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Recommended publications
  • Influence of Environmental Factors on Shot Put and Hammer Throw Range
    Journal of Biomechanics 35 (2002) 785–796 Influence of environmental factors on shot put and hammer throw range Ferenc Mizera, Gabor! Horvath*! Department of Biological Physics, Eotv. os. University, Pazm! any! set! any! 1, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary Accepted5 February 2002 Abstract On the rotating Earth, in addition to the Newtonian gravitational force, two additional relevant inertial forces are induced, the centrifugal andCoriolis forces. Using computer modellingfor typical release heights andoptimal release angles, we compare the influence of Earth rotation on the range of the male hammer throw andshot put with that of air resistance, wind,air pressure and temperature, altitude and ground obliquity. Practical correction maps are presented, by which the ranges achieved at different latitudes and/or with different release directions can be corrected by a term involving the effect of Earth rotation. Our main conclusion andsuggestion is that the normal variations of certain environmental factors can be substantially larger than the smallest increases in the world records as acknowledged by the International Amateur Athletic Federation and, therefore, perhaps these should be accounted for in a normalization and adjustment of the world records to some reference conditions. Although this suggestion has certainly been made before, the comprehensiveness of our study makes it even more compelling. Our numerical calculations contribute to the comprehensive understanding and tabulation of these effects, which is largely lacking today. r 2002 Elsevier
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  • Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance
    Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology Review Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance Nikolaos Zaras 1,*, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki 2 and Gerasimos Terzis 2 1 Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus 2 Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (A.-N.S.); [email protected] (G.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +357-22842318; Fax: +357-22842399 Abstract: Track and field throwing performance is determined by a number of biomechanical and biological factors which are affected by long-term training. Although much of the research has focused on the role of biomechanical factors on track and field throwing performance, only a small body of scientific literature has focused on the connection of biological factors with competitive track and field throwing performance. The aim of this review was to accumulate and present the current literature connecting the performance in track and field throwing events with specific biological factors, including the anthropometric characteristics, the body composition, the neural activation, the fiber type composition and the muscle architecture characteristics. While there is little published information to develop statistical results, the results from the current review suggest that major biological determinants of track and field throwing performance are the size of lean body mass, the neural activation of the protagonist muscles during the throw and the percentage of type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Long-term training may enhance these biological factors and possibly Citation: Zaras, N.; Stasinaki, A.-N.; lead to a higher track and field throwing performance.
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  • 2021 / Issue 236
    2021 / ISSUE 236 L-R: USATF President Vin Lananna, USATF CEO Max Siegel, 2021 Legend Coach Award recipient Bill Dellinger, and USATF Coaches Advisory Committee Chair Kevin Reid TRACK COACH Summer 2021 — 236 The official technical LOW GLYCOGEN TRAINING . 7520 publication of VILLANOVA ROUNDTABLE — REMINISCING ABOUT USA Track & Field THE “JUMBO YEARS” . 7522 VISUAL SENSORY DEPRIVATION (VSD) . 7533 TRAINING VS . REHABIILITION . 7541 USATF COACHING EDUCATION . 7544 TRACK FROM THE EDITOR COACH RUSS EBBETS FORMERLY TRACK TECHNIQUE 236 — SUMMER 2021 ALL THE WORLD’S A The official technical STAGE publication of USA Track & Field ED FOX......................................PUBLISHER RUSS EBBETS...................................EDITOR When Aristotle sat down to write the rules of drama some 2500 years TERESA TAM.........PRODUCTION & DESIGN ago, I doubt he gave much thought to relay racing. His Poetics has FRED WILT.......................FOUNDING EDITOR been used by writers and authors since that time to construct plays, movies and television programs that have entertained millions and millions of people worldwide. PUBLICATION But if one were to somehow get Aristotle to attend the Penn Relays Track Coach is published quarterly by on a Saturday afternoon in late April for an hour or so I think he’d be Track & Field News, 2570 W. El Camino Real, #220, asking to borrow someone’s cell to send a text back to his teacher, Mountain View, CA 94040 USA. Plato with the short note, “I have a new idea.” The Fall 2021 issue (No. 237) According to Aristotle a dramatic production consists of six things: of Track Coach will be e-mailed to spectacle, characters, plot, melody, diction and thought.
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  • Pac-12 T.F Entires .Txt
    Name Gender Team Event Adamko, Anna F Washington St. Women's Javelin Adams, Ishmael M UCLA Men's 4 x 100m Relay Alaka, James M Washington Men's 100m Dash Alaka, James M Washington Men's 4 x 100m Relay Alaka, James M Washington Men's 4 x 400m Relay Alaka, James M Washington Men's 200m Dash Alexander, Colby M Oregon Men's 5,000m Run Alexander, Colby M Oregon Men's 1,500m Run Alhasan, Mohammad M Arizona Men's 4 x 100m Relay Alhasan, Mohammad M Arizona Men's 100m Dash Allen, Erin F Washington St. Women's 400m Hurdles Allen, Erin F Washington St. Women's 4 x 400m Relay Almen , Sara F Oregon State Women's High JumP Amaechi, Chioma F California Women's Discus Throw Amaechi, Chioma F California Women's Shot Put Amaechi, Chioma F California Women's Hammer Throw Amaral, Joelle F Washington Women's 5,000m Run Amaral, Joelle F Washington Women's 1,500m Run Amaro, Emilie F Stanford Women's 5,000m Run Amaro, Emilie F Stanford Women's 3,000m SteePlechase Anding, Kevin M Oregon Men's 4 x 400m Relay Anding, Kevin M Oregon Men's 4 x 100m Relay Anding, Kevin M Oregon Men's 400m Dash Andrews, Myles M USC Men's 4 x 400m Relay Andrews, Myles M USC Men's 800m Run Anselmini, Mary Kate F Stanford Women's 5,000m Run Anselmini, Mary Kate F Stanford Women's 3,000m SteePlechase Anthony, Matt M Washington Men's 4 x 100m Relay Anthony, Matt M Washington Men's 4 x 400m Relay Anumba, Faith F UCLA Women's TriPle Jump Anumba, Faith F UCLA Women's Long Jump Armstead, Krista F Washington Women's 400m Dash Armstead, Krista F Washington Women's 4 x 100m Relay Armstead, Krista F Washington Women's 4 x 400m Relay Armstrong, Trae M Arizona State Men's 4 x 100m Relay Armstrong, Trae M Arizona State Men's 200m Dash Armstrong, Trae M Arizona State Men's 100m Dash Armstrong, Trae M Arizona State Men's 4 x 400m Relay Arseneau, Heather F Arizona State Women's Pole Vault Ashe, Shelby F California Women's Hammer Throw Atchoo, Michael M Stanford Men's 1,500m Run Atchoo, Michael M Stanford Men's 5,000m Run Austin, Caroline F Washington St.
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  • What You Need to Know About Hammer Throw
    ATHLETICS OMNIBUS - HAMMER THROW From the Athletics Omnibus of Richard Stander, South Africa HAMMER THROW Hammer Throw is regarded as a strength event. The Hammer Thrower is required to throw a steel ball with a steel wire attached to it as far as possible. Depending on the age and gender of the athlete the weight of the implement will vary between 3kg to 7.26kg. 1. THE COMPETITION AREA THE HAMMER - The hammer consists of three parts; a metal head and spindle, a wire and a grip (handle). THE HAMMER HEAD AND SPINDLE - The head is usually made of steel shells filled with lead. The lead can be added or taken out according to the different weights needed in the various competitions. The spindle, which attaches the wire to the hammerhead, is screwed into the casing and lock in position with an Allen screw. A ball-race is mounted inside the casing of the hammerhead, to allow the spindle to turn. THE WIRE - The wire is a single, unbroken and straight spring steel wire at least 3 mm in diameter. The steel wire is very brittle and any kink in the wire will cause it to break. It is therefore safest to replace it immediately when a kink appears. Hammers, when stored, should hang from a hook, to keep the wire straight. HANDLE - The handles vary in shape, size, and weight, and are usually chosen by throwers according to how the handle fit in their hand. THE THROWING CIRCLE - This is the same as for putting the shot. PROTECTIVE CAGE - The panels are identical to that outlined in discus.
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  • CROSS COUNTRY RECORDS MEN’S CROSS COUNTRY Site Distance Name Time Year
    Record Book CROSS COUNTRY RECORDS MEN’S CROSS COUNTRY Site Distance Name Time Year Holmdel Park (Holmdel, N.J.) 8k Nick Pellegrino 26:25.8 2003 Holmdel Park (Holmdel, N.J.) [new in 2012] 8k Khari Bowen 26:18.6 2014 Thompson Park (Lincroft, N.J.) 6k Matt Caporaso 18:59.1 2005 Thompson Park (Lincroft, N.J.) [new in 2009] 6k Ryan Rafferty 18:56.4 2018 Tatum Park (Holmdel, N.J.) 8k Felix Olivo 26.26.2 1998 Van Cortlandt Park (Bronx, N.Y.) 8k Felix Olivo 25:26.7 1998 Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.) 8k Felix Olivo 24:34.78 1998 Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.) 10k Brian Hoffman 32:00.58 2001 Princeton University (Princeton, N.J.) 8k Khari Bowen 24:42 2013 Princeton University (Princeton, N.J.) 10k Kevin French 32:00.6 2015 Dartmouth Golf Course (Hanover, N.H.) 8k Pete Forgach 26:27.4 2008 West Branch Course (Lock Haven, Pa.) 10k Nick Pellegrino 31:52 2003 Quinnipiac (Hamden, Conn.) 8k Pete Forgach 25:52.4 2009 Stanley Quarter Park (New Britain, Conn.) 5.1mi Ben Hutterer 25:51.9 2010 Stanley Quater Park (New Britain, Conn.) 5K Domenick D’Agostino 15:15.3 2015 Franklin Park (Boston, Mass.) 10k Felix Olivo 31.24 1996 Universtiy of Delaware (Newark, Del.) 8k Felix Olivo 26:09 1998 Rider University (Lawrenceville, N.J.) 8k Kevin French 24:47.2 2015 Rosedale Park (Lawrenceville, N.J.) 8K Graham Huggins-Filozof 24:27.8 2015 Saint Francis (Pa.) 8k Felix Olivo 25:33 1996 Saint Francis (Pa.) - New Course 8k Matt Caporaso 27:16 2005 Lafayette College (Easton, Pa.) 8k Nick Pellegrino 26:17 2001 Belmont Plateau (Philadelphia, Pa.) 8k Brian Hoffman 25:58.1 2001 Garrett Mountain (Woodland Park, N.J.) 8k E.
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  • Throwing and Jumping for Maximum Horizontal Range Nicholas P
    Throwing and jumping for maximum horizontal range Nicholas P. Linthornea) School of Sport and Education, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom (Received 2 January 2006) Optimum projection angles for achieving maximum horizontal range in throwing and jumping events are considerably less than 45°. This unexpected result arises because an athlete can generate a greater projection velocity at low projection angles than at high angles. The range of a projectile is strongly dependent on projection speed and so the optimum projection angle is biased towards low projection angles. Here we examine the velocity-angle relation and the optimum projection angle in selected throwing and jumping events. I. INTRODUCTION projection angle is sufficient to lower the optimum projection angle to substantially below 45°. Several throwing and jumping activities involve projecting The present article summarizes recent work on the a ball, implement, or the human body for maximum horizontal optimum projection angles in the shot put, long jump, standing range. One might expect that the optimum projection angle for long jump, and soccer throw-in.15–18 We used video these activities would be about 45°. However, video measurements to experimentally determine the dependence of measurements have revealed that sports projectiles are usually projection velocity on the angle of projection.19 The athlete’s launched at angles much lower than 45° (Table I). optimum projection angle was calculated by substituting the velocity-angle relation into the equations for the flight Table I. Typical projection angles in throwing and jumping events. trajectory of the projectile. This method produced good agreement between the calculated optimum projection angles and the athletes’ preferred projection angles.
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  • 2021 Ncaa Division Ii Outdoor Track and Field Men's Qualifying Standards
    2021 NCAA DIVISION II OUTDOOR TRACK AND FIELD MEN’S QUALIFYING STANDARDS (SEA LEVEL) AUTOMATIC PROVISIONAL Event FAT FAT 100 Meters 10.28 10.57 200 Meters 20.74 21.32 400 Meters 46.36 47.71 800 Meters 1:48.79 1:51.87 1500 Meters 3:44.38 3:50.68 3000 Meter Steeplechase 8:51.96 9:13.76 5000 Meters 13:55.74 14:32.33 10,000 Meters 29:16.79 30:47.12 110 Meter Hurdles 13.90 14.51 400 Meter Hurdles 51.34 53.34 4 x 100 Meter Relay 40.26 41.06 4 x 400 Meter Relay 3:08.52 3:13.73 METRIC METRIC High Jump 2.14 2.05 Pole Vault 5.24 4.81 Long Jump 7.68 7.26 Triple Jump 15.67 14.69 Shot Put 18.42 16.34 Discus Throw 56.37 49.97 Hammer Throw 65.89 55.59 Javelin Throw 69.57 58.75 Decathlon 7252 6325 IMPORTANT NOTES: Altitude Conversions Altitude adjustments are available for all running events. Information regarding altitude adjustments can be found online at www.NCAA.org (Division II Championships, Division II Outdoor Track and Field). Event Conversions Below are the permissible event conversions for NCAA outdoor track and field. The Standardized Track Event Conversion Factors will be used to convert times for the non-championship events listed below to determine whether times achieved meet the qualifying standards noted above. The Standardized Track Event Conversion Factors can be found online at www.NCAA.org (go to Division II Championships, Division II Outdoor Track and Field).
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  • Nebraska Track & Field All-Time Outdoor Records
    NEBRASKA TRACK & FIELD ALL-TIME OUTDOOR RECORDS NEBRASKA MEN’S OUTDOOR RECORDS NEBRASKA WOMEN’S OUTDOOR RECORDS Running Events Running Events Event Time Athlete Date Event Time Athlete Date 100-Meter Dash 10.16 Chris Chandler April 1, 2000 100-Meter Dash 11.03 Merlene Ottey Oct. 4, 1982 10.14w Dusty Stamer May 14, 2005 10.97w Merlene Ottey May 28, 1982 200-Meter Dash 20.59 Chris Chandler May 21, 2000 200-Meter Dash 22.17 Merlene Ottey June 20, 1982 20.59s Nate Probasco June 9, 2005 22.11w Merlene Ottey April 23, 1983 20.49pw Nate Probasco June 9, 2005 400-Meter Dash 50.14 Ximena Restrepo Aug. 5, 1991 400-Meter Dash 45.38 Ken Waller May 20, 1991 800-Meter Run 2:01.26 Sharon Powell Sept. 3, 1988 800-Meter Run 1:44.74 Dmitrijs Milkevics June 11, 2005 1,500-Meter Run 4:11.37 Anne Shadle June 11, 2005 1,000-Meter Run 2:18.27 Dieudonne Kwizera Aug. 8, 1989 3,000-Meter Run 9:07.39 Fran ten Bensel June 4, 1993 1,500-Meter Run 3:35.57s Balazs Tolgyesi Aug. 1, 1996 5,000-Meter Run 15:45.29 Sammie Resh Gdowski July 2, 1990 Mile Run 3:55.34 Balazs Tolgyesi Aug. 25, 1996 10,000-Meter Run 32:34.71 Sammie Resh Gdowski April 21, 1990 3,000-Meter Run 7:59.01 Jean Verster Jan. 6, 1986 Marathon 2::38:45.0 Karlene Erickson June 21, 1986 5,000-Meter Run 13:51.35 Joe Kirby April 21, 1990 100-Meter Hurdles 12.60 Priscilla Lopes June 9, 2006 10,000-Meter Run 28:50.90 Cleophas Boor April 18, 1998 400-Meter Hurdles 55.38A Linetta Wilson June 2, 1989 Marathon 2::20:19.0 Wally Duffy Dec.
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  • Article Iv Records Rule 260 World Records 1
    ARTICLE IV RECORDS RULE 260 WORLD RECORDS 1. Under IAAF Rule 260, there are three (3) categories of world records, as follows: (a) World Records (b) World Junior Records (c) World Indoor Records 2. When a World Record is claimed, the application blank must be completed without delay and forwarded to the National Office of USATF or to the Chair of the Records Committee. If, after due investigation, the Chair of the Records Committee is satisfied that no reasonable doubt exists as to the validity of the record, the Chair shall so inform the Chief Executive Officer of USATF, who shall have the authority to endorse the application and forward the same to the IAAF. If there are grounds for reasonable doubt as to the validity of the record, the Records Chair shall so inform the Chief Executive Officer, and any commu- nication to the IAAF shall disclose those grounds and shall advise that the appli- cation shall be reviewed and ruled upon at the next Annual Meeting of USATF. 3. The application must be accompanied by: (a) The printed program of the meet, (b) The complete results of the event, 2006 USATF Competition Rules • 141 c) In case of a track record, the photo finish picture where fully automatic timekeeping was the official recorder of the event, (d) In the case of a field event record, the complete results sheet, (e) In the case of a women's record, a medical certificate as to sex drawn up by a qualified medical doctor, (f) In the case of the first application on behalf of an athlete for a Junior record, an official document that confirms the date of birth (a copy of the athlete's passport or birth certificate), (g) Newspaper clipping(s) reporting the record, and (h) A videotape of the performance, if one is available.
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  • Women's Outdoor School Records
    Husker Track and Field Page 19 Women’s Outdoor School Records INDIVIDUAL TRACK EVENTS Event.......................................................... Time.................................... Athlete ..................................................................................... Date 100-Meter Dash .............................................0:11.03 .................................... Merlene Ottey ......................................................................Oct. 4, 1982 200-Meter Dash ..............................................0:22.17 .................................... Merlene Ottey ................................................................... June 20, 1982 400-Meter Dash .............................................0:50.14 .................................... Ximena Restrepo..................................................................Aug. 5, 1991 800-Meter Run ...............................................2:01.26 ................................... Sharon Powell......................................................................Sept. 3, 1988 1,500-Meter Run ...........................................4:12.38 .................................... Lisa Darley Graham ..........................................................April 18, 1992 3,000-Meter Run ...........................................9:07.39 .................................... Fran ten Bensel ................................................................... June 4, 1993 5,000-Meter Run ..........................................15:45.29 .................................
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  • Athletics Canada Records Rules (171-240)
    ATHLETICS CANADA – RULES AND BY-LAWS Rules 171-240 ATHLETICS CANADA RECORDS RULES (171-240) SECTION IV ELIGIBILITY FOR CANADIAN RECORDS 171 Canadian records are maintained in two categories, native and all-comers, and in two divisions, indoor and outdoor. 172 Canadian native records may be claimed by citizens of Canada, irrespective of the country within which the performance was made. 173 Canadian all-comer records may be claimed by citizens of any country, competing in Canada. 174 Canadian native records are maintained in the following categories, as per IAAF Rule 141: a. Senior men b. Junior men (19 years of age and under on 31 December in year of Competition) c. Youth men (17 years of age and under on 31 December in year of Competition) d. Senior women e. Junior women (19 years of age and under on 31 December in year of Competition) f. Youth women (17 years of age and under on 31 December in year of Competition) 175 Record applications shall only be accepted for Events listed in Rules 217, 223 and 231. 176 An athlete may claim a record in his own age class and in all higher age classes irrespective of the age class of the event in which the performance was made as per IAAF Rules 168.3 and 187. 177 For all competitions held completely in the stadium, mixed events between male and female participants shall not normally be permitted. However, mixed stadium competitions in Field Events and in races 5000m or longer may be permitted in all competitions. 178 Canadian native records for relay events shall be kept in two distinct sections, one for club teams, the other for teams whose members do not all belong to one club (e.g.
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