Mrna-4157) Last Program Update: September 9, 2021

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mrna-4157) Last Program Update: September 9, 2021 Moderna’s therapeutics: Personalized cancer vaccine (PCV) (mRNA-4157) Last program update: September 9, 2021 Preclinical Moderna Modality Program ID # Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Commercial development rights Antibody against Chikungunya Worldwide virus mRNA-1944 DARPA funded IL-2 Worldwide Systemic Autoimmune disorders mRNA-6231 secreted & cell Relaxin Worldwide surface Heart failure mRNA-0184 therapeutics PD-L1 Worldwide Autoimmune hepatitis mRNA-6981 Personalized cancer vaccine 50-50 global profit mRNA-4157 sharing Cancer (PCV) with Merck vaccines 50-50 global profit KRAS vaccine mRNA-5671 sharing with Merck OX40L/IL-23/IL-36γ (Triplet) Worldwide Intratumoral Solid tumors/lymphoma mRNA-2752 Immuno- 50-50 U.S. profit oncology IL-12 sharing; AZ to pay Solid tumors MEDI1191 royalties on ex- U.S. sales Localized VEGF-A AZ to pay Regenerative AZD8601 milestones and Myocardial ischemia royalties Therapeutics Propionic Acidemia (PA) mRNA-3927 Worldwide Methylmalonic Acidemia (MMA) mRNA-3705 Worldwide Systemic Glycogen Storage Disease Type Intracellular Worldwide 1a (GSD1a) mRNA-3745 Open IND Therapeutics Phenylketonuria (PKU) mRNA-3283 Worldwide Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type 1 Provided to ILCM (CN-1) mRNA-3351 free of charge Slide 1 Personalized cancer vaccine (mRNA-4157) Designed to target an individual patient’s unique tumor mutations Personalized drug design Rapid turnaround times Mutations identified in protein neoantigen and Needle-to-needle in just weeks major histocompatibility complex Slide 2 PCV vaccine (mRNA-4157) elicits T cells required for curative cancer therapy T cell Neoantigen concatemers TCR in single mRNA Ribosome Neoantigen Proteasome Vesicle Neoantigen protein chain ER Golgi Nucleus Slide 3 Personalized cancer vaccine (mRNA-4157) is ongoing in both Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials simultaneously Phase 1 Trial Overview Phase 2 Trial Overview ▪ Assessing safety, tolerability and ▪ Randomized controlled study: PCV + immunogenicity as monotherapy and in pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®) vs. ® combination with pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA ) pembrolizumab alone (2:1) ▪ Identify a safe Ph 2 dose ▪ High Risk Resected Melanoma Patients ▪ Encouraging early signal observed in (HPV-) ▪ Primary endpoint = recurrence free survival at Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 12 months (HNSCC)1,2 ▪ N~150 (Fully enrolled) ̶ Cohort expanded from 10 to 40 patients ̶ Currently enrolling expanded cohort 1. Data presented at SITC 2020. Data cutoff as of Oct 01, 2020 Slide 4 2. https://investors.modernatx.com/static-files/a79f9ce0-02f6-4ea8-8a8b-2d9f4ddcc531 Expanded Phase 1 Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) cohort following encouraging early signal Fully enrolled Phase 1 Trial Overview Part A: Dose escalation (N=18) parts A & B mRNA-4157 Dose: 0.04 mg mRNA-4157 Dose: 0.13 mg ▪ Assessing safety, tolerability and mRNA-4157 Dose: 0.39 mg immunogenicity as monotherapy and in mRNA-4157 Dose: 1 mg combination with pembrolizumab Part B: PD1i-refractory (N=7) ▪ Dose escalation to determine Ph 2 dose level Part B: Dose escalation (N=18) Part C: PD1/PDl1i naïve (n=34) ▪ Encouraging early signal observed in (HPV-) mRNA-4157 Dose: 0.04 mg • MSS-CRC (n=17) Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas mRNA-4157 Dose: 0.13 mg • HPV-neg HNSCC (n=40) (HNSCC)1,2 mRNA-4157 Dose: 0.39 mg mRNA-4157 Dose: 1 mg ̶ Cohort expanded from 10 to 40 patients Part D: Adjuvant melanoma (n=10) ̶ Currently enrolling expanded cohort HPV: Human papillomavirus HNSCC: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas 1. Data presented at SITC 2020. Data cutoff as of Oct 01, 2020 Slide 5 2. https://investors.modernatx.com/static-files/a79f9ce0-02f6-4ea8-8a8b-2d9f4ddcc531 Encouraging early signal in checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) naïve HPV(-) HNSCC patients receiving mRNA-4157 + pembrolizumab (data presented at SITC 2020) Best Overall Response HPV(-) HNSCC (n=10*) Best overall response Complete Response (CR) 2 Partial Response (PR) 3 Stable Disease (SD) 4 Progressive Disease (PD) 1 Overall response rate (ORR) 50% Disease control rate (DCR) 90% Median progression-free survival (mPFS) 9.8 months Median duration of response (mDOR) Not reached *4 additional patients started pembrolizumab dosing but progressed and came off study prior to the start of vaccine dosing. 1. Data presented at SITC 2020. Data cutoff as of Oct 01, 2020 Slide 6 2. https://investors.modernatx.com/static-files/a79f9ce0-02f6-4ea8-8a8b-2d9f4ddcc531 Encouraging early signal in checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) naïve HPV(-) HNSCC patients receiving mRNA-4157 + pembrolizumab (data presented at SITC 2020) Time on Study Swimmer Plot Median progression-free survival (mPFS) 9.8 months Median duration of response (mDOR) Not reached Slide 7 Encouraging early signal in checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) naïve HPV(-) HNSCC patients receiving mRNA-4157 + pembrolizumab (data presented at SITC 2020) %Change from Baseline Spider Plot Figure 1-1: Four out of five responding patients achieved PR after 2 doses of pembrolizumab prior to the start of vaccine administration. Two PRs converted to CR after the addition of vaccine. Patient 109’s tumor burden was decreasing but then started to progress until 2 doses of the vaccine were given, and then subsequently achieved a PR. Patient 067 also had started to progress until after the 5th dose of the vaccine, then ultimately had a discordant CR in the neck while progressing in the lung (vaccine was manufactured from the genetic sequencing of the dermal neck disease). Patient 117 progressed on monotherapy pembrolizumab until vaccine was started and tumor burden continues to decrease. Slide 8 Personalized cancer vaccine (mRNA-4157) Phase 2 trial is now fully enrolled Patients with resected melanoma at high risk of recurrence Phase 2 Trial Overview Enrollment and randomization 2:1 ▪ Randomized, placebo controlled, PCV + pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®) vs. pembrolizumab alone (2:1) Combination treatment arm Control treatment arm (pembrolizumab and mRNA-4157) (pembrolizumab only) ▪ Resected Melanoma patients - high Up to 1 year of pembrolizumab Up to 1 year of pembrolizumab recurrence risk treatment (n=100) treatment (n=50) ▪ Primary endpoint = recurrence free survival at 12 months Recurrence free survival (RFS) ▪ N~150 (Fully enrolled) Primary analysis 12-month RFS Slide 9 Forward-looking statements This presentation contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended including, but not limited to, statements concerning potential development candidate applications, development candid ate activities, preclinical and clinical studies, regulatory submissions and approvals, risk management and estimates and forward -looking projections with respect to Moderna or its anticipated future performance or events. In some cases, forward -looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “aims,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimat es,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward -looking statements contain these words. The forward-looking statements in this presentation are neither promises nor guarantees, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond Moderna’s control and which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward - looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, among others: preclinical and clinical development is lengthy and uncertain, especially for a new category of medicines such as mRNA, and therefore Moderna’s preclinical programs or development candidates may be delayed, terminated, or may never advance to or in the clinic; no mRNA drug has been approved in this new p otential category of medicines, and may never be approved; mRNA drug development has substantial clinical development and regulatory r isks due to the novel and unprecedented nature of this new category of medicines; and those described in Moderna’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and in subsequent filings made by Moderna with SEC, which are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Except as required by law, Moderna disclaims any intention or responsibility for updating or revising any forward-looking statements in this presentation in the event of new information, future developments or otherwise. These forward-looking statements are based on Moderna’s current expectations and speak only as of the date hereof. Slide 10.
Recommended publications
  • An Effective Strategy of Human Tumor Vaccine Modification by Coupling
    An effective strategy of human tumor vaccine modification by coupling bispecific costimulatory molecules Claudia Haas,1 Christel Herold-Mende,2 Roswitha Gerhards,3 and Volker Schirrmacher1 1German Cancer Research Center, Tumor Immunology Program, Heidelberg, Germany; 2Department of Neurosurgery, University-Clinic, Heidelberg, Germany; and 3Marien-Hospital, Herne, Germany. A new, generally applicable procedure is described for the introduction of defined costimulatory molecules into human cancer cells to increase their T-cell stimulatory capacity. The procedure involves infection with Newcastle disease virus to mediate the cell surface binding of costimulatory molecules (e.g., specially designed bispecific antibodies (bsAb)). The modification is independent of tumor cell proliferation and laborious recombinant gene technology and can be applied directly to freshly isolated and g-irradiated patient-derived tumor cells as an autologous cancer vaccine. Following the infection of tumor cells with a nonvirulent strain of Newcastle disease virus, the cells are washed and then further modified by coincubation with bsAbs, which attach with one arm to the viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) molecule on the infected tumor cells. The second specificity of one bsAb (bs HN 3 CD28) is directed against CD28 to augment antitumor T-cell responses by selectively channeling positive costimulatory signals via the CD28 pathway. A second bsAb (bs HN 3 CD3) was produced to deliver T-cell receptor-mediated signals either alone (bsCD3 vaccine) or in combination with anti-CD28 (bsCD3 vaccine plus bsCD28 vaccine). In human T-cell stimulation studies in vitro, the bsCD28 vaccine caused an up-regulation of early (CD69) and late (CD25) T-cell activation markers on CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes from either normal healthy donors or cancer patients (autologous system) and induced tumor cytostasis in nonmodified bystander tumor cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Immunology 101
    Immunology 101 Justin Kline, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine Section of Hematology/Oncology Committee on Immunology University of Chicago Medicine Disclosures • I served as a consultant on Advisory Boards for Merck and Seattle Genetics. • I will discuss non-FDA-approved therapies for cancer 2 Outline • Innate and adaptive immune systems – brief intro • How immune responses against cancer are generated • Cancer antigens in the era of cancer exome sequencing • Dendritic cells • T cells • Cancer immune evasion • Cancer immunotherapies – brief intro 3 The immune system • Evolved to provide protection against invasive pathogens • Consists of a variety of cells and proteins whose purpose is to generate immune responses against micro-organisms • The immune system is “educated” to attack foreign invaders, but at the same time, leave healthy, self-tissues unharmed • The immune system can sometimes recognize and kill cancer cells • 2 main branches • Innate immune system – Initial responders • Adaptive immune system – Tailored attack 4 The immune system – a division of labor Innate immune system • Initial recognition of non-self (i.e. infection, cancer) • Comprised of cells (granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells) and proteins (complement) • Recognizes non-self via receptors that “see” microbial structures (cell wall components, DNA, RNA) • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) • Necessary for priming adaptive immune responses 5 The immune system – a division of labor Adaptive immune system • Provides nearly unlimited diversity of receptors to protect the host from infection • B cells and T cells • Have unique receptors generated during development • B cells produce antibodies which help fight infection • T cells patrol for infected or cancerous cells • Recognize “foreign” or abnormal proteins on the cell surface • 100,000,000 unique T cells are present in all of us • Retains “memory” against infections and in some cases, cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dendritic Cell Cancer Vaccine
    MILESTONES MILESTONE 17 to mature. The pulsed dendritic cells are then reinfused into the patient over several cycles. A dendritic cell cancer vaccine Although sipuleucel-T has not been very widely adopted (and is no longer available in the European Union), it was recently announced that the combination of hormonal therapeutics with sipuleucel-T extended the survival of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Other clinical trials combining sipuleucel-T with radiation, hormo- nal, targeted or other immunothera- pies are ongoing. So far sipuleucel-T remains the only vaccine-based immunotherapy approved for prostate cancer, and is also the only approved cell-based vaccine in the USA. Overall clinical responses to dendritic cell vaccines have been disappointing, but with increasing Credit: Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo Science Photo Library Credit: knowledge, newer and more sophisti- cated strategies are being investigated In 1909 Paul Ehrlich postulated that T cells and induce protective T cell to improve the efficacy of dendritic the immune system may defend responses. If a cancer-specific antigen cell-based vaccines. Improved meth- the host against neoplastic cells and is presented, this can result in an Sipuleucel-T ods to generate more mature and hinder the development of cancers. anti-tumour response. As T cell became in ‘effective’ dendritic cells using ex vivo This concept has been widely recog- responses are indeed crucial for 2010 the first protocols, alternative combinations nized ever since, and eventually led eliciting an immune response against of antigens, optimized loading of to the development of novel cancer cancers, dendritic cells have for a approved dendritic cells and transfection of treatments in more recent years that long time been suggested as potential dendritic cell dendritic cells with RNA or DNA are revolutionized cancer care.
    [Show full text]
  • Can a Virus Cause Cancer: a Look Into the History and Significance of Oncoviruses
    UC Berkeley Berkeley Scientific Journal Title Can A Virus Cause Cancer: A Look Into The History And Significance Of Oncoviruses Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6c57612p Journal Berkeley Scientific Journal, 14(1) ISSN 1097-0967 Author Rwazavian, Niema Publication Date 2011 DOI 10.5070/BS3141007638 Peer reviewed|Undergraduate eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California CA N A VIRU S CA U S E CA NCER ? A LOOK IN T O T HE HI st ORY A ND SIGNIFIC A NCE OF ONCO V IRU S E S Niema Rwazavian The IMPORTANC E OF ONCOVIRUS E S (van Epps 2005). Although many in the scientific Cancer, a disease caused by unregulated cell community were unconvinced of the role of viruses in growth, is often attributed to chemical carcinogens cancer, research on the subject nevertheless continued. (e.g. tobacco), hormonal imbalances (e.g. high levels of In 1933, Richard Shope discovered the first mammalian estrogen), or genetics (e.g. breast cancer susceptibility oncovirus, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV), gene 1). While cancer can originate from any number which could infect cottontail rabbits, and in 1936, John of sources, many people fail to recognize another Bittner discovered the mouse mammary tumor virus important etiology: oncoviruses, or cancer-causing (MMTV), which could be transmitted from mothers to pups via breast milk (Javier and Butle 2008). By the 1960s, with the additional “…despite limited awareness, oncoviruses are discovery of the murine leukemia BSJ virus (MLV) in mice and the SV40 nevertheless important because they represent virus in rhesus monkeys, researchers over 17% of the global cancer burden.” began to acknowledge the possibility that viruses could be linked to human cancers as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Recombinant DNA Vaccines Protect Against Tumors That Are Resistant to Recombinant Vaccinia Vaccines Containing the Same Gene
    Gene Therapy (2001) 8, 128–138 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0969-7128/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/gt RESEARCH ARTICLE Recombinant DNA vaccines protect against tumors that are resistant to recombinant vaccinia vaccines containing the same gene C-H Chen1,2, T-L Wang3,HJi3, C-F Hung3, DM Pardoll1, W-F Cheng3, M Ling3 and T-C Wu1,3,4,5 Departments of 1Oncology, 3Pathology, 4Obstetrics and Gynecology and 5Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA; and 2Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy involves the delivery ing against challenge with a more stringent subclone of TC-1 of tumor-associated antigen to the host for the generation of (TC-1 P2) established from TC-1 tumors that survived initial tumor-specific immune responses and antitumor effects. We Sig/E7/LAMP-1 vaccinia vaccination. Immunological assays hypothesized that different delivery systems may influence revealed that both vaccines induced comparable levels of the pattern of antigen-specific immune response and the CD8+ T cell precursors and anti-E7 antibody titers. Interest- outcome of antitumor effect. We therefore evaluated recom- ingly, Sig/E7/LAMP-1 vaccinia induced both E7-specific IFN- binant vaccinia virus and naked DNA for the generation of ␥- and IL4-secreting CD4+ T cell precursors while antigen-specific immune responses and antitumor effects. Sig/E7/LAMP-1 DNA induced only E7-specific IFN-␥- We previously found that recombinant vaccinia and naked secreting CD4+ T cell precursors. We also found that IL-4 DNA vaccines containing the chimeric Sig/E7/LAMP-1 gene knockout C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with Sig/E7/LAMP-1 were capable of controlling the growth of HPV-16 E7- vaccinia exhibited a more potent antitumor effect than vacci- expressing tumor cells (TC-1).
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutic Vaccines for Cancer: an Overview of Clinical Trials
    REVIEWS Therapeutic vaccines for cancer: an overview of clinical trials Ignacio Melero, Gustav Gaudernack, Winald Gerritsen, Christoph Huber, Giorgio Parmiani, Suzy Scholl, Nicholas Thatcher, John Wagstaff, Christoph Zielinski, Ian Faulkner and Håkan Mellstedt Abstract | The therapeutic potential of host-specific and tumour-specific immune responses is well recognized and, after many years, active immunotherapies directed at inducing or augmenting these responses are entering clinical practice. Antitumour immunization is a complex, multi-component task, and the optimal combinations of antigens, adjuvants, delivery vehicles and routes of administration are not yet identified. Active immunotherapy must also address the immunosuppressive and tolerogenic mechanisms deployed by tumours. This Review provides an overview of new results from clinical studies of therapeutic cancer vaccines directed against tumour-associated antigens and discusses their implications for the use of active immunotherapy. Melero, I. et al. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 11, 509–524 (2014); published online 8 July 2014; doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.111 Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA) Introduction and Clínica Universitaria (CUN), Universidad de Immunotherapies against existing cancers include active, unstable leading to numerous changes in the repertoire Navarra, Spain (I.M.). passive or immunomodulatory strategies. Whereas active of epitopes (so-called neo-antigens) they present, sug- Department of Immunology, immunotherapies increase the ability of the patient’s gesting that, in theory, tumours should be ‘visible’ to The Norwegian Radium own immune system to mount an immune response T lymphocytes. Hospital, Cancer to recognize tumour-associated antigens and eliminate The mechanisms required to mount effective anti­ Research Institute, University of Oslo, malignant cells, passive immunotherapy involves admin- tumour responses have been reviewed by Mellman and Norway (G.G.).
    [Show full text]
  • Cancer Vaccines
    © 1998 Nature Publishing Group http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine REVIEW Drew Pardoll (Johns Hopkins Oncology Center) examines prospects for therapeutic cancer vaccines. Considering how it is that the immune system fails to recognize and destroy cancer cells, Pardoll discusses contemporary vaccine approaches aimed at exposing cancer antigens to the cellular arm of the immune system, and the first, promising steps toward therapeutic cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccines Since the turn of the century, scientists ... .................... .. .......................... ,. ,. .... ,. ,, . ignorance, anergy or physical dele­ have studied the interactions between the DREW M. PARDOLL tion 1•-1 6. What determines the outcome immune system and cancer cells so that of antigen encounter is the context in antitumor immunity could be amplified as a means of cancer which that antigen is presented to the immune system. Thus, therapy. In the 1890s, William Coley began to treat cancer pa­ the outcome of inflammation or tissue destruction that occurs tients with bacterial extracts (Coley's toxins) to activate general during viral or bacterial infection (or when antigen is mixed systemic immunity, a portion of which might be directed against with the appropriate adjuvant) is typically activation. When the tumor1• One hundred years later, the molecular understand­ antigen is expressed endogenously, in the absence of the dan­ ing of immune recognition and immune regulation provides op­ ger signals that accompany tissue destruction and inflamma­ portunities that Coley never had to create cancer vaccines with tion, the typical outcome is immunologic tolerance (Fig. 1). much greater potency and specificity for tumor cells and dimin­ Ultimately, it appears that the immune response at the T­ ished toxicity for normal tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines Michael a Morse*, Stephen Chui, Amy Hobeika, H Kim Lyerly and Timothy Clay
    REVIEW www.nature.com/clinicalpractice/onc Recent developments in therapeutic cancer vaccines Michael A Morse*, Stephen Chui, Amy Hobeika, H Kim Lyerly and Timothy Clay SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND REALITY IN THE CLINICAL Therapeutic cancer vaccines are being developed with the intention RESULTS FOR CANCER VACCINES of treating existing tumors or preventing tumor recurrence. While the Therapeutic cancer vaccines, or so called active results of clinical trials, predominantly in the metastatic setting have been specific immunotherapies, are intended to acti- sobering, the central hypothesis of active immunotherapy i.e. that the vate the immune system to treat existing tumors human immune system can be activated to recognize and destroy tumor or prevent tumor recurrence. While we (and cells, remains a viable one. We believe that a fundamental shift in how others1) believe that the central hypothesis of clinical trials are performed, and what concepts they test is required to active immuno therapy, i.e. that the human make meaningful strides towards future clinical use of cancer vaccines. immune system can be activated to recognize First, we must reappraise whether the metastatic setting is the appropriate arena to test these agents. Second, we must arrive at a consensus on the and destroy tumor cells, remains viable, the field most important biologic endpoints and rapidly test vaccines for their of active specific immunotherapy is clearly at a ability to achieve these endpoints. Third, we need to expend more effort on crossroads, with pessimism for current vaccines expressed by some leaders in the field,2 and more understanding how to manipulate the immune system beyond the initial 3,4 stimulation provided by a vaccine.
    [Show full text]
  • Peptide Vaccines for Cancer Therapy
    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 38 Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery 2015, 9, 38-45 Peptide Vaccines for Cancer Therapy Daniela Cerezo, María J. Peña, Michael Mijares, Gricelis Martínez, Isaac Blanca and Juan B. De Sanctis* FOCIS Center of Excellence, Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Received: October 13, 2014; Accepted: January 21, 2015; Revised: January 24, 2015 Abstract: For around four decades, vaccines of different kinds have been developed to treat different types of cancer. However, promising results encountered in the early phase contrasted with the results recorded in clinical studies. Recent discoveries in the vaccine field, adjuvants and delivery systems, and antigen presentation have lead to new patented approaches. The current review is focused on gen- eral description of peptide vaccines involving cancer antigen presentation, specific immune response, cell death dependent pathways, and target therapy for modified or mutated oncogenes. A rapid evolving research in the area may evolve in fruitful outcomes in the near future. Keywords: Adjuvants, antigen presentation, cancer, immune response, peptide, vaccines. INTRODUCTION antigens generated through nonstandard transcriptional and translational mechanisms may also be presented by MHC-I The key issue in inducing immune response is antigen [2-5]. presentation [1]. Antigen presentation is a complex process that involves intracellular compartments with a sequence of Antigen presentation by tumor cells is different from nor- events from degradation of a complex pathogen, or cell up to mal cells and therefore analysis of tumor antigens and cryptic binding to major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) tumor antigens differs enormously between them [2-5].
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in the Development of Personalized Neoantigen-Based
    REVIEWS Advances in the development of personalized neoantigen- based therapeutic cancer vaccines Eryn Blass1 and Patrick A. Ott1,2,3,4 ✉ Abstract | Within the past decade, the field of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of many cancers with the development and regulatory approval of various immune-checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies in diverse indications. Another promising approach to cancer immunotherapy involves the use of personalized vaccines designed to trigger de novo T cell responses against neoantigens, which are highly specific to tumours of individual patients, in order to amplify and broaden the endogenous repertoire of tumour-specific T cells. Results from initial clinical studies of personalized neoantigen-based vaccines, enabled by the availability of rapid and cost-effective sequencing and bioinformatics technologies, have demonstrated robust tumour- specific immunogenicity and preliminary evidence of antitumour activity in patients with melanoma and other cancers. Herein, we provide an overview of the complex process that is necessary to generate a personalized neoantigen vaccine, review the types of vaccine-induced T cells that are found within tumours and outline strategies to enhance the T cell responses. In addition, we discuss the current status of clinical studies testing personalized neoantigen vaccines in patients with cancer and considerations for future clinical investigation of this novel, individualized approach to immunotherapy. Vaccines have traditionally been used for the prevention for the prediction of MHC class I (MHC I)- binding of infectious diseases; however, the ability of such agents epitopes has paved the way for the identification of to elicit and amplify antigen-specific immune responses potentially immunogenic neoepitopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabin Vaccine Report
    Volume VIII, Number 1 Sabin Vaccine Spring 2005 EPORT The newsletter of the Albert B. Sabin Vaccine InstituteR — dedicated to disease prevention www.sabin.org FDA Clears Human Hookworm Vaccine for Phase I Safety Trials Sabin/GW Researchers Receive Word on Investigational New Drug Status for Vaccine Clinical trials to test the safety of a gin safety trials is a major milestone for in individuals who suffer from hook- first-of-its-kind human hookworm vac- the human hookworm vaccine project,” worm infection.” cine will begin in the Washington, DC Hotez said. “It has taken an amazing Human hookworm infection is caused area in the coming weeks after the U.S. amount of our team’s effort to get us to by parasitic worms that fasten onto the Food and Drug Administration conferred the current stage of vaccine develop- inner layers of the small intestine using investigational new drug status on the ment. Of course, our ultimate goal is to their teeth-like projections and cause vaccine this past January. No current take this research to developing coun- blood loss at the attachment site. vaccine is available to prevent hook- tries where the vaccine will be tested Hookworm disease refers to the iron worm disease, which is one of the most Continued on page 4 common chronic infections of humans with an estimated 740 million cases in The village of Americaninhas, areas of rural poverty in the tropics in a rural part of Minas Gerais and subtropics. state in Brazil, is the focus of a The Human Hookworm Vaccine Ini- field study of hookworm dis- tiative (HHVI) is sponsored by the ease burden, being conducted Albert B.
    [Show full text]
  • Combining Cancer Vaccines with Immunotherapy: Establishing a New Immunological Approach
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Combining Cancer Vaccines with Immunotherapy: Establishing a New Immunological Approach Chang-Gon Kim 1,†, Yun-Beom Sang 2,† , Ji-Hyun Lee 1 and Hong-Jae Chon 2,* 1 Yonsei Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; [email protected] (C.-G.K.); [email protected] (J.-H.L.) 2 CHA Bundang Medical Center, Medical Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13497, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Therapeutic cancer vaccines have become increasingly qualified for use in personalized cancer immunotherapy. A deeper understanding of tumor immunology and novel antigen delivery technologies has assisted in optimizing vaccine design. Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to establish long-lasting immunological memory against tumor cells, thereby leading to effective tumor regression and minimizing non-specific or adverse events. However, due to several resistance mechanisms, significant challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve these goals. In this review, we describe our current understanding with respect to the use of the antigen repertoire in vaccine platform development. We also summarize various intrinsic and extrinsic resistance mechanisms behind the failure of cancer vaccine development in the past. Finally, we suggest a strategy that combines immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines. Citation: Kim, C.-G.; Sang, Y.-B.; Keywords: therapeutic cancer vaccine; combination immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitor; Lee, J.-H.; Chon, H.-J. Combining tumor microenvironment Cancer Vaccines with Immunotherapy: Establishing a New Immunological Approach.
    [Show full text]