DOCSLIB.ORG

Networks, Civil Service Exams, and Officialdom in the Joseon Dynasty

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Networks, Civil Service Exams, and Officialdom in the Joseon Dynasty Family Matters in a Meritocracy: Networks, Civil Service Exams, and Officialdom in the Joseon Dynasty Sok Chul Hong† Christopher Paik‡ Yangkeun Yun§ July 2019 Abstract How do family networks influence social mobility in a meritocracy? Climbing the ladder of success may be fraught with nepotism and corruption, especially in monarchies where connections can trump talent. A merit-based selection of government officials in such context may serve as a remedy to curb these negative outcomes. In this paper, we investigate the effects of family networks on successfully obtaining official positions during the Joseon Dynasty from 1392 to 1897 CE. The Korean kingdom implemented literary examinations intended to fill central official positions based on merit. Its comprehensive records on family ties, exam results and official positions span over 503 years, longer than any other such data under a single dynasty in the world to our knowledge, and offer researchers a unique opportunity to investigate the efficacy of merit- based selections of political elites under a monarchy. We use an individually linked database of successful candidates and their family members from the literary examination rosters and official position information. We find that those from more connected predecessors in the network had significantly higher likelihoods of obtaining high-level rank positions after passing the exams, even when conditioning on age and performance at the examination. In light of the persistent family network influence, we evaluate the efficacy of meritocratic selection of political elites under a monarchy, and changing relevance of family networks as reflective of state performance over time. This study was financially supported by Center for Distributive Justice at Seoul National University (Grant Number: 0405-20180014) † Professor, Department of Economics, Seoul National University; [email protected] ‡ Assistant Professor, Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi; [email protected] § Ph.D. student, Department of Economics, University of Connecticut; [email protected] 1 1. Introduction Throughout history, monarchies have existed as common forms of governance. Hierarchical order and class divisions have often characterized their structures, in which social mobility was limited and representation in government was reserved for only the powerful few with connections. In order to combat nepotism and corruption from within, the rulers sought out ways to select government officials based on merit. An examination system that screened talented and capable candidates would, in theory, serve as a remedy to curb these negative outcomes. Similar to the civil service examination system in China, the Joseon Dynasty (Korean dynastic kingdom, 1392-1897 CE) was a centralized bureaucratic state which gave opportunities for officialdom to those who succeeded in Joseon’s merit-based examination. Those who passed gwageo, the Civil Service Examination, formed the ruling class. The examination system was the most significant means of recruiting officials for major central and provincial government posts (Wagner, 1974). Among the different types of exams under gwageo, mungwa (the literary examination) in particular was the most selective and accordingly prized as ensuring the elite status in society.1 Did the merit-based selection process actually work? Family connections, particularly in the form of prestigious lineage of mungwa passers, could strongly influence the career paths of elites. According to Kyŏngguk taejŏn (the National Code) and its subsequent laws, a variety of promotion standards were applied (Kim, 2017). The assignment of official position was apparently based on not only the competence of specific candidates but also recommendations from other officials as well as the king, particularly for high-level officials. In other words, the road to eventual officialdom was likely met with subjective factors such as family connections and king’s favors, in addition to scholarly ability (Won, 2007; Kim, 2017). Passing mungwa thus might not have been a sufficient condition to obtain a high-ranking position in the court. In this paper, we investigate the effects of family networks in obtaining official positions 1 Gwageo were composed of four categories: (1) mungwa (literary examination); (2) mugwa (military examination); (3) japgwa (technical examination); and (4) saengwon jinsa (classics and literary licentiate examination). We focus on those who succeeded in mungwa because they represented the ruling class of Joseon as major state officials. Successful candidates of saengwon jinsa became qualified to enroll at Sungkyunkwan, the National Confucian Academy, which trained students for mungwa. They could alternatively be appointed as ninth-ranked junior officials, which were the lowest positions among the court officials. Those who passed mugwa (military examination) or japgwa (technical examination) were regarded as lower-class officials. Table A1 in Appendix A provides the official ranking system during the Joseon Dynasty. 2 during the Joseon Dynasty. We use an individually linked database of successful mungwa passers and their family members from both mungwa rosters and appointment records of government officials. We find that those who are central, i.e. having more connected predecessors in the network, had significantly higher likelihoods of getting high-level rank positions after passing the exams, even when conditioning on age and performance at the examination. Specifically, our centrality score for each successful mungwa passer considers whether the ancestors themselves also passed mungwa. Because only the successful candidates appeared on the exam rosters, the ancestors had records of their own only if they passed the exam. The successful candidates with more ancestors who passed the exams themselves thus would have more connections, and become central by definition. We capture this score by using the eigenvector centrality measure, which accounts for the number of each candidate’s ties as well as the connections of the ties themselves (Bonacich, 1972, 1987; Jackson, 2010). The measure allows one to capture how those connected to the candidate are themselves influential, and is often used to assess prestige and popularity (Cruz et al. 2017; Jackson, 2010). Under the Confucian tradition that dominated the morals of society, scholarly achievement was of utmost importance for the elites in Korea. In our case, a higher score would indicate a more academic, and thus prestigious and influential, family connection. Throughout five centuries of rule in which the merit-based exam was in effect, we find that family connection was a key factor in selection into officialdom. The estimates from our preferred specifications, which controls for family clan, king in rule, pre-exam social status, exam type, year-of-birth, and residence fixed effects among other, suggest that one standard deviation increase in the natural log of eigenvector centrality is associated with approximately a 4 percent point increase in the likelihood of being high-level officials.2 We find this result for the positions that are higher than or equal to the upper senior third rank, the upper echelon of political elites in Joseon. The case of Joseon is of interest for its commonalities with other monarchies, but also for its unique context and comprehensive historical records. Nepotism among political elites likely exists in any governance structure, and arguably remains more prevalent in non-democratic settings where political representation and accountability are limited. Throughout history, monarchies represented the most common types of government. They adopted and institutionalized mechanisms to curb the influence of family connections and sought to recruit talent, while still 2 The probability that a candidate reached high-level officials was 56% in our sample. 3 maintaining strict social hierarchies. One of these institutional inventions was the merit-based selection of government officials. First found in Chinese dynasties, other Asian countries including Korea and Vietnam adopted similar practices. In a broader context, exam-based civil servant selections were also later found in the British government and other European states, as well as the United States. Among the monarchies that adopted the examination system, the Joseon dynasty stands out as an invaluable case study offering comprehensive records of exam passers, their eventual career paths as well as family connections spanning over five centuries. For example, in addition to information on the history of passing exams and the ranks of official positions the ancestors had obtained, the data allow us to analyze family networks through both marriages as well as patrilineal connections.3 Marriage is an important underlying mechanism that influences social status, as it plays a key role in preserving status-relevant family groups (Clark, 2014; Shiue, 2016). We have information on the marriage relations of each candidate who passed mungwa, with profile information of the candidate’s maternal grandfather and father-in-law. To our knowledge, these records comprise the world’s longest continual data of such kind under single dynasty. Our paper is also the first study examining the eventual political ascension of successful examination candidates, and the importance of family networks that could compromise the principles of meritocracy.4 Our work relates to several strands of the literature. First,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Perempuan Korea Dalam Film Serial Drama Korea “Jewel in the Palace”
    Perempuan Korea dalam Film Serial Drama Korea “Jewel in The Palace” SKRIPSI Diajukan sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Mendapatkan Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Sosial dalam Bidang Antropologi Oleh : Indri Khairani 130905027 DEPARTEMEN ANTROPOLOGI SOSIAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 1 Universitas Sumatera Utara UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK PERNYATAAN ORIGINALITAS Perempuan Korea dalam Film Serial Drama Korea“Jewel in The Palace” SKRIPSI Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa dalam skripsi ini tidak terdapat karya yang pernah diajukan untuk memperoleh gelar kesarjanaan di suatu perguruan tinggi, dan sepanjang pengetahuan saya tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang pernah ditulis atau diterbitkan oleh orang lain, kecuali yang secara tertulis diacu dalam naskah ini dan disebut dalam daftar pustaka. Apabila dikemudian hari ditemukan adanya kecurangan atau tidak seperti yang saya nyatakan di sini, saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku. Medan, Januari 2018 Penulis Indri Khairani i Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK Indri Khairani, 2018. Judul skripsi: Perempuan Korea dalam Film Serial Drama Korea “Jewel in The Palace”. Skripsi ini terdiri dari 5 BAB, 113 halaman, 18 daftar gambar, 57 daftar pustaka Tulisan ini berjudul Perempuan Korea dalam Film Serial Drama ―Jewel in The Palace”, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perjuangan sosok seorang perempuan Korea yang tinggal di dalam istana “Gungnyeo” pada masa Dinasti Joseon di anad 15 dalam sebuah drama seri Jewel in The Palace Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis wacana, dan model analisis yang digunakan adalalah analisis wacana dari Sara Mills yang merupakan model analisis wacana yang menaruh titik perhatian utama pada wacana mengenai feminisme.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Life During the Chosŏn Dynasty
    International Journal of Korean History(Vol.6, Dec.2004) 113 Women’s Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty Han Hee-sook* 1 Introduction The Chosŏn society was one in which the yangban (aristocracy) wielded tremendous power. The role of women in this society was influenced greatly by the yangban class’ attempts to establish a patriarchal family order and a Confucian-based society. For example, women were forced, in accordance with neo-Confucian ideology, to remain chaste before marriage and barred from remarrying once their husbands had passed away. As far as the marriage system was concerned, the Chosŏn era saw a move away from the old tradition of the man moving into his in-laws house following the wedding (男歸女家婚 namgwiyŏgahon), with the woman now expected to move in with her husband’s family following the marriage (親迎制度 ch΄inyŏng jedo). Moreover, wives were rigidly divided into two categories: legitimate wife (ch΄ŏ) and concubines (ch΄ŏp). This period also saw a change in the legal standing of women with regards to inheritance, as the system was altered from the practice of equal, from a gender standpoint, rights to inheritance, to one in which the eldest son became the sole inheritor. These neo-Confucianist inspired changes contributed to the strengthening of the patriarchal system during the Chosŏn era. As a result of these changes, Chosŏn women’s rights and activities became increasingly restricted. * Professor, Dept. of Korean History, Sookmyung Women’s University 114 Women’s Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty During the Chosŏn dynasty women fell into one of the following classifications: female members of the royal family such as the queen and the king’s concubines, members of the yangban class the wives of the landed gentry, commoners, the majority of which were engaged in agriculture, women in special professions such as palace women, entertainers, shamans and physicians, and women from the lowborn class (ch’ŏnin), which usually referred to the yangban’s female slaves.
    [Show full text]
  • 10. When Did Joseon's Population Reach Ten
    10. WHEN DID JOSEON’S POPULATION REACH TEN MILLION? Ko Dong-Hwan Korea underwent tremendous population growth during the twentieth century. Despite all the turbulence of the modern period, the population of the peninsula quadrupled. The country began the century with around seventeen million people. In the year 2009, the population of South Korea was about forty-eight million, ranking twenty-fourth in the world – similar in size to Spain and South Africa. North Korea had an estimated popula- tion of about twenty-four million in 2009, which ranked fifty-first in the world. Countries of comparable numbers include Yemen and Mozambique. If the two Koreas reunified, the total population of seventy-two million would rank eighteenth in the world. It would have more people than France, Congo, and Turkey, but fewer than Germany, Egypt, and Iran. The city of Seoul has undergone perhaps even more remarkable population growth. Its population was almost 10.5 million in 2009, which made it the eighth largest city in the world. In terms of the entire metropolitan area, it would be the second largest, behind only Tokyo. Joseon also experienced significant demographic change during the 518 years of its existence. At its founding in 1392, the population was about 5.5 million people, and it was around seventeen million at its end in 1910. As the title indicates, this chapter begins by trying to answer the question of when the population of the country reached ten million. Though this is an arbitrary number, it can serve as a rough indicator of the achievement of a certain level of economic and social development.
    [Show full text]
  • South Korea's Economic Engagement Toward North Korea
    South Korea’s Economic Engagement toward North Korea Lee Sangkeun & Moon Chung-in 226 | Joint U.S.-Korea Academic Studies On February 10, 2016, the South Korean government announced the closure of the Gaeseong Industrial Complex, a symbol of its engagement policy and inter-Korean rapprochement. The move was part of its proactive, unilateral sanctions against North Korea’s fourth nuclear test in January and rocket launch in February.1 Pyongyang reciprocated by expelling South Korean personnel working in the industrial complex and declaring it a military control zone.2 Although the May 24, 2010 measure following the sinking of the Cheonan naval vessel significantly restricted inter-Korea exchanges and cooperation, the Seoul government spared the Gaeseong complex. With its closure, however, inter-Korean economic relations came to a complete halt, and no immediate signs of revival of Seoul’s economic engagement with the North can be detected. This chapter aims at understanding the rise and decline of this engagement with North Korea by comparing the progressive decade of Kim Dae-jung (KDJ) and Roh Moo-hyun (RMH) with the conservative era of Lee Myung-bak (LMB) and Park Geun-hye (PGH). It also looks to the future of inter-Korean relations by examining three plausible scenarios of economic engagement. Section one presents a brief overview of the genesis of Seoul’s economic engagement strategy in the early 1990s, section two examines this engagement during the progressive decade (1998-2007), and section three analyzes that of the conservative era (2008-2015). They are followed by a discussion of three possible outlooks on the future of Seoul’s economic engagement with Pyongyang.
    [Show full text]
  • UU Study Abroad Report Form
    UU Study Abroad Report Form faculty/college Physics level bachelor’s master’s name study programme Physics and Astronomy destination city & country Seoul (Suwon campus), South-Korea name university abroad Sungkyunkwan University start date 03 / 09 / 2018 (dd/mm/yyyy) end date 23 / 12 / 2018 (dd/mm/yyyy) You are requested to write on the following topics. Text boxes will expand automatically while typing! PREPARATION exchange application process Very easy application process. Gather the documents you need and upload them online. However, watch your spam folde. My emails from SKKU went to the spam folder of my UU email. counselling & support at Utrecht University The people from the exchange office were very helpful and if you had any questions you could always ask them. academic preparation Nothing needed really. language preparation I studied some Korea at home. Not super useful, but can come in handy, however the basic Korean class will be very boring. Learning to read hangul is recommended though. finances 4000 euros was required beforehand and it is certainly doable with 4000 euros. STUDY ABROAD PERIOD study programme (content and organisational issues) I took 18 credits. You can select courses online before the semester starts, however, don’t expect all of them to be your final choice. A few of my courses were cancelled because there were not enough people. In the first two weeks you can go to any course, and with a form you can still apply for them. I recommend going to a lot of courses your first two weeks, to find courses that fit you.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Division in the Conception of National Literature
    1 The History of Division in the Conception of National Literature Seong-su Kim (Sungkyunkwan University) 1. The purpose of this article is to analyze the how the conception of the term Minjok Moonhak (national literature) has been perceived differently in South and North Korea. In other words, this article will examine how the modern concept of ‘Moonhak,’ Korean equivalent for ‘literature,’ which was shared by both Koreas during the colonial period, is now perceived differently due to ideological differences under the ‘socialist vs. liberal democracy’ system on the Korean Peninsula after division. The discussion of the division of the conception of national literature is conversely based on the premise that both Koreas have historically shared the same concept. Notwithstanding the system of division, which has lasted for more than 70 years, the speech community composed of spoken (Korean/Joseon- eo) or written (Hangul/Joseon-mun) language 1 is still viable; each language does not require interpretation and translation. This is fortunate, given that there is a high possibility that the Korean Peninsula will be reunited someday. When discussing the national literature of South and North Korea, academic discussion will be impossible if one side is consistently regarded as orthodox and disparages the other. If each country does not recognize the value of the writers and works of its counterpart because the two Koreas are caught up in the realms of ideology, Korean cultural heritage that encompasses both North and South Korea will be greatly reduced. From the perspective of Conceptual History [Begriffsgeschichte], which historically analyzes certain concepts and terms, ‘Korean literature and Joseon literature’ are not synonyms for ‘national literature,’ but are rather antonyms.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Radiation Dose for Patients with One to Three Lymph Node
    www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, (No. 1), pp: 1796-1804 Clinical Research Paper Optimal radiation dose for patients with one to three lymph node positive breast cancer following breast-conserving surgery and anthracycline plus taxane-based chemotherapy: A retrospective multicenter analysis (KROG 1418) Haeyoung Kim1, Won Park2, Jeong Il Yu2, Doo Ho Choi2, Seung Jae Huh2, Yeon- Joo Kim3, Eun Sook Lee3, Keun Seok Lee3, Han-Sung Kang3, In Hae Park3, Kyung Hwan Shin4, Kyubo Kim5, Kyung Ran Park5, Yong Bae Kim6, Sung Ja Ahn7, Jong Hoon Lee8, Jin Hee Kim9, Mison Chun10, Hyung-Sik Lee11, Jung Soo Kim12 and Jong- Young Lee13 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, South Korea 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 3 Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea 4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 5 Department of Radiation Oncology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 7 Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea 8 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine,
    [Show full text]
  • Need for Seismic Hydrology Research with a Geomicrobiological Focus
    sustainability Communication Need for Seismic Hydrology Research with a Geomicrobiological Focus Heejung Kim Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; [email protected] Abstract: Earthquakes cause deformation in previously stable groundwater environments, resulting in changes to the hydrogeological characteristics. The changes to hydrological processes follow- ing large-scale earthquakes have been investigated through many physicochemical studies, but understanding of the associated geomicrobiological responses remains limited. To complement the understanding of earthquakes gathered using hydrogeochemical approaches, studies on the effects of the Earth’s deep crustal fluids on microbial community structures can be applied. These studies could help establish the degree of resilience and sustainability of the underground ecosystem following an earthquake. Furthermore, investigations on changes in the microbial community structure of the Earth’s deep crustal fluids before and after an earthquake can be used to predict an earthquake. The results derived from studies that merge hydrogeochemical and geomicrobiological changes in the deep crustal fluids due to the effect of stress on rock characteristics within a fault zone can be used to correlate these factors with earthquake occurrences. In addition, an earthquake risk evaluation method may be developed based on the observable characteristics of fault-zone aquifers. Keywords: earthquake; seismic hydrology; groundwater; hydrogeochemistry; geomicrobiology Citation: Kim, H. Need for Seismic Many studies on the reaction of the Earth’s deep crustal fluids before and after earth- Hydrology Research with a quakes have been conducted worldwide, including in countries with a high frequency Geomicrobiological Focus. of earthquakes. Seismic hydrology is the study of earthquake prediction by analyzing Sustainability 2021, 13, 8704.
    [Show full text]
  • 09812 14: 24 1 "East Asian Civilizations: Traditional Era
    01:574:111 The History of the Korean Script and Calligraphy II (2 credits) Class time: Wed. 6:10-8:10 pm Classroom: Hardenbergh Hall B4 (HH-B4) Prerequisites: 01:574:110 The History of the Korean Script and Calligraphy I Professor Hyobin Kwon Office Hour: 5:00-5:30pm & by appointment (e-mail: [email protected]) Course Description As a continuation to Korean 111, the course will further explore the history and characteristics of Hangul, the indigenous morphophonemic writing system from its invention in the 15th century throughout the history of Korea. It will provide more practice in a variety of Hangul writing styles in brush and pen writing (e.g. old Panbon style and Palace style with regular and cursive forms for brush writing). In addition, "Literary painting(Painting with literary themes). One of the main themes of the genre is "Sagunja (Four noble ones)" that consist of plum blossoms, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum. Students will learn brush stroke techniques, composition, and essential skills and will develop an understanding of aesthetics of Korean calligraphy and Korean brush painting and its role in traditional Korean culture. Assessment: Students will be evaluated based on the midterm and calligraphy productions. Grading is based on: Attendance, practice, concentration 10% Midterm (on theoretical part) 20% Brush writing production (calligraphy) 20% Ink painting production (Sagunja) 20% Final brush artworks in scroll 30% Goals/outcome of the course: Understand characteristics of the Korean script, Hangul and its historical development Understand and appreciate different brush writing styles and their historical contexts Develop the basics of brush writing techniques Develop pen writing skills in the Korean calligraphic tradition Learn the basics of brush painting of Sagunja (“four noble ones”) Appreciate innovative typeset designs through the history of Korean printing Appreciate and practice a modern genre of “Hangul calligraphy” as a new art form 1 Required Books and Materials: Textbook: Lee, Mikyung.
    [Show full text]
  • Siamese-Korean Relations in the Late Fourteenth Century
    Siamese-Korean Relations in the Late Fourteenth Century Hung-Guk Cho Abstract This paper does not interpret the contacts between Korea and Siam at the end of the fourteenth century as having developed into diplomatic relations. Rather, it considers the possibility of the Siamese “envoys” who came to Korea as having been not the diplomatic delegates dispatched by the Siamese court, but Ayutthaya- based Chinese merchants who passed themselves off as such, and the possibility that the party of envoys sent to Siam by the Korean government was not given an audience by the Siamese court. Two reasons are suggested to explain why the contacts did not develop into long-lasting commercial or diplomatic relations. Firstly, there was the danger of Japanese pirates on the sea route from Nanyang to Korea; secondly, Chinese merchants in Ayutthaya may not have found any profit in trading with Korea. Introduction In the history of the trade between Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia before modern times, the fourteenth century should be considered as a watershed in the historical development of the various countries of the two regions. About 1294, the kingdom of Majapahit in Java, Indonesia, developed into a maritime empire, with most of insular Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan, and the Maluku Islands, under its control, and engaged in active foreign trade. In Siam, the kingdom of Ayutthaya, founded in the mid-fourteenth century, made overseas trade its most important business from its beginning. The Ming Dynasty, founded in China in the same period, confined foreign trade to tributary relations, controlling all Chinese maritime activities.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Change of Gojong（高宗）七architectural
    ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH, Vol. 20, No. i（March 2018）. pp. 1-8 pISSN 1229-6163 elSSN 2383-5575 A Study on the Change of Gojong（高宗 ） 七 Architectural View and the Aspect of the Constructions of Architectures Working: Through the Change of the Architectures in the Royal Palace Dongchun Seo Department of Architecture, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea https://doi.org/10.5659/AIKAR.2018.20.L1 Abstract Gojong（高宗 ）had experienced extravagant change during a period of reign and he was located in the center of the change. He was the king who also experienced various changes in construction and accomplished a large number of construction activities aggressively. Gojong could acquire the information and details about anarchitecture, through the experience of a lot of large-scale construction activities in a regency period of Heungseon-Daewongun（興宣大院君 ）.After opening of a port, as the western culture and technology was flowed in Korea, the knowledge of western architecture also was introduced. Gwanmungak（觀 文閣 ）was constructed in Kyeongbokgung Palace under that influence in 1888, but the construction was not successfully finished. Due to the failure of Gwanmungak, Gojong no more constructed a western architecture until 1897. He was aware of the merits of western architectures while living in the western architecture during Agwanpacheon（俄館播遷 ）.And he led a lot of constructions of the western architectures in Kyeongungung（慶運宮 ）.It is possible to arrange in two reasons about the interest in an architecture of Gojong. Firstly, Gojong was individually interested in the architectures, and he constantly accomplished constructions of new buildings from childhood. And secondly, Gojong thought that western architecture has an advantage in the international situations.
    [Show full text]
  • Intangible Cultural Heritage and Urban Regeneration—The Case Of
    Field Report memorial rites for him were, and are still, conducted at the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Urban shrine. In ", a repository was established at the shrine to archive daily accounts on the words and acts of all the Joseon king as well as state a#airs. e records were kept to guide the Regeneration—the Case of Jeonju City, Korea kings down the right path. Daily accounts on the governors’ activities were also recorded. Such documentation practices Jeong Duk Yi were in$uenced by Confucianism, which emphasized the Professor, Dept. of Cultural Anthropology, Chonbuk National University importance of re$ecting on one’s actions. e in$uence of Confucian culture is also evident in Confucian schools. e Jeonju Confucian School (JCS) in Jeonju Hanok Village enshrines tablets of Confucian scholars of China and Joseon, including Confucius, Mencius, and Zengzi. Confucian schools were ocial educational institu- tions where students commemorated great scholars through History and Intangible Cultural Heritage of Jeonju ( - ), who served as a senior ocial in Jeonju, described memorial rituals and learned the teachings from the scholars’ Jeonju is the most popular city in Korea for its traditional in his book, Dongguk Isangguk Jip ( Collected Works of Minister books. At JCS, rites for Confucius and other Confucian schol- culture. Jeonju is ranked number one in terms of the number Gyu-bo Lee ), residents visiting Gyeongboksa Temple to cele- ars is still held every spring and fall. A Western-style school of living human treasures, the cultural heritage index, and the brate Buddha’s Birthday, praying to the Dragon King for rain system was introduced during the late Joseon period, and traditional cultural and art performance index, indicating that on Deokjin Lake, and worshiping village gods during Dano today JCS provides classes on traditional manners, calligraphy, traditional culture is more actively practiced and performed (a traditional festival).
    [Show full text]