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Innocent Until Proven Guppy Pg National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring U.S. Department of the Interior Pacific Island Network ND ISLA NE IC TW IF O C R A K Pacific Island Network P Quarterly N P g S rin Inv ito entory & Mon Innocent Until Proven Guppy pg. 7 HOT TOPIC Koa-munching moth outbreak pg. 3 Field Asan River ...6 Kalaupapa Damsels Schedule & National Historical Guppies in Guam in Contacts ...2 Park Corals Streams May Be Distress ...8 Koa Moths ...3 Brief ...4-5 Big Trouble ...7 Newsletter of the Pacific Island Network April – June 2013, issue no. 32 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Field Schedule Pacific Island Network P.O. Box 52 July August Sept. HOTKoa-munching TOPIC moth outbreak 1 Crater Rim Drive - Qtrs 22 Hawai'i National Park, HI 96718 Anchialine HAVO (pilot) in Hawai'i Volcanoes NP monitoring Over the past few months, koa of koa looper moths Invasive NPSA NPSA, HAVO NPSA, HAVO The National Park Service (NPS) has imple- plants (Acacia koa) forests on the Big may be visible along mented natural resource inventory and monitor- the upper section of Vegetation Island of Hawaii, including ing on a servicewide basis to ensure all park NPSA NPSA NPSA units possess the resource information needed communities those at upper elevations within Mauna Loa Road. for effective, science-based management, Water the Mauna Loa Strip section Where these decision-making, and resource protection. HALE NPSA, KALA quality of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National moths go Stream Park (HAVO), have experienced and whether HALE NPSA, KALA Program Manager: animals a dramatic outbreak of the koa or not they Greg Kudray 808-985-6183 looper (Scotorythra paludicola). start a new Ground water This native caterpillar feeds almost outbreak Pacific Island Network Staff: exclusively on koa foliage. While is unclear. Benthic WAPA Alison Ainsworth 808-985-6180 marine this event is not unique, it is a There is still much koa Rain before the clouds - "While conducting vegetation Anne Farahi 808-985-6181 relatively rare phenomenon, having foliage at lower elevations fieldwork in the Mauna Loa Strip, one week it seemed Scott Kichman 808-985-6184 Marine like it was raining caterpillars. The next week we walked Kelly Kozar 808-985-6186 WAPA been documented only 12 times in within the park (e.g., near fish through clouds of moths." –M. Simon, NPS Sylvester Lee 808-567-6802 the past 120 years. The total area Kīpukapuaulu, around (x1510) KALA Vegetation HAVO, HALE HAVO HAVO affected by the outbreak has not Sheila McKenna 808-985-6188 mapping Kīlauea Crater, and along Chain of koa in HAVO is real, as tree death Justin Mills 671-477-7278 been determined, but nearly all Craters Road) that could support a (x1012) WAPA Climate would change the forests and affect All Parks ------------------------------------------------------------------- large stands of koa on the island, second wave of infestation. Cory Nash 808-985-6185 (on-going) ecosystem processes, the large Eliseo Queja 808-985-6189 ranging from windward Mauna Kea number of caterpillars during an David Raikow 808-985-6325 to the southern flanks of Mauna Under normal conditions, the koa Melissa Simon 808-985-6187 outbreak likely influences forest Visa Vaivai 684-699-3982 Loa to the Puʻu Waʻawaʻa region looper is just one of several species communities in less obvious ways. NPSA WWII Valor in the Pacific of Hualālai, have been impacted to of Scotorythra that can be found Roxanne Zirkle 808-985-6182 National Monument, O’ahu some extent. In many areas, massive feeding on koa foliage. It is one of In some ways, caterpillar CESU Cooperator: (VALR) Kalaupapa NHP, caterpillar feeding has resulted in the smaller Scotorythra species and Meagan Selvig 808-985-6320 outbreaks may even be beneficial. Moloka’i (KALA) complete defoliation of the trees. generally goes unnoticed, consuming Kathryn Akamine 808-985-6320 For example, it is known that Haleakalä N P, This outbreak appears to represent only a small percentage of foliage. caterpillars are important food Steering Committee Members Maui (HALE) the largest ever recorded in Hawaii. Why does the koa looper experience ALKA – Aric Arakaki for birds, particularly during the occasional outbreaks? No one HALE – Matt Brown PACIFIC OCEAN nesting season (which is generally HAVO – Rhonda Loh Within HAVO, the outbreak has knows for sure, but it may be due to a KAHO – Sallie Beavers concurrent with the outbreaks). KALA – Paul Hosten Pu’ukoholä Heiau NHS been most evident along Mauna Loa relaxation in predation or pathogen Hawai’i (PUHE) Caterpillar levels not seen for NPSA – Sean Eagan Road, particularly between about pressure, a decrease in chemical decades such as we are experiencing PUHE – Sallie Beavers/Daniel Kawaiaea Kaloko-Honokōhau NHP the 1,500 and 2,000 m elevation. defenses within koa foliage, favorable PUHO – Adam Johnson Hawai’i (KAHO) right now, may result in higher VALR – Eric Brown Starting in early May 2013, climatic conditions, or some other nesting success for native species WAPA / AMME – Mike Gawel Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau NHP, American caterpillars could easily be observed factor. And while it is unknown Hawai’i (PUHO) such as the Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi, Memorial Park, feeding on the "leaves" (phyllodes) what initiates the outbreak, it is also ʻapapane and ʻelepaio. Comments? Write to: Saipan (AMME) Ala Kahakai NHT, Hawai’i Voicanoes NP, of nearly every koa inspected unknown what causes it to stop. Cory Nash, Editor Hawai’i (ALKA) Hawai’i (HAVO) in that area, particularly trees Pacific Island Network Quarterly The full extent of the outbreak will P.O. Box 52 that were producing new, highly Observations from previous not be known for many months, Hawai'i National Park, HI 96718 palatable foliage at that time. As of outbreaks suggest that the mortality Email: [email protected] but it is clear that HAVO, like much http://science.nature.nps.gov/ War in the Pacific NHP, the middle of June, the caterpillars of healthy koa following defoliation of the Big Island, is experiencing a im/units/pacn/ Guam (WAPA) largely finished feeding and most is very low, although death rates spectacular natural phenomenon appeared to be in the pupal stage as high as 33% have been found in NOTE: Unless indicated all photos and articles are NPS. National Park of involving an often overlooked native American Samoa (NPSA) (transforming into moths), or in areas where trees were stressed prior insect and its more famous host Contributers: A. Farahi, D. Raikow, C. Nash, R. Peck, M. some instances had already emerged to the outbreak. Simon, E. Brown plant. and were seen flying in the area. –Robert Peck, HCSU, UH-Hilo Pacific Island Network Within a week or two, huge numbers While concern for the health of (park units in red, not to scale) Entomologist 2 Pacific Island Network Quarterly Pacific Island Network Quarterly 3 National Park Service Pacific Island Network Monitoring Brief U.S. Department of the Interior Benthic Marine (Seafloor) Update at OBSERVATIONS & TRENDS Kalaupapa National Historical Park • Average coral cover remained relatively stable at 9%. Transects with the most coral were located near the northern tip of the peninsula, while the lowest coral cover values were concentrated near the eastern and Kalaupapa National Historical Park (KALA) is located in Hawaiʻi on the north shore of the island of Molokaʻi. western boundaries of the park. Found within KALA's nearly 2,000 acres of nearshore marine waters are a variety of submerged marine resources, species, and habitats. The typical marine habitat is highlighted by large boulders and coral reefs. Coral reefs provide • Coral species diversity remained stable. The total number of unique coral species was 22, with an average of over habitat for thousands of organisms. A growing and reproductively active reef is a sign of a healthy marine ecosystem four species per transect. and upland water system. METHODS & MEASUREMENTS Divers annually monitor coral reefs by recording the abundance of coral and other bottom dwelling species through photographic interpretation (pictures of the seafloor taken every meter to detect plant and animal species, disease, and bleaching), rugosity chains, and coral settlement arrays. From 2006-2010, a total of 150 twenty-five meter transects (the sampling unit) were surveyed, with 30 transects surveyed annually. Fifteen transects were randomly established at the onset in 2006 as permanent transects and subsequently surveyed on an annual basis. The remaining 15 temporary transects were randomly selected each year and surveyed only in that year. The benthic monitoring program at KALA consists of Seafloor survey results, 2006 - 2010 four components obtained through SCUBA surveys: Boulder habitat typical of a survey tran- sect at Kalaupapa NHP 1. The 25 photographs taken along each transect are analyzed to assess • Coralline algae was relatively unchanged from 2006 to 2010, and averaged 4%. Transects with the highest long-term changes in the percent cover (how much of the seafloor is amount of coralline algae were near the northeastern tip of the peninsula. covered in corals, algae, or invertebrates). Changes may indicate certain environmental stressors or drivers. For example, an increase in algae • Turf algae decreased from 76% in 2006 to 60% in 2008, and then increased to 64% by 2010. has been associated with increased nutrient levels or a reduction in the number of herbivorous invertebrates or fishes. • Macroalgae cover was slightly higher near the eastern and western boundaries of the park below the cliffs. Average macroalgae cover increased from 8% in 2006 to 26% in 2008, and then to 22% in 2010. This trend, 2. Also assessed from the photographs is the incidence of coral disease and however, is not significant. bleaching. Physical water conditions (e.g., temperature) often correlated with disease or bleaching are monitored through other Vital Signs.
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