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OFFICIUM a RATIONIBUS Monografie Fundacji Na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej

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OFFICIUM a RATIONIBUS Monografie Fundacji Na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej OFFICIUM A RATIONIBUS monografie fundacji na rzecz nauki polskiej rada wydawnicza Andrzej Borowski, Michał Buchowski, Tomasz Kizwalter, Szymon Wróbel, Antoni Ziemba fundacja na rzecz nauki polskiej Karol Kłodziński OFFICIUM A RATIONIBUS STUDIUM Z DZIEJÓW ADMINISTRACJI RZYMSKIEJ W OKRESIE PRYNCYPATU toruń 2017 Wydanie książki jest subwencjonowane w ramach programu Monografie przez Fundację na rzecz Nauki Polskiej Redaktor tomu Patrycja Maj Korekty Patryk Chłopek Projekt okładki i obwoluty Barbara Kaczmarek Printed in Poland © Copyright by Karol Kłodziński and Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika Toruń 2017 ISBN 978-83-231-3880-8 WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU MIKOŁAJA KOPERNIKA Redakcja: ul. Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń tel. +48 56 611 42 95, fax +48 56 611 47 05 e-mail: [email protected] Dystrybucja: ul. Mickiewicza 2/4, 87-100 Toruń tel./fax: +48 56 611 42 38, e-mail: [email protected] www.wydawnictwoumk.pl Wydanie pierwsze Druk: Abedik Sp. z o.o. ul. Glinki 84, 85-861 Bydgoszcz Spis treści podziękowania ....................................................................................... 7 wprowadzenie ........................................................................................ 9 Historia i stan badań nad officium a rationibus ............................ 14 część i dzieje officium a rationibus rozdział 1. officium a rationibus. zagadnienia metodologiczne i historiograficzne ................................... 33 Problemy metodologiczne. Wybrane kwestie ............................... 33 Reichsfinanzministerium. Nieścisłości terminologiczne w refleksji nadofficium a rationibus ............................................... 44 Funkcjonowanie officium a rationibus w administracji rzymskiej. Kontrowersje historiograficzne ...................................................... 55 Geneza kontrowersji. Officium a rationibus w stukturze „kancelarii cesarskiej” czy poza nią? .............................................. 59 Pierwszy ekwicki procurator a rationibus za panowania Hadriana? .......................................................................................... 69 Biurokratyczna i niebiurokratyczna wizja officium a rationibus 72 rozdział 2. kompetencje officium a rationibus i jego pozycja w administracji finansowej ...................................................... 99 Centralna administracja finansowa. Patrimonium i fiscus ......... 99 Officium a rationibus od Anthemusa do M. Antoniusa Pallasa ... 135 „Tobie jedynemu zawierza się zarządzanie skarbcem cesarskim”. Interpretacja Stat., Silv. 3, 3, 85–105 oraz konteksty .................... 150 A rationibus/rationalis. Rozważania nad tytulaturą i reformą officium ............................................................................................... 191 Appendix I. Tytulatura głównych urzędników ekwickich a rationibus w porządku chronologicznym .................................. 224 „Nierówna kolegialność” w officium a rationibus. Kontrowersje wokół pozycji administracyjnej wyzwoleńców cesarskich ......... 226 Kariery ekwickich urzędników a rationibus. Kwestia „specjalizacji” ..................................................................................... 246 6 SPIS TREŚCI część ii urzędnicy a rationibus. katalogi prozopograficzne rozdział 1. urzędnicy a rationibus ................................................ 281 Uwagi wstępne .................................................................................. 281 Liberti Augusti a rationibus od Augusta do Domicjana .............. 284 Equites a rationibus od Trajana do Karakalli................................. 305 Liberti Augusti a rationibus w II wieku .......................................... 378 Struktura officium a rationibus. Niżsi rangą urzędnicy (tabularii, proximi, adiutores) .......................................................... 381 Servi et liberti Augusti a rationibus. Niżsi rangą urzędnicy o nieznanej funkcji ........................................................................... 388 zakończenie ............................................................................................ 397 bibliografia ............................................................................................ 403 aneks (zdjęcia inskrypcji) .................................................................. 455 summary .................................................................................................. 473 indeks autorów współczesnych ..................................................... 481 indeks postaci historycznych ......................................................... 493 indeks rzeczowy ................................................................................... 503 Podziękowania Prezentowana monografia nie powstałaby, gdyby nie wsparcie życz- liwych osób oraz instytucji. Na samym początku chciałbym podzię- kować anonimowym Recenzentom tej monografii, których cenne uwagi pozwoliły mi na przygotowanie ostatecznej wersji książki. Za merytoryczną opiekę dziękuję Szymonowi Olszańcowi, promoto- rowi mojej obronionej w maju 2016 roku rozprawy doktorskiej, na kanwie której ta książka powstała. Inspirujące wskazówki zawdzię- czam Adamowi Ziółkowskiemu, któremu w tym miejscu chciał- bym w sposób szczególny podziękować. Za uwagi merytoryczne i redakcyjne dziękuję także Ségolène Demougin, jak też recenzen- tom rozprawy doktorskiej – Danucie Okoń i Przemysławowi Woj- ciechowskiemu. Chciałbym również wyrazić wdzięczność dla Aga- ty Aleksandry Kluczek, Pawła Sawińskiego, Pawła Nowakowskiego oraz Wojciecha Pietruszki, z którymi przedyskutowałem niektó- re fragmenty prezentowanej książki. Nie sposób w tym miejscu nie wspomnieć o Fundacji na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, która nie tylko umożliwiła mi wydanie książki (w ramach programu MONOGRA- FIE), lecz także dwukrotnie, w 2013 i 2014 roku, wsparła finansowo mój rozwój naukowy (w ramach programu START). Dziękuję także Fundacji Lanckorońskich z Brzezia oraz Polskiej Misji Historycznej w Würzburgu za wsparcie stypendialne, jak też Andreasowi Faßben- derowi z Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften za wyrażenie zgody na opublikowanie zdjęć inskrypcji. Z wdzięcznoś- cią myślę także o moich najbliższych, Rodzicach oraz Żonie, którzy wspierali mnie podczas pisania tej książki. Wprowadzenie Współcześni historycy podkreślają, że zasadniczym elementem ist- nienia nie tylko państw nowoczesnych, ale także przednowoczes- nych były instytucje finansowe1, działające w ramach tzw. reżimu fiskalnego2. Wczesne Cesarstwo Rzymskie, którego fundamenty zbu- dował cesarz August, nie stanowiło pod tym względem wyjątku. Pe- ter Garnsey i Richard Saller zdefiniowali główne cele, jakie w okre- sie wczesnego pryncypatu miała realizować administracja rzymska: The primary goals of the imperial administration were the maintenan- ce of law and order and the collection of taxes to meet military costs and to provide public buildings, entertainments, and handouts in the city of Rome3. Powyższe stwierdzenie eksponuje właśnie fiskalne, szerzej zaś finan- sowe zadania administracji rzymskiej, bez których realizacji tak roz- ległe państwo nie mogłoby sprawnie funkcjonować. Jednym z jej trzech najważniejszych komponentów była administracja finanso- wa, obok administracji wojskowej i sądowej4. Zarządzanie licznymi prowincjami, utrzymanie ogromnej armii, zorganizowanie dostaw zboża do Rzymu, jak również nadzór m.in. nad drogami i inwesty- cjami budowlanymi wiązały się bowiem z ogromnymi wydatka- mi. Konieczność stworzenia nowej administracji finansowej, która mogłaby sprawnie pełnić funkcję m.in. fiskalną, stanowiło nie lada zadanie, przed którym stanął Oktawian po zwycięskiej bitwie pod Akcjum. Młody Cezar miał świadomość tego, że oparte na admi- 1 Szerzej zob. Monson, Scheidel (2015: 3–23). 2 Monson, Scheidel (2015: 7): „The notion of a fiscal regime evokes a systematic order or institutional structure”. 3 Garnsey, Saller (1982: 15). 4 Bleicken (1981: 135). 10 WPROWADZENIE nistracji senatorskiej republikańskie rozwiązania ustrojowe – w hi- storiografii anglosaskiej najczęściej określane jako Roman Consti- tution5 – mogły wprawdzie z powodzeniem służyć do skutecznego zarządzania raczej miastem-państwem Rzym wraz z obszarem Ita- lii, lecz nie ogromnym, rozciągającym się aż na trzech kontynentach imperium, którego powierzchnia po zwycięstwie armii Oktawiana nad siłami Marka Antoniusza i Kleopatry VII dodatkowo powięk- szyła się o Egipt w 30 roku p.n.e.6 Nowe struktury administracyjne nie powstały jednak od razu. Momentem przełomowym z pewnością nie było wstępne ukonsty- tuowanie się pod względem prawnym władzy princepsa w 23 roku p.n.e. Większość reform administracyjnych pierwszego cesarza, po- dobnie zresztą jak jego bezpośrednich następców, obejmowała głów- nie Rzym i Italię7. Dopiero po kilkudziesięciu latach August, zacho- wując dawne instytucje republikańskie (aerarium populi Romani/ /Saturni)8, zorganizował jednocześnie nowe struktury (m.in. pre- fekturę annony), których podstawowym zadaniem było rozwiąza- nie najważniejszego problemu państwa rzymskiego, tj. aprowizacji mieszkańców stolicy i żołnierzy rzymskich9. Funkcjonowanie cen- tralnych instytucji finansowych, tych stricte cesarskich (fiscus, pa- trimonium) oraz tych znajdujących się pod ścisłą kontrolą władcy (aerarium Saturni, aerarium militare), odpowiedzialnych za docho- dy i wydatki państwa, formalny i rzeczywisty podział (lub jego brak) tych instytucji oraz zachodzące w okresie pryncypatu zmiany struk- 5 Zob. Linderski (2007: 35). 6 Pojawiające się w prezentowanej monografii
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