etowah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; in Meigs Thickness of the solum: 40 to 60 inches County, Tennessee; about 14.0 miles south of Decatur Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches on State Road 58, about 1.7 miles east on Brittsville Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel of sandstone, Road, about 100 yards west of the bridge over Flag quartzite, and chert Pond on Chickamauga Lake (Hiwassee River), in a Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral hay field; USGS Birchwood Quadrangle: Ap and A horizons: Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam; Hue—10YR moderate fine granular structure; very friable; Value—2 or 3 common fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth Chroma—2 or 3 boundary. Texture—silty clay loam Bt1—7 to 13 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Bw horizon: structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; Value—4 or 5 strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Chroma—3 to 6 Bt2—13 to 24 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky concretions and masses in shades of yellow, structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; red, black, or brown; iron depletions in shades many faint clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent of brown or gray; iron depletions with chroma rounded chert gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth of 2 or less occur below a depth of 40 inches boundary. Texture—silty clay or clay Bt3—24 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; C horizon: many faint clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y rounded chert gravel; strongly acid; gradual Value—4 to 6 smooth boundary. Chroma—1 to 6 Bt4—38 to 54 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron clay loam; common fine and medium distinct red concretions and masses in shades of yellow, (2.5YR 4/6) mottles; moderate fine subangular red, black, or brown; iron depletions in shades blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few fine of brown or gray pores; many faint clay films on faces of peds; 2 Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay percent rounded chert gravel; strongly acid; Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent gradual wavy boundary. Bt5—54 to 70 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty Etowah Series clay loam; common fine distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) and few fine distinct light yellowish brown (10YR Depth class: Very deep 6/4) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Well drained structure; 2 percent rounded chert gravel as much Permeability: Moderate as 3 inches across; strongly acid. Rhea County, Tennessee 177

Range in Characteristics structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; 15 percent chert gravel; slightly acid; clear Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches BE—7 to 15 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) very Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and pebbles gravelly loam; weak fine subangular blocky of sandstone and chert structure; very friable; common fine and medium Reaction: Very strongly or strongly acid, except in roots; 40 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; clear limed areas smooth boundary. Ap horizon: Bt1—15 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) gravelly Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Value—3 or 4 friable; few fine and medium roots; few faint clay Chroma—2 to 4 films on faces of peds and lining pores; 25 Texture—silt loam percent chert gravel; very strongly acid; clear Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent smooth boundary. Bt2—30 to 49 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) gravelly clay; Bt horizon: few medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR 6/6) mottles; strong medium subangular blocky Value—4 or 5 structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct Chroma—6 to 8 clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 Mottles—in shades of yellow, red, gray, or brown percent chert gravel; very strongly acid; clear Texture—dominantly silty clay loam, silt loam, smooth boundary. loam, or clay loam; range includes silty clay or Bt3—49 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) gravelly clay; clay below a depth of 40 inches common medium prominent brownish yellow Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent (10YR 6/6) mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; very few fine Fullerton Series roots; many prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 20 percent chert gravel; very Depth class: Very deep strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt4—65 to 72 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) very gravelly Permeability: Moderate clay; common medium prominent brownish yellow Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges (10YR 6/6) mottles; moderate fine angular blocky and Valleys structure; firm; many prominent clay films on Position on the landform: Ridge crests, shoulder faces of peds and lining pores; 40 percent chert slopes, and side slopes gravel; very strongly acid. Parent material: Residuum from cherty limestone or dolomite; some pedons have 1 to 2 feet of Range in Characteristics colluvium overlying residuum Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Associated soils: Dewey and Pailo soils in landform Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles positions similar to those of the Fullerton soils; of chert Minvale and Tasso soils on footslopes Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic in limed areas Paleudults A horizon: Typical Pedon Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes; in Value—3 or 4 Rhea County, Tennessee; about 7.6 miles north of Chroma—3 or 4 Spring City on U.S. Highway 27, about 800 feet east Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam of U.S. Highway 27 on a west-facing side slope Content of rock fragments—10 to 45 percent between Camp Creek and Watts Bar Lake; USGS BE horizon: Roddy Quadrangle: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR A—0 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Value—4 to 6 gravelly silt loam; moderate medium granular Chroma—4 to 6 178 Soil Survey

Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or Bt2—21 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam channery silty clay loam; few fine distinct strong Content of rock fragments—10 to 45 percent brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; strong medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and Bt horizon: medium roots; common distinct clay films on Hue—2.5YR or 5YR; 7.5YR only in the upper part faces of peds; 20 percent shale channers; Value—4 to 6 strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 C—34 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Mottles—in shades of yellow, red, or brown channery clay; common medium distinct strong Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay or clay brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; massive; firm; 30 loam percent shale channers; strongly acid; gradual Content of rock fragments—commonly 15 to 40 smooth boundary. percent; content ranges to 60 percent in the Cr—38 to 50 inches; soft shale bedrock. lower part of horizon Range in Characteristics Gilpin Series Thickness of the solum: 20 to 36 inches Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Depth class: Moderately deep Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and channers Drainage class: Well drained of shale, sandstone, and mudstone Permeability: Moderate Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and in limed areas Mountains A horizon: Position on the landform: Ridge crests, shoulder Hue—10YR slopes, and side slopes Value—3 or 4 Parent material: Residuum from shale and mudstone Chroma—2 or 3 Slope range: 5 to 60 percent Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam Associated soils: Sequoia and Bouldin soils on side Content of rock fragments—5 to 20 percent slopes; Lily and Lonewood soils on ridge crests Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic BE horizon: Typic Hapludults Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—4 to 6 Typical Pedon Chroma—3 to 5 Gilpin loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes; in Cumberland Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or silt County, Tennessee; 0.5 mile northeast of the loam intersection of Millstone Mountain Road and Mount Content of rock fragments—5 to 20 percent Vernon Road, 100 feet north of the road, in an area of Bt horizon: woodland; USGS Ozone Quadrangle: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. Value—4 to 6 A—0 to 1 inch; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam; Chroma—4 to 8 weak medium granular structure; very friable; Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent clay loam, or silty clay loam sandstone gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth Content of rock fragments—5 to 40 percent boundary. C horizon: BE—1 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Value—4 or 5 common very fine and fine roots; 10 percent Chroma—4 to 6 sandstone gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth Mottles—in shades of red or brown boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay, clay loam, Bt1—5 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) or silty clay loam channery silty clay loam; moderate medium Content of rock fragments—5 to 40 percent subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of Cr horizon: peds; 15 percent shale channers; strongly acid; Texture—weathered, soft multicolored shale or gradual smooth boundary. mudstone Rhea County, Tennessee 179

Hamblen Series Ap horizon: Hue—10YR Depth class: Very deep Value—4 or 5 Drainage class: Moderately well drained Chroma—2 to 4 Permeability: Moderate Texture—silt loam Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent and Valleys Bw horizon: Position on the landform: Flood plains and Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y drainageways Value—4 or 5 Parent material: Alluvium Chroma—3 to 6 Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese Associated soils: Etowah, Holston, and Shady soils masses and concretions in shades of brown or on adjacent stream terraces; Minvale soils on yellow; iron depletions in shades of gray occur footslopes; Fullerton, Dewey, and Waynesboro within a depth of 24 inches soils on ridges and high terraces Texture—silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, loam, or fine sandy loam thermic Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent Typical Pedon C horizon: Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded; in Roane Hue—7.5YR to 5Y or neutral County, Tennessee; 800 feet southeast of Post Oak Value—4 to 6 Church on Black Jack Road, 250 feet northeast of Chroma—1 to 6 Black Jack Road, 2.6 miles (airline) southeast of Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese Rockwood; USGS Rockwood Quadrangle: masses and concretions in shades of brown, yellow, or red; iron depletions in shades of gray Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Texture—silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam very friable; many fine roots; many fine tubular Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bw1—5 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky and moderate Hendon Series medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; many fine and medium tubular pores; Depth class: Very deep slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bw2—22 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Permeability: Moderate and moderately slow fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and structure; very friable; few fine roots; few fine faint Mountains yellowish red (5YR 5/6) iron masses on faces of Position on the landform: Broad ridge crests peds; common medium prominent light brownish Parent material: Loamy mantle over sandstone, gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; siltstone, or shale residuum moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Slope range: 2 to 5 percent C—43 to 62 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Associated soils: Lily, Ramsey, and Lonewood soils sandy loam; massive; very friable; many medium Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) irregular iron mesic Fragic Paleudults masses in the matrix; many coarse distinct light Typical Pedon brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregular iron depletions in the matrix; slightly acid. Hendon silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes; in Bledsoe County, Tennessee; 100 feet north of Brayton Range in Characteristics Mountain Road on a wide ridgetop between the heads of Holly Creek and Cunningham Branch, northwest of Thickness of the solum: 20 to 55 inches Hart Spring, about 1.5 miles southeast of Brayton; Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches USGS Brayton Quadrangle: Size and kind of rock fragments: Subrounded and rounded gravel of chert, limestone, and shale Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed pine needles Reaction: Strongly acid to neutral and twigs. 180 Soil Survey

A—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches silt loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and channers many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; of sandstone and shale abrupt smooth boundary. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except E—1 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt in limed areas loam; moderate medium granular structure; A horizon: friable; common fine and medium roots; very fine Hue—10YR tubular pores; very strongly acid; gradual smooth Value—3 or 4 boundary. Chroma—2 Bt1—10 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt Texture—silt loam loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent friable; few fine and medium roots; common fine and few medium tubular pores; few faint clay films E horizon: on faces of peds and lining pores; very strongly Hue—10YR acid; gradual smooth boundary. Value—5 or 6 Bt2—15 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silt Chroma—3 or 4 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Texture—silt loam or loam friable; few fine roots; common fine and few Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent medium tubular pores; few faint clay films on Bt horizon and the upper few inches of the faces of peds and lining pores; very strongly acid; 2Btx/E horizon: gradual smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR 2Btx/E—25 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Value—5 or 6 loam; common medium prominent yellowish red Chroma—4 to 8 (5YR 5/8) mottles (B part); few very pale brown Mottles—in shades of red, yellow, or brown (10YR 7/3) loam pockets and coatings on the Texture—silt loam, loam, or clay loam faces of most prisms (E part); weak medium Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy and weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; E part of the 2Btx/E horizon: common fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on Hue—10YR faces of peds and lining pores; few small pebbles Value—6 or 7 in the upper 2 inches; 40 to 60 percent brittle Chroma—1 to 3 material; few faint clay films on faces of peds and Texture—loam or silt loam lining pores; very strongly acid; gradual smooth Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent boundary. 2Btx and 2Bt horizons: 2Btx—32 to 44 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loam; Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR few medium prominent light olive brown (2.5YR Value—4 or 5 5/4) mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure Chroma—6 to 8 parting to weak thick platy and weak medium Mottles and redoximorphic features—mottles in subangular blocky; firm; few fine tubular pores; shades of red, yellow, or brown; iron depletions very pale brown coatings on faces of prisms; few in shades of gray occur in a few pedons below faint clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; a depth of 30 inches very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt coats on faces of Texture—loam or clay loam prisms; 50 to 60 percent brittle material; strongly Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent acid; gradual smooth boundary. 2Bt—44 to 65 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) loam; common medium prominent brownish yellow Holston Series (10YR 6/6) and few fine faint strong brown (7.5YR Depth class: Very deep 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Well drained structure; friable; many fine tubular pores; few Permeability: Moderate faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges acid. and Valleys Position on the landform: Stream terraces, alluvial Range in Characteristics fans, and footslopes Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Rhea County, Tennessee 181

Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Texture—loam Associated soils: Waynesboro, Wolftever, and Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent Altavista soils; Etowah soils in landform positions Bt horizon: similar to those of the Holston soils Hue—7.5YR in the upper part of horizon; 7.5YR Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, or 5YR below a depth of 40 inches thermic Typic Paleudults Value—4 to 6 Typical Pedon Chroma—4 to 8 Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in Rhea County, masses and concretions in shades of brown, Tennessee; 3.9 miles east of Dayton on State Road red, or black; iron depletions in shades of gray 30, about 0.9 mile east on Cottonport Road, 0.3 mile occur below a depth of 40 inches in some south on Double S Road, 1.8 miles south on Purser areas Road, 0.7 mile southeast of Purser Road, about 1,000 Texture—loam, clay loam, or, rarely, sandy clay feet northwest of the Tennessee River (Chickamauga loam or silty clay loam; clay texture may occur Lake); USGS Big Spring Quadrangle: below a depth of 40 inches Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; 5 percent rounded gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Jefferson Series Bt1—6 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay Depth class: Very deep loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Well drained structure; friable; common fine roots; common Permeability: Moderately rapid distinct clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and gradual smooth boundary. Mountains Bt2—23 to 46 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay Position on the landform: Side slopes and footslopes loam; common medium prominent light yellowish Parent material: Colluvium mostly from sandstone brown (10YR 6/4) mottles; moderate medium Slope range: 5 to 60 percent subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Associated soils: Varilla and Shelcota soils in the common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few same landform positions as the Jefferson soils medium prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, masses in the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth mesic Typic Hapludults boundary. Bt3—46 to 72 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay Typical Pedon loam; common medium prominent light yellowish Jefferson cobbly loam in an area of Jefferson-Varilla- brown (10YR 6/4) mottles; moderate medium Shelocta complex, 20 to 60 percent slopes, very subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; stony; in Cumberland County, Tennessee; 400 feet common faint yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay films north of the Obed River on Genesis Road, 100 feet on faces of peds; few medium prominent black west of the road; USGS Fox Creek Quadrangle: (10YR 2/1) manganese masses in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. the matrix; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid. A—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) cobbly loam; weak fine granular structure; very Range in Characteristics friable; common fine and medium roots; 20 percent gravel and cobbles as much as 8 inches Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches in diameter; strongly acid; abrupt smooth Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches boundary. Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and pebbles E—1 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) cobbly of sandstone and chert loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except common fine and medium roots; 20 percent in limed areas gravel and cobbles as much as 8 inches in Ap horizon: diameter; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Hue—10YR Bt1—7 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Value—4 or 5 cobbly loam; weak medium subangular blocky Chroma—2 to 4 structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 182 Soil Survey

few faint clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent BC and C horizons: cobbles and gravel as much as 8 inches in Hue—7.5YR or 10YR diameter; strongly acid; gradual smooth Value—4 to 6 boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 Bt2—17 to 40 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Mottles—in shades of brown, yellow, or red and, cobbly loam; moderate medium subangular in the lower part, gray blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent cobbles sandy clay loam, or clay loam and gravel as much as 8 inches in diameter; Content of rock fragments—20 to 80 percent strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt3—40 to 56 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very cobbly clay loam; moderate medium Ketona Series subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Depth class: Deep few faint clay films on faces of peds; 40 percent Drainage class: Poorly drained cobbles and gravel as much as 8 inches in Permeability: Slow diameter; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges C—56 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very and Valleys gravelly sandy loam; common medium distinct Position on the landform: Flood plains, drainageways, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and common upland flats, and depressions medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; Parent material: Mixed alluvium from soils that formed massive; friable; 50 percent gravel and cobbles as in limestone and shale much as 5 inches in diameter; strongly acid. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Associated soils: Tupelo soils in landform positions Range in Characteristics similar to those of the Ketona soils; Colbert and Thickness of the solum: More than 40 inches Capshaw soils on adjacent terraces and uplands Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles Vertic Epiaqualfs of sandstone Typical Pedon Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except in limed areas Ketona silty clay loam in an area of Ketona-Tupelo complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, frequently flooded; in A horizon: Rhea County, Tennessee; about 3.3 miles east of Hue—10YR Dayton on State Road 30, about 2.2 miles south on Value—3 to 5 New Union Road, 1.4 miles southeast on New Bethel Chroma—1 to 3 Road, 1.1 miles northeast on a private road, 1,750 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam feet west of the private road, adjacent to a Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent drainageway; USGS Big Spring Quadrangle: E horizon: Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; Hue—10YR moderate medium granular structure; very friable; Value—4 to 6 common fine roots; few fine and medium Chroma—3 or 4 prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy concretions in the matrix; strongly acid; clear loam smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent Btg1—6 to 15 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay; Bt horizon: moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR friable; few fine roots; common faint clay films on Value—4 to 6 faces of peds; few fine and medium prominent Chroma—4 to 8 black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy matrix; common medium prominent yellowish clay loam, or clay loam brown (10YR 5/8) irregular iron masses in the Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent in the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. upper part of horizon; 20 to 80 percent in the Btg2—15 to 26 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay; lower part moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; Rhea County, Tennessee 183

very few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron peds; common distinct pressure faces; common masses and concretions in shades of yellow, fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese brown, red, or black; iron depletions in shades masses in the matrix; common medium prominent of brown or gray; a reduced matrix occurs in yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron masses in the some pedons matrix; common fine prominent gray (N 5/0) iron Texture—clay or silty clay depletions in the matrix; moderately acid; clear Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent smooth boundary. Btg3—26 to 36 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay; moderate coarse angular blocky structure; very Lily Series firm; few very fine roots; few distinct clay films on Depth class: Moderately deep faces of peds; common distinct pressure faces; Drainage class: Well drained common fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) Permeability: Moderately rapid manganese masses in the matrix; common Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Mountains iron masses in the matrix; common medium faint Position on the landform: Ridge crests and side gray (2.5Y 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 slopes percent chert and limestone gravel; neutral; clear Parent material: Residuum from sandstone smooth boundary. Slope range: 5 to 35 percent C—36 to 48 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay; Associated soils: Hendon, Ramsey, and Lonewood massive; very firm; very few fine roots; common soils in landform positions similar to those of the distinct pressure faces; common coarse Lily soils prominent gray (N 5/0) iron depletions in the Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, matrix; 2 percent chert and limestone gravel; mesic Typic Hapludults neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. R—48 to 52 inches; hard limestone. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Lily loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; in Cumberland Thickness of the solum: 30 to more than 60 inches County, Tennessee; 0.2 mile southeast of Old Neal Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Chapel Church on Potato Farm Road, 100 feet east of Size and kind of rock fragments: Mostly rounded or the road; USGS Fox Creek Quadrangle: subrounded gravel of limestone and chert Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline A—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine Ap horizon: granular structure; friable; many fine and medium Hue—10YR roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Value—2 to 4 BE—2 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; Chroma—1 to 3 moderate medium granular structure; friable; Texture—silty clay loam many fine to coarse roots; very strongly acid; Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent gradual smooth boundary. Bt1—6 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Btg horizon: loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or neutral friable; common fine to coarse roots; few faint clay Value—4 to 6 films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual Chroma—0 to 2 smooth boundary. Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron Bt2—22 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses and concretions in shades of yellow, loam; moderate medium subangular blocky brown, red, or black; iron depletions in shades structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films of brown or gray on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual Texture—clay or silty clay smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent C—31 to 35 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) C horizon: cobbly sandy loam; massive; 30 percent channers Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or neutral and cobbles as much as 6 inches in length; very Value—4 to 7 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—0 to 4 R—35 inches; hard sandstone bedrock. 184 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics adjacent ridgetops and side slopes; Ramsey soils on adjacent shoulder slopes and side slopes Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches mesic Typic Hapludults Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles of sandstone Typical Pedon Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except Lonewood fine sandy loam in an area of Lonewood- in limed areas Hendon complex, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in Rhea County, Tennessee; about 1.2 miles north of Spring A horizon: City on State Route 68, about 5.0 miles northwest on Hue—10YR Shut-in Gap Road, 300 feet south of Shut-in Gap Value—4 to 6 Road; USGS Pennine Quadrangle: Chroma—2 to 4 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed pine needles Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent and twigs. Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; BE horizon: common coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR Hue—10YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky Value—4 to 6 structure; very friable; common fine and medium Chroma—2 to 4 roots; common fine and medium tubular pores; Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or sandy slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. loam Bt1—6 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Bt horizon: structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR common fine and medium tubular pores; few Value—4 to 6 patchy distinct clay films on faces of peds and Chroma—4 to 8 lining pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy Bt2—16 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) clay loam, or clay loam clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Content of rock fragments—0 to 30 percent structure; friable; few fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; few distinct clay films on faces of C horizon: peds and lining pores; strongly acid; clear smooth Hue—5YR to 10YR boundary. Value—4 to 6 Bt3—24 to 35 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay Chroma—4 to 8 loam; common fine prominent light yellowish Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loamy sand, brown (10YR 6/4) lithochromic mottles; weak sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam medium subangular blocky structure; friable; very Content of rock fragments—0 to 35 percent few fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; few R horizon: distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining Texture—hard sandstone bedrock pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 2Bt4—35 to 44 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay loam; common fine prominent light yellowish Lonewood Series brown (10YR 6/4) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; very few very fine roots; Depth class: Deep and very deep few very fine tubular pores; common distinct clay Drainage class: Well drained films on faces of peds and lining pores; strongly Permeability: Moderate acid; clear smooth boundary. Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and 2BC—44 to 54 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay Mountains loam; common fine prominent brownish yellow Position on the landform: Smooth ridgetops (10YR 6/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky Parent material: A mantle of loamy material underlain structure; friable; very few fine roots; very few by residuum from sandstone very fine tubular pores; few distinct clay films on Slope range: 2 to 12 percent faces of peds and lining pores; strongly acid; clear Associated soils: Hendon soils in the same landform smooth boundary. positions as the Lonewood soils; Lily soils on 2CB—54 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay Rhea County, Tennessee 185

loam; few medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; red, or gray friable; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy loam, 2C—60 to 64 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam clay loam; common fine distinct yellowish red Content of rock fragments—0 to 50 percent (5YR 5/6) mottles; massive; friable; 2 percent sandstone gravel; strongly acid. Range in Characteristics Lyerly Series Thickness of the solum: 40 to 65 inches Depth class: Moderately deep Depth to bedrock: 40 to 72 inches or more Drainage class: Moderately well drained Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and channers Permeability: Very slow of sandstone Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except and Valleys in limed areas Position on the landform: Low ridges and upland flats Parent material: Residuum from interbedded Ap horizon: argillaceous limestone and calcareous shale Hue—10YR Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Value—3 to 5 Associated soils: Capshaw, Colbert, and Conasauga Chroma—2 to 4 soils and areas of limestone rock outcrop Texture—fine sandy loam Taxonomic class: Very fine, mixed, active, thermic Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs Bt horizon: Typical Pedon Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—5 Lyerly silty clay loam in an area of Colbert and Lyerly Chroma—4 to 8 soils, 2 to 12 percent slopes, very rocky; in Rhea Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, County, Tennessee; about 4.8 miles south of Spring or red City on U.S. Highway 27, about 1,000 feet west of Texture—clay loam or loam U.S. Highway 27, about 0.5 mile southwest of Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent Pennine; USGS Pennine Quadrangle: 2Bt horizon: Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR silty clay loam; moderate medium granular Value—4 or 5 structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt Chroma—6 to 8 smooth boundary. Mottles—few or common in shades of brown, Bt1—4 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; yellow, or red moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm, Texture—loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or sticky, plastic; common fine roots; few distinct clay pressure faces; common distinct clay films on Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent faces of peds; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) iron and manganese 2BC and 2CB horizons: masses in the matrix; slightly alkaline; abrupt Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 Bt2—11 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Chroma—6 to 8 clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, firm, very sticky, very plastic; few fine roots; few or red distinct pressure faces; many distinct clay films on Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy faces of peds; few fine and medium prominent loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam black (10YR 2/1) spherical weakly cemented Content of rock fragments—0 to 40 percent manganese nodules in the matrix; many fine 2C horizon: prominent light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) iron Hue—2.5YR to 10YR masses in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual Value—4 to 6 smooth boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 Bt3—22 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) 186 Soil Survey

clay; weak medium angular and subangular Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges blocky structure; very firm, very sticky, very and Valleys plastic; very few fine roots; common distinct Position on the landform: Footslopes, benches, and pressure faces; common faint clay films on faces fans of peds; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) Parent material: Colluvium and underlying residuum weakly cemented manganese nodules in the from cherty limestone matrix; many medium distinct light yellowish Slope range: 2 to 25 percent brown (2.5Y 6/4) iron masses in the matrix; many Associated soils: Tasso soils in the same landform medium prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) positions as the Minvale soils; Fullerton, Dewey, iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent limestone and Pailo soils on ridge crests, shoulder slopes, and chert gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth and side slopes boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, R—28 to 32 inches; hard limestone bedrock. thermic Typic Paleudults Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches Minvale gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Meigs County, Tennessee; about 4.5 miles north of Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and Decatur on State Highway 58, about 0.6 mile flagstones of limestone and chert northeast on Herd Road, 1.5 miles north on Big Nodules, concretions, and masses of iron and Sewee Road, 100 yards west of Big Sewee Road; manganese: None to common throughout the USGS Decatur Quadrangle: profile Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly silt Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid in the A loam; moderate medium granular structure; horizon and the upper part of the Bt horizon; friable; many fine and medium roots; 15 percent slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of chert gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth the Bt horizon boundary. BE—8 to 13 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly Ap horizon: silt loam; moderate medium and fine subangular Hue—10YR or 2.5Y blocky structure; friable; common fine and Value—4 to 6 medium roots; 15 percent chert gravel; strongly Chroma—2 to 4 acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—silty clay loam Bt1—13 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular Bt horizon: blocky structure; friable; common faint clay films Hue—10YR or 2.5Y on faces of peds; few fine roots; 15 percent chert Value—5 or 6 gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Chroma—4 to 8 Bt2—30 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/8) gravelly Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron silty clay loam; few fine prominent pale brown concretions and masses in shades of red, (10YR 6/3) mottles in the lower 15 inches; yellow, black, or brown; iron depletions in moderate medium subangular blocky structure; shades of gray occur below the upper 10 friable; common distinct clay films on faces of inches of horizon peds; 18 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; Texture—clay or silty clay gradual smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent Bt3—60 to 72 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/8) gravelly silty clay loam; many fine to coarse prominent R horizon: brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), light yellowish brown Texture—hard limestone (10YR 6/4), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular and angular blocky structure; friable; Minvale Series few faint clay films on faces of peds; 35 percent chert gravel; strongly acid. Depth class: Very deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Rhea County, Tennessee 187

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches eroded; in McMinn County, Tennessee; about 5.2 Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles miles west on State Route 305 from its intersection of chert with U.S. Highway 11, about 0.4 mile west on County Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except Road 195, in a loblolly pine plantation; USGS in limed areas Tranquility Quadrangle: Ap horizon: Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed pine needles, Hue—7.5YR or 10YR twigs, and hardwood litter. Value—4 or 5 Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed pine needles Chroma—2 to 4 and twigs. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam A—1 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly silt loam; Content of rock fragments—10 to 35 percent moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many fine, common medium, and few coarse BE horizon: roots; 20 percent angular chert gravel; slightly Hue—7.5YR or 10YR acid; clear smooth boundary. Value—4 to 6 BE—6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Chroma—2 to 8 gravelly silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or structure; very friable; common fine and medium loam roots; 20 percent angular chert gravel; slightly Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt horizon: Bt1—15 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Hue—2.5YR to 10YR very gravelly silty clay loam; weak medium Value—4 or 5 subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine Chroma—4 to 8 and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of Mottles—in shades of yellow, red, gray, or brown peds; 40 percent angular chert gravel; very Texture of the fine-earth fraction—typically silty strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam; range Bt2—25 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very includes silty clay or clay below a depth of 40 gravelly clay loam; few fine faint brownish yellow inches (10YR 6/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent in blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium the upper part of horizon; 15 to 50 percent roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds below a depth of 40 inches and lining pores; 50 percent angular chert gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt3—36 to 50 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Pailo Series gravelly clay; common medium faint yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular Depth class: Very deep blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained roots; few fine and medium faint yellowish red Permeability: Moderately rapid (5YR 5/6) clay films on faces of peds and lining Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges pores; 25 percent angular chert gravel; very and Valleys strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Position on the landform: Ridge crests and side Bt4—50 to 62 inches; variegated red (2.5YR 4/8), slopes strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and brownish yellow Parent material: Residuum from cherty limestone and (10YR 6/6) gravelly clay; weak medium angular dolomite; the upper 24 inches of the profile may blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct have formed in colluvium or soil creep strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay films on faces of Slope range: 5 to 60 percent peds and lining pores; 25 percent angular chert Associated soils: Fullerton and Dewey soils in gravel and subrounded cobbles; very strongly landform positions similar to those of the Pailo acid. soils; Minvale and Tasso soils on footslopes Range in Characteristics Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Thickness of the solum: More than 72 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Typical Pedon Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles Pailo gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, of chert 188 Soil Survey

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except about 3.3 miles (airline) northwest of Oliver Springs; in limed areas USGS Petros Quadrangle: A horizon: A—0 to 1 inch; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Hue—10YR channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure; Value—3 or 4 very friable; common fine, medium, and coarse 1 Chroma—2 to 4 roots; 30 percent shale channers as much as /2 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam inch across; strongly acid; abrupt smooth Content of rock fragments—15 to 40 percent boundary. Bw—1 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) BE horizon: extremely channery silt loam; weak fine Hue—7.5YR or 10YR subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine, Value—4 or 5 medium, and coarse roots; 65 percent shale Chroma—4 to 6 channers as much as 2 inches across; strongly Mottles—in shades of red, yellow, or brown acid; gradual smooth boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or Cr—16 inches; rippable shale. loam Content of rock fragments—25 to 50 percent Range in Characteristics Bt horizon: Thickness of the solum: 10 to 20 inches Hue—5YR to 10YR Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Value—4 or 5 Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and channers Chroma—6 to 8 of siltstone and shale Mottles—in shades of red, yellow, or brown Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay A horizon: loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam; clay textures Hue—10YR are normally below a depth of 40 inches Value—3 or 4 Content of rock fragments—25 to 80 percent Chroma—1 to 3 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam Content of rock fragments—15 to 35 percent Petros Series Bw horizon: Depth class: Shallow Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Drainage class: Excessively drained Value—4 to 6 Permeability: Moderately rapid Chroma—4 to 6 Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or silty Mountains clay loam Position on the landform: Steep and very steep Content of rock fragments—35 to 80 percent backslopes Cr horizon: Parent material: Residuum from shale and siltstone Texture—rippable siltstone and shale Slope range: 25 to 80 percent Associated soils: Bouldin soils on footslopes; Gilpin soils in landform positions similar to those of the Petros soils Philo Series Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, Depth class: Very deep mesic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts Drainage class: Moderately well drained Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid Typical Pedon Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Petros channery silt loam in an area of Gilpin-Bouldin- Mountains Petros complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, very stony; Position on the landform: Flood plains in Morgan County, Tennessee; 100 yards north of a Parent material: Alluvium weathered from sandstone, logging road on an east-facing side slope on Jackson shale, and siltstone Mountain west of Poplar Creek, 1.2 miles from the Slope range: 0 to 3 percent end of an improved road in Magazine Hollow at the Associated soils: Allegheny and Cotaco soils on confluence of Poplar Creek and Big Mountain Creek, adjacent stream terraces; Pope and Atkins soils in Rhea County, Tennessee 189

landform positions similar to those of the Philo Chroma—2 or 3 soils Texture—loam Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts Bw horizon: Typical Pedon Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Philo loam in an area of Pope and Philo loams, Value—3 to 6 frequently flooded; in Morgan County, Tennessee; on Chroma—3 to 6 the flood plain of the Emory River, 600 feet northeast Redoximorphic features—iron masses in shades of the confluence of Maden Branch and the Emory of red or brown; iron depletions in shades of River, 1,500 feet south of a bridge on Gobey Road gray within a depth of 24 inches over Maden Branch, about 0.5 mile northeast of Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, silt loam, Elizabeth; USGS Gobey Quadrangle: fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and C horizon: medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—4 to 6 Bw1—6 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Chroma—3 to 6 4/4) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Redoximorphic features—iron masses in shades friable; common fine and medium roots; strongly of yellow, red, or brown; iron depletions in acid; gradual wavy boundary. shades of gray Bw2—27 to 36 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky fine sandy loam, or sandy loam structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few Content of rock fragments—0 to 40 percent medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron Cg horizon: masses in the matrix; few fine distinct light Hue—7.5YR or 10YR brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregular iron depletions Value—4 to 6 on faces of peds; 5 percent rounded and Chroma—0 to 2 subrounded gravel; very strongly acid; gradual Redoximorphic features—iron masses in shades wavy boundary. of yellow, red, or brown; a reduced matrix in C—36 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) shades of gray sandy loam; massive; very friable; few medium Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron masses in or sandy clay loam the matrix; few fine distinct light brownish gray Content of rock fragments—0 to 40 percent (10YR 6/2) irregular iron depletions on faces of peds; 10 percent rounded and subrounded gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Cg—48 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) gravelly sandy Pope Series loam; massive; very friable; common medium Depth class: Very deep prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) iron masses in Drainage class: Well drained the matrix; 30 percent rounded and subrounded Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid gravel; very strongly acid. Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Range in Characteristics Mountains Position on the landform: Flood plains Thickness of the solum: 20 to 48 inches Parent material: Alluvium weathered from sandstone, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches shale, and siltstone Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and pebbles Slope range: 0 to 3 percent of sandstone, shale, and siltstone Associated soils: Allegheny and Cotaco soils on Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, adjacent stream terraces; Philo and Atkins soils in except in limed areas landform positions similar to those of the Pope Ap horizon: soils Hue—10YR Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Value—3 or 4 Fluventic Dystrudepts 190 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam Pope loam in an area of Pope and Philo loams, Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent frequently flooded; in Morgan County, Tennessee; on the flood plain of the Emory River, 1,000 feet Bw horizon: northeast of the confluence of Maden Branch and the Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Emory River, 1,000 feet south of a bridge on Gobey Value—4 to 6 Road over Maden Branch, about 0.5 mile northeast of Chroma—3 to 6 Elizabeth; USGS Gobey Quadrangle: Redoximorphic features—some profiles have iron depletions in shades of gray below a depth of Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak 40 inches fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, silt loam, medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth fine sandy loam, or sandy loam boundary. Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent BE—5 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) C horizon: loam; weak medium granular structure; very Hue—7.5YR or 10YR friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly Value—4 to 6 acid; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—3 to 6 Bw1—8 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Redoximorphic features—iron masses in shades 4/6) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; of brown or red; some profiles have iron very friable; common fine and medium roots; very depletions in shades of gray below a depth of strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 40 inches Bw2—25 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loamy sand, 4/6) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam very friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 Content of rock fragments—0 to 50 percent percent rounded and subrounded gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. C—43 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly sandy loam; massive; very friable; few Ramsey Series medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and Depth class: Shallow and very shallow common medium distinct dark yellowish brown Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained (10YR 4/6) irregular iron masses in the matrix; 40 Permeability: Rapid percent rounded and subrounded gravel; very Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and strongly acid. Mountains Position on the landform: Ridgetops, shoulder slopes, Range in Characteristics backslopes, and the upper part of side slopes Thickness of the solum: 30 to 60 inches Parent material: Residuum from sandstone Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Slope range: 5 to 60 percent Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and pebbles Associated soils: Lily, Hendon, and Lonewood soils on of sandstone, shale, and siltstone adjacent uplands Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except in Taxonomic class: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, mesic limed areas Lithic Dystrudepts Typical Pedon Ap horizon: Hue—10YR Ramsey loam in an area of Ramsey-Rock outcrop Value—3 to 6 complex, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in Cumberland Chroma—3 to 6 County, Tennessee; 0.7 mile east of Fairfield Glade Texture—loam headquarters, 0.3 mile south on a paved road, 100 Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent feet west, in an area of woodland; USGS Fox Creek Quadrangle: BE horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. Value—4 to 6 A—0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Chroma—3 to 6 loam; weak medium granular structure; very Rhea County, Tennessee 191

friable; many fine and medium roots; 10 percent Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, rock fragments as much as 4 inches in diameter; thermic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Bw1—2 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) loam; weak medium subangular blocky Rockdell gravelly loam, occasionally flooded; in structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 10 McMinn County, Tennessee; about 5.5 miles west of percent rock fragments as much as 4 inches in Riceville on County Road 100, about 600 feet east diameter; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. and 190 feet south of the intersection of County Road Bw2—15 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 110 and an unnamed tributary of Rogers Creek; sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky USGS Riceville Quadrangle: structure; very friable; common fine and medium Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaves, twigs, roots; 10 percent rock fragments as much as 4 and roots. inches in diameter; strongly acid. Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam; R—18 inches; hard sandstone bedrock. weak fine granular structure; very friable; many Range in Characteristics fine and few coarse roots; 20 percent chert gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Thickness of the solum: 7 to 20 inches Bw1—10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches gravelly loam; weak fine subangular blocky Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel, channers, structure; friable; common fine and few coarse flagstones, and cobbles of sandstone roots; 30 percent chert gravel; slightly acid; clear Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid smooth boundary. A horizon: Bw2—18 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Hue—10YR extremely gravelly loam; weak fine subangular Value—3 or 4 blocky structure; friable; common fine and few Chroma—2 to 4 medium roots; few medium prominent black Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam (10YR 2/1) manganese coatings on rock Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent fragments; 60 percent chert gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw horizon: C—29 to 41 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR very gravelly loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; Value—4 to 6 common medium prominent black (10YR 2/1) Chroma—4 to 6 manganese masses in the matrix; few fine Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron loam, or fine sandy loam masses in the matrix; 30 percent chert gravel and Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent 25 percent chert cobbles; slightly acid; clear R horizon: smooth boundary. Texture—hard sandstone 2Bt—41 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very cobbly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few Rockdell Series medium prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese masses in the matrix; common medium distinct Depth class: Very deep yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses in the matrix; Drainage class: Well drained common medium prominent light gray (2.5Y 7/2) Permeability: Moderately rapid iron depletions in the matrix; 25 percent chert Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges cobbles and 20 percent chert gravel; moderately and Valleys acid. Position on the landform: Flood plains and drainageways near cherty uplands Range in Characteristics Parent material: Mixed alluvium from cherty limestone and shale Thickness of the solum: 20 to more than 40 inches Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Associated soils: Dewey, Fullerton, and Pailo soils on Depth to iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less: adjacent uplands; Tasso and Minvale soils on More than 40 inches adjacent footslopes Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles 192 Soil Survey

of mostly chert with some limestone, shale, and Parent material: Colluvium and the underlying sandstone residuum from interbedded sandstone and Reaction: Moderately acid or slightly acid shale Slope range: 5 to 65 percent Ap horizon: Associated soils: Apison, Sunlight, and Townley soils Hue—10YR Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Value—4 or 5 Typic Hapludalfs Chroma—2 to 4 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments—10 to 40 percent Salacoa silt loam in an area of Apison-Sunlight- Bw horizon: Salacoa complex, 25 to 65 percent slopes; in Rhea Hue—7.5YR or 10YR County, Tennessee; about 7.1 miles east of Dayton on Value—4 or 5 State Road 30, about 4.2 miles north on State Road Chroma—3 to 6 302, about 1.8 miles east on Breedenton Ferry Road, Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron 0.5 mile north on Smith Bend Road, 650 feet masses and concretions in shades of brown, southeast of Smith Bend Road; USGS Decatur red, or black Quadrangle: Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed leaf litter. loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam A—0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt Content of rock fragments—15 to 70 percent loam; moderate fine granular structure; very C horizon: friable; many fine and common medium roots; 11 Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y percent shale channers; moderately acid; clear Value—4 to 6 smooth boundary. Chroma—3 to 6 Bt1—5 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron gravelly silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky masses and concretions in shades of brown, structure; very friable; many fine and few medium red, or black; iron depletions in shades of gray and coarse roots; few distinct clay films on faces occur below a depth of 40 inches of peds and on rock fragments; 21 percent Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, sandy sandstone gravel and shale channers; very loam, clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments—15 to 70 percent Bt2—20 to 35 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly silt loam; many medium prominent light olive brown 2Bt horizon: (2.5Y 5/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky Hue—2.5YR to 10YR structure; friable; common fine roots; few distinct Value—4 to 6 clay films on faces of peds and rock fragments; 29 Chroma—4 to 8 percent sandstone gravel and shale channers; Redoximorphic features—manganese and iron very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. masses and concretions in shades of brown, BC—35 to 62 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly yellow, red, or black; iron depletions in shades silt loam; common fine distinct yellowish brown of gray (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, structure; friable; common fine roots; 35 percent loam, clay, or silty clay sandstone gravel and shale channers; very Content of rock fragments—15 to 70 percent strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Cr—62 inches; soft shale interbedded with reddish sandstone and siltstone. Salacoa Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Permeability: Moderate Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and gravel and Valleys of sandstone, siltstone, and shale Position on the landform: Footslopes and the lower Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, portions of side slopes and backslopes except in limed areas Rhea County, Tennessee 193

A horizon: fine and medium roots; 2 percent shale channers 1 Hue—7.5YR or 10YR as much as /2 inch across; very strongly acid; Value—3 or 4 abrupt smooth boundary. Chroma—3 to 6 Bt1—1 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Content of rock fragments—5 to 30 percent structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent Bt horizon: 1 shale channers as much as /2 inch across; very Hue—5YR to 10YR strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Value—4 to 6 Bt2—12 to 27 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) Chroma—4 to 6 channery silty clay; strong medium angular and Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; silty clay loam, or clay loam common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 15 Content of rock fragments—5 to 30 percent percent shale channers as much as 1 inch BC horizon: across; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Hue—5YR to 10YR Cr—27 to 31 inches; rippable shale bedrock. Value—4 or 5 Range in Characteristics Chroma—4 to 8 Mottles (if they occur)—in shades of red, yellow, Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches or brown Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam, loam, Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and channers silty clay loam, or clay loam of shale and siltstone Content of rock fragments—5 to 40 percent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Cr horizon: A horizon: Texture and color—weathered, interbedded shale, Hue—10YR siltstone, and sandstone in shades of brown or Value—3 to 5 red Chroma—2 to 4 Texture—silt loam Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent Sequoia Series Bt horizon: Depth class: Moderately deep Hue—5YR to 10YR Drainage class: Well drained Value—4 or 5 Permeability: Moderately slow Chroma—4 to 8 Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Mottles (if they occur)—in shades of red or brown Mountains in the lower part of horizon Position on the landform: Side slopes Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Parent material: Residuum weathered from acid shale Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent Slope range: 20 to 35 percent Cr horizon: Associated soils: Gilpin soils on side slopes and Texture—rippable shale and siltstone shoulder slopes; Lily and Lonewood soils on ridge crests Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults Shady Series Typical Pedon Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Sequoia silt loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes; in Morgan Permeability: Moderate County, Tennessee; on a south-facing side slope in Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Walls Hollow, 25 yards east of Coal Hill Road, 1.6 and Valleys miles east of the intersection of U.S. Highway 27 and Position on the landform: Flood plains, low stream Coal Hill Road, 300 yards south of Coal Hill; USGS terraces, and alluvial fans Elverton Quadrangle: Parent material: Alluvium A—0 to 1 inch; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; Slope range: 0 to 5 percent weak fine granular structure; very friable; common Associated soils: Cobstone soils in the same landform 194 Soil Survey

positions as the Shady soils; Allen soils on Mottles and redoximorphic features (if they footslopes; Hamblen soils on adjacent flood plains occur)—mottles in shades of yellow, red, or Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, subactive, brown; some profiles have iron and thermic Typic Hapludults manganese masses and concretions in shades of brown, red, or black and iron depletions in Typical Pedon shades of gray below a depth of 40 inches Shady loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes; in Rhea County, Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Tennessee; about 1.3 miles west of Dayton on State Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent Road 30, about 0.4 mile south on Delaware Avenue, BC horizon: 900 feet west of Delaware Avenue; USGS Graysville Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Quadrangle: Value—4 or 5 Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Chroma—6 to 8 loam; moderate medium granular structure; very Mottles and redoximorphic features (if they friable; common fine roots; neutral; clear smooth occur)—mottles in shades of yellow, red, or boundary. brown; some profiles have iron and Bt1—8 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay manganese masses and concretions in shades loam; moderate medium subangular blocky of brown, red, or black and iron depletions in structure; friable; common fine roots; few faint clay shades of gray below a depth of 40 inches films on faces of peds; 2 percent rounded Texture—loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam sandstone gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Content of rock fragments—5 to 60 percent boundary. Bt2—25 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Shelocta Series structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films Depth class: Deep and very deep on faces of peds; 2 percent rounded sandstone Drainage class: Well drained gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderate BC1—32 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Mountains friable; 5 percent rounded sandstone gravel; Position on the landform: Upland side slopes moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Parent material: Colluvium from sandstone over shale BC2—42 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and siltstone residuum very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine subangular Slope range: 10 to 60 percent blocky structure; friable; 40 percent sandstone Associated soils: Jefferson and Varilla soils cobbles and gravel; strongly acid. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Range in Characteristics Typic Hapludults Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Typical Pedon Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Shelocta loam in an area of Jefferson-Varilla-Shelocta Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles complex, 20 to 60 percent slopes, very stony; in of sandstone and chert Cumberland County, Tennessee; 6.6 miles northeast Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, of the intersection of Interstate Highway 40 and except in limed areas Highway 298, about 0.3 mile east of Highway 298 and Ap horizon: River Road, 300 feet south of River Road, by the Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Obed River, 300 feet south; USGS Fox Creek Value—3 or 4 Quadrangle: Chroma—3 or 4 A—0 to 1 inch; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak Texture—loam medium granular structure; very friable; many fine Content of rock fragments—0 to 15 percent to coarse roots; 10 percent hard sandstone Bt horizon: fragments as much as 3 inches in diameter; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 E—1 to 3 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; Chroma—6 to 8 moderate medium granular structure; very friable; Rhea County, Tennessee 195

many fine to coarse roots; 10 percent hard Texture—loam sandstone channers as much as 3 inches in Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent length; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. E horizon: BE—3 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; Hue—10YR weak fine and medium subangular blocky Value—5 to 7 structure; very friable; common fine to coarse Chroma—4 roots; 10 percent hard sandstone channers as Texture—loam much as 3 inches in length; strongly acid; clear Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent smooth boundary. Bt1—11 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty BE horizon: clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Hue—10YR structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; Value—4 to 6 few faint clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent Chroma—4 to 6 hard sandstone channers as much as 3 inches in Texture—loam or silty clay loam length; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent 2Bt2—21 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Bt horizon: silty clay loam; common medium distinct yellowish Hue—7.5YR or 10YR brown (10YR 5/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Value—4 to 6 mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Chroma—4 to 8 structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct Texture—silty clay loam or loam yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay films on faces of Content of rock fragments—5 to 35 percent peds; 10 percent shale channers as much as 3 inches in length; strongly acid; gradual smooth BC and C horizons: boundary. Hue—10YR 2Bt3—32 to 40 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) Value—4 to 6 silty clay loam; common fine and medium Chroma—3 to 6 prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; Texture—clay loam or silty clay loam strong fine and medium subangular blocky Content of rock fragments—30 to 70 percent structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct Cr horizon: brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay films on faces of Texture—multicolored shale or mudstone with peds; 10 percent shale channers as much as 3 some interlayering of sandstone inches in length; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. 2BC—40 to 50 inches; 34 percent brownish yellow Staser Series (10YR 6/6), 33 percent pale brown (10YR 6/3), and 33 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Depth class: Very deep channery silty clay loam; weak medium platy Drainage class: Well drained structure; friable; 30 percent shale channers as Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid much as 3 inches in length; strongly acid; gradual Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges smooth boundary. and Valleys 2Cr—50 to 60 inches; multicolored shale bedrock. Position on the landform: Flood plains Parent material: Alluvium Range in Characteristics Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Associated soils: Egam soils in landform positions Thickness of the solum: 48 to 60 inches or more similar to those of the Staser soils; Altavista and Depth to bedrock: More than 48 inches Etowah soils on adjacent stream terraces Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and gravel Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic of shale and sandstone Cumulic Hapludolls Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except in limed areas Typical Pedon A horizon: Staser loam; in Hamilton County, Tennessee; on the Hue—10YR north shore flood plain of the Tennessee River, on the Value—3 or 4 west side of Moccasin Bend, 500 feet south of Chroma—2 to 4 Moccasin Bend Psychiatric Hospital, across the river 196 Soil Survey

from Interstate Highway 24; USGS Chattanooga in landform positions similar to those of the Quadrangle: Sunlight soils Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR thermic, shallow Inceptic Hapludults 3/2) loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; clear Typical Pedon smooth boundary. A—10 to 30 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; Sunlight gravelly loam in an area of Townley-Sunlight moderate medium granular structure; very friable; complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes; in Rhea County, many fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth Tennessee; about 7.1 miles east of Dayton on State boundary. Road 30, about 4.2 miles north on State Road 302, Bw—30 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR about 1.8 miles east on Breedenton Ferry Road, 0.5 4/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky mile north on Smith Bend Road, 2,500 feet southeast structure; very friable; few fine roots; slightly acid. of Smith Bend Road; USGS Decatur Quadrangle: Range in Characteristics Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs. Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches A—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches gravelly loam; weak fine granular structure; very Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles friable; common fine roots; 15 percent sandstone of sandstone and chert gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid Bt—8 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very Ap and A horizons: gravelly clay loam; common medium distinct Hue—7.5YR or 10YR yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; weak medium Value—2 or 3 subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and Chroma—2 or 3 medium roots; 40 percent sandstone gravel; Texture—loam common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Cr—17 to 48 inches; reddish tilted sandstone and Bw horizon: sandy shale that can be dug with a spade. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—3 or 4 Range in Characteristics Chroma—3 or 4 Mottles and redoximorphic features (if they Thickness of the solum: 10 to 20 inches occur)—mottles in shades of brown; iron and Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches manganese masses and concretions in shades Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and gravel or red, brown, or black; iron depletions in of shale, sandstone, and siltstone shades of gray or brown below a depth of 40 Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except inches in limed areas Texture—loam or fine sandy loam Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent A horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—3 or 4 Sunlight Series Chroma—1 to 4 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam Depth class: Shallow Content of rock fragments—10 to 25 percent Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Bt horizon: Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Hue—5YR to 10YR and Valleys Value—4 or 5 Position on the landform: Narrow convex ridge crests, Chroma—4 to 8 shoulder slopes, and side slopes Mottles (if they occur)—in shades of red, yellow, Parent material: Residuum from tilted, interbedded or brown shale, siltstone, and sandstone Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, Slope range: 5 to 65 percent loam, sandy loam, or silt loam Associated soils: Townley, Apison, and Salacoa soils Content of rock fragments—35 to 80 percent Rhea County, Tennessee 197

Cr horizon: Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Texture and color—reddish to brownish tilted, Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and interbedded shale, sandstone, and siltstone flagstones of limestone and chert Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid Talbott Series Ap horizon: Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Depth class: Moderately deep Value—3 to 5 Drainage class: Well drained Chroma—2 to 4 Permeability: Moderately slow Texture—silt loam Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent and Valleys Bt horizon: Position on the landform: Low ridges and upland flats Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR and side slopes Value—4 or 5 Parent material: Residuum from limestone Chroma—4 to 8 Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Mottles—in shades of red, yellow, or brown Associated soils: Lyerly, Capshaw, Colbert, and Texture—clay or silty clay Conasauga soils and areas of limestone rock Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent outcrop in similar positions Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic R horizon: Typic Hapludalfs Texture—hard limestone or dolomite Typical Pedon Talbott silt loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes; in Hamilton Tasso Series County, Tennessee; 1.25 miles on Morris Hill Road Depth class: Very deep from the intersection of Morris Hill Road and East Drainage class: Moderately well drained Brainerd Road, 50 feet west; USGS East Permeability: Moderately slow Chattanooga Quadrangle: Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Ap—0 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt and Valleys loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; Position on the landform: Footslopes, benches, and many fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth fans boundary. Parent material: Colluvium, alluvium, and underlying Bt1—6 to 10 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; few residuum from cherty limestone medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; Slope range: 2 to 25 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Associated soils: Fullerton, Dewey, and Pailo soils on firm; many fine roots; common distinct clay films adjacent ridge crests, shoulder slopes, and side on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth slopes boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, Bt2—10 to 24 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay; thermic Fragic Paleudults common fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; moderate medium Typical Pedon angular blocky structure; firm, plastic; few fine Tasso gravelly loam in an area of Tasso-Minvale roots; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; complex, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in Rhea County, strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Tennessee; about 6.5 miles south of Spring City on Bt3—24 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) U.S. Highway 27, about 300 feet east of U.S. Highway clay; common fine and medium distinct yellowish 27; USGS Evensville Quadrangle: red (5YR 4/6) mottles; strong medium and coarse angular blocky structure; very firm, plastic; many Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam; distinct clay films on faces of peds; moderately moderate medium granular structure; friable; acid; abrupt smooth boundary. many fine roots; 15 percent chert gravel; slightly R—36 to 40 inches; hard limestone bedrock. acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—7 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Range in Characteristics gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint 198 Soil Survey

clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent chert Bt horizon: gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bt2—20 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Value—4 or 5 gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular Chroma—4 to 8 blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common Mottles and redoximorphic features—mottles in faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium shades of yellow, red, or brown; iron depletions prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron in shades of brown or gray, generally occurring depletions on faces of peds; 15 percent chert below a depth of 20 inches gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, silty Btx—26 to 34 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam, silt loam, loam, or, rarely, clay gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular Content of rock fragments—10 to 25 percent blocky and weak prismatic structure; firm; Btx horizon: common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR common medium prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR Value—4 or 5 6/2) iron depletions on faces of peds; 20 percent Chroma—4 to 8 chert gravel; 50 percent brittleness; strongly acid; Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese clear smooth boundary. masses and concretions in shades of red, 2Bt1—34 to 44 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) brown, or black; iron depletions in shades of gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular gray or brown, generally occurring below a blocky structure; friable; common distinct clay depth of 20 inches films on faces of peds; common medium distinct Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, silty light brown (7.5YR 6/3) iron depletions on faces of clay loam, silt loam, or loam peds; 25 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; clear Content of rock fragments—10 to 35 percent smooth boundary. 2Bt2—44 to 54 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) 2Bt and 2BC horizons: gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular Hue—7.5YR or 10YR blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on Value—4 or 5 faces of peds; common medium prominent Chroma—6 to 8 pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions on faces Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese of peds; 20 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; masses and concretions in shades of red, clear smooth boundary. brown, or black; iron depletions in shades of 2BC—54 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) gray or brown gravelly clay loam; weak medium subangular Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay loam, silty blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on clay loam, or clay faces of peds; common medium distinct strong Content of rock fragments—10 to 50 percent brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron masses and common medium prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 20 percent chert gravel; Townley Series strongly acid. Depth class: Moderately deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and Valleys Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles Position on the landform: Ridge crests, side slopes, of chert and backslopes Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except Parent material: Residuum from tilted and fractured in limed areas acid shale Ap horizon: Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Hue—10YR Associated soils: Sunlight and Apison soils in Value—3 to 5 landform positions similar to those of the Townley Chroma—2 to 4 soils Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Content of rock fragments—10 to 25 percent Typic Hapludults Rhea County, Tennessee 199

Typical Pedon Mottles (if they occur)—in shades of red, yellow, or brown Townley silt loam in an area of Townley-Sunlight Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay, silty clay, complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes; in Rhea County, or silty clay loam Tennessee; about 4.1 miles north of Spring City on Content of rock fragments—5 to 20 percent U.S. Highway 27, about 2.8 miles southeast on Rocky Springs Road, 0.4 mile northeast on a logging road, in BC horizon: a clearcut; USGS Spring City Quadrangle: Hue—5YR to 10YR Value—4 to 6 Ap—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Chroma—6 to 8 moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very Mottles (if they occur)—in shades of red, yellow, friable; common fine roots; 5 percent sandstone brown, or olive; some horizons are variegated gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. without a dominant color Bt1—3 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay, silty clay, strong medium subangular blocky and moderate silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam medium angular blocky structure; firm, sticky, Content of rock fragments—0 to 20 percent plastic; few fine and medium roots; 5 percent sandstone gravel; many distinct clay films on Cr horizon: faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth Texture and color—olive, brown, or yellow boundary. fractured and tilted shale and siltstone Bt2—12 to 20 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; few fine faint brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Tupelo Series firm, sticky, plastic; few fine and common medium Depth class: Very deep roots; common distinct clay films on faces of Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained peds; 5 percent shale channers and sandstone Permeability: Slow gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges BC—20 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay; and Valleys common fine prominent light yellowish brown Position on the landform: Flood plains and (2.5Y 6/4) mottles; weak medium subangular drainageways in areas of upland flats blocky structure; firm, sticky, plastic; 5 percent Parent material: Alluvium and underlying residuum shale channers and sandstone gravel; very from interbedded argillaceous limestone and strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. calcareous shale Cr—28 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown tilted sandy Slope range: 0 to 3 percent shale and siltstone that can be dug with a spade. Associated soils: Ketona soils in the same landform Range in Characteristics positions as the Tupelo soils; Colbert, Capshaw, Lyerly, and Conasauga soils and areas of Thickness of the solum: 20 to 40 inches limestone rock outcrop on adjacent uplands Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Size and kind of rock fragments: Channers and gravel Aquic Hapludalfs of shale, sandstone, and siltstone Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except Typical Pedon in limed areas Tupelo silt loam; in Hamilton County, Tennessee; in an Ap horizon: area off East Brainerd Road, 500 feet from Mackey Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Creek, 100 feet north of a private road; USGS East Value—4 or 5 Chattanooga Quadrangle: Chroma—4 to 6 Ap—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Texture of the fine-earth fraction—silt loam or loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; loam common fine roots; few fine faint light olive brown Content of rock fragments—5 to 20 percent (2.5Y 5/4) iron depletions; slightly acid; abrupt Bt horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—5YR or 7.5YR BA—8 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt Value—4 or 5 loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Chroma—4 to 8 structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine distinct 200 Soil Survey

light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) depletions in the Bt horizon: matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Hue—10YR to 5Y Bt1—16 to 26 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty Value—4 to 6 clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Chroma—3 to 6 structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint clay Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese films on faces of peds; many coarse distinct masses and concretions in shades of red, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron masses on faces brown, or black; iron depletions in shades of of peds; common fine prominent brownish gray gray, olive, brown, or yellow; features with (2.5Y 6/2) irregular iron depletions on faces of chroma of 2 or less occur in the upper 10 peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. inches of horizon Bt2—26 to 32 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay; Texture—clay or silty clay moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent many distinct clay films; many medium prominent Btg horizon: brown (7.5YR 4/4) iron masses on faces of peds; Hue—10YR to 5Y or neutral many medium faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Value—5 or 6 iron depletions on faces of peds; moderately acid; Chroma—0 to 2 gradual smooth boundary. Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese Btg—32 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) masses and concretions in shades of red, clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; brown, or black; a reduced matrix in shades of firm; many distinct clay films; many fine and gray medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Texture—clay or silty clay and brown (7.5YR 4/4) iron masses in the matrix; Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. Cg—48 to 60 inches; gray (N 6/0) clay; massive; very Cg horizon: firm; many medium prominent strong brown Hue—10YR to 5Y or neutral (7.5YR 5/6) irregular iron masses in the matrix; Value—5 or 6 slightly acid. Chroma—0 to 2 Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese Range in Characteristics masses and concretions in shades of red, Thickness of the solum: 40 to more than 60 inches brown, or black; a reduced matrix in shades of Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches gray Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and Texture—clay or silty clay flagstones of limestone and chert Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent Nodules, concretions, and masses of iron and manganese: None or few in the A horizon; few to many in the Bt, Btg, and Cg horizons Udorthents Reaction: Strongly acid to moderately alkaline Depth class: Very deep Ap horizon: Drainage class: Well drained to excessively drained Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Permeability: Very slow to moderate Value—4 or 5 Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Chroma—2 to 4 and Valleys Texture—silt loam Landscape position: Uplands, flood plains, and Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent drainageways BA horizon: Parent material: Variable, depending on the source of Hue—10YR or 2.5Y soil material Value—5 or 6 Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Chroma—3 to 8 Typical Pedon Redoximorphic features (if they occur)—iron and manganese masses and concretions in shades A typical pedon is not given because these soils of red, brown, or black; iron depletions in vary greatly. Most areas of Udorthents have been shades of brown or yellow excavated or filled. Udorthents have colors in shades Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam of red, yellow, brown, olive, or gray. Their textures Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent vary. Rhea County, Tennessee 201

Range in Characteristics fine and few medium and coarse roots; 50 percent cobbles as much as 8 inches in diameter; very Depth to bedrock: Generally more than 60 inches strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Size and kind of rock fragments: Variable; typically C—44 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very gravel, cobbles, and stones of chert, shale, cobbly sandy loam; massive; very friable; 60 limestone, or sandstone percent cobbles as much as 8 inches in diameter; Reaction: Extremely acid to neutral very strongly acid. Depth to seasonal high water table: Generally more than 60 inches Range in Characteristics Thickness of the solum: 40 to 60 inches Varilla Series Depth to bedrock: 48 to more than 60 inches Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel, cobbles, and Depth class: Deep and very deep stones of sandstone Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Permeability: Moderately rapid A horizon: Physiographic area: Cumberland Plateau and Hue—10YR Mountains Value—3 or 4 Position on the landform: Convex side slopes and Chroma—2 or 3 footslopes below sandstone escarpments Texture of the fine-earth fraction—sandy loam Parent material: Colluvium from sandstone Content of rock fragments—15 to 75 percent Slope range: 10 to 60 percent Associated soils: Jefferson and Shelocta soils in the BE horizon: same landform positions as the Varilla soils Hue—10YR Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, Value—4 or 5 semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts Chroma—3 or 4 Texture—loam or sandy loam Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments—15 to 75 percent Varilla very cobbly sandy loam in an area of Bw horizon: Jefferson-Varilla-Shelocta complex, 20 to 60 percent Hue—7.5YR or 10YR slopes, very stony; in Cumberland County, Value—4 or 5 Tennessee; 2 miles northeast of U.S. Highway 127 on Chroma—4 to 6 Tabor Loop, east to the end of McCampbell Road, Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam 600 feet north; USGS Fox Creek Quadrangle: Content of rock fragments—15 to 75 percent Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter. C horizon: A—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Hue—10YR very cobbly sandy loam; weak medium granular Value—5 or 6 structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; Chroma—3 to 6 40 percent cobbles and stones as much as 16 Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy inches in diameter; strongly acid; abrupt smooth sand boundary. Content of rock fragments—35 to 90 percent BE—1 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very cobbly sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; 40 percent Wax Series cobbles and stones as much as 16 inches in diameter; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep Bw1—7 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Moderately well drained 4/6) very cobbly sandy loam; weak coarse Permeability: Slow subangular blocky structure; very friable; common Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges fine and few medium and coarse roots; 40 percent and Valleys cobbles as much as 8 inches in diameter; very Position on the landform: Drainageways and terraces strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. or toeslopes near cherty uplands Bw2—28 to 44 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium containing a 4/6) very cobbly sandy loam; weak coarse large amount of chert gravel, cobbles, and stones subangular blocky structure; very friable; common Slope range: 0 to 3 percent 202 Soil Survey

Associated soils: Rockdell soils in the same landform Range in Characteristics positions as the Wax soils; Minvale and Tasso Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches soils on adjacent footslopes; Dewey, Fullerton, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and Pailo soils on adjacent uplands Depth to fragipan: 15 to 40 inches Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, Depth to iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less: 20 thermic Typic Fragiudults to 40 inches Size and kind of rock fragments: Gravel and cobbles Typical Pedon of chert and some sandstone Wax gravelly loam in an area of Wax-Rockdell Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded; A horizon: in Rhea County, Tennessee; about 6.8 miles east of Hue—10YR Dayton on State Road 30, about 1.3 miles northwest Value—3 to 5 on Pete Worthington Road, 200 feet northeast of Pete Chroma—3 or 4 Worthington Road; USGS Evensville Quadrangle: Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or silt A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam; loam moderate fine granular structure; very friable; Content of rock fragments—15 to 30 percent many fine roots; 30 percent chert gravel; strongly AB horizon: acid; clear smooth boundary. Hue—10YR AB—4 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Value—3 to 5 gravelly loam; weak fine granular structure; very Chroma—3 to 6 friable; common fine roots; 15 percent chert Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam or silt gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. loam Bt1—9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Content of rock fragments—15 to 30 percent gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct clay films on Bt horizon: faces of peds; few fine roots; 30 percent chert Hue—7.5YR or 10YR gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Value—5 or 6 Bt2—17 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Chroma—4 to 8 gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular Redoximorphic features (if they occur)—iron and blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many manganese masses and concretions in shades medium prominent pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron of brown, yellow, red, or black; iron depletions depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct in shades of brown strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron masses on faces of Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay peds; 30 percent chert gravel; strongly acid; loam, or silty clay loam abrupt smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments—15 to 30 percent Btx—28 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Btx horizon: very gravelly clay loam; weak fine prismatic Hue—7.5YR or 10YR structure; very firm; many medium black (10YR Value—5 or 6 2/1) manganese masses coating faces of peds Chroma—4 to 8 and gravel; common medium faint strong brown Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese (7.5YR 5/6) iron masses coating faces of peds masses and concretions in shades of brown, and gravel; many medium distinct pale brown yellow, red, or black; iron depletions in shades (10YR 6/3) and few fine prominent light brownish of brown or gray gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 50 Texture of the fine-earth fraction—loam, clay percent chert gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy loam, or silty clay loam boundary. Content of rock fragments—35 to 65 percent 2Bt—46 to 72 inches; variegated brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), red (2.5YR 4/6), and strong brown 2Bt horizon: (7.5YR 5/6) very gravelly clay; moderate medium Hue—2.5YR to 10YR angular blocky structure; firm; many coarse Value—4 to 6 prominent light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; Chroma—4 to 8 50 percent rounded chert and sandstone gravel; Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese very strongly acid. masses and concretions in shades of brown, Rhea County, Tennessee 203

yellow, red, or black; iron depletions in shades manganese concretions in the matrix; 25 percent of gray; in many pedons horizon is variegated rounded gravel; very strongly acid. without dominant hue or chroma Range in Characteristics Texture of the fine-earth fraction—clay or clay loam Thickness of the solum: More than 60 inches Content of rock fragments—30 to 65 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and gravel of sandstone, quartzite, and chert Waynesboro Series Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except in limed areas Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Ap horizon: Permeability: Moderate Hue—5YR or 7.5YR Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges Value—3 to 5 and Valleys Chroma—2 to 8 Position on the landform: Ridges and side slopes Texture—loam Parent material: Old alluvium from sandstone, shale, Content of rock fragments—0 to 10 percent and limestone Bt horizon: Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Hue—dominantly 2.5YR or 5YR; 7.5YR in the Associated soils: Dewey and Fullerton soils upper part of horizon Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Value—4 or 5 Paleudults Chroma—4 to 8 Typical Pedon Mottles—in shades of yellow, red, or brown Texture—clay or clay loam Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded; in Content of rock fragments—mostly 0 to 10 Rhea County, Tennessee; about 2.0 miles south of percent; some profiles have as much as 30 Spring City on U.S. Highway 27, about 0.3 mile west percent below a depth of 36 inches on Ideal Valley Road, 425 feet south of Ideal Valley Road, in a pasture; USGS Pennine Quadrangle: Ap1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loam; Wolftever Series moderate medium granular structure; friable; Depth class: Very deep many fine roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Moderately well drained Ap2—5 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay Permeability: Moderately slow loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Physiographic area: Southern Appalachian Ridges common fine roots; neutral; clear smooth and Valleys boundary. Position on the landform: Low stream terraces Bt1—11 to 25 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) Parent material: Alluvium weathered from sandstone, clay; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; shale, and limestone friable; few fine roots; common faint clay films on Slope range: 2 to 5 percent faces of peds and lining pores; few fine prominent Associated soils: Egam and Altavista soils in landform black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the positions similar to those of the Wolftever soils; matrix; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Etowah, Holston, and Waynesboro soils on the Bt2—25 to 37 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; higher terraces moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic friable; common distinct clay films on faces of Aquic Hapludults peds and lining pores; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; Typical Pedon 2 percent rounded gravel; slightly acid; clear Wolftever silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; in Rhea smooth boundary. County, Tennessee; about 3.8 miles east of Dayton on Bt3—37 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) gravelly clay; State Road 30, about 3.9 miles east on Cottonport few medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR Road, 0.4 mile south on a private road, 250 feet west 6/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky of the private road; USGS Big Spring Quadrangle: structure; friable; common prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; few fine Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) 204

silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; lining pores; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) friable; common fine roots; moderately acid; manganese masses in the matrix; common abrupt smooth boundary. coarse prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions Bt1—8 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty in the matrix; common fine flakes of mica; very clay; moderate medium subangular blocky strongly acid. structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay films on faces of Range in Characteristics peds and lining pores; few fine prominent black Thickness of the solum: 40 to 60 inches (10YR 2/1) manganese masses in the matrix; Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches common fine prominent pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) Size and kind of rock fragments: Pebbles and gravel iron depletions in the matrix; common fine flakes of sandstone, quartzite, and chert of mica; 2 percent rounded sandstone gravel; Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. in limed areas Bt2—24 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Ap horizon: structure; friable; very few fine roots; common Hue—10YR distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining Value—4 or 5 pores; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1) Chroma—3 or 4 manganese masses in the matrix; common Texture—silt loam medium prominent light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent depletions in the matrix; common fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt and BC horizons: Bt3—38 to 46 inches; variegated yellowish brown Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y (10YR 5/8), light gray (2.5Y 7/2), and strong Value—4 to 7 brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; weak medium Chroma—3 to 8 subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct clay Redoximorphic features—iron and manganese films on faces of peds and lining pores; few fine masses and nodules in shades of yellow, red, prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese masses black, or brown; iron depletions in shades of in the matrix; common fine flakes of mica; very gray with chroma of 2 or less occur in the strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. upper 24 inches but not above the upper 10 BC—46 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty inches clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Texture—silty clay, clay, or clay loam firm; few distinct clay films on faces of peds and Content of rock fragments—0 to 5 percent 205

Formation of the Soils

This section describes the major factors and Residuum is mostly on ridgetops and the more processes that have affected the formation and stable landscapes. In Rhea County, a variety of rocks morphology of soils in the survey area. Soil genesis are the source of residual parent materials. On the mainly consists of two major processes—the Cumberland Plateau, sandstone is the largest source accumulation of parent materials and the of residuum. Shale and siltstone bedrock are also differentiation of horizons in the profile (13). Essential sources of residuum in this area. Lily soils formed in concepts of soil genesis include: processes active in residuum from sandstone, and Gilpin soils formed in the soil today have been operating over time and have residuum from shale. In the Southern Appalachian varying degrees of expression over space; many soil- Ridges and Valleys, limestone or dolomite bedrock forming (and soil-destroying) processes proceed that has varying amounts of chert is the largest simultaneously in a soil and the resulting profile source of residuum. Sandstone and shale residuum reflects the balances of these processes; present and occur in the Southern Appalachian Ridges and past distinctive regimes or combinations of processes Valleys but to a lesser extent than limestone and produce distinctive soils; and five external factors of dolomite. soil formation drive the internal pedogenic processes Colluvium generally occurs on footslopes and on within a soil (3, 10). the lower portions of very steep slopes. Some of the largest areas of colluvial parent material are located Factors of Soil Formation near the base of the Cumberland Escarpment. There are several areas having colluvial parent material on The characteristics of a soil depend upon five soil- the lower parts of very steep slopes of the River forming factors: climate, living organisms, parent Knobs and Muddy Creek Ridge. Examples of soils material, relief, and time (3, 10). These factors are that formed in colluvium are Bouldin and Salacoa interrelated and interdependent. The “Physiography, soils. Drainage, and Geology” section in the introduction The largest areas of alluvium in the county are gives additional information on the parent material located adjacent to the Tennessee River and along and relief factors. The “Climate” section in the major streams. Some of the alluvial materials on introduction gives detailed records about present-day stream terraces have been stable for a considerable temperature and precipitation trends. A few of the period of time while some of the alluvial deposits near more important effects of the five soil-forming factors active streams are generally younger and may still be on the soils in the survey area are discussed in the accumulating from present-day flood events. following paragraphs. Waynesboro, Holston, and Etowah soils are examples of soils that formed in the older alluvial deposits on Parent Material stream terraces. Shady, Bloomingdale, Cobstone, and Cranmore soils are examples of soils that Parent material is the unconsolidated geologic formed in relatively younger alluvial deposits on flood material from which soils form. It plays a large role in plains. the chemical properties of the soils. The soils in Rhea County formed in parent materials of three major Relief origins—residuum, colluvium, and alluvium. Residuum is derived from the weathering of rocks and The relief of the landscape influences soil refers to material that formed in place. Colluvium is formation through its effect on runoff, erosion, plant produced from material that has moved downslope by cover, soil temperature, soil drainage, and soil gravity. Alluvium refers to parent material that was stability. In nearly level areas, water moves through moved and deposited by water. the soil and surface runoff is minimal. In steep and 206 Soil Survey

very steep areas, however, the surface runoff rates Living Organisms may exceed the infiltration rates. Relief also influences temperature by controlling the exposure Vegetation, bacteria, fungi, and animals actively and angle of the soil surface to sunlight. North and affect soil formation. These elements may be most east exposures of the landscape tend to be more active in areas of grasslands or forests. Vegetation moist and cooler than south and west exposures. generally supplies organic matter, which, when These factors influence the type and abundance of decomposed, gives soil a dark color in the surface plants that grow on these landscapes. The ground layer. It also transfers or cycles nutrients from the cover helps to control the amount of shading or subsoil to the surface layer. Bacteria and fungi exposure of the soil to sunlight. decompose the organic matter and release minerals Relief, as related to steepness and length of slope, into the soil. Worms, insects, and burrowing animals is a major factor when assessing the soil erosion mix the soil and thus affect soil tilth, structure, and potential. On sloping to very steep, unprotected soils, porosity. runoff carries away large amounts of valuable topsoil. Human activities, such as tillage and management Erosion can remove the topsoil much faster than practices, affect the physical and chemical properties topsoil can form if the erosion is unchecked. The soil of soils. The use of lime, fertilizer, insecticides, and material that it is removed by erosion is then carried herbicides alters the chemical makeup of the soil. The to lower parts of the landscape. Some of the sediment movement of vehicles contributes to soil compaction. is deposited on flood plains and becomes soil parent Increased bulk density, a lower percent of porosity, material. Most of the transported and suspended increased runoff rates, and decreased infiltration rates sediment reaches ditches, culverts, streams, and are some of the effects of soil compaction. lakes where it must be removed or it becomes detrimental to the environment. Nationally, billions of Time taxpayer dollars are spent each year for the removal of sediment, improvement of water quality, and Over time, the factors of climate, living organisms, treatment of drinking water. relief, and parent material interact to form a soil. The soils of Rhea County range from relatively young to Climate old. The soils that formed in residuum range from the relatively young Ramsey soils, which have hard Climate plays a large role in soil genesis. bedrock at a depth of 7 to 20 inches, to the relatively Temperature and moisture are equally important old Dewey soils, which have bedrock at a depth of climatic factors. Temperature partly controls the rates more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is only one of chemical reactions. Moisture, as precipitation, soil property that is influenced by time. helps to transport material from one place to another In younger soils, soil horizons are poorly through erosion. Water within the soil profile helps to differentiated, soil structure is generally weaker, and move particles and components from one part of the soil colors are generally not as bright as in older soils. soil profile to another and influences the type and rate Relatively older soils normally have stronger soil of chemical reactions (3, 10). Moisture contributes to structure, concentrations of illuvial clay in the subsoil, the physical weathering of parent materials by and brighter soil colors. physically rupturing rocks and minerals when it freezes. Climate is reflected in soil classification. Processes of Horizon Temperature regime is a part of the family Differentiation classification, and moisture regime is normally reflected in the suborder classification (15, 16). The The results of the soil-forming factors include the soils in the Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys differentiation of horizons (or layers) in a soil profile. area of Rhea County are in the thermic temperature This complex process consists of additions, removals, regime. The soils in the Cumberland Mountains and transfers, and transformations within the soil system Plateau area and the Cumberland Escarpment area (13). The soil profile extends from the surface down to are in the mesic temperature regime (32). The soils in material that is little altered or unaltered by the soil- Rhea County are in the udic or aquic moisture forming process. regime. Generally, soil horizons are formed by the The “Climate” section in the introduction provides accumulation of organic matter, the leaching of more information on the climate in the survey area. soluble constituents, the reduction and movement of Rhea County, Tennessee 207

iron, the formation of soil structure, and the formation other minerals are then translocated from the upper and translocation of clay minerals. soil horizons into the subsoil. Clay is usually The accumulation and incorporation of organic translocated in soils by water moving through the soil material usually occurs when plant material profile. accumulates on the soil surface or when organic Soil parent materials in the Cumberland Mountains material is added to the surface. These materials then and Plateau region are comprised mostly of silica decompose and are incorporated into the soil. minerals that are very resistant to weathering. Parent Additions of organic matter darken the mineral materials in the Southern Appalachian Ridges and material and help to make an A horizon. Valleys generally have more weatherable minerals. In In order for soils to have distinct subsoil horizons the Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys region, (B horizons), the subsoil generally needs to be soils are generally deeper to bedrock, have better leached of carbonates and more soluble minerals. defined B horizons, and have a higher clay content The remaining minerals are weathered, and clay than soils in the Cumberland Mountains and Plateau minerals, along with other minerals resulting from region. weathering processes, form. These clay minerals and

209

References

(1) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2000. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 20th ed., 2 vols.

(2) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2001. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487-00.

(3) Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole, and R.J. McCracken. 1980. Soil genesis and classification. 3rd ed.

(4) Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-79/31.

(5) Dayton/Rhea County Chamber of Commerce. 1999. Rhea County. Tenn. Tech. Univ. Business Media Center, Cookeville, Tenn.

(6) Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.

(7) Federal Register. February 24, 1995. Hydric soils of the United States.

(8) Hartman, B.A. 1993. Geology of Soil Conservation Service Area IV, Tennessee. (Unpublished guidebook.) U.S. Dep. Agric., Natural Resources Conserv. Serv., Chattanooga, Tenn.

(9) Hurt, G.W., P.M. Whited, and R.F. Pringle, eds. 1998. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States. Ver 4.0.

(10) Jenny, Hans. 1941. Factors of soil formation.

(11) National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.

(12) Rhea County Historical and Genealogical Society. 1991. History of Rhea County, Tennessee. (Compiled by Bettye J. Broyles)

(13) Simonson, Roy W. 1959. Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proceed. 23:152-156.

(14) Soil Survey Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conserv. Serv. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

(15) Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. 8th ed. U.S. Dep. Agric., Natural Resourc. Conserv. Serv. 210 Soil Survey

(16) Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd ed. Natural Resourc. Conserv. Serv. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(17) State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. 1963. Geologic map of the Morgan Springs Quadrangle, Tennessee. Map GM110-SE. (Compiled by George D. Swingle)

(18) State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. 1964. Geologic map of the Evensville Quadrangle, Tennessee. Map GM118-SW. (Compiled by George D. Swingle)

(19) State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. 1964. Geologic map of the Graysville Quadrangle, Tennessee. Map GM111-NE. (Compiled by George D. Swingle)

(20) State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. 1964. Geologic map of the Pennine Quadrangle, Tennessee. Map GM118-NW. (Compiled by George D. Swingle)

(21) State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. 1965. Geologic map of the Grassy Cove Quadrangle, Tennessee. Map GM117-SW. (Compiled by Robert C. Micili)

(22) State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. 1966. Geologic map of Tennessee, east-central sheet (1:250,000). (Compiled by G.D. Swingle, R.A. Miller, E.T. Luther, W.D. Hardeman, D.S. Fullerton, C.R. Sykes, and R.K. Garman)

(23) State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. 1967. Geologic map of the Melvine Quadrangle, Tennessee. Map GM110-NE. (Compiled by Robert C. Micili and Alfred E. Coker)

(24) State of Tennessee, Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. 1967. Geologic map of the Pikeville Quadrangle, Tennessee. Map GM110-SW. (Compiled by Robert C. Micili and C. Pratt Finlayson)

(25) State of Tennessee, Department of Environment and Conservation. Tennessee State parks. (http://www.state.tn.us/environment/parks)

(26) Tennessee Department of Agriculture. 1997. Tennessee agricultural statistics. Tenn. Agric. Stat. Serv. Staff.

(27) Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. and Delaware Dep. of Natural Resourc. and Environ. Control, Wetlands Sec.

(28) United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Exp. Stn. Tech. Rep. Y-87-1.

(29) United States Census Bureau. State and county quick facts; Rhea County, Tennessee. (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/47143.html) Rhea County, Tennessee 211

(30) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1948. Soil survey of Rhea County, Tennessee.

(31) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

(32) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1981. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 296.

(33) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1987. Basic statistics, 1982 national resources inventory. Stat. Bull. 756.

(34) United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 1993. Geology and mineral resource potential of the Chattanooga 1o X 2o Quadrangle, Tennessee and North Carolina—A preliminary assessment. Bull. 2005.

(35) United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, and the Tennessee Division of Geology. 1953. Geologic map of East Tennessee with explanatory text. Bull. 58, Part II.

213

Glossary

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air element of many hillsides. Backslopes in profile from the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a not include cliff segments. poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in Base saturation. The degree to which material carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. having cation-exchange properties is saturated Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as and K) expressed as a percentage of the total granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. cation-exchange capacity. Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters logging. thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it or marine sediment. issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and stream near or at its junction with its main stream. other unconsolidated material or that is exposed Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, at the surface. deposited on land by streams. Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage the configuration and relief of the landforms are required by one mature cow of approximately determined or strongly influenced by the 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 underlying bedrock. month. Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness which consists of an illuvial horizon and the characterized by saturation, reduction, and overlying eluvial horizons. redoximorphic features. Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim subject to flooding. after the removal of soil for construction and other Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 uses. Revegetation and erosion control are centimeters) in diameter. extremely difficult. Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by the ground surface; the point on a tree where an accumulation of illuvial clay. diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. Brush management. The use of mechanical, Available water capacity (available moisture chemical, and/or biological methods to make capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water conditions favorable for reseeding or to reduce or available for use by most plants. It is commonly eliminate competition from woody vegetation and defined as the difference between the amount of thus allow understory grasses and forbs to soil water at field moisture capacity and the recover. Brush management increases forage amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed production and thus reduces the hazard of as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, erosion. It can improve the habitat for some in inches, in a 40-inch profile or to a limiting layer species of wildlife. is expressed as: Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a Very low ...... 0 to 2 nearby central area for transport to a processing Low ...... 2 to 4 facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use a Moderate ...... 4 to 6 drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement High ...... more than 6 similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or the steepest inclined surface and principal the entire log is suspended. 214 Soil Survey

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60 Crown.) percent. Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, particles and in tiny spaces between particles. moved by creep, slide, or local wash and Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds deposited at the base of steep slopes. capillary water in the soil. Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a or establishing terraces, diversions, and other landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent water-control structures on a complex slope is material but have different characteristics as a difficult. result of differences in relief and drainage. Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, pattern or so small in area that it is not practical to magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. map them separately at the selected scale of Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of mapping. The pattern and proportion of the soils exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 all areas. grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal other stated pH value. The term, as applied to symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a soils, is synonymous with base-exchange plane. They typically take the form of concentric capacity but is more precise in meaning. layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by carbonate, iron oxide, and manganese oxide are volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of common compounds making up concretions. If sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as formed in place, concretions of iron oxide or much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the manganese oxide are generally considered a type longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. of redoximorphic concentration. Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in through the use of chemicals. combination with needed cultural and Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or management practices. In a good conservation more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen cropping system, the soil-improving crops and hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal practices more than offset the effects of the soil- plow depth. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil practices in a conservation cropping system textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or include the use of rotations that contain grasses more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less and legumes and the return of crop residue to the than 40 percent silt. soil. Other practices include the use of green Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper content of iron, manganese, and clay because of tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest the chemical reduction of iron and manganese control. and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not type of redoximorphic depletion. invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the of crop residue on the surface throughout the surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root year. channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to resistance of soil material to rupture and to 25 centimeters) in diameter. penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 of puddled soil material; and the manner in which percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded the soil material behaves when subject to rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 compression. Terms describing consistence are centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that Rhea County, Tennessee 215

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close- generally a terrace, built to protect downslope growing crops are alternated with strips of clean- areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. tilled crops or summer fallow. Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency Control section. The part of the soil on which and duration of wet periods under conditions classification is based. The thickness varies similar to those under which the soil formed. among different kinds of soil, but for many it is Alterations of the water regime by human that part of the soil profile between depths of 10 activities, either through drainage or irrigation, are inches and 40 or 80 inches. not a consideration unless they have significantly Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical changed the morphology of the soil. Seven action that dissolves or weakens concrete or classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— uncoated steel. excessively drained, somewhat excessively Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to drained, well drained, moderately well drained, improve and protect the soil between periods of somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and regular crop production, or a crop grown between very poorly drained. These classes are defined in trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. the “Soil Survey Manual.” Cropping system. Growing crops according to a Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, planned system of rotation and management from an area. practices. Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution Crop residue management. Returning crop residue or colloidal suspension from one place to another to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost organic matter content, and fertility and helps to material through eluviation are eluvial; those that control erosion. have received material are illuvial. Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in farming operations on sloping farmland in such a which all horizons between the upper boundary of way that tillage is across the general slope. saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a the living branches and their foliage. perched water table in a soil in which saturated Culmination of the mean annual increment layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated (CMAI). The average annual increase per acre in layers within 2 meters of the surface. the volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by total volume of the stand by its age. As the stand water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by increases in age, the mean annual increment such processes as gravitational creep. continues to increase until mortality begins to Erosion (geologic).—Erosion caused by geologic reduce the rate of increase. The point where the processes acting over long geologic periods and stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth resulting in the wearing away of mountains and is called the culmination of the mean annual the building up of such landscape features as increment. flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations erosion. tend to cave in or slough. Erosion (accelerated).—Erosion much more rapid Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of grazing land for a prescribed period. human or animal activities or of a catastrophe in Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over nature, such as a fire, that exposes the surface. bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; or cliff breaking the general continuity of more moderately deep soils, 20 to 40 inches; shallow gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from soils, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow soils, less erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. than 10 inches. Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel surface for the specified use. or sand for construction purposes. Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore determined by and approximately conforming to productivity through accumulation of moisture. the dip of the underlying bedrock. Summer fallow is common in regions of limited Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is 216 Soil Survey

tilled for at least one growing season for weed Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, control and decomposition of plant residue. resulting in the reduction of iron and other Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to elements in the profile and in gray colors. provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed in proper balance, for the growth of specified waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and grass as protection against erosion. Conducts other growth factors are favorable. surface water away from cropland. Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 pebble. days after a soaking rain; also called normal field Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock capacity. fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving the downhill side of the road. crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. of maturity or soon after maturity. Firebreak. An area cleared of flammable material to Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of stop or help control creeping or running fires. It the material below the water table. also serves as a line from which to work and to Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by facilitate the movement of firefighters and running water and through which water ordinarily equipment. Designated roads also serve as runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a firebreaks. gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to subject to frequent or occasional flooding. be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary a stream and is subject to flooding unless tillage. protected artificially. Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river except by blasting or by the use of special action, as a fluvial plain. equipment that is not commonly used in Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as construction. much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. carbonate, or other substance. Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition from these crops can be used to control erosion and development because of given physical and until the next crop in the rotation is established. biological factors by which it may be differentiated These crops return large amounts of organic from other stands. matter to the soil. Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as porosity and content of organic matter and low or much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. commonly of limited summit area and having a A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. well defined outline; hillsides generally have When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under dependent on local usage. pressure rather than to deform slowly. Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers the surface, having distinct characteristics especially to the processes or soil-forming factors produced by soil-forming processes. In the responsible for the formation of the solum, or true identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. represents the major horizons. Numbers or Rhea County, Tennessee 217

lowercase letters that follow represent include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation andesite, basalt, and granite. of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, follows: material is removed from an upper horizon and O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and deposited in a lower horizon. decaying plant residue. Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is surface in which an accumulation of humified absolutely impervious to air and water all the organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. time. Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the was originally part of a B horizon. immediate surface of soil or other material, as E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the contrasted with percolation, which is movement of main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, water through soil layers or material. aluminum, or some combination of these. Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of conditions. transition from the overlying A to the underlying C Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or rate at which water is applied at the surface. browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the a combination of these. soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, rate; the rate decreases with application time. excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a by soil-forming processes and does not have the constant but is a variable depending on the net properties typical of the overlying soil material. irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in The material of a C horizon may be either like or inches per hour, is expressed as follows: unlike that in which the solum formed. If the Less than 0.2 ...... very low material is known to differ from that in the solum, 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low letter C. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high the soil. 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. More than 2.5 ...... very high The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable that flows for prolonged periods only when it part of the organic matter in mineral soils. receives ground-water discharge or long, Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped continued contributions from melting snow or according to their runoff potential. The soil other surface and shallow subsurface sources. properties that influence this potential are those Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on content of iron and manganese oxide because of a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay when the soil is not frozen. These properties are content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A depth to a seasonal high water table, the type of redoximorphic depletion. infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable by limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are thus forming numerous depressions or small not considered but are separate factors in basins. predicting runoff. Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a landforms. molten or partially molten state. Major varieties Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of 218 Soil Survey

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy saturated. The speed and distance of movement, loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. as well as the amount of soil and rock material, Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay vary greatly. loam, or silty clay loam. Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones horizon (or horizons) that has high base adversely affect the specified use of the soil. saturation and pedogenic soil structure. It may Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil include the upper part of the subsoil. or other material by percolating water. Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil including the texture, structure, porosity, passes from a plastic to a liquid state. consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay and biological properties of the various horizons, particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less and the thickness and arrangement of those than 52 percent sand particles. horizons in the soil profile. Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as these crops is not adequate to control erosion follows: abundance—few, common, and many; until the next crop in the rotation is established. size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— These crops return little organic matter to the soil. faint, distinct, and prominent. The size Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to measurements are of the diameter along the support loads. greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 matrix that do not have a clearly defined millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, boundary with the surrounding soil material and more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). cannot be removed as a discrete unit. Common Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, compounds making up masses are calcium rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding carbonate, gypsum or other soluble salts, iron lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area oxide, and manganese oxide. Masses consisting (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep of iron oxide or manganese oxide generally sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated are considered a type of redoximorphic mass or in a group forming a chain or range. concentration. Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment of three simple variables—hue, value, and for seeding, brush management, and other chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a management practices. color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, of 4. silt loam, or silt. Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in (See Reaction, soil.) mineralogical composition, chemical composition, Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. manganese oxide are common compounds Metasedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock, such as making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of shale, siltstone, or sandstone, that has been iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered slightly altered by metamorphic processes, such types of redoximorphic concentrations. as heat and pressure. Such rocks retain much of Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant their original appearance and physical properties essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly but have altered mineralogical characteristics. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Examples are metasandstone and arkose. magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and low in organic material. Its bulk density is more carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the than that of organic soil. air and water. Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil production and prevention of soil damage. in various stages of decomposition. The content Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no of organic matter in the surface layer is described natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. as follows: Rhea County, Tennessee 219

Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent pipe-like cavities by water moving through the High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent soil. Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes moisture content within which the soil remains the movement of water and the growth of roots. plastic. For example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil plowpan, and traffic pan. changes from semisolid to plastic. Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil mineral material in which soil forms. directly below the plowed layer. Pebble. A rounded or angular fragment of rock as Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse-grained soil or soil much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 material consisting mainly of particles of nearly centimeters) in diameter. A collection of pebbles the same size. Because there is little difference in is referred to as gravel. size of the particles, density can be increased Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a only slightly by compaction. granule, a prism, or a block. Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a Depth to which roots could penetrate if the soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large content of moisture in the soil were adequate. The enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area soil has no properties restricting the penetration ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1 of roots to this depth. square meter to 10 square meters), depending on Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for the variability of the soil. specific management purposes, under the Percolation. The downward movement of water appropriate conditions of weather and soil through the soil. moisture and at the proper time of day. Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for through the soil adversely affects the specified producing a specified plant or sequence of plants use. under specific management. Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending water or air to move downward through the profile. through all its horizons and into the parent The rate at which a saturated soil transmits water material. is accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated maintains enough cover to protect the soil and hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the “Soil Survey Manual.” In line with conventional desirable vegetation. This practice increases the usage in the engineering profession and with vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants traditional usage in published soil surveys, this and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch rate of flow continues to be expressed as necessary to conserve soil and water. “permeability.” Terms describing permeability, Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a measured in inches per hour, are as follows: soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline. Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch pH values, are: Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 features that affect its use and management, such Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 as slope, stoniness, and flooding. Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 220 Soil Survey

Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 before reaching surface streams is called ground- Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral fragments ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 features resulting from the accumulation of iron or percent or more sand and not more than 10 manganese oxide. An indication of chemical percent clay. reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from sand-sized particles. which iron and manganese oxide or a Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material combination of iron and manganese oxide and underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock clay has been removed. These zones are below. indications of the chemical reduction of iron Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive resulting from saturation. pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, into an unlined auger hole. reduced matrices, a positive reaction to Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles iron and manganese compounds resulting from deposited from suspension in water. The chief saturation. kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed The chemical reduction results from nearly from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after sand is consolidated into sandstone. exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through type of redoximorphic feature. the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered use. rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon loose earth material above the solid rock. and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that surface, considered collectively. are almost alike, except for differences in texture Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, of the surface layer. All the soils of a series have weathered or partly weathered mineral material horizons that are similar in composition, that accumulated as consolidated rock thickness, and arrangement. disintegrated in place. Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated a clay deposit. erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm of soil material from the land surface by the action machinery. of rainfall and surface runoff. Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when means during road construction. It is commonly dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and on the uphill side of the road. swelling can damage roads, dams, building Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a foundations, and other structures. It can also diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, damage plant roots. pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated mineral form is called quartz. by plant roots. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay channels from an area. The water that flows off (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine the surface of the land without sinking into the soil Rhea County, Tennessee 221

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 percent clay. Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 silt-sized particles. Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, Clay ...... less than 0.002 and have similar conservation needs or Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C management requirements for the major land horizon, in which the processes of soil formation uses in the survey area. are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of limestone has been dissolved. the material in these horizons are unlike those of Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site the material below the solum. The living roots and based on the height of the dominant stand at an plant and animal activities are largely confined to arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average the solum. height attained by dominant and codominant trees Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 75 feet, the site index is 75. inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical that interfere with or prevent tillage. distance divided by horizontal distance, then Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a arrangement of strips or bands that provide drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water In this survey, classes for simple slopes are as erosion. follows: Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent particles into compound particles or aggregates. Gently sloping ...... 2 to 5 percent The principal forms of soil structure are—platy Sloping ...... 5 to 12 percent (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Moderately steep ...... 12 to 20 percent longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Steep ...... 20 to 30 percent rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), Very steep ...... 30 percent and higher and granular. Structureless soils are either single grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special massive (the particles adhering without any practices are required to ensure satisfactory regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). performance of the soil for a specific use. Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, of the solum below plow depth. resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with or EB) below the surface layer. trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or other equipment commonly used in construction. its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the properties resulting from the integrated effect of “Ap horizon.” climate and living matter acting on earthy parent Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, material, as conditioned by relief over periods of considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions time. of these horizons. Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging series recognized in the classification system. between specified size limits. The names and Such soils are named for a series they strongly sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to the United States are as follows: that series because they differ in ways too small 222

to be of consequence in interpreting their use and rich in organic matter and is used to topdress behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. when one or more of their characteristics are Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, slightly outside the range defined for the family of zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils the series for which the soils are named. in extremely small amounts. They are essential to Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed plant growth. across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or lowlands along streams. flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional field generally is built so that the field can be areas that are excavated at an angle across a farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage sloping road. They are used to reduce the has a deep channel that is maintained in downward velocity of water and divert it off and permanent sod. away from the road surface. Water bars can easily Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat be driven over if constructed properly. or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. Weathering. All physical and chemical changes Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These textural classes, in order of increasing proportion changes result in disintegration and of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy decomposition of the material. loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and coarse-grained particles that are well distributed clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil classes may be further divided by specifying normally can be easily increased in density and “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material poorly graded soil. that is too thin for the specified use. Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so emergence, and root penetration. much that it does not recover when placed in a Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base humid, dark chamber. of a hill; part of a footslope. Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most by the wind. favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily 223

Tables 224 Soil Survey

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Dayton, Tennessee)

______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have--| Average | |______will have-- |Average| Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number |Average | daily | daily | daily |Maximum|Minimum| growing | | Less | More |of days| snow- |maximum|minimum| | temp. | temp. | degree | |than--|than--| with | fall | | | | higher| lower | days* | | | | 0.10 | | | | | than--| than--| | | | |inch or| ______| | | | | | | | | | more | | o__F | o__F | o__F | o__F | o__F | Units_____ | In__ | In__ | In__ | | In__ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January--| 46.9 | 26.7 | 36.8 | 68 | -3 | 12 | 4.83 | 2.91 | 6.56| 8 | 2.7 | | | | | | | | | | | February-| 52.5 | 29.8 | 41.1 | 75 | 5 | 29 | 4.83 | 2.70 | 6.71| 7 | 1.6 | | | | | | | | | | | March----| 62.9 | 37.7 | 50.3 | 83 | 15 | 119 | 6.36 | 3.70 | 8.74| 8 | 0.4 | | | | | | | | | | | April----| 72.8 | 45.1 | 59.0 | 89 | 25 | 284 | 4.54 | 2.61 | 6.26| 7 | 0.1 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 79.6 | 53.3 | 66.5 | 91 | 34 | 509 | 5.18 | 3.13 | 7.01| 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | June-----| 86.4 | 61.0 | 73.7 | 97 | 45 | 712 | 3.63 | 1.90 | 5.15| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | July-----| 88.8 | 65.0 | 76.9 | 99 | 45 | 825 | 4.74 | 2.67 | 6.57| 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | August---| 88.0 | 64.3 | 76.2 | 97 | 52 | 804 | 4.14 | 2.05 | 5.96| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | September| 82.2 | 58.6 | 70.4 | 94 | 39 | 612 | 4.25 | 1.95 | 6.22| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | October--| 72.2 | 46.2 | 59.2 | 86 | 27 | 297 | 3.39 | 1.72 | 5.07| 4 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | November-| 60.4 | 38.2 | 49.3 | 78 | 16 | 96 | 4.74 | 3.19 | 6.16| 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | December-| 50.3 | 30.5 | 40.4 | 71 | 5 | 27 | 5.67 | 2.80 | 8.17| 7 | 0.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average| 70.2 | 46.4 | 58.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme| 107 | -15 | --- | 100 | -4 | --- | --- | --- | ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total--| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4,325 | 56.31 |47.22 | 64.17| 82 | 5.9 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F). Rhea County, Tennessee 225

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Dayton, Tennessee)

______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 5 | Apr. 15 | Apr. 25 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 29 | Apr. 10 | Apr. 20 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 17 | Mar. 31 | Apr. 11 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 2 | Oct. 21 | Oct. 7 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 7 | Oct. 26 | Oct. 12 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than- | Nov. 16 | Nov. 6 | Oct. 23 ______| | |

Table 3.—Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Dayton, Tennessee)

______| Daily minimum temperature |______during growing season Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than ______| 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 222 | 199 | 173 | | | 8 years in 10 | 229 | 206 | 180 | | | 5 years in 10 | 243 | 218 | 193 | | | 2 years in 10 | 257 | 231 | 205 | | | 1 year in 10 | 264 | 236 | 212 ______| | | 226 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol | | | | | | Ac |Allegheny-Cotaco complex, occasionally flooded------| 439 | 0.2 AeB |Allen loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 81 | * AeC |Allen loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 2,087 | 1.0 AeD |Allen loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 2,279 | 1.1 AMC |Allen-Urban land complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes------| 188 | * AnB |Altavista loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 771 | 0.4 AsF |Apison-Sunlight-Salacoa complex, 25 to 65 percent slopes------| 4,381 | 2.0 At |Atkins loam, frequently flooded------| 270 | 0.1 BaE |Barfield-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 40 percent slopes------| 849 | 0.4 BEF |Bethesda-Mine pits complex, 10 to 80 percent slopes------| 32 | * Bm |Bloomingdale silty clay loam, frequently flooded------| 1,335 | 0.6 CaB |Capshaw silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 2,312 | 1.1 CaC |Capshaw silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 217 | 0.1 Cb |Cobstone cobbly fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, rarely | | | flooded------| 1,018 | 0.5 CDB |Cobstone-Shady-Urban land complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes, rarely | | | flooded------| 1,022 | 0.5 CeC |Colbert and Lyerly soils, 2 to 12 percent slopes, very rocky------| 5,087 | 2.4 CgC |Collegedale silt loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,055 | 0.5 CgD |Collegedale silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 393 | 0.2 CoC |Conasauga silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 576 | 0.3 Cr |Cranmore loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 295 | 0.1 DeB |Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 134 | * DeC |Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 813 | 0.4 DeD |Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 407 | 0.2 DL |Dumps, landfills------| 51 | * Ec |Ealy-Craigsville complex, occasionally flooded------| 789 | 0.4 Eg |Egam silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 481 | 0.2 EtB |Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,399 | 0.6 EtC |Etowah loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 745 | 0.3 FuB |Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 101 | * FuC |Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 5,040 | 2.3 FuD |Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 4,573 | 2.1 FuF |Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes------| 2,544 | 1.2 GpC |Gilpin loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,646 | 0.8 GpD |Gilpin loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 2,875 | 1.3 GpF |Gilpin loam, 20 to 60 percent slopes------| 7,060 | 3.3 GuF |Gilpin-Bouldin-Petros complex, 25 to 80 percent slopes, very stony---| 9,250 | 4.3 Ha |Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 3,584 | 1.7 HoB |Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,217 | 0.6 HoC |Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 639 | 0.3 JeC |Jefferson cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 234 | 0.1 JsD |Jefferson-Shelocta complex, 10 to 20 percent slopes------| 436 | 0.2 JsF |Jefferson-Shelocta complex, 20 to 45 percent slopes------| 140 | * JvD |Jefferson-Varilla-Shelocta complex, 10 to 20 percent slopes, very | | | stony------| 459 | 0.2 JvF |Jefferson-Varilla-Shelocta complex, 20 to 60 percent slopes, very | | | stony------| 3,636 | 1.7 Kt |Ketona-Tupelo complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, frequently flooded-----| 1,621 | 0.8 LhB |Lily loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 3,598 | 1.7 LhC |Lily loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 25,368 | 11.8 LhD |Lily loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 14,755 | 6.8 LhE |Lily loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 5,068 | 2.4 LnB |Lonewood-Hendon complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 890 | 0.4 LnC |Lonewood-Hendon complex, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 3,277 | 1.5 PaC |Pailo gravelly silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 9,112 | 4.2 PaD |Pailo gravelly silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 9,132 | 4.2 PaF |Pailo gravelly silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes------| 5,943 | 2.8 PCF |Pits, clay, 10 to 80 percent slopes------| 56 | * PM |Pits, mine, and dumps------| 36 | * Pp |Pope and Philo loams, frequently flooded------| 498 | 0.2 | | |

See footnote at end of table. Rhea County, Tennessee 227

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils—Continued ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol | | | | | | RaC |Ramsey loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, very rocky------| 984 | 0.5 RrD |Ramsey-Rock outcrop complex, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 2,613 | 1.2 RrF |Ramsey-Rock outcrop complex, 20 to 50 percent slopes------| 6,273 | 2.9 SaC |Salacoa loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 964 | 0.4 SgE |Sequoia-Gilpin complex, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 716 | 0.3 ShB |Shady loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,851 | 0.9 Sm |Shady loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 1,403 | 0.7 St |Staser loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 821 | 0.4 TaD |Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 25 percent slopes------| 753 | 0.3 TmB |Tasso-Minvale complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,490 | 0.7 TmC |Tasso-Minvale complex, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 3,587 | 1.7 TmD |Tasso-Minvale complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 236 | 0.1 TsC |Townley-Sunlight complex, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 4,263 | 2.0 TsD |Townley-Sunlight complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 3,997 | 1.9 UUC |Urban land-Udorthents complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes------| 2,122 | 1.0 W |Water------| 17,900 | 8.3 Wa |Wax-Rockdell complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded----| 2,788 | 1.3 WbB2 |Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,587 | 0.7 WbC2 |Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 5,768 | 2.7 WbD2 |Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,054 | 1.0 WfB |Wolftever silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,136 | 0.5 | |______|______| Total------| 215,600 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.1 percent. 228 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Relationship Between Residue Cover and Erosion Control ______| Residue cover | Erosion reduction (percent on any day) | (percent while residue is present) ______| | 10 | 30 20 | 50 30 | 65 40 | 75 50 | 83 60 | 88 70 | 91 80 | 94 ______|

Table 6.—Grazing Efficiencies

(Note: Grazing efficiency percentages can vary widely and should be used only as a guide) ______| | Number of paddocks| Days on each paddock | Grazing efficiency ______| | (percent) | | Continuous | 12 or more | 30-35 4 | 9 | 35-45 5 | 7 | 50-60 8 | 4 | 60-65 16 | 2 | 60-65 Hayland | --- | 70 (high cost) ______| |

Table 7.—The Maintenance of Forages in a Vegetative State ______| | Forage species | Height to | Height to ______| begin grazing |terminate grazing | | Tall fescue, orchardgrass, | 5 to 8 inches | 3 inches annual ryegrass, sericea | | lespedeza | | | | Bermudagrass | 5 to 8 inches | 2 inches | | Native warm-season grasses, | 18 inches | 8 to 10 inches johnsongrass, sudangrass | | ______| | Rhea County, Tennessee 229

Table 8.—Land Capability and Yields Per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated areas. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil. AUM represents animal unit month)

______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Grass-legume|Grass-legume| Soybeans | Wheat and soil name |capability| | hay | pasture | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___AUM | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | Ac: | | | | | | Allegheny------| 2w | 100.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | Cotaco------| 2w | 100.00 | 3.00 | 7.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | AeB: | | | | | | Allen------| 2e | 90.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 36.00 | 54.00 | | | | | | AeC: | | | | | | Allen------| 3e | 80.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 32.00 | 52.00 | | | | | | AeD: | | | | | | Allen------| 4e | 70.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 28.00 | 48.00 | | | | | | AMC. | | | | | | Allen-Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | AnB: | | | | | | Altavista------| 2e | 115.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 38.00 | 55.00 | | | | | | AsF: | | | | | | Apison-Sunlight-Salacoa-| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | At: | | | | | | Atkins------| 3w | --- | --- | 7.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | BaE: | | | | | | Barfield-Rock outcrop---| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | BEF: | | | | | | Bethesda-Mine pits------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | | Bloomingdale------| 3w | --- | --- | 7.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | CaB: | | | | | | Capshaw------| 2e | 70.00 | 2.50 | 7.00 | 28.00 | 43.00 | | | | | | CaC: | | | | | | Capshaw------| 3e | 60.00 | 2.50 | 7.00 | 24.00 | 40.00 | | | | | | Cb: | | | | | | Cobstone------| 6s | 70.00 | 2.20 | 5.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | CDB. | | | | | | Cobstone-Shady-Urban | | | | | | land | | | | | | | | | | | | CeC: | | | | | | Colbert------| 4s | 60.00 | 2.60 | 6.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | Lyerly------| 4s | 50.00 | 2.40 | 6.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | 230 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Land Capability and Yields Per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Grass-legume|Grass-legume| Soybeans | Wheat and soil name |capability| | hay | pasture | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___AUM | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | CgC: | | | | | | Collegedale------| 4e | 70.00 | 2.40 | 6.00 | --- | 48.00 | | | | | | CgD: | | | | | | Collegedale------| 6e | --- | 2.00 | 5.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | CoC: | | | | | | Conasauga------| 6e | --- | 2.20 | 5.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | | Cranmore------| 3w | --- | --- | 6.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | DeB: | | | | | | Dewey------| 2e | 105.00 | 3.40 | 8.50 | 35.00 | 55.00 | | | | | | DeC: | | | | | | Dewey------| 3e | 90.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 30.00 | 50.00 | | | | | | DeD: | | | | | | Dewey------| 4e | 85.00 | 2.80 | 7.10 | 28.00 | 45.00 | | | | | | DL. | | | | | | Dumps, landfills | | | | | | | | | | | | Ec: | | | | | | Ealy------| 3s | 90.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | Craigsville------| 3s | 70.00 | 2.60 | 6.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | Eg: | | | | | | Egam------| 1 | 100.00 | 3.00 | 7.00 | 35.00 | 45.00 | | | | | | EtB: | | | | | | Etowah------| 2e | 110.00 | 3.40 | 8.50 | 35.00 | 55.00 | | | | | | EtC: | | | | | | Etowah------| 3e | 95.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 32.00 | 55.00 | | | | | | FuB: | | | | | | Fullerton------| 2e | 80.00 | 3.00 | 7.50 | 30.00 | 45.00 | | | | | | FuC: | | | | | | Fullerton------| 3e | 70.00 | 2.60 | 6.50 | 26.00 | 40.00 | | | | | | FuD: | | | | | | Fullerton------| 4e | 65.00 | 2.20 | 5.50 | 25.00 | 35.00 | | | | | | FuF: | | | | | | Fullerton------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | GpC: | | | | | | Gilpin------| 3e | 85.00 | 2.40 | 6.00 | 30.00 | 35.00 | | | | | | GpD: | | | | | | Gilpin------| 4e | 80.00 | 2.20 | 5.50 | 25.00 | 30.00 | | | | | | GpF: | | | | | | Gilpin------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 231

Table 8.—Land Capability and Yields Per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Grass-legume|Grass-legume| Soybeans | Wheat and soil name |capability| | hay | pasture | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___AUM | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | GuF: | | | | | | Gilpin-Bouldin-Petros---| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | | Hamblen------| 2w | 95.00 | 3.00 | 7.50 | 38.00 | --- | | | | | | HoB: | | | | | | Holston------| 2e | 100.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 35.00 | 55.00 | | | | | | HoC: | | | | | | Holston------| 3e | 85.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 25.00 | 45.00 | | | | | | JeC: | | | | | | Jefferson------| 4s | 75.00 | 2.20 | 6.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | JsD: | | | | | | Jefferson-Shelocta------| 6s | --- | 2.20 | 5.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | JsF: | | | | | | Jefferson-Shelocta------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | JvD: | | | | | | Jefferson------| 6s | --- | 2.20 | 5.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | Varilla------| 6s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Shelocta------| 6s | --- | 2.20 | 5.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | JvF: | | | | | | Jefferson-Varilla- | | | | | | Shelocta------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Kt: | | | | | | Ketona------| 4w | 50.00 | 2.40 | 6.00 | 25.00 | --- | | | | | | Tupelo------| 4w | 60.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 35.00 | --- | | | | | | LhB: | | | | | | Lily------| 2e | 95.00 | 3.00 | 7.50 | 35.00 | 40.00 | | | | | | LhC: | | | | | | Lily------| 3e | 85.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 30.00 | 35.00 | | | | | | LhD: | | | | | | Lily------| 4e | 70.00 | 2.60 | 6.50 | 25.00 | 30.00 | | | | | | LhE: | | | | | | Lily------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | LnB: | | | | | | Lonewood------| 2e | 100.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 38.00 | 50.00 | | | | | | Hendon------| 2e | 105.00 | 3.00 | 8.00 | 38.00 | 50.00 | | | | | | LnC: | | | | | | Lonewood------| 3e | 90.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 35.00 | 48.00 | | | | | | Hendon------| 3e | 95.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 35.00 | 45.00 | | | | | | 232 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Land Capability and Yields Per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Grass-legume|Grass-legume| Soybeans | Wheat and soil name |capability| | hay | pasture | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___AUM | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | PaC: | | | | | | Pailo------| 4s | 72.00 | 1.80 | 4.50 | 26.00 | 38.00 | | | | | | PaD: | | | | | | Pailo------| 6s | --- | 1.50 | 3.80 | --- | --- | | | | | | PaF: | | | | | | Pailo------| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | PCF. | | | | | | Pits, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | PM. | | | | | | Pits, mine, and dumps | | | | | | | | | | | | Pp: | | | | | | Pope and Philo------| 2w | 100.00 | 3.00 | 7.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | RaC: | | | | | | Ramsey------| 6s | --- | 1.40 | 3.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | RrD: | | | | | | Ramsey-Rock outcrop-----| 6s | --- | 1.40 | 3.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | RrF: | | | | | | Ramsey-Rock outcrop-----| 7s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | Salacoa------| 3e | 95.00 | 3.00 | 7.50 | 31.00 | 45.00 | | | | | | SgE: | | | | | | Sequoia------| 6e | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | Gilpin------| 6e | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | ShB: | | | | | | Shady------| 2e | 120.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 40.00 | 60.00 | | | | | | Sm: | | | | | | Shady------| 2w | 120.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 44.00 | --- | | | | | | St: | | | | | | Staser------| 1 | 120.00 | 3.40 | 8.50 | 40.00 | 60.00 | | | | | | TaD: | | | | | | Talbott-Rock outcrop----| 6s | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | TmB: | | | | | | Tasso------| 2e | 90.00 | 3.00 | 7.50 | 32.00 | 45.00 | | | | | | Minvale------| 2e | 100.00 | 3.20 | 8.00 | 32.00 | 45.00 | | | | | | TmC: | | | | | | Tasso------| 3e | 80.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 27.00 | 40.00 | | | | | | Minvale------| 3e | 90.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 30.00 | 50.00 | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 233

Table 8.—Land Capability and Yields Per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Grass-legume|Grass-legume| Soybeans | Wheat and soil name |capability| | hay | pasture | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___AUM | __Bu | __Bu | | | | | | TmD: | | | | | | Tasso------| 4e | 75.00 | 2.60 | 6.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | Minvale------| 4e | 80.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | TsC: | | | | | | Townley------| 6e | --- | --- | 5.30 | 24.00 | 35.00 | | | | | | Sunlight------| 6e | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | TsD: | | | | | | Townley------| 7e | --- | --- | 4.50 | --- | --- | | | | | | Sunlight------| 7e | --- | --- | 4.30 | --- | --- | | | | | | UUC. | | | | | | Urban land-Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | | Wax------| 3w | 65.00 | 2.40 | 6.00 | 30.00 | --- | | | | | | Rockdell------| 3w | 65.00 | 2.60 | 6.60 | 20.00 | --- | | | | | | WbB2: | | | | | | Waynesboro------| 2e | 90.00 | 3.20 | 8.10 | 35.00 | 50.00 | | | | | | WbC2: | | | | | | Waynesboro------| 3e | 80.00 | 3.00 | 7.60 | 28.00 | 40.00 | | | | | | WbD2: | | | | | | Waynesboro------| 4e | 85.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | --- | --- | | | | | | WfB: | | | | | | Wolftever------| 2e | 75.00 | 2.80 | 7.00 | 30.00 | 40.00 ______| | | | | | 234 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

______| Map | Soil name symbol | ______| | Ac |Allegheny-Cotaco complex, occasionally flooded AeB |Allen loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes AnB |Altivista loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes CaB |Capshaw silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes DeB |Dewey silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Eg |Egam silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes EtB |Etowah loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes FuB |Fullerton gravelly silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Ha |Hamblen silt loam, occasionally flooded HoB |Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes LhB |Lily loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes LnB |Lonewood-Hendon complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes Pp |Pope and Philo loams, frequently flooded (if protected from flooding or not frequently | flooded during the growing season) ShB |Shady loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes Sm |Shady loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded St |Staser loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes TmB |Tasso-Minvale complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes WbB2 |Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded WfB |Wolftever silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ______| Rhea County, Tennessee 235 Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity (Absence of an entry indicated that the component generally is not used for woodland) ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| Ac: | Allegheny------|Slight |Slight |Severe |white oak------| 70 |black walnut, | |Virginia pine------| 72 eastern white | |black cherry------| --- pine, loblolly | |black oak------| 78 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine----- 80 pine, white oak, | |hickory------| --- yellow-poplar | |northern red oak----| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 93 | Cotaco------|Slight |Slight |Severe |black oak------| 87 |eastern white pine, | |sweet birch------| --- shortleaf pine, | |sweetgum------| --- loblolly pine, | |white oak------| --- white oak, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 95 poplar | AeB, AeC: | Allen------|Slight |Slight |Severe |shortleaf pine------| 72 |loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 87 shortleaf pine, | yellow-poplar | AeD: | Allen------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |shortleaf pine------| 72 |loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 87 shortleaf pine, | yellow-poplar | AMC. | Allen-Urban land | | AnB: | Altavista------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|American beech------| --- |loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| 91 eastern white pine, | |southern red oak----| --- yellow-poplar, | |sweetgum------| --- white oak | |white oak------| 77 | |yellow-poplar------| --- | AsF: | Apison------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 shortleaf pine | |northern red oak----| 70 | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | |yellow-poplar------| 90 236 Soil Survey Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| AsF: | Sunlight------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 60 pine, | |chestnut oak --- loblolly pine | |loblolly pine------| 70 | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | Salacoa------|Severe |Severe |Slight |eastern white pine--| 80 pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 70 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 yellow-poplar | At: | Atkins------|Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |American sycamore---| --- |eastern white pine, | |loblolly pine------| 83 pin oak, sweetgum | |red maple------| --- | |sweetgum------| 95 | BaE: | Barfield------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 35 |Virginia pine, | eastern redcedar | Rock outcrop. | | BEF: | Bethesda------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 |Virginia pine, | |black locust------| 75 black locust, | |southern red oak----| 65 eastern redcedar | Mine pits. | | Bm: | Bloomingdale------|Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |sweetgum------| 80 |American sycamore, | |water oak------| 80 sweetgum | CaB, CaC: | Capshaw------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 70 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 yellow-poplar | Cb: | Cobstone------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 shortleaf pine | |southern red oak----| 70 | CDB. | Cobstone-Shady-Urban | land | | Rhea County, Tennessee 237 Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| CeC: | Colbert------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 45 |loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| 65 shortleaf pine | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | Lyerly------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 47 |loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| 65 shortleaf pine | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | CgC: | Collegedale------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 shortleaf pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 yellow-poplar | |white oak------| 70 | |yellow-poplar------| 90 | CgD: | Collegedale------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 shortleaf pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 yellow-poplar | |white oak------| 70 | |yellow-poplar------| 90 | CoC: | Conasauga------|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 71 |Virginia pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 50 loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| 72 shortleaf pine | |shortleaf pine------| 71 | |American sycamore---| --- | |green ash------| --- | |American beech------| --- | |black cherry------| --- | Cr: | Cranmore------|Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |American sycamore---| --- sycamore, | |willow oak------| --- green ash, pin | |green ash------| --- oak, red maple, | |pin oak------| 90 swamp white oak, | |red maple------| --- sweetgum | |swamp white oak-----| --- | 238 Soil Survey Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| DeB, DeC: | Dewey------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 78 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 73 pine, loblolly | |southern red oak----| 70 pine, yellow- | |white oak------| 70 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 | DeD: | Dewey------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 78 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 73 pine, loblolly | |southern red oak----| 70 pine, yellow- | |white oak------| 70 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 | DL. | Dumps, landfills | | Ec: | Ealy------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |American sycamore---| 90 |black walnut, | |Virginia pine------| 75 eastern white | |eastern white pine--| 90 pine, loblolly | |northern red oak----| 80 pine, yellow- | |eastern hemlock-----| --- poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 105 | Craigsville------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 80 |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 95 | |eastern hemlock-----| | Eg: | Egam------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |loblolly pine------| 90 |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 80 loblolly pine, | |water oak------| 90 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 100 | EtB, EtC: | Etowah------|Slight |Slight |Severe |loblolly pine------| 90 |black walnut, | |shortleaf pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 80 white oak, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 90 poplar, eastern | white pine | Rhea County, Tennessee 239 Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| FuB, FuC: | Fullerton------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- |eastern white pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 67 southern red oak, | |southern red oak----| 70 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 | FuD: | Fullerton------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- |eastern white pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 67 southern red oak, | |southern red oak----| 70 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 | FuF: | Fullerton------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- |eastern white pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 67 southern red oak, | |southern red oak----| 70 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 | GpC: | Gilpin------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 80 |loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 Virginia pine, | eastern white | pine, shortleaf | pine | GpD: | Gilpin------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 80 |loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 Virginia pine, | eastern white | pine, shortleaf | pine | GpF: | Gilpin------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 80 |loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 Virginia pine, | eastern white | pine, shortleaf | pine | 240 Soil Survey Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| GuF: | Gilpin------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 80 |loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 Virginia pine, | eastern white | pine, shortleaf | pine | Bouldin------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 75 |shortleaf pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 eastern white | pine, yellow- | poplar | Petros------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 60 pine, | |black oak------| 60 loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| 70 shortleaf pine | |southern red oak----| 60 | Ha: | Hamblen------|Slight |Slight |Severe |loblolly pine------| 90 pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 yellow-poplar, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 eastern white | pine | HoB, HoC: | Holston------|Slight |Slight |Severe |northern red oak----| 78 |loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 69 yellow-poplar, | |yellow-poplar------| 86 eastern white | pine | JeC: | Jefferson------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 70 |eastern white pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 shortleaf pine, | |white oak------| 70 white oak, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 90 poplar | JsD: | Jefferson------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 70 |eastern white pine, | |scarlet oak------| 70 northern red oak, | |shortleaf pine------| 65 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 white oak, yellow- | poplar | Shelocta------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |black oak------| 80 |eastern white pine, | |scarlet oak------| 80 northern red oak, | |white oak------| 70 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 white oak | Rhea County, Tennessee 241 Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| JsF: | Jefferson------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 70 |eastern white pine, | |scarlet oak------| 70 northern red oak, | |shortleaf pine------| 65 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 white oak, yellow- | poplar | Shelocta------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |black oak------| 80 |eastern white pine, | |scarlet oak------| 80 northern red oak, | |white oak------| 70 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 white oak, yellow- | poplar | JvD: | Jefferson------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |northern red oak----| 80 |eastern white pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 95 shortleaf pine, | white oak, yellow- | poplar | Varilla------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|white oak------| 75 |eastern white pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 95 shortleaf pine, | white oak, yellow- | poplar | Shelocta------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |scarlet oak------| 80 |black walnut, | |shortleaf pine------| 129 eastern white | |white oak------| 77 pine, northern red | |yellow-poplar------| 100 oak, shortleaf | pine, white ash, | white oak, yellow- | poplar | JvF: | Jefferson------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |northern red oak----| 80 |eastern white pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 95 shortleaf pine, | white oak, yellow- | poplar | Varilla------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|white oak------| 75 |eastern white pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 95 shortleaf pine, | white oak, yellow- | poplar | 242 Soil Survey Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| JvF: | Shelocta------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |scarlet oak------| 80 |black walnut, | |shortleaf pine------| 129 eastern white | |white oak------| 77 pine, northern red | |yellow-poplar------| 100 oak, shortleaf | pine, white ash, | white oak, yellow- | poplar | Kt: | Ketona------|Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |loblolly pine------| 80 pine, | |sweetgum------| 80 sweetgum, water | |water oak------| 80 oak | Tupelo------|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |loblolly pine------| 80 |American sycamore, | |southern red oak----| 70 eastern | |sweetgum------| 80 cottonwood, | |white oak------| 70 loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 willow oak | LhB, LhC: | Lily------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| 78 northern red oak, | |chestnut oak------| 73 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 78 white oak | |scarlet oak------| 77 | |shortleaf pine------| 63 | |white oak------| 73 | LhD, LhE: | Lily------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 71 |shortleaf pine, | |scarlet oak------| 66 white oak | |shortleaf pine------| 57 | |white oak------| 67 | |yellow-poplar------| 88 | LnB, LnC: | Lonewood------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 70 |eastern white, | |eastern white pine--| 80 pine, loblolly | |loblolly pine------| 80 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 70 pine | |white oak------| 70 | Hendon------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 70 |eastern white, | |loblolly pine------| 80 pine, loblolly | |shortleaf pine------| 70 pine, shortleaf | |southern red oak----| 70 pine | |white oak------| 70 Rhea County, Tennessee 243 Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| PaC: | Pailo------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- |loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| --- shortleaf pine, | |red maple------| --- Virginia pine | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | |southern red oak----| 70 | PaD: | Pailo------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- |loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| --- shortleaf pine, | |red maple------| --- Virginia pine | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | |southern red oak----| 70 | PaF: | Pailo------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- |loblolly pine, | |loblolly pine------| --- shortleaf pine, | |red maple------| --- Virginia pine | |shortleaf pine------| 70 | |southern red oak----| 70 | PCF. | Pits, clay | | PM. | Pits, mine, and dumps | | Pp: | Pope------|Slight |Slight |Severe |American sycamore---| --- |black walnut, | |American beech------| --- eastern white | |bitternut hickory---| --- pine, northern red | |eastern hemlock-----| --- oak, white | |northern red oak----| --- yellow-poplar | |white oak------| 80 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 | Philo------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 74 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| 85 yellow-poplar | |northern red oak----| 86 | |white ash------| 85 | |white oak------| 85 | |yellow-poplar------| 102 | 244 Soil Survey Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| RaC: | Ramsey------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |eastern white pine--| 70 |Virginia pine, | |chestnut oak------| 50 lobllly pine, | |Virginia pine------| 50 shortleaf pine | |white oak------| 61 | RrD: | Ramsey------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |eastern white pine--| 70 |Virginia pine, | |chestnut oak------| 50 lobllly pine, | |Virginia pine------| 50 shortleaf pine | |white oak------| 61 | Rock outcrop. | | RrF: | Ramsey------|Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 50 pine, | |northern red oak----| 50 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 50 pine, loblolly | pine, shortleaf | pine | Rock outcrop. | | SaC: | Salacoa------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 80 |eastern pine, | |loblolly pine------| 90 loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 yellow-poplar | SgE: | Sequoia------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 71 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 83 loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 70 shortleaf pine | |shortleaf pine------| 63 | Gilpin------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 80 |Virginia pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 black cherry, | eastern white | pine, yellow- | poplar | Rhea County, Tennessee 245 Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| ShB: | Shady------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|hickory------| --- |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 80 yellow-poplar, | |white oak------| 80 loblolly pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 eastern white | pine | Sm: | Shady------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|hickory------| --- |black walnut, | |northern red oak----| 80 loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 80 yellow-poplar, | |white oak------| 80 eastern white | |yellow-poplar------| 100 pine | St: | Staser------|Slight |Slight |Severe |black walnut------| --- walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 90 loblolly pine, | |white oak------| 80 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 100 | TaD: | Talbott------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 46 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 eastern redcedar, | |northern red oak----| 65 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 64 shortleaf pine | Rock outcrop. | | TmB, TmC: | Tasso------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |Virginia pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 shortleaf pine, | |white oak------| 70 eastern white | |yellow-poplar------| 90 pine | Minvale------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 70 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 yellow-poplar, | |white oak------| 70 eastern white | |yellow-poplar------| 90 pine | TmD: | Tasso------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |Virginia pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 shortleaf pine, | |white oak------| 70 eastern white | |yellow-poplar------| 90 pine | 246 Soil Survey Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| TmD: | Minvale------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 70 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 80 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 yellow-poplar, | |white oak------| 70 eastern white | |yellow-poplar------| 90 pine | TsC: | Townley------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 70 loblolly pine | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | Sunlight------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Virginia pine------| 60 pine, | |chestnut oak------| 50 loblolly pine | |loblolly pine------| 70 | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | TsD: | Townley------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 70 loblolly pine | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | Sunlight------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 60 pine, | |chestnut oak------| 50 loblolly pine | |loblolly pine------| 70 | |shortleaf pine------| 60 | UUC. | Urban land-Udorthents | | W. | Water | | Wa: | Wax------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 yellow-poplar, | |sweetgum------| 80 eastern white | |yellow-poplar------| 90 pine | Rockdell------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Moderate|American sycamore---| 98 |black walnut, | |common hackberry----| --- loblolly pine, | |sweetgum------| 90 white oak, yellow- | |yellow-poplar------| 100 poplar, eastern | white pine | Rhea County, Tennessee 247 Table 10.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index| to plant | tion ity hazard ______| WbB2, WbC2: | Waynesboro------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 70 eastern white | |white oak------| 70 pine, loblolly | |yellow-poplar------| 90 pine, shortleaf | pine, yellow- | poplar | WbD2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 70 loblolly pine, | |white oak------| 70 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 yellow-poplar | WfB: | Wolftever------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 shortleaf pine, | |sweetgum------| 80 yellow-poplar | |white oak------| 70 | |willow oak------| 80 | |yellow-poplar------| 90 | ______248 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways ______and soil name | | | | trails | | | | | | Ac: | | | | | Allegheny------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | small stones | | flooding | | | flooding | | | | | | | Cotaco------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | small stones | erodes easily | wetness | | | flooding | | flooding | | | | | AeB: | | | | | Allen------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | AeC: | | | | | Allen------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | AeD: | | | | | Allen------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | AMC: | | | | | Allen------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | AnB: | | | | | Altavista------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | AsF: | | | | | Apison------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | erodes easily | | | | | | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Salacoa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | At: | | | | | Atkins------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | BaE: | | | | | Barfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 249

Table 11.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways ______and soil name | | | | trails | | | | | | BEF: | | | | | Bethesda------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | droughty | | | | | Mine pits. | | | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | Bloomingdale---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | | CaB: | | | | | Capshaw------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | | | | | slope | | | | | | | CaC: | | | | | Capshaw------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | Cb: | | | | | Cobstone------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | | small stones | | | | | | | CDB: | | | | | Cobstone------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | | small stones | | | | | | | Shady------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | flooding | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | CeC: | | | | | Colbert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | | slope | | | slope | | | | | | | Lyerly------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | | depth to rock | | | slope | | | | | | | CgC: | | | | | Collegedale----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | | | | | | CgD: | | | | | Collegedale----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | | | CoC: | | | | | Conasauga------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | slope | slope | slope | | | depth to rock | | | | | 250 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways ______and soil name | | | | trails | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | Cranmore------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | DeB: | | | | | Dewey------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | DeC: | | | | | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | DeD: | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | DL. | | | | | Dumps, | | | | | landfills | | | | | | | | | | Ec: | | | | | Ealy------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | flooding | | flooding | | | small stones | | | | | | | Craigsville----|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding | large stones | small stones | large stones | large stones | | | | | Eg: | | | | | Egam------|Slight |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | percs slowly | percs slowly | | | | | | | EtB: | | | | | Etowah------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | EtC: | | | | | Etowah------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | FuB: | | | | | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe: | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones | | | | | FuC: | | | | | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | small stones | small stones | small stones | | | | | | | FuD: | | | | | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | FuF: | | | | | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | GpC: | | | | | Gilpin------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | thin layer | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 251

Table 11.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways ______and soil name | | | | trails | | | | | | GpD: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | GpF: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | GuF: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Bouldin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Petros------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | Hamblen------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | flooding | | flooding | | | wetness | | | | | | | HoB: | | | | | Holston------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | HoC: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | JeC: | | | | | Jefferson------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | JsD: | | | | | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones | | | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | JsF: | | | | | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | | | slope | | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | 252 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways ______and soil name | | | | trails | | | | | | JvD: | | | | | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones | | | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Varilla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | large stones | | | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | JvF: | | | | | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | | | slope | | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Varilla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | | | slope | | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Kt: | | | | | Ketona------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | Tupelo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | flooding | wetness | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | LhB: | | | | | Lily------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | | | slope | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | LhC: | | | | | Lily------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | LhD: | | | | | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | LhE: | | | | | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | LnB: | | | | | Lonewood------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | | | slope | erodes easily | | | | | | Hendon------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | | | | | slope | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 253

Table 11.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways ______and soil name | | | | trails | | | | | | LnC: | | | | | Lonewood------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | | | Hendon------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | PaC: | | | | | Pailo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | small stones | small stones | slope | small stones | small stones | | | small stones | | | | | | | PaD: | | | | | Pailo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | small stones | small stones | small stones | small stones | small stones | | slope | | | | | PaF: | | | | | Pailo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | small stones | small stones | small stones | small stones | small stones | slope | | | | | PCF. | | | | | Pits, clay | | | | | | | | | | PM. | | | | | Pits, mine, and| | | | | dumps | | | | | | | | | | Pp: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | flooding | flooding | erodes easily | flooding | | | | | Philo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | RaC: | | | | | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe: | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | RrD: | | | | | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | RrF: | | | | | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Salacoa------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | small stones | small stones | small stones | | small stones | | | | | 254 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways ______and soil name | | | | trails | | | | | | SgE: | | | | | Sequoia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | ShB: | | | | | Shady------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | Sm: | | | | | Shady------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | flooding | | flooding | | | | | St: | | | | | Staser------|Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | | | | | TaD: | | | | | Talbott------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TmB: | | | | | Tasso------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | | | | | slope | | | | | | | Minvale------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | TmC: | | | | | Tasso------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | Minvale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | TmD: | | | | | Tasso------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | | | Minvale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | TsC: | | | | | Townley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | depth to rock | | | | | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe: | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 255

Table 11.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways ______and soil name | | | | trails | | | | | | TsD: | | | | | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | UUC. | | | | | Urban land- | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | Wax------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | percs slowly | flooding | | flooding | | wetness | small stones | | | | | | | Rockdell------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | small stones | flooding | | flooding | | | | | small stones | | | | | droughty | | | | | WbB2: | | | | | Waynesboro-----|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | WbC2: | | | | | Waynesboro-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | WbD2: | | | | | Waynesboro-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | WfB: | | | | | Wolftever------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | | | | | slope | | ______| | | | | 256 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | Ac: | | | | | | | | | | Allegheny-----|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cotaco------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | AeB: | | | | | | | | | | Allen------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | AeC: | | | | | | | | | | Allen------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | AeD: | | | | | | | | | | Allen------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | AMC: | | | | | | | | | | Allen------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AnB: | | | | | | | | | | Altavista-----|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | AsF: | | | | | | | | | | Apison------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sunlight------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Salacoa------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | At: | | | | | | | | | | Atkins------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair | | | | | | | | | | BaE: | | | | | | | | | | Barfield------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BEF: | | | | | | | | | | Bethesda------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Mine pits. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 257

Table 12.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | | | | | | Bloomingdale--|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good | poor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaB: | | | | | | | | | | Capshaw------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CaC: | | | | | | | | | | Capshaw------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cb: | | | | | | | | | | Cobstone------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CDB: | | | | | | | | | | Cobstone------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Shady------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeC: | | | | | | | | | | Colbert------|Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Lyerly------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CgC: | | | | | | | | | | Collegedale---|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CgD: | | | | | | | | | | Collegedale---|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CoC: | | | | | | | | | | Conasauga-----|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | | | | | | Cranmore------|Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good | | | | | | | | | | DeB: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DeC: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DeD: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | 258 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | DL. | | | | | | | | | | Dumps, | | | | | | | | | | landfills | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ec: | | | | | | | | | | Ealy------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | Craigsville---|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Eg: | | | | | | | | | | Egam------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | EtB: | | | | | | | | | | Etowah------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | EtC: | | | | | | | | | | Etowah------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | FuB: | | | | | | | | | | Fullerton-----|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | FuC: | | | | | | | | | | Fullerton-----|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | FuD: | | | | | | | | | | Fullerton-----|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | FuF: | | | | | | | | | | Fullerton-----|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | GpC: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | GpD: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | GpF: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | GuF: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Bouldin------|Very |Very |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Petros------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 259

Table 12.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | | | | | | Hamblen------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | HoB: | | | | | | | | | | Holston------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | HoC: | | | | | | | | | | Holston------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JeC: | | | | | | | | | | Jefferson-----|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JsD: | | | | | | | | | | Jefferson-----|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JsF: | | | | | | | | | | Jefferson-----|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JvD: | | | | | | | | | | Jefferson-----|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Varilla------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JvF: | | | | | | | | | | Jefferson-----|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Varilla------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Kt: | | | | | | | | | | Ketona------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair | | | | | | | | | | Tupelo------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair | | | | | | | | | | LhB: | | | | | | | | | | Lily------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | 260 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | LhC: | | | | | | | | | | Lily------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LhD: | | | | | | | | | | Lily------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LhE: | | | | | | | | | | Lily------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LnB: | | | | | | | | | | Lonewood------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Hendon------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LnC: | | | | | | | | | | Lonewood------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Hendon------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PaC: | | | | | | | | | | Pailo------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PaD: | | | | | | | | | | Pailo------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PaF: | | | | | | | | | | Pailo------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PCF. | | | | | | | | | | Pits, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PM. | | | | | | | | | | Pits, mine, | | | | | | | | | | and dumps | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pp: | | | | | | | | | | Pope------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Philo------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | RaC: | | | | | | | | | | Ramsey------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | | | | | | | | | | RrD, RrF: | | | | | | | | | | Ramsey------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 261

Table 12.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | | | | | Salacoa------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SgE: | | | | | | | | | | Sequoia------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | ShB: | | | | | | | | | | Shady------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sm: | | | | | | | | | | Shady------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | St: | | | | | | | | | | Staser------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | TaD: | | | | | | | | | | Talbott------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outrcrop.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TmB: | | | | | | | | | | Tasso------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Minvale------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | TmC: | | | | | | | | | | Tasso------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Minvale------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | TmD: | | | | | | | | | | Tasso------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Minvale------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | TsC: | | | | | | | | | | Townley------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sunlight------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | 262 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | TsD: | | | | | | | | | | Townley------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sunlight------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | UUC. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land- | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | | | | | | Wax------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Poor |Poor | | | | | | | | | | Rockdell------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | WbB2: | | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro----|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | WbC2, WbD2: | | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro----|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | WfB: | | | | | | | | | | Wolftever-----|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor ______| | | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 263 Table 13.—Building Site Development (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that no rating is applicable) ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| Ac: | Allegheny------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | Cotaco------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness flooding | wetness flooding | AeB: | Allen------|Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | too clayey low strength | AeC: | Allen------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | too clayey slope | AeD: | Allen------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | AMC: | Allen------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | too clayey slope | Urban land. | | AnB: | Altavista------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | wetness low strength | wetness | AsF: | Apison------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Salacoa------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | 264 Soil Survey Table 13.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| At: | Atkins------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness flooding | wetness frost action | wetness | BaE: | Barfield------|Severe: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | depth to rock slope shrink-swell | depth to rock | Rock outcrop. | | BEF: | Bethesda------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | unstable fill droughty | Mine pits. | | Bm: | Bloomingdale------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness flooding | wetness low strength | wetness | CaB: | Capshaw------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | too clayey shrink-swell low strength | wetness | depth to rock | CaC: | Capshaw------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey shrink-swell slope low strength | wetness slope | depth to rock | Cb: | Cobstone------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | large stones flooding | large stones | Rhea County, Tennessee 265 Table 13.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| CDB: | Cobstone------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | large stones flooding | large stones | Shady------|Slight |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight | flooding | Urban land. | | CeC: | Colbert------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope shrink-swell | depth to rock | Lyerly------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | depth to rock shrink-swell low strength | depth to rock shrink-swell | CgC: | Collegedale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | too clayey shrink-swell low strength | slope | CgD: | Collegedale------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | CoC: | Conasauga------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope depth to rock | depth to rock | Cr: | Cranmore------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness flooding | cutbanks cave wetness frost action | wetness | DeB: | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight | too clayey shrink-swell low strength | shrink-swell | 266 Soil Survey Table 13.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| DeC: | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey shrink-swell slope low strength | slope shrink-swell | slope | DeD: | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | DL. | Dumps, landfills | | Ec: | Ealy------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave flooding | Craigsville------|Severe: |Severe: | large stones flooding | cutbanks cave large stones | Eg: | Egam------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | too clayey shrink-swell wetness low strength | wetness shrink-swell | EtB: | Etowah------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: | low strength | EtC: | Etowah------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | FuB: | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey shrink-swell low strength small stones | slope shrink-swell | FuC: | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope shrink-swell | slope | FuD, FuF: | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Rhea County, Tennessee 267 Table 13.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| GpC: | Gilpin------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope frost action | depth to rock slope thin layer | GpD, GpF: | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | GuF: | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Bouldin------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | slippage | Petros------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Ha: | Hamblen------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | HoB: | Holston------|Slight |Slight | HoC: | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | JeC: | Jefferson------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | large stones slope | slope | JsD, JsF: | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | slope | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | JvD, JvF: | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | slope 268 Soil Survey Table 13.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| JvD, JvF: | Varilla------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | cutbanks cave slope | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Kt: | Ketona------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness flooding low strength | shrink-swell wetness | wetness | Tupelo------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness flooding | shrink-swell low strength wetness | wetness shrink-swell | LhB: | Lily------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock | LhC: | Lily------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock slope | depth to rock | LhD, LhE: | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | LnB: | Lonewood------|Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock low strength | Hendon------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: | slope | LnC: | Lonewood------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | depth to rock | Hendon------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | Rhea County, Tennessee 269 Table 13.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| PaC: | Pailo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | large stones slope small | slope | PaD, PaF: | Pailo------|Severe: |Severe: | slope small stones | slope | PCF. | Pits, clay | | PM. | Pits, mine, and dumps | | Pp: | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave flooding | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness flooding | cutbanks cave wetness | RaC: | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock slope | depth to rock | RrD, RrF: | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Rock outcrop. | | SaC: | Salacoa------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | small stones | SgE: | Sequoia------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | 270 Soil Survey Table 13.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| ShB: | Shady------|Slight |Slight | Sm: | Shady------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | St: | Staser------|Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | wetness | TaD: | Talbott------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock shrink-swell slope low strength | slope depth to rock | depth to rock | Rock outcrop. | | TmB: | Tasso------|Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | wetness low strength | Minvale------|Slight |Slight | TmC: | Tasso------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope | Minvale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | TmD: | Tasso------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Minvale------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | TsC: | Townley------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope depth to rock | depth to rock | Sunlight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock slope | depth to rock | Rhea County, Tennessee 271 Table 13.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| TsD: | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | UUC. | Urban land-Udorthents | | W. | Water | | Wa: | Wax------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness flooding | wetness | Rockdell------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | small stones | droughty | WbB2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Slight: |Slight |Moderate: | too clayey slope low strength | WbC2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey slope | slope | WbD2: | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | WfB: | Wolftever------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | too clayey shrink-swell wetness low strength | wetness | ______272 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | Ac: | | | | | Allegheny------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | small stones | | | | | too clayey | | | | | Cotaco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | seepage | flooding | seepage | small stones | wetness | flooding | wetness | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | flooding | | | | | | AeB: | | | | | Allen------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | | | | AeC: | | | | | Allen------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | AeD: | | | | | Allen------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | AMC: | | | | | Allen------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | AnB: | | | | | Altavista------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | too clayey | | | | | wetness | | | | | AsF: | | | | | Apison------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Salacoa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | At: | | | | | Atkins------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 273

Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | BaE: | | | | | Barfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey | | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | BEF: | | | | | Bethesda------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | unstable fill | unstable fill | unstable fill | small stones | unstable fill | | | | | | | | | Mine pits. | | | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | Bloomingdale-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | hard to pack | wetness | wetness | too clayey | wetness | too clayey | | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | CaB: | | | | | Capshaw------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | wetness | hard to pack | wetness | depth to rock | wetness | depth to rock | too clayey | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | CaC: | | | | | Capshaw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | slope | hard to pack | wetness | | wetness | wetness | too clayey | | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Cb: | | | | | Cobstone------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | large stones | large stones | seepage | small stones | large stones | seepage | seepage | | | | | | | CDB: | | | | | Cobstone------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | large stones | large stones | seepage | small stones | large stones | seepage | seepage | | | | | | | Shady------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | CeC: | | | | | Colbert------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | slope | hard to pack | wetness | | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | | | | | Lyerly------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack | | | depth to rock | | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | 274 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | CgC: | | | | | Collegedale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | | hard to pack | | | | | too clayey | | | | | CgD: | | | | | Collegedale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | CoC: | | | | | Conasauga------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Cr: | | | | | Cranmore------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | DeB: | | | | | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | hard to pack | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | DeC: | | | | | Dewey------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | slope | | | | | DeD: | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | DL. | | | | | Dumps, landfills | | | | | | | | | | Ec: | | | | | Ealy------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | too sandy | | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | | wetness | | | | | | | Craigsville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | seepage | large stones | poor filter | seepage | seepage | | seepage | | | | | Eg: | | | | | Egam------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | too clayey | wetness | hard to pack | wetness | | wetness | | too clayey | | | | | EtB: | | | | | Etowah------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 275

Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | EtC: | | | | | Etowah------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | too clayey | slope | | too clayey | | | | | | | FuB: | | | | | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | small stones | | slope | | | | | | | | FuC: | | | | | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small stones | slope | | too clayey | | | | | | | FuD, FuF: | | | | | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | GpC: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | area reclaim | | depth to rock | | | thin layer | | | | | GpD, GpF: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area reclaim | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | thin layer | | | | | GuF: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area reclaim | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | thin layer | | | | | Bouldin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | large stones | seepage | large stones | slippage | slope | seepage | slope | slope | | | slope | | | | | | | Petros------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | Hamblen------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | HoB: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | small stones | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | HoC: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | too clayey | | small stones | | | | | too clayey | | | | | 276 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | JeC: | | | | | Jefferson------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | large stones | seepage | seepage | seepage | large stones | slope | slope | | | | | | | | JsD, JsF: | | | | | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | large stones | | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | small stones | | | | | JvD, JvF: | | | | | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | large stones | | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Varilla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | large stones | poor filter | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | small stones | | | | | Kt: | | | | | Ketona------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | hard to pack | percs slowly | | wetness | wetness | too clayey | wetness | | depth to rock | | wetness | | | | | Tupelo------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | | flooding | flooding | hard to pack | percs slowly | | too clayey | wetness | too clayey | wetness | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | LhB: | | | | | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | LhC: | | | | | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | depth to rock | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | LhD, LhE: | | | | | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | LnB: | | | | | Lonewood------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | slope | | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 277

Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | LnB: | | | | | Hendon------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | | | | LnC: | | | | | Lonewood------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | | | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Hendon------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | PaC: | | | | | Pailo------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | | | | PaD: | | | | | Pailo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | | slope | | | | | | | | PaF: | | | | | Pailo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | | | | PCF. | | | | | Pits, clay | | | | | | | | | | PM. | | | | | Pits, mine, and | | | | | dumps | | | | | | | | | | Pp: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | | | | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | small stones | wetness | seepage | seepage | wetness | wetness | | wetness | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | RaC: | | | | | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | depth to rock | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | RrD, RrF: | | | | | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | 278 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Salacoa------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | small stones | | | | | too clayey | | | | | SgE: | | | | | Sequoia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area reclaim | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | thin layer | | | | | ShB: | | | | | Shady------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | | | | | Sm: | | | | | Shady------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | small stones | | | | | St: | | | | | Staser------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | | | wetness | | | | | | TaD: | | | | | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TmB: | | | | | Tasso------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | | | | Minvale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | small stones | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | TmC: | | | | | Tasso------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | Minvale------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small stones | slope | | too clayey | | too clayey | | | | | TmD: | | | | | Tasso------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 279

Table 14.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | TmD: | | | | | Minvale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | TsC: | | | | | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | TsD: | | | | | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | UUC. | | | | | Urban land- | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | Wax------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | small stones | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | | | wetness | | | | | | | | | Rockdell------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | seepage | | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | | | | | WbB2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | hard to pack | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | WbC2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | WbD2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | WfB: | | | | | Wolftever------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | wetness | too clayey | wetness | hard to pack | wetness | | wetness | | too clayey ______| | | | | 280 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | Ac: | | | | Allegheny------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | Cotaco------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | AeB, AeC: | | | | Allen------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | AeD: | | | | Allen------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | slope | | | | | | | AMC: | | | | Allen------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | AnB: | | | | Altavista------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | wetness | | | | | | | AsF: | | | | Apison------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | | | | | Sunlight------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Salacoa------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | At: | | | | Atkins------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | wetness | | | | BaE: | | | | Barfield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | shrink-swell | | | too clayey | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 281

Table 15.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | BEF: | | | | Bethesda------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | Mine pits. | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | Bloomingdale------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | wetness | | | wetness | | | | CaB, CaC: | | | | Capshaw------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | Cb: | | | | Cobstone------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | CDB: | | | | Cobstone------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | Shady------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | CeC: | | | | Colbert------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | shrink-swell | | | | | | | Lyerly------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | shrink-swell | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | CgC: | | | | Collegedale------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | CgD: | | | | Collegedale------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | CoC: | | | | Conasauga------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | depth to rock | | | | | | | Cr: | | | | Cranmore------|Poor: |Probable |Probable |Poor: | wetness | | | wetness | | | | 282 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | DeB, DeC: | | | | Dewey------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | shrink-swell | | | | | | | DeD: | | | | Dewey------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | shrink-swell | | | too clayey | slope | | | | | | | DL. | | | | Dumps, landfills | | | | | | | | Ec: | | | | Ealy------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | Craigsville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | Eg: | | | | Egam------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer | | | | too clayey | | | | EtB: | | | | Etowah------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | EtC: | | | | Etowah------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | FuB, FuC: | | | | Fullerton------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | shrink-swell | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | FuD: | | | | Fullerton------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | shrink-swell | | | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | FuF: | | | | Fullerton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | GpC: | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | thin layer | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 283

Table 15.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | GpD: | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | thin layer | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | GpF: | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | thin layer | | | small stones | | | | GuF: | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | thin layer | | | small stones | | | | Bouldin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | Petros------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Ha: | | | | Hamblen------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | wetness | | | small stones | | | | HoB, HoC: | | | | Holston------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | JeC: | | | | Jefferson------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | JsD: | | | | Jefferson------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | Shelocta------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | JsF: | | | | Jefferson------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | Shelocta------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | 284 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | JvD: | | | | Jefferson------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | Varilla------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | large stones | depth to rock | | | slope | | | | Shelocta------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | JvF: | | | | Jefferson------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | Varilla------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | Shelocta------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | Kt: | | | | Ketona------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | shrink-swell | | | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | Tupelo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | shrink-swell | | | | | | | LhB, LhC: | | | | Lily------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | LhD: | | | | Lily------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | LhE: | | | | Lily------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | | | | | LnB: | | | | Lonewood------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | Hendon------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 285

Table 15.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | LnC: | | | | Lonewood------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | Hendon------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | PaC: | | | | Pailo------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones PaD: | | | | Pailo------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | PaF: | | | | Pailo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | PCF. | | | | Pits, clay | | | | | | | | PM. | | | | Pits, mine, and | | | | dumps | | | | | | | | Pp: | | | | Pope------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | Philo------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | RaC: | | | | Ramsey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | RrD: | | | | Ramsey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | RrF: | | | | Ramsey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | 286 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | Salacoa------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | SgE: | | | | Sequoia------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | slope | | | too clayey | depth to rock | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | thin layer | | | small stones | | | | ShB, Sm: | | | | Shady------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones St: | | | | Staser------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good | | excess fines | excess fines | | | | | TaD: | | | | Talbott------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | TmB, TmC: | | | | Tasso------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | Minvale------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | TmD: | | | | Tasso------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | slope | | | | Minvale------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | TsC: | | | | Townley------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | Sunlight------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | TsD: | | | | Townley------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | Sunlight------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock Rhea County, Tennessee 287

Table 15.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | UUC. | | | | Urban land- | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | W. | | | | Water | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | Wax------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | Rockdell------|Fair: |Improbable: |Probable |Poor: | large stones | small stones | | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | WbB2, WbC2: | | | | Waynesboro------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | WbD2: | | | | Waynesboro------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | slope | | | too clayey | | | | WfB: | | | | Wolftever------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer | wetness | | | ______| | | | 288 Soil Survey Table 16.—Water Management (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that no rating is applicable) ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| Ac: | Allegheny------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| flooding | Cotaco------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: | seepage piping slow refill flooding wetness erodes easily| easily | wetness droughty | AeB: | Allen------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | AeC, AeD: | Allen------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | AMC: | Allen------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | Urban land. | | AnB: | Altavista------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Favorable |Limitation: | seepage piping slow refill wetness | wetness deep to water| | AsF: | Apison------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | thin layer depth to rock| erodes easily| easily | erodes easily| depth to rock| rock | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | droughty | Salacoa------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | Rhea County, Tennessee 289 Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| At: | Atkins------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping slow refill flooding percs slowly | wetness frost action percs slowly | percs slowly wetness | BaE: | Barfield------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | depth to rock| droughty rock | droughty | Rock outcrop. | | BEF: | Bethesda------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| large stones | piping slope | droughty slippage | Mine pits. | | Bm: | Bloomingdale-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: | seepage hard to pack slow refill flooding erodes easily| easily | wetness flooding | wetness | CaB: | Capshaw------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack slow refill deep water| erodes easily| easily | depth to rock| percs slowly | slope | CaC: | Capshaw------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack slow refill deep water| erodes easily| easily | percs slowly | slope | Cb: | Cobstone------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | seepage droughty | 290 Soil Survey Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| CDB: | Cobstone------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | seepage droughty | Shady------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| | Urban land. | | CeC: | Colbert------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| percs slowly | slope | Lyerly------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| percs slowly erodes easily| easily | depth to rock| slope percs slowly | depth to rock| rock | CgC: | Collegedale------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| erodes easily| easily | slope | CgD: | Collegedale------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| erodes easily| easily | slope | CoC: | Conasauga------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | slope no water deep to water| percs slowly erodes easily| easily | slope | depth to rock| rock | Cr: | Cranmore------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping slow refill flooding wetness | wetness cutbanks cave| frost action | DeB: | Dewey------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage hard to pack no water deep water| slope | DeC, DeD: | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | Rhea County, Tennessee 291 Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| DL. | Dumps, landfills | | Ec: | Ealy------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| flooding | Craigsville------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | seepage droughty too sandy | soil blowing | Eg: | Egam------|Slight |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | hard to pack slow refill deep water| wetness | thin layer | wetness | EtB: | Etowah------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | EtC: | Etowah------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | FuB: | Fullerton------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage hard to pack no water deep water| slope large stones | slope piping | FuC, FuD, FuF: | Fullerton------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| large stones | piping slope | GpC, GpD, GpF: | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| slope | depth to rock| rock | GuF: | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| slope | depth to rock| rock | 292 Soil Survey Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| GuF: | Bouldin------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | slope | droughty | Petros------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| thin layer slope rock | droughty depth to rock| | Ha: | Hamblen------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping slow refill flooding wetness | deep to water| wetness | HoB: | Holston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | HoC: | Holston------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | JeC: | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | JsD, JsF: | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | JvD, JvF: | Jefferson------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | Varilla------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | slope seepage | droughty too sandy | Rhea County, Tennessee 293 Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| JvD, JvF: | Shelocta------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | Kt: | Ketona------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | depth to rock| wetness slow refill flooding percs slowly | percs slowly wetness | wetness | Tupelo------|Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | hard to pack slow refill flooding erodes easily| easily | wetness percs slowly | wetness | LhB: | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope depth rock| rock | depth to rock| | LhC, LhD: | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | depth to rock| rock | LhE: | Lily------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope depth to rock| rock | LnB: | Lonewood------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | slope thin layer | depth to rock| | Hendon------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | slope | LnC: | Lonewood------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | thin layer slope | Hendon------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | slope 294 Soil Survey Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| PaC, PaD, PaF: | Pailo------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage no water deep to water| large stones | slope | droughty | PCF. | Pits, clay | | PM. | Pits, mine, and | dumps | | Pp: | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping cutbanks cave| flooding erodes easily| easily | wetness | RaC: | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | droughty | RrD, RrF: | Ramsey------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | droughty | Rock outcrop. | | SaC: | Salacoa------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | SgE: | Sequoia------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| erodes easily| easily | depth to rock| slope | depth to rock| droughty | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| slope | depth to rock| rock Rhea County, Tennessee 295 Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| ShB: | Shady------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| | Sm: | Shady------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water flooding erodes easily| easily | deep to water| flooding | St: | Staser------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping slow refill deep to water| | deep to water| | TaD: | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| erodes easily| easily | depth to rock| slope | depth to rock| rock | Rock outcrop. | | TmB: | Tasso------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | slope | Minvale------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | TmC, TmD: | Tasso------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | slope | Minvale------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | TsC: | Townley------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| percs slowly erodes easily| easily | slope | depth to rock| rock | 296 Soil Survey Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| TsC: | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| droughty | depth to rock| droughty | slope depth to rock | TsD: | Townley------|Severe: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | slope no water deep to water| percs slowly erodes easily| easily | slope | depth to rock| rock | Sunlight------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | droughty | UUC. | Urban land- | Udorthents | | W. | Water | | Wa: | Wax------|Slight |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | wetness slow refill flooding percs slowly erodes easily| easily | percs slowly rooting depth| | wetness rooting depth | Rockdell------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: | seepage large stones deep to water| flooding | seepage deep to water| large stones droughty | droughty | WbB2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage hard to pack no water deep water| slope | slope piping | WbC2, WbD2: | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | piping | Rhea County, Tennessee 297 Table 16.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| WfB: | Wolftever------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack slow refill erodes easily| easily | slope wetness | wetness | ______298 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties (Absence of an entry indicates that no data are available or the were not estimated) ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Ac: | Allegheny------| 0-6 |Loam |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-100|55-95 |15-35 |NP-10 | 6-12 |Loam |ML, CL, CL-ML|A-4 0 |90-100|80-100|65-100|55-95 |15-35 |NP-10 | 12-21 |Clay loam, |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-6 0 |68-92 |57-90 |46-90 |20-72 |15-35 |NP-15 | loam, sandy SM | clay loam, | gravelly clay | loam | 21-36 |Clay loam, |ML, SC, SM, |A-4, A-6 0 |68-92 |57-90 |46-90 |20-72 |15-35 |NP-15 | loam, sandy CL | clay loam, | gravelly clay | loam | 36-60 |Gravelly clay |CL, GC, ML, |A-1, A-2, --- 0-5 |62-92 |50-90 |30-90 |15-72 |15-35 |NP-15 | loam, sandy SM A-4, A-6 | loam, very | gravelly sandy| | loam | Cotaco------| 0-4 |Loam |ML, SM, SC |A-4 | 0 |80-100|75-95 |55-85 |35-80 |19-45 3-18 | 4-24 |Gravelly sandy |CL-ML, SC, |A-2, A-4, A-6| 0 0-10 |64-92 |51-90 |41-90 |18-72 |23-39 7-16 | clay loam, CL, GC | clay loam, | loam, gravelly| | loam | 24-45 |Gravelly sandy |CL-ML, SC, |A-2, A-4, A-6| 0 0-10 |64-92 |51-90 |41-90 |18-72 |23-39 7-16 | clay loam, GC, CL | clay loam, | loam, gravelly| | loam | 45-60 |Gravelly sandy |CL-ML, GC, |A-1-b, A-2, 0 0-10 |50-92 |36-90 |29-90 |13-81 |21-39 6-16 | clay loam, CL, SC A-4, A-6 | clay loam, | loam, very | gravelly fine | sandy loam, | gravelly sandy| | loam | Rhea County, Tennessee 299 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | AeB, AeC, AeD: | Allen------| 0-6 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | --- 0-5 |90-100|75-100|65-98 |40-80 |15-26 |NP-10 | SC-SM, SM | 6-42 |Clay loam, |SC, CL-ML, CL|A-4, A-6, --- 0-10 |85-100|75-100|65-98 |40-80 |20-43 4-19 | sandy clay A-7-6 | loam, loam | 42-48 |Gravelly clay |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6, --- 0-15 |70-92 |50-90 |47-90 |21-72 |20-43 4-19 | loam, gravelly| SC, SC-SM A-7-6 | sandy clay | loam, gravelly| | loam | 48-56 |Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6, --- 0-10 |85-100|70-98 |60-95 |45-80 |21-48 5-22 | sandy clay SC, SC-SM A-7-6 | loam, clay | 56-72 |Gravelly clay |SC-SM, CL, |A-4, A-6, --- 0-15 |70-92 |50-90 |47-90 |21-72 |20-43 4-19 | loam, gravelly| CL-ML, SC A-7-6 | sandy clay | loam, gravelly| | loam | AMC: | Allen------| 0-6 |Loam |SM, SC-SM, |A-4 | --- 0-5 |90-100|75-100|65-98 |40-80 |15-26 |NP-10 | ML, CL-ML | 6-42 |Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL, SC|A-4, A-6, --- 0-10 |85-100|75-100|65-98 |40-80 |20-43 4-19 | sandy clay A-7-6 | loam, loam | 42-48 |Gravelly clay |SC-SM, SC, |A-4, A-6, --- 0-15 |70-92 |50-90 |47-90 |21-72 |20-43 4-19 | loam, gravelly| CL-ML, CL A-7-6 | sandy clay | loam, gravelly| | loam | 48-56 |Clay loam, |CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6, --- 0-10 |85-100|70-98 |60-95 |45-80 |21-48 5-22 | sandy clay SC-SM, SC A-7-6 | loam, clay | 56-72 |Gravelly clay |CL, SC-SM, |A-4, A-6, --- 0-15 |70-92 |50-90 |47-90 |21-72 |20-43 4-19 | loam, gravelly| SC, CL-ML A-7-6 | sandy clay | loam, gravelly| | loam | Urban land. | | 300 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | AnB: | Altavista------| 0-6 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|65-99 |35-60 |15-23 |NP-7 | SC-SM, SM | 6-58 |Clay loam, |SC, SC-SM, |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-99 |45-75 |20-45 5-28 | sandy clay CL-ML, CL | loam, loam | 58-72 |Clay loam, |CL, SC-SM, |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 |95-100|95-100|60-99 |45-75 |20-45 5-28 | sandy clay SC, CL-ML | loam, | sandy loam | AsF: | Apison------| 0-5 |Loam, channery |ML, CL-ML, CL|A-4 | 0 0-20 |85-95 |79-96 |67-96 |47-86 |16-24 3-6 | silt loam | 5-23 |Channery loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 0 0-25 |75-95 |69-96 |59-96 |41-91 |23-34 7-15 | channery silt | loam, silty | clay loam, | clay loam | 23-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Sunlight------| 0-8 |Gravelly loam, |ML, GM, GC, |A-4 | 0 0-5 |50-85 |50-80 |35-70 |35-60 0-40 |NP-10 | channery sandy| SM, GC-GM | loam | 8-17 |Very gravelly |GC, GC-GM, SC|A-1-b, A-2, 0 0-10 |40-65 |35-60 |35-50 |20-40 4-15 | clay loam, A-4, A-6 | channery loam,| | very channery | clay loam, | very channery | silt loam | 17-48 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Rhea County, Tennessee 301 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | AsF: | Salacoa------| 0-5 |Silt loam, loam|CL-ML, SC, CL|A-4, A-6 | 0 0-20 |85-95 |79-91 |67-91 |47-82 |15-25 3-8 | 5-20 |Gravelly silt |CL-ML, CL, SC|A-4 0 0-20 |78-95 |72-91 |61-91 |43-82 |20-30 6-11 | loam, gravelly| | loam | 20-35 |Gravelly silt |CL-ML, SC, CL|A-4 0 0-20 |78-95 |72-91 |61-91 |43-82 |20-30 6-11 | loam, gravelly| | loam | 35-62 |Gravelly silt |CL, SC, CL-ML|A-4 0 0-20 |68-95 |57-91 |48-91 |34-82 |20-30 6-11 | loam, very | gravelly silt | loam, very | gravelly loam | 62-66 |Weathered --- | bedrock | At: | Atkins------| 0-10 |Loam |SM, SC, ML, |A-4, A-6 | --- 0-5 |90-100|80-100|60-95 |45-75 |20-35 1-15 | 10-52 |Silty clay |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-6 --- 0-5 |90-100|85-100|65-100|45-85 |20-40 3-20 | loam, silt SM | loam, sandy | loam, loam | 52-60 |Loam, sandy |CL, SM, ML, |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- 0-15 |60-100|60-100|50-95 |30-85 |20-40 1-15 | loam GM | BaE: | Barfield------| 0-6 |Flaggy silty |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 5-20 |10-20 |95-100|95-98 |90-98 |80-95 |35-65 |12-35 | clay, flaggy | silty clay | loam | 6-15 |Flaggy silty |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 5-20 |10-20 |95-100|95-98 |85-98 |70-95 |35-70 |14-40 | clay, flaggy | clay | 15-19 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop. | | 302 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | BEF: | Bethesda------| 0-2 |Channery loam |GM, ML, |A-4, A-6 | --- 0-15 |65-90 |55-80 |50-80 |35-75 |25-40 4-14 | CL-ML, GC-GM| | 2-23 |Very channery |ML, GM, |A-2, A-4, --- |10-30 |45-80 |25-65 |20-60 |24-50 3-23 | loam, very GC-GM, CL A-6, A-7 | channery clay | loam, very | channery silty| | clay loam, | channery clay | loam | 23-38 |Very channery |CL, GC-GM, |A-2, A-4, --- |10-30 |45-80 |25-65 |20-60 |24-50 3-23 | loam, very ML, GM A-6, A-7 | channery clay | loam, very | channery silty| | clay loam, | channery clay | loam | 38-45 |Very channery |GC-GM, GM, |A-2, A-4, --- |10-30 |45-80 |25-65 |20-60 |24-50 3-23 | loam, very ML, CL A-6, A-7 | channery clay | loam, very | channery silty| | clay loam, | channery clay | loam | 45-60 |Cobbly loam, |CL, GC-GM, |A-2, A-4, --- |10-30 |45-80 |25-65 |20-60 |24-50 3-23 | very channery GM, ML A-6, A-7 | clay loam, | very channery | silty clay | loam, channery| | clay loam | Mine pits. | | Bm: | Bloomingdale----| 0-6 |Silty clay loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|60-95 |25-40 5-15 | 6-72 |Silty clay |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-95 |35-55 |12-30 | loam, silty | clay, clay | Rhea County, Tennessee 303 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | CaB, CaC: | Capshaw------| 0-4 |Silt loam |CL, ML, CL-ML|A-4 | 0 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |75-85 |18-30 3-10 | 4-24 |Silty clay |CL |A-6, A-7 0 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |75-85 |30-45 |11-20 | loam, silty | clay, silt | loam | 24-36 |Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7 0 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |75-90 |41-68 |18-36 | clay, silty | clay loam | 36-72 |Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7 --- 0-3 |85-100|80-100|75-95 |70-90 |41-68 |18-36 | clay | 72-76 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Cb: | Cobstone------| 0-5 |Cobbly fine |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | --- |20-35 |75-85 |65-80 |50-70 |30-50 |15-25 |NP-6 | sandy loam | 5-12 |Cobbly loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 --- |20-35 |75-85 |65-80 |50-70 |30-50 |15-25 |NP-6 | cobbly sandy | loam, cobbly | fine sandy | loam | 12-28 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, SM, |A-2, A-4 --- |35-50 |55-85 |40-80 |35-70 |25-55 |18-30 3-10 | loam, GM, SC-SM | extremely | cobbly sandy | clay loam, | very cobbly | sandy loam | 28-63 |Extremely |SC-SM, GM, |A-1, A-2, A-4| --- |40-55 |50-75 |35-70 |25-60 |15-45 |15-25 |NP-6 | cobbly loam, GC-GM, SM | extremely | cobbly fine | sandy loam, | extremely | cobbly sandy | loam | 304 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | CDB: | Cobstone------| 0-5 |Cobbly fine |SM, SC-SM |A-2, A-4 | --- |20-35 |75-85 |65-80 |50-70 |30-50 |15-25 |NP-6 | sandy loam | 5-12 |Cobbly sandy |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 --- |20-35 |75-85 |65-80 |50-70 |30-50 |15-25 |NP-6 | loam, cobbly | loam, cobbly | fine sandy | loam | 12-28 |Very cobbly |SC-SM, GM, |A-2, A-4 --- |35-50 |55-85 |40-80 |35-70 |25-55 |18-30 3-10 | loam, SM, GC-GM | extremely | cobbly sandy | clay loam, | very cobbly | sandy loam | 28-63 |Extremely |GC-GM, GM, |A-1, A-2, A-4| --- |40-55 |50-75 |35-70 |25-60 |15-45 |15-25 |NP-6 | cobbly loam, SC-SM, SM | extremely | cobbly fine | sandy loam, | extremely | cobbly sandy | loam | Shady------| 0-8 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, CL-ML|A-4, A-2 | --- 0-5 |85-100|75-100|60-95 |30-75 |15-30 |NP-7 | loam, loam | 8-25 |Clay loam, |SC, ML, |A-4, A-6 --- 0-8 |85-100|82-100|65-100|36-80 |20-35 2-15 | sandy clay CL-ML, CL | loam, loam | 25-32 |Clay loam, |CL, ML, SC, |A-4, A-6 --- 0-8 |85-100|82-100|65-100|36-80 |20-35 2-15 | sandy clay CL-ML | loam, loam | 32-42 |Clay loam, |CL, SC, ML, |A-4, A-6 --- 8-18 |50-85 |33-81 |20-77 |10-61 |20-35 2-15 | sandy clay CL-ML | loam, loam | 42-72 |Loam, gravelly |SM, SC-SM, ML|A-2, A-4 --- 8-18 |50-85 |33-81 |20-77 |10-61 |15-30 |NP-7 | loam, very | cobbly sandy | loam | Urban land. | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 305 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | CeC: | Colbert------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam|CL |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | |95-100|90-100|80-100|80-95 |25-45 7-25 | 6-17 |Silty clay |ML, CH, CL, |A-6, A-7 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|80-100|35-68 |15-35 | loam, silty MH | clay, clay | 17-36 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7 0 |95-100|90-100|90-100|80-100|40-70 |25-50 | clay | 36-63 |Clay, silty |CL, CH |A-7 0 0-3 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |60-90 |40-70 |25-50 | clay | 63-67 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Lyerly------| 0-4 |Silty clay loam|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|65-90 |25-35 5-15 | 4-11 |Silty clay, |CH |A-7-6 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|75-97 |50-80 |30-60 | clay | 11-28 |Clay |CH |A-7-6 0 |98-100|95-100|85-100|80-100|60-80 |40-60 | 28-32 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | CgC, CgD: | Collegedale-----| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 0-2 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |70-90 |24-39 5-16 | 6-80 |Silty clay, |CL, CH |A-7 0 0-2 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |75-95 |41-75 |18-42 | clay | CoC: | Conasauga------| 0-4 |Silt loam |ML, CL, CL-ML|A-4 | 0 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |65-85 0-30 |NP-8 | 4-34 |Clay, silty |CL, CH |A-7 0 |90-100|85-100|85-95 |80-90 |48-70 |23-40 | clay | 34-48 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Cr: | Cranmore------| 0-5 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 |95-100|92-100|78-95 |55-75 |16-30 3-10 | 5-24 |Silty clay |CL-ML, SC-SM,|A-4, A-6 0 0-8 |84-100|75-100|45-100|23-95 |20-40 6-16 | loam, silt CL, SC | loam, | sandy loam, | sandy clay | loam, clay | loam | 24-62 |Silty clay |CL-ML, CL, |A-2, A-4 0 0-14 |66-100|53-100|32-100|16-95 |16-40 3-16 | loam, silt SC, SC-SM | loam, | sandy loam, | sandy clay | loam, clay | loam 306 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | DeB, DeC, DeD: | Dewey------| 0-9 |Silt loam, loam|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-80 |24-30 5-11 | 9-72 |Clay, silty |CL |A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |27-40 |12-20 | clay, silty | clay loam | DL. | Dumps, landfills| | | Ec: | Ealy------| 0-10 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 0-3 |85-100|75-100|55-95 |30-70 0-30 |NP-8 | SM, CL-ML | 10-60 |Loam, fine |SM, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 0 |85-100|75-100|50-95 |25-70 0-30 |NP-8 | sandy loam, ML, CL-ML | loamy fine | sand | Craigsville-----| 0-9 |Cobbly fine |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 | --- |25-50 |80-95 |75-95 |50-80 |25-60 0-25 |NP-10 | sandy loam SM, SC | 9-21 |Gravelly sandy |GC, GM, SC, |A-1, A-2, A-4| --- |25-60 |50-80 |30-65 |15-40 0-25 |NP-10 | loam, cobbly SM | loam, very | gravelly sandy| | loam, very | cobbly sandy | loam | 21-60 |Very gravelly |GM, GC-GM, GC|A-1, A-2 --- |35-80 |35-55 |30-50 |20-45 |10-25 0-25 |NP-8 | loamy sand, | very gravelly | sandy loam, | very cobbly | sandy loam, | extremely | cobbly loamy | sand | Eg: | Egam------| 0-24 |Silty clay loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 | |95-100|95-100|85-100|75-95 |21-45 4-20 | 24-72 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-95 |38-60 |15-30 | silty clay | loam, clay | Rhea County, Tennessee 307 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | EtB, EtC: | Etowah------| 0-7 |Loam, silt loam|CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-95 |45-70 |20-30 3-10 | SC-SM, SM, | SC, CL | 7-38 |Silty clay |CL |A-6 0 |80-100|75-100|70-95 |65-85 |25-35 |10-15 | loam, clay | loam, silt | loam | 38-70 |Silty clay |ML, MH, CL, |A-6, A-7 0 |80-100|75-100|70-95 |65-85 |39-60 |15-25 | loam, clay CH | loam, clay | FuB, FuC, FuD, | FuF: | Fullerton------| 0-7 |Gravelly silt |CL, GC-GM, |A-2, A-4 | --- 0-14 |60-94 |45-90 |40-90 |30-80 |18-30 3-10 | loam GC, CL-ML | 7-15 |Very gravelly |SC, GC, CL |A-2, A-4, --- 0-14 |60-90 |45-90 |40-90 |30-80 |29-42 8-17 | loam, gravelly| A-6, A-7 | silty clay | loam | 15-72 |Very gravelly |GM, SM, ML, |A-2, A-7 --- 0-19 |50-80 |40-75 |30-70 |48-78 |20-42 | clay, gravelly| MH | clay, gravelly| | silty clay | GpC, GpD, GpF: | Gilpin------| 0-1 |Loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | --- 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |70-85 |65-80 |20-40 4-15 | 1-5 |Loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 --- 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |70-85 |65-80 |20-40 4-15 | 5-34 |Channery loam, |CL-ML, CL, |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 |20-40 4-15 | channery silt GC, SC | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 34-38 |Clay, channery |GC, GC-GM |A-1, A-2, --- 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 |20-40 4-15 | clay, channery| A-4, A-6 | silty clay | loam | 38-50 |Weathered --- | bedrock | 308 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | GuF: | Gilpin------| 0-1 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | --- 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |70-85 |65-80 |20-40 4-15 | 1-5 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 --- 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |70-85 |65-80 |20-40 4-15 | 5-34 |Channery loam, |CL, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 |20-40 4-15 | channery silt GC, SC | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 34-38 |Clay, channery |GC, GC-GM |A-1, A-2, --- 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 |20-40 4-15 | clay, channery| A-4, A-6 | silty clay | loam | 38-50 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Bouldin------| 0-2 |Cobbly loam |SC-SM, SM, |A-2, A-4 | --- |10-30 |65-85 |55-85 |40-65 |30-55 |15-25 2-7 | GM, ML | 2-6 |Cobbly loam |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 --- |10-30 |65-85 |55-85 |40-65 |30-55 |15-25 2-7 | SC-SM, SM | 6-16 |Very cobbly |GC, SC |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- |30-55 |55-75 |45-65 |35-60 |25-50 |25-39 8-16 | clay loam, | very cobbly | sandy clay | loam, very | cobbly loam | 16-40 |Very cobbly |SC, GC |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- |30-55 |55-75 |45-65 |35-60 |25-50 |25-39 8-16 | clay loam, | very cobbly | sandy clay | loam, very | cobbly loam | 40-64 |Very cobbly |GC, SC |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- 0-18 |45-60 |28-50 |22-50 |10-40 |25-39 8-16 | clay loam, | extremely | gravelly clay | loam, very | cobbly sandy | clay loam, | very cobbly | loam | 64-80 |Cobbly loam, |SC, GC |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- |17-32 |65-92 |53-89 |42-89 |20-70 |25-39 8-16 | very cobbly | clay loam, | very cobbly | sandy clay | loam, very | cobbly loam Rhea County, Tennessee 309 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | GuF: | Petros------| 0-1 |Very channery |ML, GM, |A-4 | --- 5-15 |60-80 |55-75 |50-70 |40-60 |15-30 |NP-8 | silt loam, CL-ML, CL | channery silt | loam | 1-16 |Extremely |GC, GC-GM, GM|A-1, A-2, --- |10-25 |25-49 |20-45 |15-40 |10-36 |20-39 3-17 | channery silt A-4, A-6 | loam, very | channery silt | loam, very | channery silty| | clay loam | 16-21 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Ha: | Hamblen------| 0-5 |Silt loam |ML, CL, CL-ML|A-4, A-6 | --- 0-2 |90-100|80-100|65-95 |55-85 |22-38 3-14 | 5-22 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4, A-6 --- 0-2 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |55-85 |22-40 3-17 | loam, clay | loam | 22-43 |Fine sandy |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 --- 0-2 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |55-85 |22-40 3-17 | loam, silt | loam, | clay loam | 43-62 |Sandy loam, |CL, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- 0-5 |55-100|45-95 |35-90 |30-80 |22-40 3-17 | silt loam, SC, ML | loam, clay | loam | HoB, HoC: | Holston------| 0-6 |Loam |CL-ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 0-5 |80-100|75-100|65-100|30-75 |15-22 |NP-6 | SC-SM, ML | 6-72 |Loam, clay |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 0 0-5 |80-100|75-100|50-100|30-80 |21-33 3-10 | loam, sandy CL-ML, SC-SM| | clay loam | 310 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | JeC: | Jefferson------| 0-1 |Cobbly loam |CL, GM, ML, |A-4, A-2 | --- |10-35 |65-90 |60-90 |50-80 |30-60 |20-35 2-10 | SM | 1-7 |Cobbly loam |CL, GM, ML, |A-4, A-2 --- |10-35 |65-90 |60-90 |50-80 |30-60 |20-35 2-10 | SM | 7-40 |Cobbly loam, |SM, SC, ML, |A-6, A-4, A-2| --- |10-35 |75-90 |70-90 |50-80 |30-70 |20-40 2-15 | cobbly clay CL | loam, gravelly| | sandy clay | loam | 40-56 |Very cobbly |ML, CL, SC, |A-6, A-4, A-2| --- |10-35 |75-90 |70-90 |50-80 |30-70 |20-40 2-15 | clay loam, SM | cobbly loam, | cobbly clay | loam, gravelly| | sandy clay | loam | 56-60 |Cobbly loam, |GC-GM, GM, |A-4, A-2, A-1| --- |10-35 |55-75 |50-75 |35-70 |20-60 |20-35 2-10 | cobbly clay ML, SM | loam, very | gravelly sandy| | loam | JsD, JsF: | Jefferson------| 0-1 |Cobbly loam |GM, ML, SM, |A-4, A-2 | --- |10-35 |65-90 |60-90 |50-80 |30-60 |20-35 2-10 | CL | 1-7 |Cobbly loam |CL, GM, ML, |A-4, A-2 --- |10-35 |65-90 |60-90 |50-80 |30-60 |20-35 2-10 | SM | 7-40 |Cobbly loam, |CL, SM, SC, |A-6, A-4, A-2| --- |10-35 |75-90 |70-90 |50-80 |30-70 |20-40 2-15 | cobbly clay ML | loam, gravelly| | sandy clay | loam | 40-56 |Very cobbly |SM, SC, ML, |A-6, A-4, A-2| --- |10-35 |75-90 |70-90 |50-80 |30-70 |20-40 2-15 | clay loam, CL | cobbly loam, | cobbly clay | loam, gravelly| | sandy clay | loam | 56-60 |Cobbly loam, |ML, GC-GM, |A-4, A-2, A-1| --- |10-35 |55-75 |50-75 |35-70 |20-60 |20-35 2-10 | cobbly clay GM, SM | loam, very | gravelly sandy| | loam | Rhea County, Tennessee 311 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | JsD, JsF: | Shelocta------| 0-1 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |80-95 |75-95 |60-95 |55-90 0-35 |NP-10 | 1-11 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 0-2 0-5 |80-95 |75-95 |60-95 |55-90 0-35 |NP-10 | 11-40 |Silty clay |CL-ML, SC, |A-4, A-6 0-5 0-10 |55-95 |50-95 |45-95 |40-90 |25-40 4-15 | loam, silt GC, CL | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 40-50 |Silty clay |SC, GC, |A-4, A-6 0-5 0-10 |55-95 |50-95 |45-95 |40-90 |25-40 4-15 | loam, silt CL-ML, CL | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 50-60 |Weathered |A-1-b, A-2, --- | bedrock A-4, A-6 | JvD, JvF: | Jefferson------| 0-1 |Cobbly loam |SM, CL, ML, |A-4, A-2 | --- |10-35 |65-90 |60-90 |50-80 |30-60 |20-35 2-10 | GM | 1-7 |Cobbly loam |SM, ML, GM, |A-4, A-2 --- |10-35 |65-90 |60-90 |50-80 |30-60 |20-35 2-10 | CL | 7-40 |Cobbly loam, |SM, SC, ML, |A-6, A-4, A-2| --- |10-35 |75-90 |70-90 |50-80 |30-70 |20-40 2-15 | cobbly clay CL | loam, gravelly| | sandy clay | loam | 40-56 |Very cobbly |CL, ML, SM, |A-6, A-4, A-2| --- |10-35 |75-90 |70-90 |50-80 |30-70 |20-40 2-15 | clay loam, SC | cobbly loam, | cobbly clay | loam, gravelly| | sandy clay | loam | 56-60 |Cobbly loam, |GC-GM, GM, |A-4, A-2, A-1| --- |10-35 |55-75 |50-75 |35-70 |20-60 |20-35 2-10 | cobbly clay ML, SM | loam, very | gravelly sandy| | loam | 312 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | JvD, JvF: | Varilla------| 0-1 |Very cobbly |SC-SM, SM, SC|A-2, A-4, A-6| --- |20-40 |70-90 |50-80 |25-50 | 0-30 |NP-15 | sandy loam | 1-7 |Very cobbly |SC-SM, SC, SM|A-2, A-4, A-6| --- |20-40 |70-90 |50-80 |25-50 0-30 |NP-15 | sandy loam | 7-44 |Very cobbly |SC-SM, SC, SM|A-2, A-4, A-6| --- |20-40 |70-90 |50-80 |25-50 0-30 |NP-15 | sandy loam, | very gravelly | fine sandy | loam, very | gravelly loam | 44-60 |Very cobbly |SM, SC-SM, |A-2 --- |30-50 |60-80 |55-80 |50-70 |10-35 0-25 |NP-10 | sandy loam, GM, GC-GM | extremely | cobbly loamy | sand, | extremely | gravelly loamy| | sand | Shelocta------| 0-1 |Loam |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |80-95 |75-95 |60-95 |55-90 0-35 |NP-10 | 1-11 |Loam |ML, CL-ML |A-4 0-2 0-5 |80-95 |75-95 |60-95 |55-90 0-35 |NP-10 | 11-40 |Silty clay |SC, GC, CL, |A-4, A-6 0-5 0-10 |55-95 |50-95 |45-95 |40-90 |25-40 4-15 | loam, silt CL-ML | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 40-50 |Silty clay |CL-ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 0-5 0-10 |55-95 |50-95 |45-95 |40-90 |25-40 4-15 | loam, silt SC, GC | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 50-60 |Weathered |A-1-b, A-2, --- | bedrock A-4, A-6 | Kt: | Ketona------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam|MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 100 |95-100|90-100|70-100|38-60 |10-24 | 6-48 |Silty clay, |CH, CL |A-7 0 |92-100|91-100|85-100|75-100|40-60 |18-34 | clay | 48-52 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rhea County, Tennessee 313 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Kt: | Tupelo------| 0-8 |Silt loam |CL-ML, ML, CL|A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|70-90 |20-35 3-10 | 8-16 |Silty clay |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-95 |30-55 |11-29 | loam, silt | loam | 16-60 |Clay, silty |CL, CH |A-7 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100|41-70 |20-42 | clay | LhB, LhC, LhD, | LhE: | Lily------| 0-2 |Loam |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | --- 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |55-80 0-35 |NP-10 | 2-31 |Clay loam, |SM, SC, ML, |A-4, A-6 --- 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|40-80 0-35 3-15 | sandy clay CL | loam, loam | 31-35 |Sandy clay |SC, ML, SM, |A-1-b, A-2, --- 0-10 |65-100|50-100|40-95 |20-75 0-35 3-15 | loam, clay CL A-4, A-6 | loam, cobbly | sandy loam | 35-40 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | LnB, LnC: | Lonewood------| 0-6 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, CL|A-4 | 0 100 |90-100|85-100|75-90 |18-26 3-9 | 6-44 |Silty clay |CL |A-6, A-7 0 |95-100|85-100|75-90 |65-85 |29-48 |10-23 | loam, clay | loam, loam | 44-60 |Channery clay |CL, GC, SC |A-2, A-4, A-6| 0 5-25 |78-95 |69-94 |55-94 |24-75 |20-34 6-14 | loam, sandy | clay loam, | loam, clay | loam | 60-64 |Channery clay |SC, GC, CL |A-2, A-4, A-6| 0 5-25 |78-95 |69-94 |55-94 |24-75 |20-34 6-14 | loam, sandy | clay loam, | loam, clay | loam | 64-68 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Hendon------| 0-1 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 100 |90-100|85-100|75-90 |18-30 1-9 | 1-10 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 0 100 |90-100|85-100|75-90 |18-30 1-9 | 10-25 |Silt loam, |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4, A-6 0 100 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |20-35 3-12 | loam, clay | loam | 25-44 |Loam, clay loam|CL |A-4, A-6 0 |95-100|85-100|75-100|60-85 |25-38 7-15 | 44-65 |Loam, clay loam|CL |A-4, A-6 0 |95-100|85-100|75-100|60-85 |25-40 7-16 | 314 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | PaC, PaD, PaF: | Pailo------| 0-6 |Gravelly silt |GC, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4 | --- 0-13 |55-80 |41-74 |35-74 |25-67 |21-35 4-13 | loam, gravelly| SC-SM, SC | loam | 6-15 |Gravelly silt |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- |10-35 |65-80 |54-73 |46-73 |32-66 |18-32 4-13 | loam, gravelly| SC-SM, CL-ML| | loam, cobbly | silt loam | 15-36 |Very gravelly |SC, CL |A-2 --- |10-35 |65-80 |35-73 |30-73 |21-69 |29-44 |13-25 | silty clay | loam, very | gravelly clay | loam, very | gravelly loam | 36-62 |Very gravelly |CL, SC |A-2 --- |10-35 |50-78 |35-73 |30-73 |21-69 |29-57 |13-36 | loam, gravelly| | clay, very | gravelly clay | loam, very | gravelly silty| | clay loam, | very gravelly | clay | PCF. | Pits, clay | | PM. | Pits, mine, and | dumps | | Pp: | Pope------| 0-8 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-100|45-90 0-30 |NP-10 | ML, SM | 8-43 |Fine sandy |SM, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 0 |95-100|80-100|51-95 |25-75 0-30 |NP-7 | loam, sandy ML, CL-ML | loam, loam | 43-60 |Very gravelly |SM, ML, |A-1, A-2, A-4| --- 0-20 |45-100|35-100|30-95 |15-70 0-30 |NP-7 | sandy loam, SC-SM, GM | loamy sand | Rhea County, Tennessee 315 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Pp: | Philo------| 0-6 |Loam |SM, ML, CL-ML|A-4 | 0 0-5 |82-100|75-100|64-100|45-90 |20-35 1-10 | 6-36 |Silt loam, fine|ML, SM, CL-ML|A-4 0 0-5 |76-100|68-100|41-100|20-90 |20-35 1-10 | sandy loam, | sandy loam, | loam | 36-48 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, CL-ML|A-4 0 0-5 |76-100|68-100|41-100|20-90 |20-35 1-10 | loam, silt | loam, | sandy loam | 48-60 |Loam, gravelly |ML, SM, GM, |A-2, A-4 0-5 |58-95 |44-90 |26-85 |13-80 |15-30 1-10 | sandy loam, CL-ML | sandy loam, | gravelly fine | sandy loam, | fine sandy | loam, gravelly| | loam, silt | loam, | stratified | sand to silt | loam | RaC: | Ramsey------| 0-2 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 | --- 0-10 |85-100|75-95 |60-75 |30-70 0-25 |NP-7 | SC-SM, SM | 2-18 |Loam, sandy |SM, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4 --- 0-10 |85-100|75-95 |60-77 |30-70 0-25 |NP-7 | loam, fine ML, SC-SM | sandy loam | 18-25 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | RrD, RrF: | Ramsey------| 0-2 |Loam |ML, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 | --- 0-10 |85-100|75-95 |60-75 |30-70 0-25 |NP-7 | CL-ML, SM | 2-18 |Loam, sandy |SC-SM, SM, |A-2, A-4 --- 0-10 |85-100|75-95 |60-77 |30-70 0-25 |NP-7 | loam, fine ML, CL-ML | sandy loam | 18-25 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop. | | 316 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | SaC: | Salacoa------| 0-5 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML, SC|A-4, A-6 | 0 0-20 |85-95 |79-91 |67-91 |47-82 |15-25 3-8 | 5-20 |Gravelly silt |CL-ML, SC, CL|A-4 0 0-20 |78-95 |72-91 |61-91 |43-82 |20-30 6-11 | loam, gravelly| | loam | 20-35 |Gravelly silt |CL, SC, CL-ML|A-4 0 0-20 |78-95 |72-91 |61-91 |43-82 |20-30 6-11 | loam, gravelly| | loam | 35-62 |Gravelly silt |CL-ML, CL, SC|A-4 0 0-20 |68-95 |57-91 |48-91 |34-82 |20-30 6-11 | loam, very | gravelly silt | loam, very | gravelly loam | 62-66 |Weathered --- | bedrock | SgE: | Sequoia------| 0-1 |Silt loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|80-95 |23-35 5-15 | 1-12 |Silty clay loam|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-95 |35-65 |12-35 | 12-27 |Silty clay, |MH, CH, CL |A-7 0 |70-100|65-100|60-100|55-95 |43-74 |20-40 | clay, channery| | silty clay | 27-31 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Gilpin------| 0-1 |Loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | --- 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |70-85 |65-80 |20-40 4-15 | 1-5 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 --- 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |70-85 |65-80 |20-40 4-15 | 5-34 |Channery loam, |CL, CL-ML, |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 |20-40 4-15 | channery silt GC, SC | loam, channery| | silty clay | loam | 34-38 |Clay, channery |GC-GM, GC |A-1, A-2, --- 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 |20-40 4-15 | clay, channery| A-4, A-6 | silty clay | loam | 38-50 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Rhea County, Tennessee 317 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | ShB, Sm: | Shady------| 0-8 |Fine sandy |SM, ML, CL-ML|A-2, A-4 | --- 0-5 |85-100|75-100|60-95 |30-75 |15-30 |NP-7 | loam, loam | 8-25 |Clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 --- 0-8 |85-100|82-100|65-100|36-80 |20-35 2-15 | sandy clay CL-ML, SC | loam, loam | 25-32 |Clay loam, |SC, ML, |A-4, A-6 --- 0-8 |85-100|82-100|65-100|36-80 |20-35 2-15 | sandy clay CL-ML, CL | loam, loam | 32-42 |Clay loam, |ML, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6 --- 8-18 |50-85 |33-81 |20-77 |10-61 |20-35 2-15 | sandy clay SC, CL | loam, loam | 42-72 |Loam, gravelly |SM, SC-SM, ML|A-2, A-4 --- 8-18 |50-85 |33-81 |20-77 |10-61 |15-30 |NP-7 | loam, very | cobbly sandy | loam | St: | Staser------| 0-30 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|80-100|60-85 |55-80 |20-35 3-15 | 30-60 |Silt loam, |CL, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4, A-6| --- 0-5 |45-100|40-100|35-80 |30-75 |20-35 5-15 | loam, fine SC, CL-ML | sandy loam | TaD: | Talbott------| 0-6 |Silt loam |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-95 |25-40 8-16 | 6-36 |Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7 0 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |80-95 |41-80 |20-45 | clay | 36-40 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop. | | 318 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | TmB, TmC, TmD: | Tasso------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam, |CL-ML, ML, CL|A-4 | --- 0-8 |75-100|67-100|57-100|40-90 |20-30 3-9 | gravelly silt | loam | 7-26 |Loam, clay |CL |A-4, A-6 --- 0-7 |76-100|69-100|59-100|41-95 |27-36 9-15 | loam, gravelly| | clay loam, | gravelly silt | loam, gravelly| | loam, gravelly| | silty clay | loam | 26-34 |Silty clay |CL |A-4, A-6 --- 0-7 |78-100|71-100|60-100|43-95 |27-36 9-15 | loam, gravelly| | clay loam, | gravelly silty| | clay loam, | gravelly loam | 34-72 |Gravelly clay, |CL, ML, MH, |A-6, A-7 --- 0-7 |70-100|62-100|53-100|37-95 |35-55 |14-25 | clay, gravelly| CH | clay loam, | gravelly loam | Minvale------| 0-8 |Gravelly silt |CL-ML, CL, ML|A-4 | 0 0-7 |60-85 |48-82 |41-82 |29-74 |15-30 |NP-10 | loam | 8-13 |Gravelly silt |CL-ML, CL, |A-4 0 0-7 |60-85 |48-82 |41-82 |29-74 |15-30 5-10 | loam, gravelly| GC, GC-GM | loam | 13-72 |Gravelly loam, |GC, SC, CL |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 0-7 |60-80 |50-75 |43-75 |30-71 |25-50 7-23 | gravelly clay | loam, gravelly| | silty clay | loam, gravelly| | silty clay, | gravelly clay | TsC, TsD: | Townley------| 0-3 |Silt loam, loam|CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 0-2 |80-98 |70-95 |65-90 |50-65 |15-35 |NP-10 | 3-28 |Silty clay |ML, MH |A-7 0 0-2 |75-95 |65-95 |60-92 |55-90 |40-72 |14-37 | loam, silty | clay, clay | 28-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Rhea County, Tennessee 319 Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | TsC, TsD: | Sunlight------| 0-8 |Gravelly loam, |GM, SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 0-5 |50-85 |50-80 |35-70 |35-60 0-40 |NP-10 | channery sandy| GC-GM, GC | loam | 8-17 |Very gravelly |GC, GC-GM, SC|A-1-b, A-2, 0 0-10 |40-65 |35-60 |35-50 |20-40 4-15 | clay loam, A-4, A-6 | channery loam,| | very channery | clay loam, | very channery | silt loam | 17-48 |Weathered --- | bedrock | UUC. | Urban land- | Udorthents | | W. | Water | | Wa: | Wax------| 0-9 |Gravelly loam |SC, SC-SM |A-4 | 0-5 9-20 |80-95 |70-90 |60-90 |40-80 |18-31 4-11 | 9-28 |Gravelly clay |SC, SC-SM |A-6, A-4 0-5 9-20 |80-95 |70-90 |60-90 |40-80 |21-43 6-18 | loam, | silty clay | loam | 28-46 |Very gravelly |CL, SC |A-2-4, A-6 0-5 |15-20 |45-70 |30-60 |25-60 |20-55 |25-43 8-18 | silt loam, | very gravelly | loam, very | gravelly clay | loam | 46-72 |Very gravelly |SM, SC, CL, |A-2-6, A-7-5,| 0-5 |15-20 |45-70 |30-65 |25-65 |20-60 |31-61 |11-28 | clay loam, MH A-7-6 | very gravelly | clay | 320 Soil Survey Table 17.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Wa: | Rockdell------| 0-10 |Gravelly loam |GM, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 0-24 |50-85 |35-80 |30-80 |20-70 |15-25 |NP-7 | GC-GM, SM | 10-41 |Very gravelly |SC-SM, GC, SC|A-2, A-4, A-6| --- 0-20 |25-80 |10-75 5-70 5-60 |25-40 7-15 | loam, very | gravelly clay | loam, | extremely | gravelly loam,| | gravelly loam | 41-61 |Cobbly clay |GC, CH, SC, |A-7 --- |35-70 |65-85 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |36-66 |15-40 | loam, very CL | cobbly clay | loam | WbB2, WbC2, WbD2:| | Waynesboro------| 0-5 |Clay loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |50-75 |16-25 5-9 | 5-37 |Clay loam, clay|CL |A-6, A-7-6 0 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |60-95 |31-49 |13-22 | 37-65 |Gravelly clay |SC, CL |A-6, A-7-6 0 0-5 |70-95 |65-90 |55-90 |45-85 |31-49 |13-22 | loam, gravelly| | clay | WfB: | Wolftever------| 0-8 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 100 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |25-35 3-12 | 8-72 |Silty clay, |MH, ML |A-7 0 100 |95-100|90-100|75-95 |41-55 |11-20 | silty clay | loam, clay, | clay loam | ______Rhea County, Tennessee 321 Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils (Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated) ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| Ac: | Allegheny------| 0-6 |3.6-5.5 | 15-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .32 4 | 6-12 |3.6-5.5 15-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | 12-21 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 21-36 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 36-60 |3.6-5.5 10-35|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .28 | Cotaco------| 0-4 |3.6-5.5 | 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .37 3 | 4-24 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.07-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .28 .32 | 24-45 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.07-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 .32 | 45-60 |3.6-5.5 15-35|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.07-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 .32 | AeB, AeC, AeD: | Allen------| 0-6 |4.5-6.0 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.19| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-3.0| .28 5 | 6-42 |4.5-6.0 18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.5| .20 | 42-48 |4.5-6.0 18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | 48-56 |4.5-6.0 20-45|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | 56-72 |4.5-6.0 18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | AMC: | Allen------| 0-6 |4.5-6.0 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.19| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-3.0| .28 5 | 6-42 |4.5-6.0 18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.5| .20 | 42-48 |4.5-6.0 18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | 48-56 |4.5-6.0 20-45|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | 56-72 |4.5-6.0 18-35|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | Urban land. | | AnB: | Altavista------| 0-6 |3.6-6.5 | 10-24|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-3.0| .24 5 | 6-58 |3.6-6.5 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .24 | 58-72 |3.6-6.5 18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | AsF: | Apison------| 0-5 |4.5-5.5 | 10-15|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 3 | 5-23 |4.5-5.5 18-30|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | 23-60 --- 0.00-0.20 | Sunlight------| 0-8 |4.5-5.5 | 10-27|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .24 .28 2 | 8-17 |4.5-5.5 18-35|1.50-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .28 | 17-48 --- 0.00-0.20 | 322 Soil Survey Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| AsF: | Salacoa------| 0-5 |5.1-6.0 | 10-20|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .28 5 | 5-20 |5.1-6.0 15-25|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 20-35 |5.1-6.0 15-25|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 35-62 |5.1-6.0 15-25|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 62-66 --- 0.00-0.20 | At: | Atkins------| 0-10 |4.5-5.5 | 15-25|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .28 5 | 10-52 |4.5-5.5 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.06-2.00 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.5| .32 | 52-60 |4.5-5.5 10-35|1.20-1.50| 0.20-6.00 |0.08-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 .32 | BaE: | Barfield------| 0-6 |6.1-7.8 | 30-50|1.40-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.15| 3.0-5.9 |2.0-4.0| .24 1 | 6-15 |6.1-7.8 40-60|1.50-1.65| 0.20-0.60 |0.09-0.14| 6.0-8.9 |0.5-1.5| .17 .20 | 15-19 --- | Rock outcrop. | | BEF: | Bethesda------| 0-2 |3.6-5.5 | 18-27|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.5| .28 .49 5 | 2-23 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.60-1.90| 0.20-0.60 |0.04-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.3| .32 .64 | 23-38 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.60-1.90| 0.20-0.60 |0.04-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.3| .32 .64 | 38-45 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.60-1.90| 0.20-0.60 |0.04-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.3| .32 .64 | 45-60 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.60-1.90| 0.20-0.60 |0.04-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.3| .32 .64 | Mine pits. | | Bm: | Bloomingdale------| 0-6 |5.6-7.3 | 18-30|1.10-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 5 | 6-72 |5.6-7.3 35-60|1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.60 |0.17-0.22| 3.0-5.9 |0.5-1.0| .37 | CaB, CaC: | Capshaw------| 0-4 |5.1-6.0 | 15-27|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 3 | 4-24 |5.1-6.0 25-45|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .37 | 24-36 |5.1-6.0 35-55|1.40-1.55| 0.06-0.20 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9 |0.2-0.8| .24 | 36-72 |5.6-7.8 35-50|1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.20 |0.12-0.16| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | 72-76 --- 0.00-0.06 | Cb: | Cobstone------| 0-5 |4.5-6.0 | 8-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .17 .28 5 | 5-12 |4.5-5.5 8-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .17 .28 | 12-28 |4.5-5.5 15-30|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .28 | 28-63 |4.5-5.5 5-20|1.45-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .28 Rhea County, Tennessee 323 Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| CDB: | Cobstone------| 0-5 |4.5-6.0 | 8-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .17 .28 5 | 5-12 |4.5-5.5 8-20|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .17 .28 | 12-28 |4.5-5.5 15-30|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .28 | 28-63 |4.5-5.5 5-20|1.45-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .28 | Shady------| 0-8 |4.5-6.5 | 10-25|1.35-1.50| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .28 5 | 8-25 |4.5-6.0 20-35|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 25-32 |4.5-6.0 20-35|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 32-42 |4.5-6.0 20-35|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 42-72 |4.5-6.0 8-25|1.40-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 .28 | Urban land. | | CeC: | Colbert------| 0-6 |4.5-6.5 | 27-40|1.20-1.40| 0.20-0.60 |0.15-0.20| 3.0-5.9 |0.5-2.0| .32 3 | 6-17 |4.5-6.5 35-50|1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.20 |0.14-0.20| 6.0-8.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 17-36 |4.5-6.5 50-70|1.00-1.30| 0.00-0.06 |0.12-0.16| 6.0-8.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 36-63 |6.1-7.8 40-65|1.10-1.45| 0.00-0.06 |0.10-0.15| 6.0-8.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 63-67 --- 0.00-0.00 | Lyerly------| 0-4 |4.5-6.5 | 15-35|1.20-1.50| 0.20-0.60 |0.16-0.24| 3.0-5.9 |0.5-2.0| .43 2 | 4-11 |4.5-6.5 60-75|1.35-1.55| 0.00-0.06 |0.10-0.16| 6.0-8.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | 11-28 |6.1-7.8 50-75|1.35-1.55| 0.00-0.06 |0.10-0.14| 6.0-8.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 28-32 --- 0.00-0.00 | CgC, CgD: | Collegedale------| 0-6 |4.5-6.0 | 20-35|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .37 5 | 6-80 |4.5-5.5 40-60|1.45-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.12-0.16| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | CoC: | Conasauga------| 0-4 |3.6-6.0 | 8-22|1.30-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .43 3 | 4-34 |3.6-6.5 40-60|1.10-1.35| 0.06-0.20 |0.10-0.16| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 34-48 --- 0.00-0.20 | Cr: | Cranmore------| 0-5 |5.6-7.3 | 10-25|1.20-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.20-0.24| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .28 5 | 5-24 |5.6-7.3 10-22|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.5| .28 | 24-62 |5.6-7.3 10-22|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.5| .28 | DeB, DeC, DeD: | Dewey------| 0-9 |4.5-6.0 | 17-27|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .32 5 | 9-72 |4.5-6.0 35-50|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | DL. | Dumps, landfills | | 324 Soil Survey Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| Ec: | Ealy------| 0-10 |4.5-5.5 | 5-18|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .32 5 | 10-60 |4.5-5.5 5-18|1.40-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-1.0| .32 | Craigsville------| 0-9 |4.5-5.5 | 5-15|1.20-1.40| 2.00-20.00|0.07-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .20 .24 3 | 9-21 |4.5-5.5 5-15|1.30-1.60| 2.00-20.00|0.06-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-1.0| .17 .28 | 21-60 |4.5-5.5 5-10|1.35-1.55| 6.00-20.00|0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .17 .28 | Eg: | Egam------| 0-24 |5.6-7.3 | 20-35|1.30-1.45| 0.20-0.60 |0.18-0.22| 3.0-5.9 |2.0-4.0| .32 5 | 24-72 |5.6-7.3 35-50|1.30-1.45| 0.20-0.60 |0.14-0.20| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | EtB, EtC: | Etowah------| 0-7 |4.5-6.0 | 15-27|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-3.0| .32 5 | 7-38 |4.5-6.0 23-35|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 38-70 |4.5-5.5 32-45|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | FuB, FuC, FuD, FuF: | Fullerton------| 0-7 |4.5-6.0 | 10-27|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 .32 5 | 7-15 |4.5-5.5 10-27|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-1.2| .24 .28 | 15-72 |4.5-5.5 40-70|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 .24 | GpC, GpD, GpF: | Gilpin------| 0-1 |3.6-5.5 | 15-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-4.0| .32 3 | 1-5 |3.6-5.5 15-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | 5-34 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 .28 | 34-38 |3.6-5.5 15-45|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 .32 | 38-50 --- 0.00-0.20 | GuF: | Gilpin------| 0-1 |3.6-5.5 | 15-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-4.0| .32 3 | 1-5 |3.6-5.5 15-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | 5-34 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 .28 | 34-38 |3.6-5.5 15-45|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 .32 | 38-50 --- 0.00-0.20 | Bouldin------| 0-2 |4.5-5.5 | 10-20|1.35-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .20 .28 5 | 2-6 |4.5-5.5 10-20|1.35-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 .28 | 6-16 |4.5-5.5 17-35|1.40-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 .28 | 16-40 |4.5-5.5 17-35|1.40-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 .28 | 40-64 |4.5-5.5 17-35|1.40-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 .28 | 64-80 |4.5-5.5 17-35|1.40-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 .28 | Petros------| 0-1 |4.5-5.5 | 15-25|1.30-1.50| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 .28 2 | 1-16 |4.5-5.5 18-32|1.30-1.55| 0.60-6.00 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 .24 | 16-21 --- 0.00-0.20 | Rhea County, Tennessee 325 Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| Ha: | Hamblen------| 0-5 |5.1-7.3 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .32 5 | 5-22 |5.1-7.3 18-32|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.5| .32 | 22-43 |5.1-7.3 15-32|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | 43-62 |5.1-7.3 15-32|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | HoB, HoC: | Holston------| 0-6 |5.5-6.5 | 10-25|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 5 | 6-72 |4.5-5.5 18-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | JeC: | Jefferson------| 0-1 |4.5-5.5 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-5.0| .17 .28 5 | 1-7 |4.5-5.5 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .17 .28 | 7-40 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .17 .24 | 40-56 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .24 | 56-60 |4.5-5.5 15-30|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .24 | JsD, JsF: | Jefferson------| 0-1 |4.5-5.5 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-5.0| .17 .28 5 | 1-7 |4.5-5.5 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .17 .28 | 7-40 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .17 .24 | 40-56 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .24 | 56-60 |4.5-5.5 15-30|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .24 | Shelocta------| 0-1 |4.5-5.5 | 10-25|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-5.0| .32 3 | 1-11 |4.5-5.5 10-25|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | 11-40 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.5| .28 .32 | 40-50 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 .32 | 50-60 --- 0.00-0.20 | JvD, JvF: | Jefferson------| 0-1 |4.5-5.5 | 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-5.0| .17 .28 5 | 1-7 |4.5-5.5 10-25|1.30-1.50| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .17 .28 | 7-40 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .17 .24 | 40-56 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .24 | 56-60 |4.5-5.5 15-30|1.30-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .24 | Varilla------| 0-1 |3.6-6.5 | 3-20|1.00-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .10 .28 3 | 1-7 |3.6-6.5 3-20|1.00-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.5| .10 .28 | 7-44 |3.6-6.5 3-20|1.45-1.65| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .10 .24 | 44-60 |3.6-6.5 3-20|1.45-1.65| 2.00-20.00|0.01-0.05| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 .20 | Shelocta------| 0-1 |4.5-5.5 | 10-25|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-5.0| .32 3 | 1-11 |4.5-5.5 10-25|1.15-1.30| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | 11-40 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.5| .28 .32 | 40-50 |4.5-5.5 18-34|1.30-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 .32 | 50-60 --- 0.00-0.20 326 Soil Survey Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| Kt: | Ketona------| 0-6 |6.1-7.8 | 25-50|1.20-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 3.0-5.9 |1.0-4.0| .32 3 | 6-48 |6.1-8.4 35-60|1.20-1.35| 0.06-0.20 |0.12-0.18| 6.0-8.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | 48-52 --- 0.00-0.00 | Tupelo------| 0-8 |5.5-7.3 | 18-27|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 5 | 8-16 |5.5-7.3 18-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.20| 3.0-5.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | 16-60 |5.5-7.8 40-65|1.40-1.55| 0.06-0.20 |0.12-0.16| 6.0-8.9 --- .28 | LhB, LhC, LhD, LhE: | Lily------| 0-2 |3.6-5.5 | 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-6.00 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-4.0| .28 .37 2 | 2-31 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.25-1.35| 2.00-6.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.1-0.5| .28 | 31-35 |3.6-5.5 10-35|1.25-1.35| 2.00-6.00 |0.08-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .24 | 35-40 --- 0.00-0.20 | LnB, LnC: | Lonewood------| 0-6 |4.5-5.5 | 15-25|1.30-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.18-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 3 | 6-44 |4.5-5.5 25-45|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 44-60 |4.5-5.5 20-40|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.05-0.11| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 60-64 |4.5-5.5 20-40|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.05-0.11| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 64-68 --- 0.00-0.20 | Hendon------| 0-1 |4.5-5.5 | 12-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 5 | 1-10 |4.5-5.5 12-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .37 | 10-25 |4.5-5.5 18-32|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .37 | 25-44 |4.5-5.5 18-35|1.45-1.65| 0.20-0.60 |0.13-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 44-65 |4.5-5.5 20-35|1.45-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .32 | PaC, PaD, PaF: | Pailo------| 0-6 |3.6-5.5 | 8-20|1.35-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.07-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .20 .32 5 | 6-15 |3.6-5.5 8-20|1.35-1.55| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 .28 | 15-36 |3.6-5.5 20-35|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 .28 | 36-62 |3.6-5.5 20-50|1.40-1.60| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 .28 | PCF. | Pits, clay | | PM. | Pits, mine, and dumps | | Pp: | Pope------| 0-8 |3.6-5.5 | 5-15|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.23| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .37 5 | 8-43 |3.6-5.5 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-1.0| .28 | 43-60 |3.6-5.5 5-20|1.30-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .28 .20 | Rhea County, Tennessee 327 Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| Pp: | Philo------| 0-6 |4.5-6.0 | 10-18|1.20-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .28 5 | 6-36 |4.5-6.0 10-18|1.20-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.8-1.2| .28 | 36-48 |4.5-6.0 5-18|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .24 .28 | 48-60 |4.5-6.0 5-18|1.20-1.40| 2.00-6.00 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .24 .28 | RaC: | Ramsey------| 0-2 |4.5-5.5 | 8-25|1.25-1.50| 6.00-20.00|0.09-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .20 1 | 2-18 |4.5-5.5 8-25|1.20-1.40| 6.00-20.00|0.09-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.8| .17 .20 | 18-25 --- 0.00-0.20 | RrD, RrF: | Ramsey------| 0-2 |4.5-5.5 | 8-25|1.25-1.50| 6.00-20.00|0.09-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .20 1 | 2-18 |4.5-5.5 8-25|1.20-1.40| 6.00-20.00|0.09-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.8| .17 .20 | 18-25 --- 0.00-0.20 | Rock outcrop. | | SaC: | Salacoa------| 0-5 |5.1-6.0 | 10-20|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .28 5 | 5-20 |5.1-6.0 15-25|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 20-35 |5.1-6.0 15-25|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 35-62 |5.1-6.0 15-25|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 62-66 --- 0.00-0.20 | SgE: | Sequoia------| 0-1 |4.5-5.5 | 15-27|1.30-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .37 3 | 1-12 |4.5-5.5 27-40|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.19| 3.0-5.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | 12-27 |4.5-5.5 35-60|1.35-1.55| 0.20-0.60 |0.08-0.16| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 .28 | 27-31 --- 0.00-0.20 |0.0-0.0| | Gilpin------| 0-1 |3.6-5.5 | 15-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-4.0| .32 3 | 1-5 |3.6-5.5 15-27|1.20-1.40| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .32 | 5-34 |3.6-5.5 18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 .28 | 34-38 |3.6-5.5 15-45|1.20-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 .32 | 38-50 --- 0.00-0.20 | ShB, Sm: | Shady------| 0-8 |4.5-6.5 | 10-25|1.35-1.50| 0.60-6.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .28 5 | 8-25 |4.5-6.0 20-35|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 25-32 |4.5-6.0 20-35|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 32-42 |4.5-6.0 20-35|1.35-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 42-72 |4.5-6.0 8-25|1.40-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 .28 | 328 Soil Survey Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| St: | Staser------| 0-30 |5.6-7.3 | 18-27|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |2.0-4.0| .32 5 | 30-60 |5.6-7.3 18-27|1.40-1.60| 0.60-6.00 |0.07-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-1.0| .28 .32 | TaD: | Talbott------| 0-6 |5.1-6.0 | 15-27|1.35-1.50| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18| 3.0-5.9 |0.5-2.0| .37 2 | 6-36 |5.1-6.0 40-60|1.40-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-1.0| .24 | 36-40 --- 0.00-0.06 | Rock outcrop. | | TmB, TmC, TmD: | Tasso------| 0-7 |4.5-6.0 | 10-25|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 .32 5 | 7-26 |4.5-5.5 20-35|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.19| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 26-34 |4.5-5.5 20-45|1.50-1.70| 0.20-0.60 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | 34-72 |4.5-5.5 30-45|1.35-1.50| 0.20-2.00 |0.10-0.15| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | Minvale------| 0-8 |4.5-5.5 | 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .32 .37 5 | 8-13 |4.5-5.5 15-25|1.30-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 .32 | 13-72 |4.5-5.5 25-50|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.11-0.17| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 .32 | TsC, TsD: | Townley------| 0-3 |4.5-5.5 | 10-27|1.30-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.12-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .37 3 | 3-28 |4.5-5.5 30-60|1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.20 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 .32 | 28-60 --- 0.00-0.20 | Sunlight------| 0-8 |4.5-5.5 | 10-27|1.40-1.60| 0.60-2.00 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .24 .28 2 | 8-17 |4.5-5.5 18-35|1.50-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 .28 | 17-48 --- 0.00-0.20 | UUC. | Urban land-Udorthents | | W. | Water | | Wa: | Wax------| 0-9 |4.5-6.0 | 12-27|1.35-1.50| 0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 2 | 9-28 |4.5-5.5 15-40|1.40-1.65| 0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .37 | 28-46 |4.5-5.5 20-40|1.75-1.85| 0.06-0.20 |0.02-0.05| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 .32 | 46-72 |4.5-5.5 27-60|1.75-1.85| 0.06-0.20 |0.02-0.05| 0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .15 .32 | Rockdell------| 0-10 |4.5-6.0 | 10-22|1.40-1.70| 2.00-6.00 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 .32 3 | 10-41 |4.5-6.5 18-35|1.45-1.70| 0.60-6.00 |0.07-0.13| 0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .15 .28 | 41-61 |4.5-6.5 27-60|1.45-1.70| 0.60-2.00 |0.06-0.12| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 .28 | Rhea County, Tennessee 329 Table 18.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| |Erosion factors ______Map symbol | Depth Soil Clay Moist Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| and soil name | |reaction| bulk bility water |extensi- |matter Kw Kf T | density (Ksat) |capacity bility ______| In pH Pct g/cc In/hr In/in ______| WbB2, WbC2, WbD2: | Waynesboro------| 0-5 |4.5-6.0 | 15-27|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 5 | 5-37 |4.5-5.5 35-60|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | 37-65 |4.5-5.5 35-60|1.40-1.55| 0.60-2.00 |0.13-0.18| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 WfB: | Wolftever------| 0-8 |4.5-6.5 | 22-40|1.35-1.45| 0.60-2.00 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .37 5 | 8-72 |4.5-5.5 35-55|1.40-1.60| 0.20-0.60 |0.13-0.17| 3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | ______330 Soil Survey

Table 19.—Soil Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top | Hardness | steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | Ac: | | | | | Allegheny------| --- | --- | --- |Low |High | | | | | Cotaco------|Bedrock (lithic) | 48-100|Indurated |Moderate |High | | | | | AeB, AeC, AeD: | | | | | Allen------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | AMC: | | | | | Allen------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | AnB: | | | | | Altavista------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | AsF: | | | | | Apison------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderately |Moderate |Moderate | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Sunlight------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Moderately |Low |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Salacoa------|Bedrock | 60-100|Moderately |Moderate |Moderate | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | At: | | | | | Atkins------| --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | BaE: | | | | | Barfield------|Bedrock (lithic) | 8-20 | --- |High |Low | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | BEF: | | | | | Bethesda------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High | | | | | Mine pits. | | | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | Bloomingdale | --- | --- | --- |High |Low | | | | | CaB, CaC: | | | | | Capshaw------|Bedrock | 40-80 |Moderately |High |Moderate | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Cb: | | | | | Cobstone------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | CDB: | | | | | Cobstone------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | Shady------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 331

Table 19.—Soil Features—Continued ______Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top | Hardness | steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | CeC: | | | | | Colbert------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-72 |Indurated |High |Moderate | | | | | Lyerly------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Indurated |High |Moderate | | | | | CgC, CgD: | | | | | Collegedale------| --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | CoC: | | | | | Conasauga------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderately |High |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | Cranmore------| --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | DeB, DeC, DeD: | | | | | Dewey------| --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | DL. | | | | | Dumps, landfills | | | | | | | | | | Ec: | | | | | Ealy------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | Craigsville------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | Eg: | | | | | Egam------| --- | --- | --- |High |Low | | | | | EtB, EtC: | | | | | Etowah------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | FuB, FuC, FuD, FuF: | | | | | Fullerton------| --- | --- | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | GpC, GpD, GpF: | | | | | Gilpin------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderately |Low |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | GuF: | | | | | Gilpin------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderately |Low |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Bouldin------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | Petros------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Moderately |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | Hamblen------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | HoB, HoC: | | | | | Holston------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High | | | | | JeC: | | | | | Jefferson------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High | | | | | 332 Soil Survey

Table 19.—Soil Features—Continued ______Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top | Hardness | steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | JsD, JsF: | | | | | Jefferson------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High | | | | | Shelocta------|Bedrock | 40-80 |Moderately |Low |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | JvD, JvF: | | | | | Jefferson------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |High | | | | | Varilla------| --- | --- | --- |Low |High | | | | | Shelocta------|Bedrock | 40-80 |Moderately |Low |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Kt: | | | | | Ketona------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-72 |Indurated |High |Moderate | | | | | Tupelo------|Bedrock (lithic) | 60-100|Indurated |High |Moderate | | | | | LhB, LhC, LhD, LhE: | | | | | Lily------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Indurated |Moderate |High | | | | | LnB, LnC: | | | | | Lonewood------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-72 |Indurated |Low |Moderate | | | | | Hendon------|Fragipan | 18-36 |Weakly cemented |Low |Moderate | | | | | PaC, PaD, PaF: | | | | | Pailo------| --- | --- | --- |Low |High | | | | | PCF. | | | | | Pits, clay | | | | | | | | | | PM. | | | | | Pits, mine, and dumps | | | | | | | | | | Pp: | | | | | Pope------| --- | --- | --- |Low |High | | | | | Philo------| --- | --- | --- |Low |High | | | | | RaC: | | | | | Ramsey------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 |Indurated |Low |Moderate | | | | | RrD, RrF: | | | | | Ramsey------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 |Indurated |Low |Moderate | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Salacoa------|Bedrock | 60-100|Moderately |Moderate |Moderate | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | SgE: | | | | | Sequoia------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderately |High |Moderate | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderately |Low |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 333

Table 19.—Soil Features—Continued ______Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top | Hardness | steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | ShB, Sm: | | | | | Shady------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | St: | | | | | Staser------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Low | | | | | TaD: | | | | | Talbott------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- |High |Moderate | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TmB, TmC, TmD: | | | | | Tasso------|Fragipan | 18-36 |Very weakly |Moderate |Moderate | | | cemented | | | | | | | Minvale------| --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Low | | | | | TsC, TsD: | | | | | Townley------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderately |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | Sunlight------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Moderately |Low |High | (paralithic) | | cemented | | | | | | | UUC. | | | | | Urban land-Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | Wax------|Fragipan | 18-36 |Weakly cemented |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | Rockdell------| --- | --- | --- |Low |Moderate | | | | | WbB2, WbC2, WbD2: | | | | | Waynesboro------| --- | --- | --- |High |High | | | | | WfB: | | | | | Wolftever------| --- | --- | --- |High |High ______| | | | | 334 Soil Survey

Table 20.—Water Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Estimates of the frequency of ponding and flooding apply to the whole year rather than to individual months. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | Ac: | | | | | | Allegheny------| B | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |February | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |March | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |December | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | Cotaco------| C | | | | | | |January |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |February |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |March |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |April |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |May |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | AeB, AeC, AeD: | | | | | | Allen------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | AMC: | | | | | | Allen------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | AnB: | | | | | | Altavista------| C | | | | | | |January |1.5-2.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |February |1.5-2.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |March |1.5-2.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |April |1.5-2.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |1.5-2.5| >6.0 | --- | None | | | | | | AsF: | | | | | | Apison------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Sunlight------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Salacoa------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | At: | | | | | | Atkins------| D | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |April |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |May |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 335

Table 20.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | BaE: | | | | | | Barfield------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | BEF: | | | | | | Bethesda------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Mine pits. | | | | | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | | Bloomingdale------| D | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |April |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |May |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | | | | | | CaB, CaC: | | | | | | Capshaw------| C | | | | | | |January |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |February |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |March |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | --- | None | | | | | | Cb: | | | | | | Cobstone------| B | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |February | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |March | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |April | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |May | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |December | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | | | | | | CDB: | | | | | | Cobstone------| B | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |February | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |March | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |April | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |May | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |December | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | | | | | | Shady------| B | | | | | | |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |April | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |May | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | | | | | | 336 Soil Survey

Table 20.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | CDB: | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | CeC: | | | | | | Colbert------| D | | | | | | |January |3.5-5.0|5.2-6.0| --- | None | |February |3.5-5.0|5.2-6.0| --- | None | |March |3.5-5.0|5.2-6.0| --- | None | |December |3.5-5.0|5.2-6.0| --- | None | | | | | | Lyerly------| D | | | | | | |January |1.8-3.3|2.3-3.3| --- | None | |February |1.8-3.3|2.3-3.3| --- | None | |March |1.8-3.3|2.3-3.3| --- | None | |December |1.8-3.3|2.3-3.3| --- | None | | | | | | CgC, CgD: | | | | | | Collegedale------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | CoC: | | | | | | Conasauga------| C | | | | | | |January |1.2-3.3|1.7-3.3| --- | None | |February |1.2-3.3|1.7-3.3| --- | None | |March |1.2-3.3|1.7-3.3| --- | None | |December |1.2-3.3|1.7-3.3| --- | None | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | | Cranmore------| D | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |April |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |May |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | | | | | | DeB, DeC, DeD: | | | | | | Dewey------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | DL. | | | | | | Dumps, landfills | | | | | | | | | | | | Ec: | | | | | | Ealy------| B | | | | | | |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |April | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |May | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 337

Table 20.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | Ec: | | | | | | Craigsville------| B | | | | | | |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |April | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |May | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | Eg: | | | | | | Egam------| C | | | | | | |January |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |February |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |March |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None | | | | | | EtB, EtC: | | | | | | Etowah------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | FuB, FuC, FuD, FuF: | | | | | | Fullerton------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | GpC, GpD, GpF: | | | | | | Gilpin------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | GuF: | | | | | | Gilpin------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Bouldin------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Petros------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Ha: | | | | | | Hamblen------| C | | | | | | |January |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |February |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |March |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |December |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | HoB, HoC: | | | | | | Holston------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | JeC: | | | | | | Jefferson------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | JsD, JsF: | | | | | | Jefferson------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Shelocta------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None 338 Soil Survey

Table 20.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | JvD, JvF: | | | | | | Jefferson------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Varilla------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Shelocta------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Kt: | | | | | | Ketona------| D | | | | | | |January |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |February |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |March |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |April |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |November |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | | | | | | Tupelo------| D | | | | | | |January |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |February |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |March |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |April |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | |November |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Frequent | | | | | | LhB, LhC, LhD, LhE: | | | | | | Lily------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | LnB, LnC: | | | | | | Lonewood------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Hendon------| C | | | | | | |January |1.7-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |February |1.7-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |March |1.7-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |1.7-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | | | | | | PaC, PaD, PaF: | | | | | | Pailo------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PCF. | | | | | | Pits, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | PM. | | | | | | Pits, mine, and dumps | | | | | | | | | | | | Pp: | | | | | | Pope------| B | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |February | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |March | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |April | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |December | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 339

Table 20.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | Pp: | | | | | | Philo------| B | | | | | | |January |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |February |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |March |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |April |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Frequent | |December |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Frequent | | | | | | RaC: | | | | | | Ramsey------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | RrD, RrF: | | | | | | Ramsey------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | Salacoa------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | SgE: | | | | | | Sequoia------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Gilpin------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | ShB: | | | | | | Shady------| B | | | | | | |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | | | | | | Sm: | | | | | | Shady------| B | | | | | | |January |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |February |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |March |5.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |December | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | St: | | | | | | Staser------| B | | | | | | |January |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |February |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |March |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | | | | | | TaD: | | | | | | Talbott------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | 340 Soil Survey

Table 20.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | TmB, TmC, TmD: | | | | | | Tasso------| B | | | | | | |January |2.0-3.0|3.0-4.0| --- | None | |February |2.0-3.0|3.0-4.0| --- | None | |March |2.0-3.0|3.0-4.0| --- | None | |December |2.0-3.0|3.0-4.0| --- | None | | | | | | Minvale------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | TsC, TsD: | | | | | | Townley------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Sunlight------| C | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | UUC. | | | | | | Urban land-Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | | Wax------| C | | | | | | |January |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.0| Very brief | Occasional | |February |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.0| Very brief | Occasional | |March |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.0| Very brief | Occasional | |April |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.0| Very brief | Occasional | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Occasional | |December |1.5-3.0|1.5-3.0| Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | Rockdell------| B | | | | | | |January |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |February |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |March |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |April |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |November |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | |December |3.5-5.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Occasional | | | | | | WbB2, WbC2, WbD2: | | | | | | Waynesboro------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | WfB: | | | | | | Wolftever------| C | | | | | | |January |2.5-3.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |February |2.5-3.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |March |2.5-3.5| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |2.5-3.5| >6.0 | --- | None ______| | | | | | Rhea County, Tennessee 341

Table 21.—Classification of the Soils

(An asterisk in the first column indicates a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics that are outside the range of the series)

______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | Allegheny------|Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults Allen------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Altavista------|Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults *Apison------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Atkins------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, acid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts Barfield------|Clayey, mixed, active, thermic Lithic Hapludolls Bethesda------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, acid, mesic Typic Udorthents Bloomingdale------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Endoaquepts Bouldin------|Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, subactive, mesic Typic Paleudults Capshaw------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs Cobstone------|Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Colbert------|Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs Collegedale------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Conasauga------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs Cotaco------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludults Craigsville------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts Cranmore------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, thermic Fluvaquentic | Endoaquepts Dewey------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Ealy------|Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts Egam------|Fine, mixed, active, thermic Cumulic Hapludolls Etowah------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Fullerton------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Gilpin------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults Hamblen------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts Hendon------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Fragic Paleudults Holston------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Jefferson------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults Ketona------|Fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Vertic Epiaqualfs Lily------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults Lonewood------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults Lyerly------|Very fine, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs Minvale------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Pailo------|Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults Petros------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts Philo------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts Pope------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Dystrudepts Ramsey------|Loamy, siliceous, subactive, mesic Lithic Dystrudepts Rockdell------|Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, thermic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts Salacoa------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludalfs Sequoia------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults Shady------|Fine-loamy, mixed, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Shelocta------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults Staser------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Cumulic Hapludolls Sunlight------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, thermic, shallow Inceptic Hapludults Talbott------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludalfs Tasso------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Fragic Paleudults Townley------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Tupelo------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludalfs Udorthents------|Udorthents Varilla------|Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts Wax------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults Waynesboro------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Wolftever------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement

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