Introduction to Orthogonal Polynomials: Definition and Basic Properties

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Introduction to Orthogonal Polynomials: Definition and Basic Properties Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Introduction to Orthogonal Polynomials: Definition and basic properties Prof. Dr. Mama Foupouagnigni African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Limbe, Cameroon and Department of Mathematics, Higher Teachers’ Training College University of Yaounde I, Cameroon Email:[email protected] AIMS-Volkswagen Stiftung Workshop on Introduction to Orthogonal Polynomials and Applications Hotel Prince de Galles, Douala, Cameroon, October 5-12, 2018 Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Table of Contents 1 Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? 2 An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials 3 Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials 4 Definition of orthogonal polynomials 5 Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials 6 Tutorials: Solving assignments Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Main objectives 1 Give an example of a system of orthogonal polynomials 2 Provide a method for constructing a system orthogonal Polynomials 3 Define the notion of orthogonal polynomials; 4 Provide (with some illustrations on the proof) some basic properties such as: the uniqueness of a family of orthogonal polynomials; the matrix representation; the three-term recurrence relation, the Christoffel-Darboux formula and some of its consequences such as the interlacing properties of the zeros. 5 Finally we discuss and solve, as a short tutorial, some assignments given within the first talk which are mainly proof of some results provided earlier. Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? Orthogonal polynomials are to be seen as a sequence of polynomials (pn)n with deg(pn) = n with orthogonality property. They are very useful in practice in various domains of mathematics, physics, engineering and so on because of the many properties and relations they satisfy: 1 Orthogonality (all of them) 2 Three term recurrence relation (all of them) 3 Darboux-Christoffel formula (all of them) 4 Matrix representation (all of them); 5 Gauss quadrature (all of them): used for approximation of integrals; 6 second-order holonomic differential, difference or q-difference equation (classical ones); 7 Fourth-order holonomic differential, difference or q-difference equations (Laguerre-Hahn class); 8 Rodrigues formula (classical ones); 9 Partial differential, difference or q-difference equations (OP of several variables); 10 Expansion of continuous function with integrable square derivable in terms of Fourier series of OP (classical OP); 11 .... Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments AMS subject classification for Orthogonal Polynomials Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind are defined by Tn(x) = cos(nθ); x = cos θ; 0 < θ < π (1) fw0g and fulfil the following properties: 1 Tn is a polynomial of degree n in x: This can be seen from the recurrence relation Tn+1(x) + Tn−1(x) = 2xTn(x); n ≥ 1; T0(x) = 1; T1(x) = x; (2) fw1g 2 (Tn)n satisfies the orthogonality relation Z π Z 1 dx cos(nθ) cos(mθ)dθ = knδn;m = Tn(x) Tm(x)p (3) fw2g 2 0 π −1 1 − x (with k0 = π; kn = 2 ; n ≥ 1), obtained using the change of variable x = cos θ; 0 < θ < π and the linearization formula 2 cos nθ cos mθ = cos(n + m)θ + cos(n − m)θ: 3 Monic Chebyshev polynomial of degree n is the polynomial deviating less from zero on [−1; 1] among monic polynomials of degree n: n 1−n 1−n min max jqn(x)j; qn 2 R[x]; qn(x) = x + ::: = max j2 Tn(x)j = 2 : −1≤x≤1 −1≤x≤1 (4) fw3g 4 Second-order holonomic differential equation: 2 00 0 2 (1 − x ) Tn (x) − x Tn(x) + n Tn(x) = 0; n ≥ 0: (5) fw4g Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments First 10 Chebyshev I Polynomials From the three-term recurrence relation, one can generate any Tn: Tn+1(x) = 2xTn(x) − Tn−1(x); n ≥ 1; T0(x) = 1; T1(x) = x; 2 T2(x) = 2 x − 1; 3 T3(x) = 4 x − 3 x; 4 2 T4(x) = 8 x − 8 x + 1; 5 3 T5(x) = 16 x − 20 x + 5 x; (6) fw5g 6 4 2 T6(x) = 32 x − 48 x + 18 x − 1; 7 5 3 T7(x) = 64 x − 112 x + 56 x − 7 x; 8 6 4 2 T8(x) = 128 x − 256 x + 160 x − 32 x + 1; 9 7 5 3 T9(x) = 256 x − 576 x + 432 x − 120 x + 9 x: The zeros xn;k of Tn ranked in increasing order are: (2(n − k) + 1 x = cos π ; k = 1::n: (7) fw6g n;k 2n Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Graphic of the first 10 Chebyshev I Polynomials Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Orthogonality relations for the Chebyshev I Polynomials Summing up, we have seen that the Chebyshev polynomials Tn satisfy: deg(Tn) = n ≥ 0; and the orthogonality condition: Z 1 dx Z 1 dx Tn(x) Tm(x)p = 0; n 6= m; Tn(x) Tn(x)p 6= 0; n ≥ 0: 2 2 −1 1 − x −1 1 − x The polynomial sequence (Tn)n is said to be orthogonal with respect to the weight function ρ(x) = p 1 defined over the interval ] − 1; 1[: It is an 1−x2 orthogonal polynomial sequence. Assignment 1: Establish relations (1)-(7). Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials:Part 1 Let us consider a scalar product ( ; ) defined on R[x] × R[x] where R[x] is the ring of polynomials with real variable. As scalar product, it fulfills the following properties: (p; p) ≥ 0; 8p 2 R[x]; and (p; p) = 0 =) p = 0; (8) fw7g (p; q) = (q; p); 8p; q 2 R[x]; (9) (λ p; q) = λ (p; q); 8λ 2 R; 8p; q 2 R[x]; (10) (p + q; r) = (p; r) + (q; r); 8p; q; r 2 R[x]: (11) As examples of scalar products on R[x] with connections to known systems of orthogonal polynomials, we mention: Z 1 dx (p; q) = p(x) q(x)p ; (12) fw8g 2 −1 1 − x connected to Chebyshev polynomials; N X (p; q) = wk p(k) q(k); N 2 N [ f1g; (13) fw9g k=0 leading to orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable. Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials: Part 2 Theorem (Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process) The polynomial systems (qn)n and (pn)n defined recurrently by the relations n−1 n n X (qk; x ) qk q0 = 1; qn = x − qk; n ≥ 1; pk = p ; k ≥ 0; (14) fw10g (qk; qk) k=0 (qk; qk) satisfy the relations deg(qn) = deg(pn) = n; 8n ≥ 0; (qn; qm) = 0; n 6= m; (qn; qn); 6= 0 8n ≥ n; (pn; pm) = 0; n 6= m; (pn; pn) = 1; 8n ≥ n: The proof is done by induction on n: Assignment 2. The polynomial systems (qn)n and (pn)n are said to be orthogonal with respect to the scalar product ( ; ). They represent the same orthogonal polynomial system with different normalisation: (qn)n is monic (to say the coefficient of the leading monomial is equal to 1) while (pn)n is orthonormal ( (pn; pn) = 1). Why should we study orthogonal polynomials ? An example of a system of orthogonal polynomials Construction of a system of orthogonal polynomials Definition of orthogonal polynomials Basis properties of orthogonal polynomials Tutorials: Solving assignments Definition of orthogonal polynomials: Part 1 Orthogonality with respect to a scalar product A system (pn)n of polynomials is said to be orthogonal with respect to the scalar product ( ; ) if it satisfies the following 2 conditions deg(pn) = n; 8n ≥ 0; (15) fw11g (pn; pm) = 0; n 6= m; (pn; pn) 6= 0; 8n ≥ n: (16) fw12g When scalar product is defined by a Stieltjes integral When the scalar product ( ; ) is defined by a Stieltjes integral Z b (p; q) = p(x) q(x) dα(x); (17) fw13g a where α is an appropriate real-valued function, then (16)
Recommended publications
  • Orthogonal Polynomials on the Unit Circle Associated with the Laguerre Polynomials
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 129, Number 3, Pages 873{879 S 0002-9939(00)05821-4 Article electronically published on October 11, 2000 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS ON THE UNIT CIRCLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS LI-CHIEN SHEN (Communicated by Hal L. Smith) Abstract. Using the well-known fact that the Fourier transform is unitary, we obtain a class of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle from the Fourier transform of the Laguerre polynomials (with suitable weights attached). Some related extremal problems which arise naturally in this setting are investigated. 1. Introduction This paper deals with a class of orthogonal polynomials which arise from an application of the Fourier transform on the Laguerre polynomials. We shall briefly describe the essence of our method. Let Π+ denote the upper half plane fz : z = x + iy; y > 0g and let Z 1 H(Π+)=ff : f is analytic in Π+ and sup jf(x + yi)j2 dx < 1g: 0<y<1 −∞ It is well known that, from the Paley-Wiener Theorem [4, p. 368], the Fourier transform provides a unitary isometry between the spaces L2(0; 1)andH(Π+): Since the Laguerre polynomials form a complete orthogonal basis for L2([0; 1);xαe−x dx); the application of Fourier transform to the Laguerre polynomials (with suitable weight attached) generates a class of orthogonal rational functions which are com- plete in H(Π+); and by composition of which with the fractional linear transfor- mation (which maps Π+ conformally to the unit disc) z =(2t − i)=(2t + i); we obtain a family of polynomials which are orthogonal with respect to the weight α t j j sin 2 dt on the boundary z = 1 of the unit disc.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1903.11395V3 [Math.NA] 1 Dec 2020 M
    Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) The Gauss quadrature for general linear functionals, Lanczos algorithm, and minimal partial realization Stefano Pozza · Miroslav Prani´c Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract The concept of Gauss quadrature can be generalized to approx- imate linear functionals with complex moments. Following the existing lit- erature, this survey will revisit such generalization. It is well known that the (classical) Gauss quadrature for positive definite linear functionals is connected with orthogonal polynomials, and with the (Hermitian) Lanczos algorithm. Analogously, the Gauss quadrature for linear functionals is connected with for- mal orthogonal polynomials, and with the non-Hermitian Lanczos algorithm with look-ahead strategy; moreover, it is related to the minimal partial realiza- tion problem. We will review these connections pointing out the relationships between several results established independently in related contexts. Original proofs of the Mismatch Theorem and of the Matching Moment Property are given by using the properties of formal orthogonal polynomials and the Gauss quadrature for linear functionals. Keywords Linear functionals · Matching moments · Gauss quadrature · Formal orthogonal polynomials · Minimal realization · Look-ahead Lanczos algorithm · Mismatch Theorem. 1 Introduction Let A be an N × N Hermitian positive definite matrix and v a vector so that v∗v = 1, where v∗ is the conjugate transpose of v. Consider the specific linear S. Pozza Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Sokolovsk´a83, 186 75 Praha 8, Czech Republic. Associated member of ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy, and member of INdAM- GNCS group, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]ff.cuni.cz arXiv:1903.11395v3 [math.NA] 1 Dec 2020 M.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthogonal Polynomials and Cubature Formulae on Spheres and on Balls∗
    SIAM J. MATH. ANAL. c 1998 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 779{793, May 1998 015 ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS AND CUBATURE FORMULAE ON SPHERES AND ON BALLS∗ YUAN XUy Abstract. Orthogonal polynomials on the unit sphere in Rd+1 and on the unit ball in Rd are shown to be closely related to each other for symmetric weight functions. Furthermore, it is shown that a large class of cubature formulae on the unit sphere can be derived from those on the unit ball and vice versa. The results provide a new approach to study orthogonal polynomials and cubature formulae on spheres. Key words. orthogonal polynomials in several variables, on spheres, on balls, spherical har- monics, cubature formulae AMS subject classifications. 33C50, 33C55, 65D32 PII. S0036141096307357 1. Introduction. We are interested in orthogonal polynomials in several vari- ables with emphasis on those orthogonal with respect to a given measure on the unit sphere Sd in Rd+1. In contrast to orthogonal polynomials with respect to measures defined on the unit ball Bd in Rd, there have been relatively few studies on the struc- ture of orthogonal polynomials on Sd beyond the ordinary spherical harmonics which are orthogonal with respect to the surface (Lebesgue) measure (cf. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8]). The classical theory of spherical harmonics is primarily based on the fact that the ordinary harmonics satisfy the Laplace equation. Recently Dunkl (cf. [2, 3, 4, 5] and the references therein) opened a way to study orthogonal polynomials on the spheres with respect to measures invariant under a finite reflection group by developing a theory of spherical harmonics analogous to the classical one.
    [Show full text]
  • Algorithms for Classical Orthogonal Polynomials
    Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin Takustr. 7, D-14195 Berlin - Dahlem Wolfram Ko epf Dieter Schmersau Algorithms for Classical Orthogonal Polynomials at Berlin Fachb ereich Mathematik und Informatik der Freien Universit Preprint SC Septemb er Algorithms for Classical Orthogonal Polynomials Wolfram Ko epf Dieter Schmersau koepfzibde Abstract In this article explicit formulas for the recurrence equation p x A x B p x C p x n+1 n n n n n1 and the derivative rules 0 x p x p x p x p x n n+1 n n n n1 n and 0 p x p x x p x x n n n n1 n n resp ectively which are valid for the orthogonal p olynomial solutions p x of the dierential n equation 00 0 x y x x y x y x n of hyp ergeometric typ e are develop ed that dep end only on the co ecients x and x which themselves are p olynomials wrt x of degrees not larger than and resp ectively Partial solutions of this problem had b een previously published by Tricomi and recently by Yanez Dehesa and Nikiforov Our formulas yield an algorithm with which it can b e decided whether a given holonomic recur rence equation ie one with p olynomial co ecients generates a family of classical orthogonal p olynomials and returns the corresp onding data density function interval including the stan dardization data in the armative case In a similar way explicit formulas for the co ecients of the recurrence equation and the dierence rule x rp x p x p x p x n n n+1 n n n n1 of the classical orthogonal p olynomials of a discrete variable are given that dep end only
    [Show full text]
  • Orthogonal Polynomials and Classical Orthogonal Polynomials
    International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 1613–1630, Article ID: IJMET_09_10_164 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS AND CLASSICAL ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS DUNIA ALAWAI JARWAN Education for Girls College, Al-Anbar University, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq ABSTRACT The focus of this project is to clarify the concept of orthogonal polynomials in the case of continuous internal and discrete points on R and the Gram – Schmidt orthogonalization process of conversion to many orthogonal limits and the characteristics of this method. We have highlighted the classical orthogonal polynomials as an example of orthogonal polynomials because of they are great importance in physical practical applications. In this project, we present 3 types (Hermite – Laguerre – Jacobi) of classical orthogonal polynomials by clarifying the different formulas of each type and how to reach some formulas, especially the form of the orthogonality relation of each. Keywords: Polynomials, Classical Orthogonal, Monic Polynomial, Gram – Schmidt Cite this Article Dunia Alawai Jarwan, Orthogonal Polynomials and Classical Orthogonal Polynomials, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(10), 2018, pp. 1613–1630. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=10 1. INTRODUCTION The mathematics is the branch where the lots of concepts are included. An orthogonality is the one of the concept among them. Here we focuse on the orthogonal polynomial sequence. The orthogonal polynomial are divided in two classes i.e. classical orthogonal polynomials, Discrete orthogonal polynomials and Sieved orthogonal polynomials .There are different types of classical orthogonal polynomials such that Jacobi polynomials, Associated Laguerre polynomials and Hermite polynomials.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthogonal Polynomials: an Illustrated Guide
    Orthogonal Polynomials: An Illustrated Guide Avaneesh Narla December 10, 2018 Contents 1 Definitions 1 2 Example 1 2 3 Three-term Recurrence Relation 3 4 Christoffel-Darboux Formula 5 5 Zeros 6 6 Gauss Quadrature 8 6.1 Lagrange Interpolation . .8 6.2 Gauss quadrature formula . .8 7 Classical Orthogonal Polynomials 11 7.1 Hermite Polynomials . 11 7.2 Laguerre Polynomials . 12 7.3 Legendre Polynomials . 14 7.4 Jacobi Polynomials . 16 7.5 Chebyshev Polynomials of the First Kind . 17 7.6 Chebyshev Polynomials of the Second Kind . 19 7.7 Gegenbauer polynomials . 20 1 Definitions Orthogonal polynomials are orthogonal with respect to a certain function, known as the weight function w(x), and a defined interval. The weight function must be continuous and positive such that its moments (µn) exist. Z b n µn := w(x)x dx; n = 0; 1; 2; ::: a The interval may be infinite. We now define the inner product of two polynomials as follows Z 1 hf; giw(x) := w(x)f(x)g(x) dx −∞ 1 We will drop the subscript indicating the weight function in future cases. Thus, as always, a 1 sequence of polynomials fpn(x)gn=0 with deg(pn(x)) = n are called orthogonal polynomials for a weight function w if hpm; pni = hnδmn Above, the delta function is the Kronecker Delta Function There are two possible normalisations: If hn = 1 8n 2 f0; 1; 2:::g, the sequence is orthonormal. If the coefficient of highest degree term is 1 for all elements in the sequence, the sequence is monic.
    [Show full text]
  • MATH 304 Linear Algebra Lecture 38: Orthogonal Polynomials. Problem
    MATH 304 Linear algebra Lecture 38: Orthogonal polynomials. Problem. Approximate the function f (x) = ex on the interval [ 1, 1] by a quadratic polynomial. − The best approximation would be a polynomial p(x) that minimizes the distance relative to the uniform norm: f p = max f (x) p(x) . k − k∞ x 1 | − | | |≤ However there is no analytic way to find such a polynomial. Another approach is to find a “least squares” approximation that minimizes the integral norm 1 1/2 2 f p 2 = f (x) p(x) dx . k − k 1 | − | Z− The norm 2 is induced by the inner product k · k 1 g, h = g(x)h(x) dx. h i 1 Z− Therefore f p 2 is minimal if p is the k − k orthogonal projection of the function f on the subspace 3 of quadratic polynomials. P Suppose that p0, p1, p2 is an orthogonal basis for 3. Then P f , p0 f , p1 f , p2 p(x) = h i p0(x) + h i p1(x) + h i p2(x). p0, p0 p1, p1 p2, p2 h i h i h i Orthogonal polynomials : the vector space of all polynomials with real P 2 n coefficients: p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x + + anx . ··· Basis for : 1, x, x 2,..., x n,... P Suppose that is endowed with an inner product. P Definition. Orthogonal polynomials (relative to the inner product) are polynomials p0, p1, p2,... such that deg pn = n (p0 is a nonzero constant) and pn, pm = 0 for n = m. h i 6 Orthogonal polynomials can be obtained by applying the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process to the basis 1, x, x 2,..
    [Show full text]
  • Moments of Classical Orthogonal Polynomials
    Moments of Classical Orthogonal Polynomials zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat) im Fachbereich Mathematik der Universität Kassel By Patrick Njionou Sadjang ????? Ph.D thesis co-supervised by: Prof. Dr. Wolfram Koepf University of Kassel, Germany and Prof. Dr. Mama Foupouagnigni University of Yaounde I, Cameroon October 2013 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung 21. Oktober 2013 Erstgutachter Prof. Dr. Wolfram Koepf Universität Kassel Zweitgutachter Prof. Dr. Mama Foupouagnigni University of Yaounde I Abstract The aim of this work is to find simple formulas for the moments mn for all families of classical orthogonal polynomials listed in the book by Koekoek, Lesky and Swarttouw [30]. The generating functions or exponential generating functions for those moments are given. To my dear parents Acknowledgments Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors Prof. Dr. Wolfram Koepf and Prof. Dr. Mama Foupouagnigni for the continuous support of my Ph.D study and research, for their patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having better advisors and mentors for my Ph.D study. I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Mama Foupouagnigni for enlightening me the first glance of re- search. My sincere thanks also go to Prof. Dr. Wolfram Koepf for offering me the opportunity to visit the University of Kassel where part of this work has been written. I acknowledge the financial supports of the DAAD via the STIBET fellowship which en- abled me to visit the Institute of Mathematics of the University of Kassel.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthogonal Polynomials 71
    Orthogonal Polynomials Vilmos Totik 11/11/05 Abstract In this survey, different aspects of the theory of orthogonal polynomials of one (real or complex) variable are reviewed. Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle are not discussed. Contents 1 Introduction 71 2 Orthogonal polynomials 73 Orthogonal polynomials with respect to measures . 73 TheRiemann–Hilbertapproach . 74 Orthogonal polynomials with respect to inner products . .. 76 Varyingweights............................ 77 Matrixorthogonalpolynomials . 77 3 The L2 extremal problem 77 4 Orthogonal polynomials on the real line 79 5 Classical orthogonal polynomials 80 arXiv:math/0512424v1 [math.CA] 18 Dec 2005 6 Where do orthogonal polynomials come from? 82 Continuedfractions. 82 Pad´eapproximation and rational interpolation . 83 Momentproblem ........................... 85 Jacobi matrices and spectral theory of self-adjoint operators. 85 Quadrature .............................. 86 Randommatrices........................... 87 Surveys in Approximation Theory Volume 1, 2005. pp. 70–125. Copyright c 2005 Surveys in Approximation Theory. ISSN 1555-578X All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 70 Orthogonal Polynomials 71 7 Some questions leading to classical orthogonal polynomials 88 Electrostatics ............................. 88 Polynomial solutions of eigenvalue problems . 89 Harmonicanalysisonspheresandballs . 89 Approximationtheory . 90 8 Heuristics 91 9 General orthogonal polynomials 93 Lowerandupperbounds. 94 Zeros.................................. 95 Regularity..............................
    [Show full text]
  • Math 563 Lecture Notes Approximation with Orthogonal Bases
    Math 563 Lecture Notes Approximation with orthogonal bases Spring 2020 The point: The framework for approximation by orthogonal bases (`generalized Fourier series') is set up - the appropriate spaces, general idea and examples using polynomials. The Chebyshev polynomials, which have an important connection to Fourier series, are a notable example to be revisited soon. The structure here is the foundation for essential methods in numerical analysis - Gaussian quadrature (efficient integration), Fourier series (efficient approximation) and more. Related reading: Details on orthogonal polynomials can be found in Quarteroni, 10.1. 1 General theory We now consider the problem of continuous approximation. For a space of functions on [a; b], we seek a basis fφjg such that the first n can be used to approximate the function. Let w(x) > 0 be a positive function. For complex-valued functions on [a; b], define the `weighted' L2 norm1 Z b 1=2 2 kfkw = w(x)jf(x)j dx a which has an associated (complex) inner product Z b hf; giw = f(x)g(x)w(x) dx: (1) a Note that in the case of real functions, the overbar (complex conjugate) can be dropped). We consider approximating functions in the `weighted L2' space Z b 2 2 Lw([a; b]) = ff :[a; b] ! C s.t. jf(x)j w(x) dx < 1g a which includes, in practice, essentially any function of interest. The norm and inner product (1) is well-defined on this space. 1 p Technically, kfk2;w or something similar should be written to distinguish from other L norms, but the 2 here is implied; the subscript may be dropped entirely if the context is clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Moments of Orthogonal Polynomials and Combinatorics
    MOMENTS OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS AND COMBINATORICS SYLVIE CORTEEL, JANG SOO KIM AND DENNIS STANTON Abstract. This paper is a survey on combinatorics of moments of orthogonal polynomials and linearization coefficients. This area was started by the seminal work of Flajolet followed by Viennot at the beginning of the 1980’s. Over the last 30 years, several tools were conceived to extract the combinatorics and compute these moments. A survey of these techniques is presented, with applications to polynomials in the Askey scheme. 1. Introduction In this article we will consider polynomials Pn(x) in one variable x with coefficients in a commutative ring K indexed by a non-negative integer n. In general K will be C or R. Sometimes these polynomials will depend on formal variables a, b, c, d and q. Given a sequence µn n 0 of elements of K, there exists a unique linear functional on the { } ≥ n L space of polynomials, : K[x] K such that µn = (x ). The sequence µn n 0 is called the moment sequence of thisL linear! functional. L { } ≥ Definition 1.1. Asequence Pn(x) n 0 is called an orthogonal polynomial sequence (OPS) with respect to a linear functional{ }if ≥ L (1) Pn(x) is a polynomial of degree n for each n 0, (2) (P (x)P (x)) = K δ for all n, m 0, where≥ K = 0. L n m n n,m ≥ n 6 In this case we also call Pn(x) an orthogonal polynomial. Note that if is a linear function for an OPS, then any linear functional 0 which is obtained by multiplyingL a nonzero constant to is also a linear functional for the OPS.L Conversely, if L L and 0 are linear functionals for an OPS, then = c 0 for a nonzero constant c.Thus,thereis a uniqueL linear functional for an OPS such thatL ·L(1) = 1.
    [Show full text]
  • MULTIPLE ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS for CLASSICAL WEIGHTS 1. Introduction in This Work We Consider Properties of Multiple Orthogonal
    TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 355, Number 10, Pages 3887{3914 S 0002-9947(03)03330-0 Article electronically published on June 10, 2003 MULTIPLE ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS FOR CLASSICAL WEIGHTS A. I. APTEKAREV, A. BRANQUINHO, AND W. VAN ASSCHE Abstract. A new set of special functions, which has a wide range of appli- cations from number theory to integrability of nonlinear dynamical systems, is described. We study multiple orthogonal polynomials with respect to p>1 weights satisfying Pearson's equation. In particular, we give a classification of multiple orthogonal polynomials with respect to classical weights, which is based on properties of the corresponding Rodrigues operators. We show that the multiple orthogonal polynomials in our classification satisfy a linear differ- ential equation of order p + 1. We also obtain explicit formulas and recurrence relations for these polynomials. 1. Introduction In this work we consider properties of multiple orthogonal polynomials Q~n of vector index ~n P=(n1;n2;:::;np). These are polynomials of one variable with j j p deg Q~n = ~n := j=1 nj, which satisfy the following orthogonality conditions with respect to p weights w supported on contours γ (j =1;:::;p): Z j j ν (1.1) Q~n(z)z wj(z) dz =0,ν=0;:::;nj − 1 ;j=1;:::;p: γj Our attention goes to classical weights, by which we mean that each of these weight functions is a solution of Pearson's differential equation (1.2) (φ(z)w(z))0 + (z)w(z)=0; with polynomial coefficients φ and . These multiple orthogonal polynomials ap- pear as common denominators in Hermite-Pad´e rational approximation (of type II) to p functions near infinity, in the same way as ordinary orthogonal polynomials arise in Pad´e approximation to a function near infinity (see, e.g., [12, Chapter 4], where these polynomials are called polyorthogonal polynomials).
    [Show full text]