Gazetteer and Business Directory of Tompkins County, N.Y., for 1868

ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY

New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics

Cornell University The original of tliis book is in

tine Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in

the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92401 4021 1 94 u. «

TOMPKINS CO UNTT B USINESS BIMSCTOR T. THE REYNOLDS

/ A ^ , THISMBTIOM <%.\ % , SPRING IEHKr'^J\^«_^»|V J* ' 13

REYNOLDS, BARBER feCo. SoZcJfoa/gcfareraAUBURN NY.

MANUFACTTUREB EXCLiUSIVEIiY BIT US, tHVUEK REYNOIiDS' PATENTS for Tempering Steel without the aid of any liqnida, received the only award at the Great National Implement Trial, held at Aubnrn, in 1866. They possess the fol- qualities lowing superior ^ ,, , 1. They are made with a fine Cutlery Temper at the edges. 2. They hold only a Spring Temper at the center and at the heel. 3. They are warranted perfectly uniform, every knife being exactly alike in temper. 4.' We warrant they can he ground from 8 to 10 times without losing their cutting

6. Finally, we will warrant them to cut flrom 40 to 50 acres of grain or grass vi-ithout being once ground. We are the sole Manufacturers of these Knives in the United States. Each Knife' hereafter will bear our CLOVER LEAF rU-j TRADE MARK.

We are now making PliANE IRONS under this new process of tempering ;—- every Iron bears our Clover-Leaf Trade-Mark, and we hereby authorize all Hardware Sealers to allow their customers to try our " Plane Irons," and if not satisfactory, refund- price paid, and charge Irons back to us. Reynojds, Barber & Co., steel Tempering Works, Auburn, N. Y. INTROI)UOTI(}ir.

HVTH-ODTJCTIOIV.

In presenting the initial number of the " Gazetteet and Directory of Tompkins County" to the public, the publisher desires to return

his sincere thanks to all who have so kindly assisted in obtaining

the valuable information which it contains, and without whose aid

it would have been impossible to have collected, in the brief space

of time in which it is essential that all such works' should be completed. Especially are our thanks due to the several editors of the Ithaca Journal, Ithaca Democrat, Tompkins Co. Sentinel, The Oroton Journal and the Dryden Weekly News, for the uniform kindness which has been evinced in calling public attention to the

author's efforts ; and to them and many other gentlemen of Tomp- kins County, for essential aid in furnishing material for the work. We have also drawn largely from " French's Gazetteer of the State of New York," and some from Stone and Stewart's " Atlas of Tompkins Co.," and Spence Spencer's "Head Waters of Cayuga Lake."

When it is known that time, equal to nearly three years' labor, if done by one man, has been devoted to the canvass, and the great difficulty many times experienced by the agents in collecting the

•necessary information, it is believed our patrons will willingly excuse any seemingly short-comings in the completeness of the work.

The advertisers represent many of the leading business men and firms of the County, and we most cheerfully commend them INTSODJTCTION.

all to the patronage of those under whose observation these pages may come.

So complete a canvass of this County for a Business Directory, and the additions of farmers' names, together with the number of acres owned or leased by each, and their post office addresses, has never been attempted by any other publisher.

That errors may have occurred in so great a number of names and dates as are here given, is probable, and that names have been omitted that should have been inserted is quite certain. We can only say that we have exercised more than ordinary diligence and care in this difficult and complicated feature of book-making. To such as feel aggrieved in consequence of error or omission', we beg pardon, and ask the indulgence of the reader in marking such as had been observed in the subsequent reading of the proofs, and which are noted in the Errata, following the Introduction.

The Map of the County was engraved with great care by Messrs.

" Weed, Parsons & Co.," of Albany, and, it is believed, will prove a valuable acquisition to tbe work.

With thanks to friends generally, we leave our work to secure the favor which earnest endeavor ever wins from a discriminating business public. HAMILTON CHILD. fSnitATA.

ERRA.Ti^.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

County.—On page 25, sixth line, for "A. Critten," read "N, Crittenden." Iianslng —Moses and Nicholas Se Few settled at the month of Salmon Creek a year or two previous to Silas Ludlow, or about 1190-91. At that time land was sold for eighteen cents per acre. Silas Ludlow sailed from Southampton, Long Island, In a sloop, to the Mohawk Elver, from thence by a batteaux, (carrying their goods where the water was too low to float their craft,) to Oneida Lake, np Seneca Biver, and Cayuga Lake, to Ithaca. Samuel Baker, of Westchester Co., came on with his hired man about 1793. They commenced clearing the land, and erected a small bark cabin about twelve feet square. While engaged at chopping one day, about two weeks after their arrival, they were surprised by the sound o^ axes to the eastward. Supposing they were the only white men in the vicinity, they started in the direction from whence the sound proceeded, on a reconnoitering expedition. They were met about half way by Capt. Ben^ah Strong, and his son, who had located on Salmon Creek, and who also supposed they were the only white men in the vicinity, and they were then on their way .to investigate the source of the sound of axes to the westward. Samuel Baker was the flrst blacksmith in town,— The first church was built of logs at Lanslngville. UIRKCTORY.

Dant>y,—On page 134, " COWLES, STLVESTEE, (West Danby,) (with Almirm,) farmer 9i}i," should have been added. On page 137, " KEBLEK, HIEAM," should have been capitalized as a subscriber. On same page, " Martin, Wm., (South Danby,) farmer 60," should read "MARTIN, WM., (South Danby,) manuf. of sleighs and farmer 60." Dryden.—On page 147, " LAMBBESOIsr, JOHN N., (West Dryden,) farmer 25," has 85 acres instead of 25, and should have been capitalized as a subscriber, Groton.—On page 193, for "EKITENDEN, DANIEL," read "CHITTENDEN, DANIEL." On page 197, for " MATINBEEG, THEODOEE," read " MALMBEEG, THBODOEE." ItUaea.—On page 179, "PAETENHEmEE, P. L," should be " PAETENHEIMEE, P. J," On page 165, after " Tompkins Co, National Bank," " E, J. Partenheimer, cashier," should be " P. J. Partenheimer." * Advertisements.—On page 228, in advertisement of Clinton House, for " D, S. Thompson," proprietor, read^' S, D, Thompson." CLINTON HOUSE, cox. nohts catztga axd sjeneca. sts., x'Z':bc..a.Oj9l, - . . na-. -sr. S. D. THOMPSON, Proprietor.

Free Omnibus to & from the Cars & Steamboats. 10 OENERAL CONTENTS—INDEX TO BUSINESS DIBECTOBT.

GENERAL CONTENTS.

Almanac or Calendar for SO years 124 A Story with a Moral 338 Biographical Sketches Tr-84 Brilliant Whitewash 123 Business Directory 125-237 Capacity of CiBtems or Wells 122 ' Cashand Credit .» 238 Census Report 14-15 Chemical Barometer 123 Courts in Tompkins County 239 Bisconnt and Freminm 132 Errata 9 Facts on Advertising .' 122 French Decimal System of Weights and Measures 117-121 Gazetteer of County 21-36 Gazetteer of Towns 37-77 Government Land Measure 116 Habits of a Man of Business 238 How to get a Horse out of a Fire 123 How to Secure the Pnhlic Lands 111-112 ,How to Succeed in Business 109-111 Interest Table 121 Law Maxims 112-116 Leech Barometer 123 Postal Kates and Hegulations 105^107 Post Offices and Postmasters 239 Enles for Detecting Counterfeit or Spurious Bank Notes 108^109 Stamp Duties 98-104 Table of Distances 240 TableofWeights of Grain, Seeds, &c ....'..'.'..'.'.122 The States, their Settlement, &c 85-96 TheTerritories, their Area, Boundaries, Population, &c 96-98 To measure Grain in a Bin 123 Tompkins County Officers 13 To those who Write for the Press*; 238 U. S. Internal Eevenue Officers , 13

INDEX TO BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

^-""i- Caroline, j25 Ithaca,Til, Danby, 163 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.ISi Lansine, "1.203 Dryden, loq Newfleld, Bnfleld, 217 .....'.'.'.""is? Ulysses, ;!;!'.'.225 Groton, ..im o WYCJCOFF, AKD DEALER IN Fresh & Salt Meats of all Kinds. "^ "'"''^' ='""=« ""* at reasonable prices!"'* " »»*« ^^^' »* «" ««»«', and. always INDEX TO AD7BBTI8EMSNTS. 11 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.

PAGE. PAGB. Aeademles and Schools. Flagging and Stone. Dryden Seminary, Dryden 156 Quigley, A. H. & B. P., Trumansburgh. .206 Agricultural Implements. Furniture Dealers. (See aim Mowers and Seapers.) Morse, Harris & Co., Ithaca 133 Gi'egg, PlyerA Co., Tmmansburgh 165 Groceries and Frovislons. Pervlgo, 0, &L. &Co., Groton Ifi4 Morton Bros, Groton 176 Fuller, W. A., TrAnansbnrgh .. 164 Eamsey, E. S., Tnimansburgli 196 Mandevill, L. A., Trumansburgh 148 Eumsey, John & Co., Ithaca 234 TUlotson, H. N. & Co., Ithaca 166 Arcbitects. Hair Dresser. Utter, D. B., TmmanBburgli 174 Johnson, Geo. A., Ithaca 210 Barrel manufacturers. Hard^rare. Young & Nortz, Ithaca 178 Creque, John, Trumansburgh 174 Morton Bros., Groton 176 Books and Stationery. Eumsey, John & Co., Ithaca 234 Van Duyn, John, Trumansburgh 186 Harness, Trunks, Etc. Boots and Sboes. Hooper, Geo., Ithaca 213 Eobinson & Wright, Groton 196 Sherwood & Conley, Trumansburgh 178 Hotels. Brackets, Moldings, Etc. Clinton House, Ithaca 9, 228 Ithaca Hotel, Ithaca 210 Gould, J. D„ TrumanBburgh 206 Washington House, Trumansburgh 220 Kenyon, G. J. & H. K., Ithaca 140 MorBe, Harris & Co., Ithaca 132 Hoire's Akuc Cure, etc. Butter Tubs, Firkins, Etc. Howe, C.B., Seneca Falls 20 Toung & Nortz, Ithaca 178 Insurance Agents. Carriage JUakers. Austin, Wm., Trumansburgh 190

Ithaca : Cowdry, A. S., Ithaca 828 Bristol & Markham, 208 Eowe, Jerome, Ithaca '. 206 Cronk, Watkins & Co. , Ithaca 2.S2 Powers & Pennoyer, Groton 182 Smith, J. DeMotte, Trumansburgh 140 Williams, S. S., Groton 200 Iron Founders and Macbinists. Claim Agents. Gregg, Plyer & Co., Trumansburgh 166 Eowe, Jerome, Ithaca 206 Perrigo, C. & L. & Co., Groton 184 Eumsey, E. S., Trumansburgh 196 Clotbiers. Itbaca Oil Flax Mills. Quigley, A. H. & D. C, Trumansburgh..160 and Cole Patent Trace Buckle. Morse, B., Ithaca 138 Jevrelry, IVatches, Etc. Harrell& Sergeant, Syracuse , 212 Cutter TToods and Carriage Bo- Bartlett, C. A., Groton. ..'. 190 dies. Thompson & Co., Trmnausbargh 306 Linderman, D. V., Groton 196 liadies' Furnlsbing Goods. Dentists. Earle, S. Mrs., Trumansljurgh 193 aough, S., Tnmmnsburgh 176 Griswold, H. P., Trumansburgh 148 liavryers. Hoysradt, G. W. Dr., Ithaca 164 Austin, Wm., Trumansburgh. . , 190 Meiotte, Geo. W. Dr. , Ithaca 234 Eowe, Jerome, Ithaca 206 Dining Rooms. Smith, J. DeMlotte, Trumansburgh 140 Wilcor, Samuel H., Ithaca Alhambra House, Ithaca 160 196 Druggists. lilTerj- Stables. Van Duyn, John, Trumansburgh 186 Follett, J. K., Trumansburgh 144 Dry Goods. Lewis Bros., Ithaca 234 Burke, Mtzsimons, Hone & Co., Marble Dealers. Eochester 183 Perkins, Thos. N., Trumansburgh 220 Earle, S. Mrs., Trumansburgh 192 Mandevill, L. A., Trumansburgh 148 Masons. Flies and Rasps. (Stone and Brick.) Auburn File Works, Auburn 194 Fish, K. H., Trumansburgh 176 12 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.

PASS. FAOB. Printing Offices. meat market. Groton Journal, Groton 168 Wyckoff, Richard B., TrumauBborgh 10 Ithaca Democrat, Ithaca }j« Ithaca Journal, Ithaca 'vi milliners. Tompkins County Sentinel, Tnanans- burgh 136 193 Barle, S. Mrs.. TrumanBburgli Weekly News, Dryden 152 Giltner, Wm. Mrs., Truman sburgh 172 Produce Dealers. mowers and Reapers. Bumham & Co., Groton 176 (See also Agricultural Implements.) Saddlery Hardirare. 212 Gregg, Flyer & Co., Tnimansbnrgh 165 Harrell & Sergeant, Syracuse Perrigo, C. & L. & Co., Groton 184 Sasb,Doors and Blinds. monrer and Reaper Knives. Gould, J. D., Trnmansburgh 206 Kenyon, G. J. & H. R., Ithaca 140 Beynolds, Barber & Co., Auburn 6 Se\rlng macblnes. Bristol & Markham, Ithaca 208 music and musical Instrnments. Silver and Plated Ware. H., Ithaca 14i Hintermister, J. A., Groton 190 Eedington & Howe, Syracuse 216 Bartlett, C. Thompson & Co., Trnmansburgh 206 Sydney, B., Ithaca 236 Small Fruit Grotvers. Oriental Syrup and Balm of Gll- Wight, Warren, Waterloo 194, 236 ead Ointment. StoTes, TIUTvare, Etc. Creque, John, Tromansbuigh 174 Taft, G. T. Dr. & Co., Seneca Falls 20 Morton Bros., Groton 176 Painters. Kumsey, John & Co., Ithaca 224 Tea Warebonse. (Himee, Sign, Etc.) Van Duyn, John, Trnmansburgh 186 Clapp, Chas., Ithaca 176 Undertaker. Paper Warelionse. Chandler, Wm., Trumansburgh 206 Garrett, J. & r. B., Syracuse 234 Wall Paper, 'Window Shades &c. Patent Right Dealer. Spencer, Spence, Ithaca 172 Clapp, Chas., Ithaca 176 Wood and W^lllo-w Ware. Pictures, Picture Frames, Etc. Fuller, W. A., Trumansburgh 164 TUlotson, H. N. & Co., Ithaca 166 Spencer, Spence, Ithaca 172 W^oolen millB. Planing mills. Burke, Fitzsimons, Hone & Co.,

Rochester : 183 Kenyon, G. J. & H. R., Ithaca 140 HaydenBros., Port Byron 228

ITonng & Nortz, Coopers, at Ithaca, Sherwood ic Conley, of the Tru- hare been engaged in business here some mansburgh Boot and Shoe Store, keep an four years. They occupy a shop 100 feet extensive stock of everything suitable for long by 24 feet wide, and employ eight men. men's, women's, youth's or children's "foot The establishment is located on JRailroad gear.'' They employ experienced work- Avenne,now generally known as Fall Creek. men, who will get up to order in the neatest They manufacture all kinds of work usually manner, anything in the line of light or gotten up at first class cooper shops, and as heavy boots, shoes or sUppers. They war- their prices are uniformly moderate, they rant their goods to fit. Call and see them will no doubt receive the patronage of those when you go to Trumansburgh. See card, residing contiguous to Ithaca. See card, page 178. page MB. Jerome Ro'we, Attorney and Coun- John Van Duyn, Sealer In Drugs selor at Law, Claim Agent, and Life Insu- and Medicines, at Trumansburgh, offers ms rance Agent, at 27 Bast State street, Ithaca. customersj)nre goods in that line, at rea- See card, page 206. sonable prices. He also sells Books, Sta- Thompson & Co., Jewelers, and tionery, Music, &c., and Is agent for the dealers in Watches, Clocks, Plated Ware, "Great American Tea Co.," a fact well &o., at Trumansburgh, keep an extensive remembering, worth when you go to Tru- assortment, and sell goods cheap for cash mansburgh. See advertisement, page 186. See card, page 206. COUNTY OFFICBBS—INT. JiE7. 0FFICBB8. 13

TOMPKINS COUNTY OFFICERS. Coroners. Iioan Commissioners. r. u. ABDBSSS. p. O. ADDRESS. E. C. Moe (Jroton. James H. Comstock Dryden. M. M. Brown Ithaca. Benjamin S. Halsey Ithaca. Chauncey P. Failin Ludlowville. J. B. Lewis Trumanaburgh. IHemlier of Assembly.

County Clerk. John H. Selkreg ji Ithaca. Thos. J. McEIheny Ithaca. member of Congress. County Judge and Surrogate. S. Lincoln Tioga Co. Hon. M. Van Valkenburgh Ithaca. W. Owego, A. S. Johnson, Special Co. Judge.. .Ithaca. School Commissioner. County Treasurer. A. H. Piersnn Trumansburgh. E. C. Seymour Ithaca. Sheriff. District Attorney. E. C. Van Kirk .Ithaca. M. King Newfleld. Horace L. Boot, Under Sheriff. Dryden. Excise Commissioners. State Senator. Peter Apgar Ithaca. O. W. Chapman. .Binghamton,Broome Co. W. C. Curran Ithaca. Samuel Love , Ithaca. Superintendents of Poor. Justices of Sessions. Moses T. Benman Bnnby. Chas. J. Eonnseville Caroline Center. Wm. W. Snyder Varna. B. S.Ford Enfleld. Peter H. Farrington....; Jacksonville.

List of U. S. laternal Revenue Officers in the County of Tompkins, 26th. Dist. N. Y.

KAMB. 14 CENSUS BEPOBT.

ABSTRACT FROM CENSUS REPORT OF 1 ses,

u\.S KEG-^^RDS TOMPKINS COTJNTY, TC. Y.

POPULATION. ;

CENSUS BEPOBT. . 15

Rye, bushels grown in 1864, 14,527i. Bm-ley, bushels harvested in 1864,

86,318^. Flax, acres sown, 1865, 677i. Pounds fff Unt, 1864, 69,293. .Bb7i«2/, pounds collected in 1864,34,936. Wm-king ftBew, 1865, 594. Neat CaitZe, number killed fot beef in 1864, 3,639. 5«»7i«, number of pigsin 1865,

7,388 ; one year old and over, 7,190 ; slaughtered in 1864, 8,771 ; pounds ofporkmadein 1864,1,873,398. TTooZ, pounds shorn, 1865, 359,187i. Sheep, number of lambs raised, 1865, 29,686; number killed by dogs 1864, 271. Poultry, ralue owned 1865, |33,968.18. Eggs, value sold, 1864, |39,071.43.

Fertilizers, value bought in 1864, $3,590,33. Domestic Manufaetures, 1864, cloth, 3,31 yards of flannel, yards of linen, yards of fulled 9i ; 4,304i ; 4,1 30 J yards of cotton and mixed cloths, 143. Apples, number of trees in fruit,

1864, 169,089 ; barrels of cider, 1864, 7,365f. Hops, pounds raised, 1864, 2,320. r

Robinson Sc TV^rlgbt, Boot and Tbe Ithaca Journal, published in Shoe Mannfactarers and dealers at Groton, Ithaca, by Hon. John H. Selkreg, is a first get up first class goods to order. For par- class family newspaper, and an able advo- ticulars we refer the reader to tieir card on cate of the local interests of the village and page 196. surrounding country. It was the first paper pnbliished in Tompkins County, having E. S. Rnmsey, Manafactnrerof Farm been established July 4, 1815, as The Seneca Rollers, Iron Harrows, Plows, and Agricnl- BepiMiean, by Jonathan Ingersoll. Since tural Implements generally, at Trumans- then, and until 1841 or '42, (when Mr. Selk- burg, advertises on page 196. They make reg became proprietor.) the paper had good implements, and sell at reasonable experienced numerous changes in as prices. name well as owners. Since Mr. Selkreg became Fonrers Sc Pennoyer, Carriage proprietor, it has continually increased in manufacturers, at Groton, publish an ad- circulation, till it now constitutes an ex- vertisement on page 183. Groton is noted cellent advertising medium for those who for its manufacture of carriages. Farmers act the part of wisdom and avail themselves and others come here from many miles of its columns. In November, 1867, the office around, when they want a good buggy or was destroyed by fire, but the paper was wagon at a moderate price. This firm em- regularly issued from the "Democrat" ploys good workmen, and consequently office, until Jan. 1, of the present year, at can offer good bargains to their customers. which time Mr. Selkreg had established an entirely new office, with a jobbing depart- Barke, Fltzslmons, Bone & ment well and liberally supplied with type, Importers, Betailers Co., Jobbers and of presses, etc., and is capable of turning out Goods, Fancy No. Dry Goods and Woolens, superior work in that line. Mr. Selkreg is 53 Main street, Rochester, publish a card a veteran "Knight of the Quill," and at pres- on page 183. This House was established ent represents his district in the Assembly, in 1849, since which time its success has an ofuce he has held for several terms, an been uninterrupted, each year increasing its evidence of the esteem and confiience of business. Their annnal sales amount reposed in him. He is also president of amount to the enormous sum of near the "Ithaca Calendar Clock Company." their the $1,600,000, trade extending from Mr. Wesley Hooker, his associate editor, is Fastem portions of the State to the " Far a man of good executive ability, and is well West." Occupying, as they do, fully 23,000 qualified for the position he holds. Mr. feet of flooring in actual depart- business Hooker also holds the office of Deputy Col- ments, every portion is crowded of which lector U. S. Internal Revenue. See adver- piles of foreign with immense goods from tisement, page 202. countries, as well as oi^domestic mannfac- Tbe Groton Carriage Works, S. renders the facilities of this house for ture, S. Williams, proprietor, at Groton, turns Jobbing equal to any in the conntry. The out some of the most elegant and dnrable also proprietors " Genesee firm are of the work to be found in the State. Mr. Wil- Falls Woolen Mills," where they mannfac- liams desires to eall especial attention to ture 100,000 yards of goods annually. See his Platform Spring Wagons, wUch he is colored page 183. advertisement, now taming out largely. As he invariably TVm. Cbandler, Undertaker, at Tra- uses only the best of timber and iron in mansbargh, keeps general assortment of the manufacture of his work, purchasers burial cases, coffins, &c^ and will attend may rely on getting their money's worth. funerals when desired. His terms are rea- We refer the reader, for further particulars sonable. See card, page 206. to the advertisement on page 200. 16 PUBLjaHEJPa NOTICES.

Tbe A.nbarn File Works, situated Warren Wight, Propagator and deal- and on Market Street, is one of the Institu- er in the celebrated Seneca Slaek Cap Grape tions of Auburn. Since it came onfler the Davison's Thornless Easpberries, management of the present proprietor, Vines, Strawberries, and other small fruits, this estaljlishment has gained a wide and at Waterloo, Seneca Co^ publishes cards enviable reputation for tbe superior excel- on pages 194 and 286. His experience m lence of his hand-cut flies and rasps, of the bnsiness is large, and his soil is excel- which he turns out from 160 to 800 dozen lent, probably no better can be found in the per week. He employs from 20 to S5 of the State for the purpose he uses it. We ad- best mechanics to be found. Among the vise our iWends to peruse his advertisements varieties turned out are all kinds of flat, and purchase their supplies of him. He uses hand, mill, round, half round, square, three great care in packing for shipment, and square, slotting, knife, pit saw and cabinet sends out none out first-class plants. It flies and rasps, taper saw and extra horse would do no harm to address Mm for circu- rasps, from the best warranted English cast lar, and might be the means of affording you steel. Such is the reputation of these an abundance of his delicious fi^lts. Files that they are universally adopted J, D. Gould, Manufacturer of Sash, throughout the manufactories of Auburn, Blinds and Doors, at Trumansburgh, ad- where theyare considered superior to all vertises on page 206. We have no hesita- others. We advise all mill owners, mation in recommending him to the citizens chinists and mechanicsgenerally, who have of Tompkins County, as one who does good not already become acquainted with their work, and sells his work at satis&ctory excellence, to do so the flrst opportunity. prices. See card, paee 194. A. H. Sc E. P. anlgley, of Tru- D. V. Lmdennan, Manufacturer of mansburgh, deal in all kinds of Flagging. Cutter Woods and Carriage Bodies, at Their quarries on Cayuga Lake are exten- Groton, publishes a card on page 196. He sive, and their trade extends to a great dis- has had large experience in the business, tance. Orders will receive prompt atten- and is prepared to suit all customers. Write tion at their hands. We refer all parties to him for particulars. who are anxions to secure the best quality Samuel Bl. tVUcox, Attorney and of Flagging, to their card on page 206. Counselor at Law, and Notary Pnblic, at O. A. Bartlett, dealer in Watches, Ithaca. Oflce in County Clerk's office, up Clacks and Jewelry, at Groton, publishes an stairs. See card, page 196. attractive card on page 190. His stock is Spence Spencer, Dealer in Wall Pa- large and is selected with care. Customers per, Window Shades, Holiday Goods, and will find at his store good goods in great Fancy goods generally, at No. B East State variety and at low prices. He will also at- street, Ithaca, nas also interested himself tend to all calls in the line of repairing, &c. in getting up a series of Stereoscopic Views We cordially recommend Mr. Bartlett to of the "Scenery ofIthaca and the Head Wa- the patronage of the citizens of Groton and ters of Cayuga Lake." Mr. Spencer has vicinity. also published a neat little volume, bearing Bristol ic ITIarlcIiam, Sewing Ma- the above title, and containing a description chine Agents, at Ithaca, offer to the citi- of the various Waterfalls, Cascades, Ra- zens of Tompkins County several first class vines, &c., which, together, render the machines ; prominent among which is the scenery about Ithaca among the most ro- celebrated morenee machine, noted as be- mantic and picturesque in America. The ing capable of doing a greater variety of reader will flnd, Jn Mr. Spencer's card on work than any other machine ever made. page 172, a list of selected views, repre- It is durably built, and would prove an or- senting some of the more beautifhl scenes nament in any house. in this charming region. The Chid Medai, Howe, PrafMin, and Mrs. Wm.. Gtltner, keeps a Milline- WiUxKn

PUBLISHER'S NOTICES. 17

Tbe Itbaca Democrat, 3. H. Hlntermlster, Music dealer & WUliams, editors and proprietors, has, and manufacturer of Organs and Melodeons, under varlons titles, and by numerons edi- at Ithaca, publishes a card on page 144. tors, been pnblished at Itliaca, about forty Mr. H. has, during the short time he has years. Mr. Spencer, one of tbe present been engaged in the bneiness here, ex- proprietors, luts been connected with the tended hie trade far beyond the limits of establistiment since its birth; and Mr. the county. He sells Pianos and Eeed in- Williams, though a younger man, has had struments made by the most celebrated large experience, and proves a enccessfnl mannf^turers in the country. Parties manager. The sheet presents a neat and when visiting Ithaca,' should call at his tastefil appearance, its selections are well Wareroomsand Factory on State street. chosen, and its local and advertising de- The Itbaca OU and Flax mtUls, partments well represented, a nataralcon- P. Morse, proprietor, at Ithaca, is a source segdence resolting from its extended cir- of mnch benent and profit to the people liv- ctuation. The iTob department of the ing in the vicinity of Ithaca. Mr. Morse, Democrat office is snpplied with type and as may be seen by reference to his card on material snitable for execntijig all kinds of page 133, lends flax seed to farmers for Job printing, in a superior manner. The sowing, and pays a liberal price for the

publishers are deserving of abundant suc- crop in the foil ; and we recommend paint- cess. See their card, page 128. ers and others wantingpure oil, to purchase A. H. D. C. Qnlsley, Uerchant a supply at his mill, where can also be had & oil meal, of a superior quality, for feeding Tailors and dealers in Cloths, ready made stock. Farmers who have not tried it wiH Clothing, Hats, Caps, Gloves, &c., at Tru- be surprised at the results. mansburgh, publish a card on page 160. It Dryden Seminary was erected by is well &iown to the customers of this Prof. Jackson Graves, in 1862, on a hand- house, that their "fits" are superb. They some lot of three acres, located in the employ the best of workmen, and manufac- south-east part of the village of Dryden. ture their goods ttam the best qualities of It is a neat looking wooden structure, two, cloth. By all means call on them when yon stories and basement, and is arranged are in want of goods in their line. throughout with a special view to the com- Alhambra Bonse.—This popular fort and convenience of students, of wham Bestanrant, at Ithaca, is located at No. 94 there has been an average of 120 in atten- Owego (State) street, and is under the man- dance. The school supports four expe- agement of O. H. Gregory, the gentlemanly rienced teachers, of whom Prof. Graves is proprietof, than whom there is no better at the head. The Prof, is an accomplished caterer to the appetites of hungry mortals. teacher, and a gentleman^ and has been His rooms We alwKys neat, and his tables heretofore connected with several of the snpplied with the delicacies of the season. best schools in the State. He resides in See card, page 160. the Seminary building, where he can ac- commodate several students with good G. HovHradt. Dental Surgeon, W. rooms and board. We earnestly recom- No. 3 Clinton Hall Block, Ithaca, has had mend parents desiring to send their chil- mnch experience in his profession, and is dren to a first class school, where their prepared to do all work in his line In the mora/ as well as literary attainments will most skillfnl manner known to the art. be carefully looked after, to make the ac- See his card, page 164. quaintance of Prof. Graves. For farther \f, A. Fnller^Grocer. and dealer In particulars we refer the reader to page 156. Provisions, Wood and Willow ware, Yan- Tbe Groton Iron "WorliLB, C. & kee Notions, &c., at Tromansburgh, ad- L. Perrigo & Co., proprietors, were estab- vertises his business on page IM. He lished in Groton nearly twenty years ago, keeps a complete stock of goods in his line, and have since then added materially in and sells at low prices. Call and see him building up the village, and adding wealth when you visit Trumansburgh. to its inhaoitants. G. 3, & H. K. Kenyon, Proprie- The Messrs. Perrigo & Co. are engaged tors of the Ithaca Planing Mills, manufiiic- principally In the manufacture of the Gro- ture Sash, Doors, Blinds,Molding8, &c., of ton Horse Power, which they claim is.un- a superior quality, from the best seasoned snrpassed by any other. The Young War- lumber. They also attend to all orders for rior Mower, as built by them, is one of the re-sawing. Scroll Sawing, &c. See their best in use, is Well made, and is in every card, page 140. way calculated to give entire satisfoction to Cbarles Clapp, is a Honse, Sign, those who nse them. They also bnild Stark Carriage and Ornamental Painter, of expe- & Perrigo's Patent Spoke Planer, Steam rience and talent, at Ithaca. His terms are Engines, and other machinery of various reasonable, and he is ever ready to serve kinds. See card, page 184. his customers to the best of his ability- Cronk, Watklns & Co., at Ithaca, See card, paee 176. are proprietors of the ZTnion Carriage Fac- inortonBrotlieirB, Hardware deal- tory, where they employ a large number of ers at Groton, advertise on page 176. They excellent workmen, who build from the deal in all kinds ofHardware, Hollow Ware, best of timber and iron, carriages, buggies, Stoves, Agricaltural Implements, &c., sleighs, cutters, &c., in great numbers. whi;h they sell cheap as the market will They have them on saie, or will get them afford. Call and see their stock when yon up to order on short notice, and on reason- go to Groton. able terms. See their card, page 232. | .

18 PUBZISHES'S NOTICES.

Gregg Iron TForlcs, at Trnnmna- Hayden Brotbers, Manufacturers tnrgh, owned and operated by Gregg, Fly- and dealers In superior grades of Woolen er «£Co.,are among the largest establisii- Cloths, at Port Byron, Cayuga Co., have for mentB for the manufacture of Agri6ultnral many years been celebrated for the purity Implements in this part of the State. The and extra quality of their goods. It will be business was originated by James A. Clapp, remembered that not a particle of shoddy at Farmer Village, about the year 1847. or waste enters into theirfabrica ; and we The present firm succeeded to the business would recommend parties desiring really and moved the establishment to Trumans- valuable and serviceable goods to address bnrgh, in 1865. During that year they erect- them for samples and prices. See card, ed a substantial and commodious brick page 328. building in which to Conduct their rapidly Iienrls Brotbers, at "So, 10 Aurora increasing business. It is a two story street, Ithaca, keep a first class Hack and building, 101 feet long and 90 feet wide. Livery Stable, where may be had trusty Located in the western paitof the village, horees, and careful drivers when required. it attracts the attention of all coming into Gallon them when yon want a team. See town from that direction. card, page 234. The firm are extensively engaged in the R. B. TVyckoff, Butcher and dealer manufacture of Daniel H. Thayer's cele- in Meats, at his market in Trumansburgh, brated Iron Mower, well known for their advertises on page 10. He will strive to freat strength, simplicity and durability, satisfy all his customers. 'hey also manufacture Sharp's Improved JHnslcal.—We ask particular attention Revolving Axle Rake, Threshing Machines, to the advertisement, page 216, of Messrs. Clover Machines, Horse Powers, Planing Redington & Howe, Wholesale Music Machines, Circular and Drag Saws, &c. In Dealers, No. 2 Wieting Block, Syracuse. the various departments the company work Every one is interested in it, for music is up about BOO tons of cast and wrought iron, now a household necessity. This is an old, and 200 tons of coal annually. The works experienced House, which justly enjoys an are admirably conducted. Only experienced unblemished reputation for honorable and competent workmen, (of whom, when business dealing. We have known them in full operation, there are about 55,) are personally in Ogdensbnrgh for several employed. The establishment of these years, and know that their facilities are un- works in Trumansburgh, is destined to add surpassed by any House between New materially to its growth and prosperity. York and Chicago. Money will be saved We need not remind the farmer that his by sending to them for any musical articles. interest lies in purchasi'ng his agricultural They always ensure satisfaction to their implements direct from the manufacturers, customers. and we know of no more honest and liberal Al^asbington HoDse, Trembly & dealers than Gregg, Plyer & Co., of Tru- Burch, proprietors, at Trumansburgh. This mansburgh. See advertisement, page 165. popular Hotel is large and commodious, and under the management of the present H. P. Griswold, Surgeon Dentist, at firm, ofi'ers superior Trumanfburgh, has had some sixteen inducements to the traveling public. years experience in his profession, during We recommend those who prize a clean and comfortable which time he has become perfectly ac- room and good meals, to remember the Wash- quainted with all the various diseases of ington House when they visit tne month, teeth and gums, and is well Trumans- burgh. See card, page q^ualified to cure or relieve the same. Par- 220. A. S. ties wishing new teeth, or diseased ones Cowdry, Carriage maker, has been engaged in the'busines at Ithaca, for- extracted or filled, will do well to give him t^f-two years. His long a call. See card, page 148. experience enables him to produce work equal to any built in The Tompkins Connty Senti- this country. We refer the reader to his nel, issued weekly by Oscar M. Wilson, card on page 228. at Trumansburgh, was purchased by the Johnson's ToUet, Geo. A. Johnson, present proprietor in November, 1865, and proprietor, is located was by &im removed adjoining the Ithaca ftom Farmer .Village, Hotel, on State St., Ithaca. Mr. Johnson Seneca County, where it was previously has fitted it up in superb style, and will published, to Trumansburgh, in March, serve his customers in such a comfortable 1866. Mr. Wilson gets up his paper in good manner that they will be glad to call again shape, and judging from the appearance of and often. He is general agent for the its columns, is acknowledged by the busi- county for a superior article of Cocoanut ness men of that section, to be an excel- Oil for dressing the hair, and which he offers lent advertising medium. His office is at advantageous prices. See card, page 210. provided with Job Type and Presses. Call Thos. and see him when you want a good job N. Perkins, marble dealer. executed. See card, page 136. SiJ'^m?*°**"''S''' publishes a card on page Who desire to erect monuments Geo, Hooper, Manufacturer of Sad- V ^V*^^ or headstohes over the graves of departed dles and Harness of all descriptions, pub- friends, will find at Mr. Perkins' shop all lishes an attractive card on page 213. He the varieties of marble worked in this is noted for getting up good work, ftom the country, and can undoubtedly make satis- best qualities of leather to be found in the factory arrangements with him for filling market. He sells goods low as the market their orders. He is also prepared to exe- will afford. He is located at 16 N. Aurora cute orders for cemetery enclosures, street, &c.. to Ithaca. order, in the best manner. PUBLISBEB-a NOTICES. 19

E. Sydney, Dealer in the celebrated B. Proprietors, at Auburn, are largely engaged Bhoninger & Co'b Organs and Melodeons, in the manufacture of Reaper and Mower at No. 14 East State St., Ithaca, pnblishes a Knives, Plane Irons, Chisels, &c. The card on page 236. Parties desiroas of purcha- process by which they temper steel is a pe- sing an instrument will do well to call on culiar one, and, as patented by Mr. Rey- Mr. Sidney, who will be pleased to give nolds, is the result of over forty years them any information desired on the stib- labor. This gentleman always worked on ject, aud show them the excellent qualities the plan that tempering steel was simply of his instruments. changing it from tiiSmna to a gran-mar Barnbam Sc Co., at Oroton, are state. Hecertainly has succeeded in pro- general dealers in Country Produce, for dncing a finer granulation (temper) than which they pay the highest market price in has ever before been produced. Messrs. cash. Farmers will do well to call on them Reynolds, Barber & Co. control the patents before marketing their produce. See card, for these processes, and are applying them page 176. snccessfutly in all their manufectures.— K. H, Flsb, Practical Mason and Their establishment is capable of turning Plasterer, at Trumansburgh, is a compe- out an immense amount of work, yet their tent workman, and would be glad to take orders are now, and have heen for some jobs for work in his line. See card, page monthB,accumulating far in advance of their 176. present ability to supply; a circumstance Mrs. S. Earle, dealer in Dry Goods, which they will not long allow to be the Ladies Furnishing Goods and Millinery, at case. We predict that the time is not far Trumansburgh, publishes a card on page distant when all Mower and Reaper Facto- 192, which we advise our friends to careful- ries and farmers will use their improved ly peruse. Her stock is very complete. It sections. See their advertisement on page would seem almost impossible not to satis- 6, fronting the Introduction. fy the most fastidious, in styles as well as The Ithaca Hotel, situated on the prices. We think it would at least be to corner of State and Aurora Sts., has for the interest of those in want of goods in nearly half a century been the welcome rest- her line to call and examine the stock when ing place of the weary traveller, or the com- in town. fortable home of the tourist and pleasure Tbe Dryden TTeefcly News, seeker. Since 1809 it has been one of the issued weekly, at the enterprising village of leading hotels of the place. It has been Dryden, by A. Clapp, serves well as an ad- the headquarters of numerous conveations, vertising medium for the people of Tomp- and its halls have resounded with the elo- kins County. Mr. Clapp conducts his pa- quence of Clinton, Wright, and several oth- per on Radical Republican principles, and ers of the country's distinguished states- besides the " Local " and " Miscellaneous" men. Among its many landlords, none have news department, he devotes a large por- been more popular with thepublic than the tion of his paper to literature, and, we are present proprietor. Col. Wm. H. Welch, glad to learn, he has succeeded in gaining who has for many years catered to the com- for it a very large circulation in this and fort of his guests. See card, page 210. adjoining counties. See card on page 153. Hoive's PTever-FaUIng Ague Tbe Clinton Hoasie, at Ithaca, has Care and Tonic Bitters, and long been khown as one of the largest and Howe's Concentrated Syrup, are most imposing hotels m the State. Under prepared under the personal supervision of the management of Mr. S. D. Thompson, Dr. C. B. Howe, the proprietor, at Seneca its gentlemanly proprietor, it is a favorite Falls, N. T., for ague and fever, and all resort for commercial travelers and teurists periodic diseases, rheumatism, paralysis, who visit thi s vicinity to enjoy its charm- etc. The "Ague Cure" has produced won- ing scenery. See cards, pages 9 and 228. derful cures. The "Syrup," for the blood, liver, skin, digestive and uterine organs, John Rnmeey Sc Co., dealer in has cured many cases of scroftila, cancer, Hardware, Iron, Steel, Nails, Agricultural tumors, goiter, salt rheum, scaldhead, and Implements, «fcc., at No. 46 State St., Itha- many other diseases too numerous to men- ca, advertise on page 224. Mr. Rumsey tion in this place. See card, page 20. has for several years sold hardware to the Cole's people of Tompkins and surrounding coun- Patent Wedge Tongue Trace Buckle, as manufactured ties, and has ever been noted for his upright by Messrs. Harrell & Sargeant, at Syracuse, and fair dealing. He has recently taken have secured a high Mr. Freeman Kelly into partnership, and reputation wherever they have been introduced. the adver- the new firm will hereafter continue, we As tisement gives a idea of the are sure, to merit a liberal share of public good improve- patronage. ment, yve advise the reader to peruse it. See page Dr. G. 'W. melotte, Surgeon Dent- 312. mothers. says Dr. ist, has his office in the new Witgiis Build- Read This !—So G. T. Taft Co., of Seneca Falls. In their ings, State Street, Ithaca, where he is pre- & advertisement on desire to pared to attend to all professional calls in page 20, they inform of the most scientiflc and satisfactory manner. yon the wonderful qualities of their " The Doctor has had some ten years expe- Oriental Syrup," for children. We have heard rience at his profession. We were person- of many cases where this valuable medicine has given great relief. They ally acquainted with him while in St. Law- are also proprietors rence Co. several years since, and where he of "Rosenberger's Balm of Gilead Ointment," for eld sores, had many warm friends. See card, page 234. 'file Reynold's Steel Temper- ulcers, rheumatism, burns, chilblains, piles, &c., and for galls, or wounds on horses, it ing Wotk.a, Reynolds, Barber & Co., is unsurpassed. 20 TOMPKINS COUNTY BUSINESS DIBECTOBY. IVtO THEIRS! IiEA^r> THIS.

Are your children restless, irritable, wakeflil, feverish f Are they cutting teeth? Are the gums red and painflil f Have they diarrhoea f Have they fits or spasms f If so, USE THE ORIENTAL SYRUP.

It is the only Syrup or Cordial, or CHILD MEDICINE in market free from Opium, Tor- phine, or Paragoric. These you can't give : or, at least, you ought not to. TL jy de-

stroy the functions of the BRAIN: the child grows pale : its eyes grow wild ; its flesh

becomes soft ; it loses its mind ; it becomes an Idiot. Mothers, these are facts I To be convinced, try it. The Oriental Sjrrap contains NONE of those poisons. It is perfectly harmless. It is soothing—quieting. The child sleeps sweetly, and awakes refresh- ed and lively. The teeth penetrate the gums without pain. It is good for aged and ner- vous people. TKYIT. DE. Q. T. TAFT & CO., Proprietors, Seneca Falls, N, Y. THE ISAJUM. OE GUT^^IADZ SIK ASHLEY COOPER, in one of his lectures to his class, says:—I have used the Balm of Gilead in my practice, in one form or other, for more than forty years • and for Old Sores or Ulcers, Eraptlons, Kbeumatlsm, BurnB, Cbllblalns, Scalds, Files, Obafes, dec, it surpasses every other known remedy. Rosenberger's Balm of Gilead Ointment Is composed of Oils and Balsams from trees and shrubs, and for all the diseases referred to by Dr. Cooper, we warrant It almost a specific. For Gall, Grease and "Wonnds of Horses, it has no equal. We warrant it ; therefore do not hesitate to try it for every kind of 'Wound, Bruise or Sore.

DR. G. T. TAFT & CO., Proprietors, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

HOWE'S NE^ER-FAILING AGUE CURE AND TONIC

IB X "XT a? £3 ^.. » , Warranted to cure, permanently, Chills, Ague & Fever^nd all Periodic Diseases. It cures Sciatic Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Paralysis, and all Weaknesses, ijbc., being won- dorftilly adapted to CURING Disease, restoring health and strength. Xbls Preparation Is purely Vegetable, and entirely free from Quinine or Mineral Poison. N. B. Persons using this Medicine can commence working immediately, and without fear of the disease returning. Howe's Concentrated Syrup.

FOE THE BLOOD, UM, SKIK, DI&ESTrVE & UTE8IME ORGANS, AND THE SYSTEM QEKERALLY. It Zlestox-eM XZenl-tla lay I'xix'irylM.s the Blood, Correcting the Liver, Cleansing the Skin, Strengthening and Kestorine the Digestive and Uterine Organs, Regulating and Renovating the System It cures Scroflila or Kings Bvir, Cancers, Tumors, Goiter, all Swellings of the Throat or Glands, Salt Rheum, Scald Head, Camp Itch, Erysipelas, CarbuncleslBoils, Blotches, Pimples, Sores, Mercurial and Syphilitic diseases. Ulceration of the Mouth and Throat, '''^° i Catarrh, Rheumatism, Piles, Gravel, Jaundice, Mi®''',?'""*^' ' Uterine and Female dlmcultios, ^ ^ C. B. HOWE, M. D., Prop'r, Seneca Falls, N.Y. Ofnceon Fall St. Rooms overthe P.O. Resldenoe, Cayuga St. above R.R. ;

TOMPKim COUNTY, SI

TOMPKINS COUNTY.

THIS COUNTY, named in honor of Governor Daniel D. Tompkins, was formed from Cayuga and Seneca, April 17, 1817 the towns of Hector, Ulysses and Covert, being taken from Seneca, and the towns of Dryden, and parts of Locke and Genoa, from Cayuga County. That part of Locke set off to Tompkins was named Division, now Groton ; and the part taken from Genoa was called Lansing. Three towns, viz : Caroline, Danhy and Cayuta, were annexed from Tioga County, March 22, 1822. The name of the town of Cayuta was subsequently changed to Newfield. A narrow strip was taken from the west side of Newfield, and annexed to the town of Catherin«, Chemung County, in 1853; and April 17, 1854, the County of Schuyler was erected, and the town of Hector taken from Tompkins and annexed to Schuyler.

The County lies around the head of Cayuga Lake, south-west of the center of the State; is centrally distant from Albany about one hundred and forty miles, and contains 277,730f acres, of which 206,514 acres are cultivated, and in 1865, had a population of 30,696. The water shed between Cayuga Lake and Tioughnioga River occupies the east border, and that between the same lake and Sus- quehanna River, the south border of the Csunty. The north half of the County is separated into two distinct parts by the deep valley of Cayuga Lake, which is some 700 feet below the ridges on either side. The east portion, declining toward the north, gradu- ally loses its hilly character, and spreads out into the beautifully rolling lands so common in Central New York. West of the lake the land does not lessen in height within the limits of the County ; but B —

22 TOMPKINS COUNTY. the rough, broken hills, change into smooth ridges, with long gradual slopes. At the head of ihe lake,, a tract of land nearly level, two miles long and one and a-taalf wide, extends south from the lake shore, and from this the valley of Cayuga Inlet opens to the south- west, and the narrow gorge of Six Mile Creek, to the south- east.

This plain is surrounded on three sid^sy the east, south and west, by hills ascending rather abruptly fromi four to seven hundred feet; and on this plain and the surrounding hilk, the village of Ithaca iS' built. The soil of this bottom land i» a deep rich alluvium, and was probably once covered by the waters of the lake. The deep Valley of Cayuga Lake aSk^As a fine opportunity to examine the geological structure of thisiregion, CTpon the shore, in the extreme north part of the County, are found the Hamilton Shales, the lowest rock in the County. Next aboye them on the shore appear the Tully Limestone, Geuesee iBlate and Portage and Ithaca Shales and Sandstone.

The Tully limestone furnishes an abundance of linoe ; huge fragments of this rock are found scattered over the land several hundred feet above the regular veins of the rock, showing that somfe great force had been in operation here at some former period. The Genesee slate is about 100 feet thick, and the Portage group 300. The summits of all the hills are formed of the rocks belonging to the Chemung group, usually covered deep with drift deposits. There are several deposits of marl in the marshy ground at the head of the lake, and about six miles south of Ithaca there is an extensive bed ; also several small ones near Newfield. The streams in their course from the table lands to the lake, have worn deep channels into the rocks ; and waterfalls, which once were; probably, at the face of the bluds, have receded one to two miles, forming below deep, rocky chasms, bordered by perpendiculau* walls. As the rocks are composed of strata of different degrees of hardness, the water ha» worn them irregularly —the soft and yielding shales generally forming a declining surface, while the hard and compact limestone retains its perpendicular form. The Taghkanic Falls, below Trumansburg, have receded something more than a miJe from the lake. In its passage, the stream first produced a series of fells and rapids, but finally receded so as to form but a single fall. This is caused by the higher strata being so much harder than those below, that a firm table is formed of these, while those below are undermined. About a mile north of these falls is a cascade, where, from the absence ofa resisting stratum at the surface, the rock has been worn down in a continuous slope. The principal streams in the County are Salmon Creek, which, rising in Oayuga County, flows south through the town of Lansing, TOMPKINS COUNTY. 23 to the Lake, into which it empties, about eight miles below Ithaca. Fall Creek, which also takes its rise in Cayuga County, flowing south-westerly in a tortuous course through Groton, Dryden and Ithaca, frequently near its mouth, over sharp precipices, forming beautiful cascades and rapids ; it empties its waters at the head of Cayuga Lake. Cascadilla Creek, rising in the town of Dryden, and flowing westerly, empties its waters into Cayuga Inlet, within the limits of the village of Ithaca. Six Mile Creek, the tributaries of which take their rise, some in Dryden and some in Caroline, empties into Cayuga Inlet, within the village of lUiaca. Enfield Creek, rising in Enfield, flows south-easterly into Cayuga Inlet. Buttermilk Creek, rising in Danby, flows north-westerly into the same stream. Cayuga Inlet, takes its rise in Tioga County, and .flowing northward in a somewhat tortuous course, through Danby, Newfield and Ithaca, finds its outlet at the.head of Cayuga Lake. Aft;er it reaches the lowlands at the head of the lake, the Inlet is a deep, sluggish stream, and for nearly a mile above its mouth is of sufficient capacity to float the steamers which ply between Ithaca and Cayuga. Taghkanic Creek, rising in Schuyler County, flows north-easterly through Ulysses to the lake on the west side, nearly opposite Sal- mon Creek. There are also several branches of Owego Creek, and other small streams, which flow south, and empty into the Susque- hanna River. Several other small streams find their way through deep narrow gorges to the waters of Cayuga Lake. These streams are nearly all rapid, clear and cold, being fed by springs, and were formerly well stocked with brook trout, and even now the skillful disciple of Walton, who has the patience and nerve, to follow their various windings, and can throw a fly with precision, will often find,

" Just where the water curling 'round Some old black roet, draws near his eye. Each worm, and gnat, or floating fly, An " Old SetUer" thatwould gladden rthe heart of i^r Isaac himself."

The numerous cascades upon these streams, form one of the most peculiar and pleasing features of the landscape, varying in magni- tude and beauty, each one having its own particular attraction, to view the beauties of which, so many tourists, artists and pleasure seekers, have visited this picturesque and beautiful part of our State. The soil in the north part is generally a gravelly or clayey loam,

formed by the drift deposits ; while that in the south is a gravelly or slaty loam, derived from disintegration. It is all best adapted to grazing. In the north part the people are generally engaged in grain raising. Wheat, which for many years has suffered by the midge, is again forming the staple production. In the southern 24 TOMPKINS COUNTY. towns, the principal branches of agriculture pursued are stock raising and dairying. Oats are very extensively grown throughout the County, but the surest and most profitable crop is corn. The influence of temperature upon this crop is strikingly illustrated in tables and statements prepared by Hon. Ezra Cornell, and reported to, and published by, the New York State Agricultural Society in 1860, showing that the greater the altitude of the land above the level of Cayuga Lake, and consequently the lower degree of temperature, the less the average bushels of corn produced per acre. This report also exhibits the improvement in the cattle of the County, as shown by the steady increase in the products of the dairies for a series of years, since the introduction of Short Horns and Devons into the County, The first full blood Durham was brought into the County in 1840. In 1845, the average product of butter per cow, in the County, was only 102 lbs; In 1850, it was 109 lbs. per cow; in 1855, it was

113 lbs., and in 1860, it was 128 lbs., per cow ; showing an increase of twenty-five per cent, in the value of the cattle of the County for dairy purposes, since the introduction of Short

Horns and Devons ; and it is fair to presume that their value for the shambles has been increased to an equal amount. There are now several individual dairies whose average is two hundred pounds per cow ; and one entire school district has averaged one hundred and sixty-five lbs. per cow. It is but fair to say, that Tompkins County is principally indebted for this improvement to the efforts of Mr. Cornell, aided by a few public spirited men, among whom may be mentioned Joseph McGraw, Jr., A. B. Ben- ham, and J. & M. Robinson of Dryden, John P. Hart, of Groton, David Crocker, of Lansing, William Mitchell and Levi and Lyman Williams, of Ithaca. Mr. Cornell has now a large herd, (seventy-five to a hundred, we believe,) of Short Horns and Devons, which will compare favora- bly with any in the State. Some two or three years ago, he sold one of his calves, one year old, for three thousand dollars, to go to England; a circumstance which speaks well for the quality of his herd. There is also a marked improvement in horses and sheep ; some of the finest horses in the State are raised in this County. That portion of the County lying near the lake is remarkably adaptedtothegrowthof fruit of all kinds; and large quantities of a very superior quality are annually produced. The eai-ly varieties of grapes are also grown with great success in the immediate vicinity of the lake.

The Tompkins County Agricultural Society was organized in 1841, and the Fairs have since been held annually at Ithaca. In 1856 their present buildings were erected, at a cost (with the a. TOMPKINS COUNTY. 25 grounds,) of about $15,000. The Fair Grround is located on the flat in the north part of the Village. The Fair House is 150 by

100 feet ; tvro stories, with an observatory. The grounds are enclosed with tight board fences, and contain a good half-mile track.

The present principal oflicers are J. B. Albright, President ; O. B. Curren, Treasurer; A. Critten, Secretary. The latter has held the office of Secretary for nearly twenty years. The Fairs have been a success, and the Society is now in a flourishing condition. The County Seat is located at the village of Ithaca. The Court House is a brick edifice, built upon a fine lot near the center of the village. The act of incorporation fixed the Court House at Ithaca, the exact locality to be designated by the Surveyor General, or, if he neglected to do it, by the judges of the County Court. Unless a site was conveyed to the Supervisors, and $7,000 secured to be paid, the County was to be reannexed to the counties from whence it was taken. Luther Gere, Wm. R. CoUins and Daniel Bates, were appointed to superintend the erection of the County buUdings. The first County officers were Oliver C.'Comstock, First Judge ;* Archer Green, Cleric; Arthur S. Johnson, Deputy Clerk ; Henry Bloom, Sheriff; and Andrew D. W. Bruyn, Surrogate; David Woodcock, District Attorney; Charles Bingham, Master in Chan- cery and \gt Assistant Justice; Wm. R. Collins and John Ludlow, Coroners; Wm. R. Collins, Under Sheriff; Spenoer Crarj, Deputy

Sheriff. The first Justices of the Peace in 1817 were : W. Wig- ton, Arthur S. Johnson, Eliakim Acany, A. D. W. Bruyn, Henry Bloom, Charles Bingham, Nathaniel Hallock, John Sutton, Simeon P. Strong, Joseph Goodwin, John Bowman, Jonathan Bennett, Samuel Love, John Ellis, Wm. Martin, Peter Rappleye, Chester Cobome, Thomas White, Richard Smith, H. D. Barto, Caleb Smith, Parley Whitmore, James Weaver, Stephen Woodworth, Lewis Lookers, John Bowker, Charles Kelly, C. Brown 2nd, James Colegrove and Abijah Miller. The jail, contiguous to the Court House, is a well built stone edifice, with ample accommodations for the health of the prisoners. The cells are clean and well ventilated. The County Clerk's office is a fire proof brick building, fronting on Tioga street.

The County Poor House is situated upon a farm of 100 acres in Ulysses, six miles north-west of Ithaca. We take the following extracts from the report of the Superintendent of the poor for 1867:

" The whole number of paupers in Poor House on the 15th of November, 1867, was 49. The number of paupers received into the house during the fiscal year ending November 14, 1867, was

* John Satton and John EUis are recorded as 1st Judges in 1817. See record in Conn- ty Clerk's office. 26 TOMPKINS COVISTTT. TOMPKINS COUNTT. 27

"Your committee would say that the Poor House Farm was purchased in the year 1827, for the sum of $2000, and the house erected at an expense of $3409.56. " Your committee take pleasure in commending

Mr. Goodwin, in his Pioneer History of Cortland County, says, " General Sullivan marched from Eastern Pennsylvania, and arrived with his army at Wyoming on the 24th day of June. * The enemy having fled before him, and learning that they were committing outrages of the grossest "character, he determined to pursue, and if possible drive them from the country.

"On the 31st of July, he left with his forces for the Indian settlements further up the Susquehanna. His stores and artillery were conveyed up the river in one hundred and fifty boats, and presented a grand and imposing appearance. The horses, two thousand in number, as they moved along in single file, formed a continuous line of six miles in length. The forces arrived at Tioga Point on the 11th of August, and were joined by General Clinton on the22d, he having marched from Mohawk, with a detachment of one thousand troops. "The Indians, under Brant and Butler, had taken a position near Newtown, where they had strongly entrenched themselves, determined to resist the advance of Sullivan. 28 TOMPKINS OOTTNTT.

con- "After a severe battle, the Indians were routed, and Sullivan the town tinued his march, passing a little west of Ithaca, through of Hector, and penetrated as far west as Conesus Lake, in the Genfe- or- see Valley, destroying along his route all the Indian villages, chards^tand cornfields. On his return march, at the outlet of Sene- ca Lake, he detached Col. Zebulon Butler, with the Rifle Corps and five hundred men, to the east side of Cayuga Lake, to lay waste Col. the Indian settlements there ; and, on the next day, Lieut. 'Dearborn was detached, with two hundred men, for the purpose of destroying a settlement south of the Lake, which occupied the narrow valley of Six Mile Creek, now covered by the waters of Hal- sey's mill dam, and another located about two miles up the Cayu- ga Inlet. There .were three considerable villages on the East shore of the lake, one of which was the capital, or chief village of the Cayugas, besides numerous smaller settlements scattered along the banks at various distances. These were all burned, and their orchards and corn-fields destroyed." Mr. Goodwin says, " On the opposite side of the lake, where the Taghkanic Creek empties into the Tiohero, or Cayuga Lake, the Indians had built a small town, and were growing corn, beans and potatoes on the rich flats. They had also apple trees of two and a half centuries growth. This little town, called by the natives after the stream on which itwasloeated, escaped the notice of Col Butler." " There was another settlement about six miles south-west of Taghkanic, near the present village of Waterburgh, which, from its back location, was not discovered by either of the detachments which Gen. Sullivan had sent out to make havoc with the Indian property." This flying visit of Sullivan and his little army, is, as far as known, the first invasion made by the whites into tWs country. In 1788, eleven men, with two Delaware Indians for guides, left King- ston, on the Hudson River, to explore the country west of the

Susquehanna, with the intention of selecting a future home ; but they returned after an absence of about six weeks, without making a location. In April of the next year, three of their number, not satisfied with the result of their first visit, determined again to seek for a home in the west. On the east side of the flat, at the head of Cayu- ga Lake, the Indians had cleared away the thorn and hazel bushes from several patches for cultivation, and here these three pioneers of Tompkins County, Jacob Yaple, Isaac Dumon Snd Peter Hine- paw, selected four hundred acres, embracing so much of the valley as lies east of Tioga street, in the village of Ithaca, as their future home. Having planted some corn in the " Indian clearings," they left a younger brother of Jacob Yaple to take care of it, and returned to —

TOMPKINS COUNTY. 29 their former homes. In September following, they returned with their families, bringing with them a few articles of necessary household furniture, some farming utensils, and a few hogs, sheep, cattle and horses. They are reported to have been nineteen days in making the journey from Owego to Ithaca, a distance of twenty- nine miles. The Yaple family was composed of Jacob Yaple, his wife, and three children, and John Yaple, a younger brother of Jacob, about twenty years old. The Dumon family consisted of Isaac Dumon, his wife, and three children, and John Dumon and his wife, who had then lately been married. The Hinepaw family was composed of Peter Hinepaw, his wife and five children, the oldest of whom was about twelve years of age. Three log cabins were soon erected, one on the Cascadilla Creek, near where Mr. William's Flouring Mill now stands, and the other two nearly opposite Halsey's Mill, or near the residence of Dr. Curtis.

A public road was built from Oxford, on Chenango River, directly through to Ithaca, by Joseph Chaplin, in 1791-92-93, and this became the great highway for immigration in the south part of the State for many years. As a consequence, the country immediately bordering upon the road was rapidly settled. After the little settlement at Ithaca, others were soon started in Ulysses, on the west bank of the lake, and along Chaplin's road in Dryden. The opening of the rich lands of the Genesee country to settlers, diverted immigration from this region, and the County for many years did not increase in population with the same rapidity as the other regions further west. The growth of the County, however, has been gradual and continuous ; and now in every element of real prosperity, it is fully on an average with the other counties of the State.

Five weekly newspapers are now published in the County :

The Seneca Republican, the first paper published in the County, was started at Ithaca, July 4, 1815, by Jonathan Ingersoll. In 1816 it was changed to The Ithaca Journal, and in 1817 Mack & Shepherd became proprietors. It was successively issued by Mack & Searing, Ebenezer Mack and Mack ds Morgan, until 1824, when Wm, Andrus became partner, and the paper was issued by Mack & Andrus. In 1827 the name was changed to the Ithaca Journal, Literary Gazette and General Advertiser, and about a year afterward, a portion of the title was dropped, and it was issued as The Ithaca Journal and Advertiser. In December', 1833, Mack & An- drus sold to Nathan Randall ; in 1837 Randall sold to Mattison &

Barnaby ; and in 1839 A. E. Barnaby became sole proprietor. In 1841 Barnaby sold to Alfred Wells, who soon after sold to J. 30 TOMPKINS COUNTY.

under the name of H. Selkreg, who still continues its publication THE ITHACA JOURNAL. On the evening of November ZZ, by fire. The publi- 1867, the office of the Journal was destroyed the Democrat office until Jan. cation Wf s regularly continued from re-established, and the paper 1st, 1868, when the Jownal office was enlarged to eight colums.

The Republican Chronicle was started at Ithaca in June, 1820, by Spencer & Stockton. In 1823, David D. Spencer became sole proprietor. In 1826 S. S. Chatterton bought an interest, and in 1828 he became sole proprietor, and soon after changed the name to The Ithaca Bepuhlican. In 1831 or '32 he again changed the name to The Tompkins American, and in 1834 the paper was discontinued. The Western Messenger was started at Ithaca in 1826, by A. P. Searing, and was continued about two years.

The Philanthropist, a Universalist paper, was started at Ithaca in 1831, by O. A. Brownson, and was continued about one year.

The Ithaca Chronicle was started by D. D. & A. Spencer, in Feb., 1828, and was continued by them until 1853, when Anson Spencer became sole proprietor. In 1855 it was changed to The American Citizen, published by A. E. Barnaby & Co. Anson Spencer again became sole proprietor, by whom it was published until Feb. 25, 1863, when it was united with the Tompkins County Democrat, which paper was started at Ithaca in October, 1856, by Timothy Maloney, who continued its publication till the fall of 1860, when he died. S. C. Clisbe purchased the office, April 1, 1861, May 12, 1862, B. R. Williams purchased a half interest in the paper, and the publication was continued under the firm name of Clisbe & Williams, until Feb. 12, 1863, when Clisbe sold his interest to Williams, by whom it was published until 25th of Feb., 1863, when "The Tompkins County Democrat" and "The Amer- ican Citizen," were united under the name of " Ithaca Citizen and Democrat" published by Spencer & Williams. July 4, 1867, the name was modified to

ITHACA DEMOCRAT, and enlarged to an eight column paper. It is still continued by Messrs. Spencer & Williams, Mr. Spencer having been at times part owner and at others sole proprietor of the business since the establishment of the " Chronicle," in 1828.

The Jeffersonian and Tompkins Times was started in 1836, by C. Bobbins. He soon after sold to G, G. Freer, who changed the name to The Ithaca Herald. In 1837 Nathan Randall became proprietor, and merged the paper in the Ithaca Journal and Adver- tiser. .

TOMPKINB COUNTY. 31

The Tompkins Volunteer was started at Ithaca by H. C. Good- win, in 1840. He soon after sold to J. Hunt, Jr. In 1843 the title was changed to ?%« Tompkins Democrat, and after a short time the paper was removed to Green, Chenango County.

The Flag of the Union was started at Ithaca, in 1848, by J. B. Gosman. In 1850 it was merged in the Ithaca Journal cmd Ad- vertiser. The Templar and Watchman was started at Ithaca, in 1853, by Orlando Lund. It afterward passed into the hands of Myron S. Barnes, and was continued a short time.

[The record of the papers published at Trumansburgh was furnished by O. M. Wilson, Esq., editor of " The Tompkins Co. Sen- is tinel," and as follows :] 1 The first paper ever issued in Trumansburgh was the " Lake Light," on the 10th of October 1827. Edited by Phelps and Broome, a violent political and anti-Masonic sheet was published up to Feb. 1829, during which time it had in addition to the above, as editors and proprietors, Clark & Bloomer, St. John & Clark, and H. St. John.

2. "Anti Masonic Sentinel." The first number was issued Feb. 5, 1829. E. St. John was editor and proprietor. It was published but a few weeks.

3. " Trumanshvrgh Advertiser." The first number was issued July 4, 1832 ^ David Fairchild was editor and proprietor for five years. In 1837 it passed to Erastus S. Palmer and Corydon Fair- child. Palmer & Fairchild continued together for a short time, when Palmer, now editor of a paper in Alleghany county N. Y., took sole control of the paper, which was continued as an independent and neutral paper to June 27, 1838, on which day the seventh volume was commenced under the name of

4. ' Trumansburgh Advertiser dk Tompkins County Whig,' a political paper. Palmer continued as editor up to June 26, 1839, at which time he associated with him Charles H! Maxson, under whose management the paper continued to June 17, 1840, when Maxson sold out to Palmer. The paper was continued but a few months after.

5. "Trumansburgh Sun," a neutral paper, was issued on Deo. 2, 1840, John Gray editor and proprietor. It contimfcd through three volumes, to October 15, 1843, on which day was issued the

6. " Trumansburgh Gazette," a neutral paper under John Creque, Jr., as editor and proprietor, who carried the paper through nearly three volumes to March 7, 1846. '

3S TOMPKINS COXnSTY.

1. " Trumanshurgh Herald," a neutral paper, was issued March.

' 7th, 1846, and continued one year, with S. M. Day as editor and proprietor.

8. " Trumanshurgh Weekly Independent," issued Nov. 5, 1851, by W. K. Creque as editor and proprietor, was continued through two volumes, and discontinued April 21, 1852.

9. " Trumanshurgh News," an independent paper, issued by

Edw. Himrod & A. P . Osborn in Sept. 1860, and continued after the first three months by the first named gentleman, up to June,> 1863, when A. O. Hicks and W. W. Pasko took possession of the office. W.J. Van Namee soon after purchased the office, and owned it to the time of the conflagration of Peb. 23, 1863, when the office was destroyed. 10. On the 5th of April, 1865, the TOMPKINS CO. SENTINEL was first issued in Trumansburgh, by Oscar M. Wilson as editor and proprietor, by whom it has since been published. The Christian Doctrinal Advocate and Spiritual Monitor was started at Mott's Corners in 1837, under the auspices of the 7th Day Baptist denomination, and was continued several years.

The Qroton Ballance was started at Groton in 1838. Its name was subsequently changed to The Groton Democrat. It was discontinued about 1840.

THE GROTON JOUENAL was started at Groton, November 9th, 1866, by H. Clark Marsh, the present editor and proprietor. | Bumsey's Companion was started at Dryden, in 1856, by H. D. Rumsey. It was soon after changed to The Fireside Companion,} and again in a few months to The Dryden News. In 1857, it wasi sold to G. Z. House, and, changed to The New York Confederacy,' and was soon after discontinued. In 1858, it was resuscitateifi as THE DRYDEN WEEKLY NEWS, by Asahel Clapp, by whom it is still published.

In April, 1804, the Legislature passed a law incorporating a company under the name of the "Susquehanna and Bath Turnpild Road Co.," to build a turnpike from the Susquehanna River in the town of Jericho, in Chenango Co., to the town of Bath, in Steuben j Co., running near the heads of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes. This road runs through the towns of Caroline, Dryden, Ithaca and En- field, that and part of it lying within the corporation of the village of Ithaca, is nowvoalled State Street.

In April, 1807, the Owego and Ithaca Turnpike Company was meorporated, and the road was finished in 1808. This road, running from Owego, then in the County of Broome, to the head of Cayuga lake, gave a great impetus to the business of Ithaca, and ;

TOMPSmS COUNTY. 33

emigration to the County; and when the war of 1812 cut off the supply of plaster and gypsum, which was principally furnished from Novia Scotia, hundreds of teams daily passed over this road from Ithaca to Owego, loaded with this article, taken from the almost inexhaustible pl,aster beds of Cayuga. In March, 1810, another company was incorporated to build a turnpike road from Ithaca to Geneva, under the name of the Ithaca and Geneva Turnpike Company. This road was laid out along the west side of Cayuga Lake, crossing the outlet of Seneca Lake near Geneva, and was completed in 1811. The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, and that of the Cayuga and Seneca Canal in 1828, gave the citizens of Tompkins a water communication from Ithaca to the Hudson river, and greatly advanced the interests of the County. The Ithaca and Owego Railroad Company was incorporated Jan- uary 28, 1 828, with a capital of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, but no active measures were taken to build the road until the building of the Chemung Canal from the head of Seneca lake to Elmira, threatened to divert trade from Ithaca and Owego. Gen. Simeon DeWitt, who owned a large tract of land at the head of Cayuga Lake, and others interested in the prosperity of Ithaca and Owego, set themselves at work to build this road. Eail- road investments were then popular, and the stock was readily taken, and the work was commenced and prosecuted with great vigor. In March, 1832, the capital stock was increased to three hundred thousand dollars, and the road was opened in April, 1834. This was the second railroad chartered in this State, and it was poorly constructed and equipped, and operated entirely by horse power. In May following the opening of the road, the capital was again increased to four hundred and "fifty thousand dollars, and April 18, 1838, the Legislature authorized a loan to the Company of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, or an amount equal to one half of the whole sum the company had paid for constructing the road,

not exceeding three hundred thousand dollars ; and for which the State was to have a lien upon the entire road and its appurtenances. With this aid, together with large sums raised on the individual credit of some of its friends, the road was put in fair condition but the Erie Railroad had not yet reached Owego, and the second railroad in the State was emphatically a " one horse" road between two interior towns. The great financial revulsion of thirty-seven swept over the land;

business was prostrated ; the Company failed to pay their interest to the State, and in May, 1842, the road was sold by the State to Archibald Mclntyre and a few others, for the sum offour thousand Jive hundred dollars. 34 TOMPKINS

April 18, 1843, the purchasers were incorporated under the name of the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad Company, with a capital of $18,000. The road, as first constructed, had an inclined plain at Ithaca, rising one foot in every four and twenty-eight one-hundredths feet, with a stationary horse power to draw up the cars, and above this anotheB,plane, rising one foot in every twenty-one feet. The new Company repaired the road, doing away with these absurd inclined planes, and substituting sffream for feorse power. The New York and Erie Road was finished to Owego in June, 1849, and the first of January, 1855, the Company leased the Cayu- ga and Susquehanna to the Delaware, Lackawanna and "Western Company, and it is now run by that Company as the Cayuga Divi- sion, and is one of the main outlets to the anthracite coal fields of Central Pennsylvania.

In 1^35 the State built a pier at the mouth of Cayuga Inlet, extending sixteen hundred feet into the lake, twelve feet wide and four feet high, for the protection of the mouth of that stream, and caused ' the bar .at its mouth to be removed, thereby making the Inlet navigable, not only for canal boats, but for the steamers of the lake. The Ithaca and Towanda Rail Road Co. have made surveys, and the road is expected to be built at an early day. It is to start from the Staie line, at Waverly, N. Y., and .is to run up Shepard's Creek to Van Ettenville, about fourteen miles north, at a grade of fourteen feet to the mile ; from thence to Summit, through Spencer, about six miles, at an average grade of about nine feet to the mile; from Summit to Ithaca, a distance of fifteen miles, the road will run along the valley of Cayuga Inlet, at a descending grade of forty-five feet .to the mile, connecting at Ithaca with Cayuga Lake, and with Lake Shore R. R. (when that road is built.) At WaVerly it will connect with New York and Pa. Canal and Rail Road, running from Waverly to Pitston, connecting thence with roads running to the hard coal fields, and at Towanda with roads running to the soft coal fields. "When this road is completed the business it will bring will add materially to the wealth and growth of Ithaca, and the County of Tompkins.

The Southern Central Rail Road, now in course of construction, runs south from Auburn, along the west bank of Owasco Lake, thence through Moravia; following the valley of Owasco Inlet, through Locke, in Cayuga Co., to Groton ; thence south-easterly through that town and Dryden to Hartford, in Cortland Co., from whence it takes a southerly direction to Owego, Tioga Co. This road is expected to be put in running order during the coming year, and will be the means of greatly enhancing the value of property in the eastern portion of the County. When all these improve- TOMPKINS COVNTY. 3S

merits shall have been completed, Tompkins County will be as well provided with means of transp jrtation as any of her sister Counties.

In preparing this brief historical account, the writer has been unable to obtain any reliable data by which to give a complete exhibit of the part Tompkins County bore in the war of the Eebellion. No full regiments were recruited or organized within the County, but many companies were raised and went into regiments from other Counties, while numbers of men enlisted in localities outside the County, and were there accredited. We can only give a few statistics as furnished us by individuals. Captain Jerome Rowe, with his company, joined the 32d Reg., N. Y. v., 31st May, 1861, at New York. Capt. Martin C. Clark went out at the head of a company, part of which was from Tomp- kins and a. part from Cortland County; the company joined the 23d Regt. N. Y. V., 16th May, 1861. Capt. Wm. Glenny, went out from Ithaca, with Company C, 64th N. Y. V., in the fall of 1861. (The regiment was mustered in at Elmira.) He was afterwards promoted, and returned as Brev. Brig. General. Capt. G. D. Crittenden, of Groton, Company C, and Capt. J. H. Barnard, of Dryden, Company F., 76th N. Y. V., were mustered with their men Sept. 16th, 1861, at Cortland. Capt. R. H. S. Hyde, of Caro- line, took out Company Bi, I09th N. Y. V. He was afterward promoted Major of 15th Cavalry. Capt. Wm. E. Mount raised Company F., 109th N. Y. V., in Groton and Dryden. Capt. R. D. McAllister raised Company A., of the same regiment, in Danby. Capt. A. W. Nettles raised Company G., in Lansing. They were mustered into the service at Binghampton, Aug. 27, 1862. Com- pany K., 137th N. Y. v., went out from Ulysses, under Capt. Silas Piersons, and Company D., of the same Regt. went from Ithaca, under Capt. John H. Lury. R. S, Van Voorhees, of Ithaca, went out as Lieut. Col. of the 137th, was promoted to the Colonelcy, and returned as Brev. Brig. Gen. Westel Willoughby, of Groton, went out as Major, and John M. Ferrington, of Trumansburgh, went out as surgeon of the 137th. The Regiment was mustered into service at Binghampton, 25th Sept., 1862. John Whittock, of Ithaca, went out as Captain Co. I., 132d N. Y. V. Company D. 143d N. Y. v., went out under Capt. John Higgins, of Jthaca, in the fall of 1862. Capt. Higgins was promoted to Major, and afterwards, Brev. Lieut-Col. Capt. Harrison Marvin, of Dryden, took out Co. 1., same Regiment. Capt. David A. Signor, took out Co. M., 21st Cavalry, from Ithaca, in the winter of 1863. Capt. George L. Truesdell, of Dryden, went out in the 15th Cavalry, Jan. 1864, as 1st Lieut, of Co. I. He was in the service nearly two years, was promoted to the Captaincy of Co. G., in 1865, and was in twenty-three engagements. 36 TOMPKINS COUNTY.

This necessarily brief and imperfect review of the military record of the County, is sufficient to show that her citizens were not lack- ing in patriotic ardor. Men and means were given in unstinted measure at each repeated call, and many were they whose lives sealed their devotion to their country and her sacred cause. While memorial shafts rise above the ashes of those, the patriot dead, they shall have a more fitting and eternal remembrance in the grateful hearts of their countrymen. And may He, who rules among the nations of the earth, grant that the peace which they died to con- quer, may be ever unbroken, shedding its joyful fruits to the latest generations and the remotest age of time. OAZETTEES OF TOWNS. 37

GAZETTEER OF TOWNS,

CAMOLjINE was formed from Spencer, (Tioga Co.,) Feb. 22, 1811, and was transferred to this County, March 22, 1822, A part was annexed to Danby in 1839, and a small portion annexed fpom the same town in 1866. It is the south-east corner town of the County. Its surface is an upland, broken by a series of ridges running north-west and south-east. The summits of the hills are usually rounded and rolling, and their declivities steep.

The streams are Owego Creek, forming the east boundary, and Six Mile Creek and their branches. These streams generally flow in deep, narrow valleys, bordered by steep hillsides. The soil in the north part of the town is a gravelly loam, and in the south part day predominates. The soil and surface are best adapted to graz-

Caroline Cknter, (p. v.) is a small village near the center of the town, at the head of Boyer Creek. Motfa Comers, (p. v.) on Six Mile Creek, in the north-west corner of the town, is an enterprising village of nearly 300 inhabitants, and contains several mannfaeto- ries. About a mile below the village is the extraiave Gun-barrel manufactory of the Messrs. Losey. This establishment was started 50 years ago, by Abiel Losey, at Otsego; thence it was removed to Fall Creek, near Ithaca; thence to Owego; and thence to its present location.

Speedsville, (p. v.) upon Boyer and West Creeks, in the south- east Conner of the town, is a small village, with about 120 inhabitants. Slaierville, (p. v.) near the north border, on Six Mile Creek,,

C -,.,:. —

38 SAZETTEEB OF TOifSS.

contains about Yi^ iliiJiBibitanfis. Caroline' t>epot, (p. o.) in the west part, is a station ow tlte C. & S. R. R. Caroline, ((p. v.) is a h!am- let in the north-eas* eDi*lBer of li&e town. The first settlement vet town was begOh by Capt. David Rich, who came from VertMont', ik' jf^QS, and Ibeatednear Willow Bridge. The next year Widow Eas-sfey, with five" sons and fite daughters, located on lands adjoiniws CaipU. Rich, tn J798 Thos. Tracy, Lemu-

el Gates and Moses Reedy &0m Massack^Asetts ; Augustin Boyer, froni Virginia; and Joseph GllwmberSjSifehard Bush and Hartmian Ennest, from Ulster Co., N.Y.; seftletJ in the town. In 1801,

Levi Sfeiter, (formerly of SJaliei'Ville,) €harles and John i Mulks, James Bishop and John Caut^@', (.the lufSfer first seMer at Mott's Corners,) from Ulster Co.; and' JoHh Rounseville,- ftom Massachu-

setts ; located in the town. Dfv Josepli' Speed, from Virginia, was also an early settler, and for mafiy yea** a prominent man in the

town. The first child born was liartiet RounceviHe ; John Rob-

inson taught the first school ; Ricbafd!^^!)^ kept the first inn; Isaac Miller the first store, and Gen. Jote Cantine l^uilt the first gristmill, in 1800. The first church, /Reformed Prot. Dutch,) was *&)rmed at an early period; the first paiiJlloi' wais* IJev. Garritt Man- fjiieville.

'jSThe census of 1865, reported nine eMfcliteS-' ib the to-vrti, and a ^pfjjlation of 2,257. The town has an aifea" of 30,322| acres, of ^^€&. 20,740i acres were reported as impTb'^'ed, and 9,582} as un- im^reved. It contains 19 schools in which S^feaehers are employed. Thi#Yerage daily attendance during the year JSCT was 283. The «^^Hses for the support of schools during the year was |4,7l0;50.

.ThftiiVtoiber of miles of public road in the towa fs- I'Otf.

^-iP-JllS^F was formed from Spencer, (Tiogat Gotih«y,) Feb; SaiJMl,(and was transferred to this County Mauehi 22^, I'822. Eart of! (Caroline was annexed, April 29, 1839, and a part was an- rKeKieiiitcf.©ivyden in 1856. A small corner nortb-eas* of the rail- f(0^4 jyas^ABnexed to Caroline in 1866. It lies near the' center of the swJh Jjouder of the County. Its surface is brokea ty ranges of hills -^eiiaiiBg north and south, 300 to 400 feet above the valleys. Their sunpimits .are rounded and their declivities generally steep.-^ The vaileysiwe mere ravines. The principal streams affc Cayuga Inlet, which .flojKS through the south-west part of the town J Butter- mS^ andiSixsMille Creeks, and the tributaries of Owego Creek,r= ,fhe«„«oil is«flni«ed gravelly and shaly loam, with occasional [^patches pf cliiy,;and is well adapted to grazing.

Danhy, (p. w)«in the north part, contains three churches and'several stores, shops, &c. Been Settlement, (South Danby, p. o.) n&sc the center, and \West Danby, are hamlets. ChAZETWEEB OF TOWNS. 39

The first settlers "were Jacob Yaple and Isaac Dumon, who removed from the head of Cayuga Lake, wherte Ithaca now stands, and where they first located, to Danby, about the year 1795. These men built the first grist mill in the town, in 1797. The stones were quarried on South Hill, near Ithaca, and by them dressed and prepared for use. Dr. Lewis Beers, with his eldest brother, came into the town from Stratford, Conn., in 1797, and purchased two hundred acres of land. Joseph Judson also located in the town in 1797, and taught the first school. Dr. Beers kept the first inn, commencing in 1798, in a house twenty by twenty- two feet square. He was also the first Justice of the Peace^ re- oeiying his commission from Governor Tompkins, in 1807. Abher Beers kept the first store, and Jabez Beers was the first Member of Assembly from that town. Among the other early settlers were David and Hezekiah Clark, Stephen Beers, John Miller, Wm. Hogg and Moses Barker. The first death in the town was that of an infant son of Lewis Beardsley. The first church, (Congrega-

tional,) was formed in 1807 ; Rev. Daniel Loring was the first pastor.

The census of 1865 reports eight churches. There are 17 Schools, employing 35 teachers, with an average daily attendance of 276 scholars. The expenditures for school purposes during the year 1867, were $3,394.96. The population of the town in 1865 was 2,140. It contains an area of 34,142J acres, of which 23,022} are improved, and 11,119} unimproved. There are in the town 119} miles of public road.

DMYDEN, named by the Surveyor General, Simeon De- "Wltt, after John Dryden, the English Poet, was formed from Ulysses, Feb. 22, 1803. A part of Danby was annexed in 1856. It is now the largest town in the County, being ten miles square, and is No. 23 of the original townships in theMilitaty Tract.

The surface «f the north half is rolling or moderately hilly, and that of the south half, hilly and broken. The east border forms the water-shed between the Tioughnioga River and Cayuga Lake. The highest ridge, in the south-east part, is 1,700 to 1,800 feet above tide. The principal streams are Fall Creek, flowing south-west, through near the center of the town, on its course affording several water privileges, Cascadilla Creek and several small streams, tributaries to Owego Creek, which take their rise in the south part. Dryden Lake is a small sheet of water, one mile long and about half a mile wide, lying in an elevated valley, near the east border, and 1,500 feet above tide, Dryden Springs, strongly impregnated with sulphur, magnesia and iron, is situated one mile west of Dry- 40 OAZETTESB OF TOWNS. den village, and has a considerable notoriety for its medecinal vir- the tues. A comfortable and substantial house is located at Springs, and both are under the management of Miss S. S. Nivison, a lady possessing large experience in the management of diseases, and a graduate of one of our best medical colleges. In the south-east part of the town are two large swamps, each covering an area of several hundred acres. This town was once one of the best lumbering districts in the County. In 1835 the census reported fifty-one saw mills. At the present time the number is quite small. Dryden (p. V.) is incorporated, and has a population of nearly 700. It is pleasantly located on the south branch of Fall Creek, in the east part of the town, and is a flourishing inland village. It contains two churches, one academy, one grist mill, one woolen factory, a printing office, hotel and several stores and shops. The grounds and buildings of the Dryden Agricultural Society are located on Main street in the eastern part of the village. The society was organized thirteen years ago, and has since been conducted with entire success. It is usually as largely attended, and in several instances the receipts have been larger than have been realized at many County Fairs. The receipts from all sources, as per the treasurer's report for 1867, were $1,671.21, and the disbursements during the same period were $1,502.62, leaving in the treasury a balance of $168.59. The Southern Central Rail Road now being built, enters the town from the north, on lot No. 6, and passes south-easterly through that and Nos. 16, 26, 37, 38, 48, 49, 59, 69 and 70, on the line of Cortland County. The road passes through the western portion of the village of Dryden. Its completion will undoubtedly materially add to the growth and prosperity of the place. Mna (p. V.) is a thriving little village of some 230 inhabitants. It is situated on Fall Creek, a little west of the center of the town, and contains two churches and several shops, mills, &c., and one or two stores. Varna (p. v.) on Fall Creek, near the west line of the town, contains between one hundred and fifty and two hundred inhabitants, and West Dryden (p. o.) in the north-west part, is a hamlet. Malloryville, on Fall Creek, in the north-west part ; Califm- nia, south of the center; Freeville, north of the center, and Willow Glen, a mile and a half west of Dryden, are hamlets. The C. & S. R. R. cuts the extreme south-west corner, but there is no station within the limits of the town.

Amos Sweet commenced the first settlement in this town, in 1797, on the present site of Dryden village. The next settlers were Ezekiel Sanford, David Foot and Ebenezer Chansen, who located in 1798, at "Willow Glen." A single yoke of oxen, at one load, brought these three families, consisting of fourteen persons, and all their household goods, from the Chenango River. Oapt. —;

OAZETTEES Of TOWNS. 41

George Robertson, (sometimes called the " father of the town,") also came in, in '98, and settled on Lot 53, in the western part of the town. Peleg Ellis and John Ellis came in about the year 1800. Peleg located in the south part of the town, at what is now called Ellis Hollow. John Ellis located at Malloryville. For many years he was a prominent man, and for more than twenty-five years he was Supervisor of that town, and his name now stands in the census of 1835 thus, "John Ellis, King of Dryden." Among the early settlers were Lyman Hurd, from Vermont, Dr. Sheldon, Dr. Wolf, Irona Peat, Wm. Daley, Joel Hull and James Wood. Dan- iel Lacey taught the first school ; Amos Lewis kept the first inn Joel Hull the first store, and Col. Hopkins, from Homer, built the first mill, in 1800. Joseph Chaplin built a road from Oxford, Chenango County, to Ithaca, passing through t^is town in 1792-

The census of 1865 reports nine churches. There are 28 schools, employing 59 teachers, with an average daily attendance of 486 scholars. The expenditures for school purposes during the year 1867, was $7,850.46. The population of the town in 1865, was 4,795. It embraces an area of 56,773 acres, of which 41 ,5621 acres are improved and 15,210i unimproved. There are in the town 208} miles of public roads.

ENFIJELDf named from Enfield, Conn., was formed from Ulysses, March 16, 1821. It lies upon the center of the west border of the County. It is six miles square. Its surface is rolling, and it has a mean elevation of 500 to 700 feet above Cayuga Lake. The principal streams are Enfield Creek, and the South Branch of Taghkanic Creek. Upon the former, in the south-east part of the town, is one of the finest of the many beautiful cascades found in this County. How and when these falls received the name of " Lucifer," remains in doubt, but below the main fall there is a recess in the rocks, with regular walls and rocky floor, which was formerly called the " De- vil's Kitchen," and, here it is fair to presume, the falls were named ; but whether by the proprietor himself, or some ofhis friends, is quite uncertain. The stream rushes through a deep, narrow gorge, and has a total fall of two hundred and thirty feet ; the main fall is about one hundred and sixty.

* "About a half mile above the fall, the little creek, which has its rise among the blue hills beyond, suddenly enters a narrow but formidable gateway ofrock, whose huge buttresses tower a hundred feet above on either side, surmounted with a bristling growth of

*3pmce Spenca'i, ''Head Waters qf Cayuga Lake. ; ;

43 OAZETTEEB OF TOWNS. hemlock and pine. The course of the now,«^^«?°J>'^\^"g„^Xwinding through a"bZti"beautu atively free fi-om obstruction until pastures «°d meadow land wheie fully formed. yalley of green erected his comfortable home, many an honest tiller of the soil has angles and ob- now becomes painfully tortuous, broken with sharp have fallen from the heights structed with fragments of rock which has idly found its way thus far, pre- above ; and the water which which seems inevita- pares in earnest for the desperate encounter the gorge as if curious to ble, and plunges into the shawdows of the torment which it explore its mysteries, and. strong to endure may inflict. furnishes more " Probably there is no Ravine in the world which the rocky variety in so short a space, as that which extends from to the entrance, so securely guarded by the two granite champions, Every dizzy verge of the grand fall, a few hundred yards below. formation of rock foot of progress discloses some new and singular every con- entirely dissimilar from any preceding it. Cascades of some- ceivable form and height, and deep, narrow channels, which water, times conceal in their rumbling depths the fiercely running follow each other in such rapid and agreeable succession, that the the spectator is at once lost in wonder and delight. Throughout over- entire course, a safe and easy footpath winds along beneath the the entrance, hanging cliffs, and at a point about midway from crosses the gulf thirty feet above the water, by a rustic bridge, from which a grand view of the Ravine is obtained, both up and down the stream. " So picturesque, and at times sublime, is the scenery on either hand, that the tourist, as he descends, sometimes forget* that he has not yet beheld the grand object of his visit, and shudders with astonishment when at length, upon turning an abrupt corner of the leap cliff, the fearful gulf, whose rocky pavement checked the rash of " Lucifer," stares him in the face.

" The war of waters 1 from the headlong height Velino cleaves the wave-worn precipice

The fall of waters 1 rapid as the light The flashing mass forms, shaking the abyss

The hell of waters 1 where they howl and hiss,

And boil in endless torture ; while the sweat Of their great agony, wrung out from this Their Phlegetnon, curls round the rocks of jet That gird the gulf around, in pitiless horror set."

" Two hundred and twenty feet beneath, the water, already recovered from the concussion of the fall, is seen dimly through the mist-wreaths to flow leisurely along, and disappear in the shadow GAZETTEER OF TOWNS. 43 ; of green foliage beyond. One hundred and fifty feet above, are buri- | ed the roots of trees which crown the noble brow of the cliff, and . thrust still another hundred feet into the sunlight of heaven, wave the topmost boughs, which sway fearlessly over anatJyss of nearly five hundred feet in depth." The soil in this town is principally a gravelly loam.

Enfield Center, (p. v.) located, as the name indicates, near the center of the town, is the largest village. Enfield, (p. c) in the eastern, and Enfield Falls, in the south-east part, are hamlets. Among the first settlers were Giltner, John Whittock, James Rumsey, Lewis Owen, and Isaac and John Beech. John Ap- ple kept the first inn; Samuel IngersoU the first store, and Wil- liam Ferris built the first mill. The census of 1865 reports four churches in the town. There are 14 schools, employing 29 teachers, with an average daily attendance of 207 scholars. The expenditures for school purposes, during the year 1867, were $4,531.99. The population of the town in 1865 was 1,693. It embraces an area of 18,468 acres, of which 13,877J- are improved, and 4,590f unimproved. There are in the town 84t miles of public roads.

CtJJOjTO^ derived its name from Groton in Connecticut, and was formed from Locke, (Cayuga Co,,) as "Division," April 7, 1817, and its name changed March 13, 1818. It is the north-east corner town in the County, and has a rolling or moderately hilly surface. From the valleys the" land rises by long and gradual slopes to a height of one hundred to three hundred feet. The highest point in town is about fifteen hundred feet above tide. It is watered principally by Owasco Inlet, running north through the center, and Fall Creek, running south through the eastern portion of the town. Bear Swamp, in the west part, contains several hundred acres. •The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam, underlaid by slate, and is well adapted to agricultural purposes.

Groton, (p. v.) on Owasco Inlet, near the center of the town, is incorporated, and is considerably noted for its manufactories of carriages, threshing machines, &c. It also has a foundry and machine shop, an academy, newspaper office, several stores, and a population of about 700 inhabitants. - McLean, (p. v.) on Fall Creek, in the south-east part, is also a manufacturing village of some note, and contains five churches, and about three hundred inhabitants. Perttville, (p. y.) near the south border, is a small village containing two churches, saw mill, grist mill, &c. Groton —;

44 BAZETTEMB OF TOWNS.

v.) in the City, (p. T.) in the north-east corner ; West Groton, (p. Lafayette on north-west ; Benson's Corners, in the south-west, and Fall Creek, above McLean, are hamlets. Among the early settlers were Samuel Hogg, at West Groton Ichabod Brown and John Guthrie, at Groton ; and J. Willoughby, J. Houghtaling and W. S. Clark, at East Groton. There is yet living in town Mrs. Elizabeth Pipher, who has resided here since 1802. She is now 105 years old, and is yet enjoying as good health as could be expected for one so far advanced in years. The census of 1865 reports thirteen churches in town. There are seventeen public schools, employing 40 teachers, with an average daily attendance of 419 scholars. The expenditures for school purposes during the year 1867 were $5,370.35. The population of the town in 1865 was 3,401. It has an area of 28,905 acres, of which 23,370 are improved, and 5,535 unimproved. There are in the town 119 miles of public road.

ITHACA was formed from Ulysses, March 16, 1821. The name was first generally applied to the village, about 1806. Mr. King says, in his " Early History of Ithaca," that, " Hitherto it had been known only as " The Flats," or as some say, " The City," or as others " Sodom," and of course none of these could be retained. " There is a small island in the Ionian Sea, with which there is connected much that is interesting and beautiful, in ancient and classical writings. Homer made it the seat of government of one of his most distinguished, perchance his favorite hero ; for although Achilles ranked highest for strength and prowess at the siege of Troy, yet even in the Illiad, the blind poet seems to have been de- lighted to rehearse the wise counsels, and to portray the skill and bravery of Ulysses ; and the Odyssey is but a narration of his wan- derings and adventures,wherein tempest-tossed and ship-wrecked,and after a thousand accidents and surprises, and as many extraordinary escapes, he returns home to find a wife faithful, and to hear of a son whose absence in search of his father manifests the strongest filial love. Virgil, alsoj in his ^nead, makes mention of the same island. It was named " Ithaca," and its city — also of that name is described as a " bird's nest, built among the rocks." "And here, in this valley, almost surrounded by hills, with no sea, it is true, laving its shores, but with a beautiful lake close by, the rising village was appropriately named " Ithaca ;" (the name had been bestowed by Gen. DeWitt, several years previonsly, but it was not until about this period that it became generally knoVn. On opening his house, Vrooman put up the sign "Ithaca Hotel," and thu^ it soon was well published ;) and it is now the only spot upon the face of the earth so designated, for the ancient Ithaca is at present known by the name of Theaki." ,

GAZETTEER OP TOWNS. 45

It is the central- town in the County, and lies at and around the head of Cayuga Lake. A tract of land two miles long and one and arhalf broad, low and nearly level, extends south from the lake

shore ; and from this the valley of Cayuga Inlet opens to the south- west, and that of Six Mile Creek to the south-east. Ridges, 400 to 700 feet high,with steep declivities, separate these valleys, and surround the low land and the head of the lake. From the summits the surface spreads out into a rolling upland. A marsh half a mile wide borders immediately on the lake. The principal streams are Fall, Cascadilla, Six Mile, Buttermilk and Ten Mile Creeks, and Cayuga Inlet. Several other smaller streams find their way through deep gorges into the lake. In their course from the highlands each of these streams plunges down the. wall-like precipices which surround the lake, forming series of cascades which for beauty and variety are scarely equaled elsewhere. Upon Fall Creek, within the space of one mile, there are five falls, varying in height from forty-five to one hundred and twenty-five feet. Cas- cadilla and Six Mile Creeks, also have beautiful cascades. About two miles south of the village is Buttermilk Creek, where the waters before reaching the valley come tumbling down a broad rocky inclined plane ofmore than a hundred and twenty-five feet, the stream distributing itself so widely over the rocks, that it partakes, as has been aptly said, " the foamy whiteness belonging to the product of the churn, rather than of the spring." In the beds of many of these streams, and especially is this the case with Buttermilk Creek,—there are deep basins worn in the rock, in which the water whirls and boils as in a huge cauldron. They were probably once small holes, into which stones have been deposited by the water, where they have whirled around and around year after year, until this ceaseless friction has worn them out to their present dimen- sions. In very low water they sometimes receive the whole stream and a person can stand quite near them, upon the dry rock, but

within reach of the spray from their boiling contents ; the rocks are slippery and the footing insecure. Fanciful names have been given to some of these basins, two of which, " Father Mathews' " Cup" and the DeviPs Punch Bowl," indicate, perhaps, the senti- ments and tastes of those who named them. Our space will not permit an extended description of these beau-

ties scattered with such a lavish hand throughout this town ; but the reader is referred to a little book, (from which we make a few extracts,) published a year or two since by Mr. Spence Spencer, of this town, entitled, " Scenery of Ithaca," or " Head waters of Cayu- ga Lake," in which he will find all these wonderful works of the "Great Architect " minutely and beautifully described.*

*Mr. Spencer has alBO collected MteteoBcoplc Views of all the flails and objects of interest In the vicinity of Ithaca, taken by first-class artists. No collection can be complete withoat them, and we onderstand he supplies them at liberal rates.—En. ;

46 OAZETTEBB 01" TOWNS.

The soil in this town is a fertile, gravelly loam upon the uplands, and a deep rich alluvium in the valleys. center of the Ithaca, (p. v.,) is the County Seat, the commercial County, and is one of the ijiosil; beautiful villages in the State. It is indeed doubtful if there be another place in the State where the same amount apd variety of beautiful scenery can be found within so small a compass. Built upon a level plain, and on the hills which surround it on three sides, it looks out to the north upon the quiet waters of the Cayuga ; while from the east, within its corpor- ate limits, three considerable streams come plunging and foaming over numerous falls, and writhing and hissing through deep rocky gorges and dark ravines to the plain below, and mingling with the lazy waters of the Inlet, find their way to the lake. The beauties ofIthaca are not its only attraction. Situated nearly in the center of a County unsurpassed for the variety and abundance of its products, with a direct railroad and water communication with the markets ofthe east and west, and a water-power sufficient to drive the machinery of Lowell, there is no reason why it should not become one of the largest manufacturing towns in the State. The deep gorge through which the waters of Fall Creek flow, is bordered by perpendicular cliffs, and formerly the water was carried to the mills below in wooden flumes, suspended to these walls but in 1831.-32, Mr. Bebee built a tunnel through the rock, two hundred feet long, from ten to twelve feet wide, and thirteen feet high, into which the whole stream can be turned, and by which a fall of more than a hundred feet is obtained for hydraulic purposes. The perpendicular fall ofthis stream, within a mile and a half of the post office, is five hundred feet, and the minimum power of twenty-five feet is sufficient to drive a flouring mill of eight runs of stones ; and Cascadilla and Six Mile Creeks afford half as much more power. Ofthis vast water power about eighty per cent, lies idle for want of capital to employ it. Hon. Ezra Cornell says, that the investigations made in the summer of 1865, with reference to the Ithaca and Towanda Rail Road, now being constructed, prove that steam power can be produced cheaper at Ithaca than any other place in the State on navigable waters ; and like investigations made during the building of the Cor- nell Library, and with reference to securing the location of the State Asylum for the Blind at Ithaca, demonstrate, that building materials are cheaper here than at any place of equal population in the State and ; that buildings for manufacturing purposes can be erected at twenty per cent, less cost than at other localities. Food and labor are also comparatively cheap. With all these advantages of cheap power, cheap labor, cheap and abundant food, and cheap and reliable avenues for reaching good markets, centering at Ithaca, it 6AZETTEEB OF TOWNS. 47 only requires that the attention of capital be directed to the place to insure the employment of its resources. On Fall Creek there is a paper mill which makes daily about one ton ofprinting paper, and sixteen hundred pounds of wrapping. The two principal buildings are of brick, one forty by sixty, and the other sixty by one hundred feet. There is also a flouring mill, with seven runs of stones, of sufficient capacity to make two hundred and fifty barrels of flour per day, and grind one thouisand bushels of coarse grain. On Cas- cadilla Creek there is another mill with four runs of stones, capable of producing one hundred and twenty-five barrels of flour, and grinding seven hundred bushels of coarse grain per day ; attached to this is a plaster mill, which will grind twenty tons per day. On Six Mile Creek is a third with eight runs of stones, and having a capacity similar to the one first mentioned, and to which there is also attached a plaster mill. There are in the village several foun- dries and machine shops, one of which is extensively engaged in the manufacture of mowers and reapers, and other agricultural implements, several tobacco factories, carriage factories, one melo- deon factory, one linseed oil and flax mill, one brewery and a large number of other manufactories of various kinds, two large elevators and store-houses. There are also a large number of boat yards, at which are annually built from thirty to forty canal and lake boats, at an average cost of about thirty-eight hundred dollars each. It has become generally conceded that the Ithaca built boats are among the best running on our inland waters.

The mercantile interests of Ithaca are quite extensive, and there are now quite a large number of houses in active business, the proprietors of which were familiar to the citizens of Tompkins County, more than thirty years ago, then as now, dispensing their wares. The growth of the town has heretofore been slow, but sure. Men have grown rich here, and latterly there seems to be a new life and energy instilled into the whole population. Much of this has no doubt been stimulated by the munificence and generosity of the Hon. Ezra Cornell, the founder of " Cornell University," " Cornpll Library," &c., of whom we shall hereafter speak. When the Itha- ca and Towanda, and the Lake Shore Bail Boads, shall have been built, Ithaca will have emerged from her thraldom, and, summer or winter, will be as accessible as any ofher sister towns or cities. We trust the energy of her citizens will not long delay the day.

In 1865, Henry B. Horton invented a new and perfectly reliable calendar, and in connection with Hon. J. H. Selkreg and Harvey Platts, entered into its manufacture, and now the Calendar Clock Factory is one of the institutions of Ithaca. The mechanism by which the calendars are tested, thirty or forty at a time, through a series of eight years, in four hours, works perfectly, and detects : .

48 OAZMTTMEB OF TOWNS. the fault, should there be any, in the calendars. The operation is an interesting one to visitors. The public schools are graded, and are in a prosperous condition. The " Ithaca Fire Department " consists of five engine companies, one hook and ladder company, one bucket company, and a protective police force. The officers for 1868 are as follows

B. R. Williams, Chief Engineer. J. M. Heggie, Jr 1st Asst. " Geo. Sjpcebaugh, 2nd Asst. " John Diltz, Foreman " Cayuga " Engine Co. No. 1 JohnSpence, " "Rescue" " " « 2. J. M. Lyons, « " Tornado " H. & L. Co. No. 3. Wm. S. Berry, " " Eureka " Engine Co. No. 4. Geo, Pickering, " " Torrent " Bucket Co. No. 5. Geo. J. KenyoTi, " " Hercules " Engine Co. No. 6. J.Morris, " .' "Cataract" " " « 7. P. J. Partenheimer, Captain " Protective Police."

Wm. W. Esty, the retiring " Chief," in his annual report to the President and Trustees of the village, in December, 1867, reports the expenditure of $2,353.39, to sustain the Department, purchase new hose, repairs, &c. The total number of certified and enrolled firemen was 361. Certificates of membership had been granted to 78 new applicants, and seven certificates of honorable discharge had been granted during the year. The Departnient is excellently managed, and it is owing to its efficiency that Ithaca has escaped several disastrous conflagrations. Cascadilla Place.—This Institution is located in Ithaca, New York. Its site is on an eminence, overlooking the village from the east. Its northern line is a natural ravine, broken up into cascades and waterfalls, in whosfe depths the " Cascadilla " finds its way to the valley. At its eastern margin, an artificial stream, answering the purpose of a raceway, which has wound along the verge of the ravine from a supplying dam, spreads itself out into a large pond shaded by willows, and furnishes an ample supply of water to the establishment. Springs, both of pure water and largely impregnated with sulphur, lie along the banks of the ravine, and will be used in the buildings. The landscape around is unsurpassed. The waters of Cayuga Lake are spread out towards the north, and may be seen for a distance of thirty miles ; the village lies beneath, with a broad belt of highly cultivated farms skirting the west;— and, stretching away to the south, the valley loses itself among the hills in the distance, From the piazza of the building, eight of the nine towns of the County of Tompkins, four towns in Seneca, and two in Cayuga County, can be seen. OAZETTEEB OF TOWNS. 49

The building, erected within the past two or three years, is of stone, having a front of 100 feet and a depth of 175 feet, rising four stories above the basement, and surrounded with porticos and bal- conies. It was planned by Miss Nivison, with patience and care, and with marlted skill and ability. Her long and successful experience has enabled her to produce a plan which, the Trustees believe, will prove to be most thoroughly and perfectly adapted to the purposes sought to be accomplished. The building will ac- commodate, easily and comfortably, two hundred patients. A Gymnasium and exercise room will be built along the margin of the ravine, having from its center a bridge spanning the chasm directly over a beautiful cascade, and leading into cool and pleasant walks in the groves beyond. The Institution is intended to be something more than a mere " Water Cure." Its foundation theory is not that water is a/universal panacea. Using it freely in all proper cases, its medical direction will, nevertheless, feel free to use and apply all appropriate medical remedies without a blind and exclusive adherence to any one system. The case and the care of each patient will form a separate study, and nothing will be omitted likely to restore health or strength, whatever may be the particular " school " from which it is derived. It is inteioed, eventually, to unite with this main purpose of properly treatmg the sick and the restoration of invalids, the instruction and education of females as physicians and nurses. Such an arrangement will benefit both patients and pupils. It will give to the former intelligent, thoughtful and interested care, instead of

the hired and routine attention of ordinary Institutions ; and, to the latter, ej^perience as well as learning. In the end it is hoped that the surplus earnings of the Corporation will enable the Trustees to erect a separate building for the care of the indigent sick and of invalids who are unable to provide necessary medical attendance and care. So that the Institution is in no sense a private speculation, but in all respects a Public Beneficence. Its profits will go, not into the hands of individuals, but wholly into appropriate channels of usefulness and benevolence. The Institution is managed by a Board of Trustees, of whom Hon. Ezra Cornell is the leading spirit. It is expected the building will be used during the fall and winter of 1868, for the University School. The village contains nine churches, the Cornell Library, one academy, three banks, three printing offices, one bindery and a Town Hall.

The Presbyterian church, with its neat chapel, the Baptist church and the Court House, are located on the north and east sides of a beautiful park, well shaded with maples, elms and evergreens. '

50 OAZETTEEM OF TOWNS.

There are seven public houses in the village, the most important of which are the Clinton House, the Ithaca Hotel and the Tompkins House. The Clinton House is one of the most imposing buildings in the place, and a grander looking hotel cannot be found outside the large cities. With a front on Cayuga street of one hundred and twenty feet, adorned with massive columns and broad porticos, and crowned by a cupola from which the eye sweeps at a glance,

the plain, the lake, and surrounding hills ; its symmetrical whole, stands as a monument to the enterprise and public spirit of Henry •Hubbard, Henry Ackley and Jeremiah S. Bebee, three of the principal business men of the place in 1831, when this building was completed. The hospitable record of the House is a capacious one. It includes statesmen and jurists, and also travelers of celebrity, who have shown their good taste in journeying, by traversing the regions of the Cayuga. From the venerable Surveyor General De- Witt, (the friend and correspondent of Washington,) who watched its building with so much hope of its success, its register has been graced by thousands of names, good and true, not the least interesting page in which is that which records the signatures of the principal diplomats accredited to our Government, when making, with the Secretary of State, their tour of the country."

" The rebuilding of the House in ] 862, was due to the increased enterprise of Ithaca. Mr. Cornell and Mr. Thompson together planned the new arrangement. They made the house a modern one. It was a stately and capacious one in its old devisings, but it now has in its broader spaces and more beautiful appointments, those way8 of living which our more fastidious, more rapid age demands.'*

One of the " old land marks " of Ithaca may be found standing on the south-west corner, at the intersection of Aurora and State streets. The venerable Ithaca Hotel still looks on with a seemingly benignant smile, at the gliding throng as they hurry past or crowd its threshold, and here it has stood for more than half a century, unchanged and unmoved by the world's turmoil, bustle and progress. Originally erected by Luther Gere, Esq., one of the founders and early pioneers of Ithaca, in 1809, it was looked upon as a model hotel, and amid all the changes of time, has maintained its early reputation. "Its front pavements have been bored, not for oil, but many a hickory shaft has been put down, and towering aloft with the stars and stripes given to the breeze, proclaimed it " the Old Tammany of Tompkins County." Its halls have been packed with untold conventions, and the affairs of the nation in all its changes have been discussed by a generation of patriots. Beneath its roof gathered the patriots of 1812, and were mustered into service; here was the roll call for the heroes of 1861, and the ' ;;

QAZETTBEB OF TOWNS. 61 echoes of the tfaitors' gung had not died away from Fort Sumpter before the citiaiens of Tompkins gathered at the hearth-stone of the old wigwam, to offer their money and their lives for the defence of the Union. Its ceilings have echoed with the eloquence of DeWitt Clinton, Silas Wright, Martin Van Buren, and a host ot statesmen who have paised away. Venerable old pile ! May the dust of time gather lightly on thy brow." " The Cornell Library, owes its existence to the puWic spirit and munificence of Horn. Ezra Cornell, whose name it very appropriately bears. It is located upon the corner of Tioga and Seneca streets in Ithaca ; having a front upon the former of sixty-eight feet, and a depth of one hundred. The building is of brick, three stories in ^eighth, and so constructed as to be substantially fire-proof. "The idea in which this enterprise originated was to bring within the i'eaich of all classes,' freely and without cost to them,- the treas-

ures ctf literature and science ; and to stimulate and encourage the intellectual growth of the communities within its influence.

''In the accomplishment of this purpose, the clear, practical intellect of its founder foresaw, as the first condition of success, that the

Institution should be self-supporting ; never a dependent upon the tardy bounty tot half aids and half destroys a needy enterprise but possessing within itself the means of independent existence, and pei-nldnent and sturdy growth. Accordingly, the edifice erected was pliinned so as to contain, not only the Library and its accesso- ries', but al^tf many rooms so admirably adapted to business purposes as to cofftmaTid, at all times in the future, a large and steadily Ihcreasihg renttill, and thus furnish strength and vitality to the Insti- tution, through the agency of a permanent and durable iticome.

" The execution of this ;f)lan met the approval of the entire community. The front of the building, on the first flodr, is now occupied by the post office, fitted up with an elegance and convenience

rafely excelled ; and the First National Blank, whose business rooms, if not as gorgeous as those of the Metropolis, are at least as pleasant

and cheerful ; wliile the rear of the building is devDted to offices, all adding their share to the support of the Library. Here also is the arsenal of the DeWitt Guards, arranged and adorned with a taste

and elegance which does them credit ; their drill-room, large and convenient. The Library Hall, a room for public purposes, capable of seating an audience ofeight hundred persons, and lighted from

the ceiling through globes of glass ; the Farmer's Club Room, whose museuin of curiosities and specimens of vegetable growths and mineral formations, have become both interesting and valuable and the Hall of the Historical Society, whose collection, needing only to be arranged and systematized, is rapidly advancing in interest and importance. 63 GAZETTEER OF TOWNS.

"Prominent among the many rare curiosities, are to be found " several specimens of art executed by the American Photo-Litho- graphic Co.," of Brooklyn, N. Y., of which Mr. Cornell is President. The process of photo-lithographing, enables the reproduction of maps, engravings, charts, wood cuts &c., in enlarged or diminished size with great accuracy and rapidity. Persons wanting views &c., would by addressing the Company, corner Third Avenue and Tenth streets, Brooklyn, receive specimens of their work gratuitously. " From all these sources revenue flows, steadily and ungrudg- ingly, into the treasury of the Library, making it no dependent upon the charitable impulses of individuals or the public ; but able, within itself, abundantly to secure its own existence, and promote its own future improvement. And with the additional aid of the permanent endowments, soon to be made by the liberality of its founder, it will be able to act always independently and with effect, become a recognized power in the community, and largely mould and shape the mental and moral character within the circle of its influence. " Its organization has another commendable element. It is neither sectarian nor partizan. All denominations are represented in its governing Board, and must continue to be. All parties and shades of parties have equal rights iu its management ; and the votes of the people which elect a president of the village, the votes of the firemen electing their chief engineer, the votes of the board of supervisors selecting their chairman, directly affect, through these officers, the character and material of the Library corporation. So that no partial or imperfect good is intended ; but one that is general, universal, equally open and free to all. " The Library itself is finished with great beauty and elegance. Its alcove-columns represent each of the varieties of our native forest woods. The dark swarthy hue of the walnut, the delicate yel- low tracery of the pine, the warm veining of the beach and maple, the red glow of the cedar, the shining panels of the elm, the gnarled heart of the locust, the hard, white grain of the hickory, and the dusk shadings of the oak ; each, with their remaining associates of the forest, combine to make interesting and beautiful, this quiet abode of Literature and Science. Its alcoves are arranged in double stories, and are capable of holding forty or fifty thousand volumes, with a means of expansion anchenlargement to any extent which the good fortune of the future may make desirable. " The work of filling these waiting shelves with their silent but eloquent occupants has already begun. About four thousand volumes had been selected and purchased by Mr. Cornell, up to Dec. 1867; among which the glowing colors of Audubon's Birds of America, and the innumerable plates of the Incohographic Cyclo- pwdia, and the old, quaint volumes illustrating the early condition —

GAZETTEEB OE TOWNS. 63 and architecture of London, indicate very clearly his purpose to make the Library collection one of great interest and excellence, and not to be baffled in its execution by even grave questions of expense.

"Attached to the Library, and so arranged as to be used in connection with it, are two Beading Booms, one intended to be exclu- sively occupied by ladies, and the other by gentlemen ; to be open and ready for use at all times; where will be found the newspapers and periodical excellence of the day, and where, it is hoped, a pleasant and cheerful place will be found, to lure the young from the dissipation and revelry of idle days and wasted evenings-, to the pleasures of intellectual culture, and genial and improving society.

" Much of these results is yet in the future, but the foundation upon which they are to rest is already secure ; and the pleasure- seeker who wanders amid the unrivalled scenery which marks the head waters of the Cayuga, when tired of the roar of waterfalls, or cool drip of cascades, or summer murmur of waves, will always find welcome and rest in the quiet and pleasant alcoves of the Cor- nell Library." It is expected that some 6000 or 7000 more volumes will be added in due time, to the already rich treasures of the Library. The DeWitt Guard was organized as a military company in 1851, and their first regular meeting was held 31st of December of that year. At that meeting a series of by-laws were adoj>ted, many of which are still in force, though none of the members of '51 are now connected with the organization. Jfany times has- the Company celebrated our National holidays, and received and entertained like companies from abroad, and have been by theiaa received in return. Pleasant memories are these to those who participated in them. Members of the Company have served in our country's defence in the suppression of the late rebellion; some returned to their former home and vocation, while other's died in their country's service; some by the direful hand of disease, while a few fell while nobly vindicating their country's honor. In the fall of 1864 the Company served for one hundred days on guard duty over the rebel prisoners in Camp Elmira. Their drill roona is located in the Cornell Libra- ry Building.

In a neat little volume of near 200 pages, published by the Com- pany, and entitled " History of the DeWitt Guard, Co. A, 50th Eegiment National Guard, State of New York," may be found a very complete history of the incidents connected with the pleasures, trials and privations, through which the Company has passed since its organization. : — '

54 OAZSTTEES Or TOWNS.

The citizbns of Tompkins County would find it an entertaining work, and we understand it can be procured for a small sum at the book stores in Ithaea. Its closing paragraph reads as follows : " We have endeavored to give, as we stated at the commence- ment, a full, true and concise history of the DeWitt Guard ; our task is completed ; and in closing, we only ask that a generous public will remember the present and former members oftkis Com- pany, who sacrificed so much for their country in the hour of her peril, and to bestow honor where honor is due." The Cornell Univeisity, chartered a few years ago by the Legis- latore, and located at Ithaea, is the crowning evidence of the public \ spirit and mumficence of Mr. Cornell, and no sketch ofIthaea would ; be complete without some notice of the institution. Mr. A. D. White, President of the University, speaks of it as follows " In the educational annals of the State of New York like noblest

' deed by far is the foundation of the University at Ithaca by the Hon. Ezra Cornell. " The General Government had made, in 1 863, an appropriation of lands to the different States and Territories, for the' establish- j ment of colleges devoted to agricultural, mechanical and other arts and science*. Of this appropriation the share of NewTork was very nearly a million of acres. " Of course various parties rushed foi"ward to claim portions of! this generous provision. For a time it deemed destined to be scattered among all the institutions known as colleges throughout the State^and that thus the whole fund would be ftittered away. But into all this clamor quietly stepped Mr. Cornell, insisted that the fund, to be efficient, must be kept. together in one place, and agreed that he would give half a million of dollars to an institution to be established at Ithaca, profVided the State sboold give such institution the income of the new fund. " Despite much opposition, a law was passed chartering the Cor« nell University, and in September of 1865 the first business meeting of its Trustees was held at Ithaca, Gov, Fenton presiding. " Mr. Cornell's promises were far more than redeemed.. He gave into the hands of the Trustees not merely the 500,000 dollars, but a beautiful site and farm of over two hundred acres, besides the Jew- ett cabinet — the most complete of its kind in the country—which iiad recently cost him ten thousand dollars. Nor did his munifi- fience end here. In accordance with a provision in the charter, he gave $25,000 to found a professorship of agricnlture at Genesee Col- lege, and invested an additional sum of 50,0CK) dollars for the Uni- yeesity. "The plans for building embrace large d<»mi>»tories, lectjire and redtation rooms, public halls, library, museum^ laboratory, workshops, farm buildings, dwellings, &c. It is intended to erect them OAZETTEEB OF TOWNS. 55 from time to time from the interest of the Cornellfund, astheymay be needed. It is agreed that while the huildings ought to be substantial and tasteful, there shall be no attempt at display. " The general arrangement will be in large quadrangles, as most convenient and effective. "The site is of surpassing beauty. A plateau over three hundred feet above the level of Cayuga Lake, bordered on one side by the Cascadilla and on the other by Fall Creek, gives a noble place for the buildings and ornamental grounds. " Back of these is the great college farm; on either side are ravines, rOjCks and falls of water, combining not less beautifully than those at Trenton. " In front, stretching far to the right as eye can reach, are the beautiful waters of Lake Cayuga,— directly in front is the tidy and thriving village of Ithaca, its spires and towers rising amid masses offoliage — and to the left sweeps a bold range of hills, diversified with groves and cultivated fields and dotted with farm-houses, closing in the whole scene as with the walls of an amphitheatre. It is a seat worthy the ideal which it is believed Mr. Cornell's munificence will make real." "We make the following extracts from the first general announce- ment by the Trustees and officers of the University... "The first term of the University, will open on the last "Wednes- day in September, 1868, with the inauguration of the President and Professors. " The Departments and Courses will be organized as follows : "Division of Special Sciences and Arts.—1. The Department of", Agriculture; 2. the Department of the Mechanic Arts; 3. the De- Military partment of Civil Engineering ; 4. the Department of En- Practical gineering and Tactics ; 5. the Department of Mining and Political Geology ; 6. the Department of History, Social and Science. " In all the instruction in these Departments a constant effort will be made to educate men to speedily become practically useful in developing the resources and in aiding in the general progress of the country. " In the Department of Agriculture, science and practice will go together, not to rear a body of amateur agriculturists, but to bring scientific methods to bear in ordinary agriculture, so that tried by an economic test the result shall be to advance the prosperity of the country. Special attention will be given to the education of young men, ambitious to become instructors and professors in the numerous agricultural colleges now rising in nearly all the States of the Union. " In the Department of the " Mechanic Arts," science will also be and applied to practice ; iStting men to take positions of influence :

56 QAZETTEER OF TOWNS.

usefulness, in developing the manufacturing and mechanical resources and interests of the country. Special attention •will be paid to the practical education of those who wish to take charge of manufactories and work shops of various sorts. " In the Department of Civil Engineering the same idea of making thoroughly scientific men for speedy practical use will be carried out. "The Bepartmentof Military Engineering and ^acf/c* it is hoped to place under the supervision of graduates of the National Acade- my at West Point. "The Department of Mining and Practical Geology has for its aim the fitting of men to develop the vast mineral resources of the nation. When it is considered what immense losses have been incurred under the management of unscientific or half-scientific men, the importance of this Department will be recognized. Situated as the University is near one of the greatest mining districts of the United States, it presents special attractions to all students desiring real preparation for work of the kind contemplated. " In the Department of History, Social and Political Science, the need of the country for a higher and more thorough education for the public service, will be constantly kept in view. Principles as thought out by Economists,,Statesmeh and Historians will be constantly applied to what has been actually wrought out in society. The Trustees will endeavor, in questions of Political Economy, upon which good and able men differ, to have both sides ably presented and discussed. No attempt will be made, however, to proselyte students to any peculiar or partisan views. " In the Division of Science, Literature and the Arts in General, the following course will be adopted " " 1 . First General Course, or Modern Coursed—^This will extend through four years. To Modern Languages, which have become so indispensable in a good education, will be mainly assigned the place and labor usually given to Ancient Languages. The course will be suited to, the needs of students, so far as possible, by the allowance of options between studies in the latter years of the course, oft a plan somewhat similar to that lately adopted at Har- vard University. 2. "Modern Course Abridged."—^ITiis course will extend through three yeajrs. This, as well as the abridged courses which follow, are intended to meet the needs of those students who have not time for a full general course. It will give the main studies of the extended course, the subordinate studies being omitted so as to decrease the time one year. 3. Second General Course, or " Combined Course."—^This course will through extend , four years. In this the languages studied will be Latin and German, the remainder of the course being essentially the same as the " Gen- eral Course." To those who wish to ,make a thorough study of OAZETTEEB OF TOWNS. 57

Modern Languages this course will be valuable, as combining the most useful parts, practically, of the courses usually pursued in Col- leges, with a broader the sides of all the great course ; giving two Modern Languages and literatures, including our own, and aiding the scientific student greatly in the literature and nomenclature of science. 4. " Combined Course Abridged."—^This will extend through three years. Its name explains its character. 5. Third General Course or " Classical Course."—This will be mainly like the " First General Course," with the option of Ancient Languages for Modern. 6. " Scientific Course."—This will extend through three years, aifording a general scientific preparation for either of the first four departments in the " First Division," as named above. A special effort will be made to bring this Department fully up to the needs of the times, both by the course adopted and by the professors elected to maintain it. 7. Scientific Course Abridged.— This will extend through two years. Its name explains its character. 8. Optional Course.—This is similar to that allowed American stu- " dents in the greater German Universities ; also like the Select " Course at the University of Michigan ; and which, in both cases, has been very successful. In this course the student, on cond\ilta- tion with friends and the appropriate instructors, selects any three studies for which he may be fitted, from the whole range of studies pursued in the entire University, follows them up to such point as may be agreed upon, and receives, from the Governing Board of the University, at the completion of his work, a certificate, showing the extent of the course he has taken. 9. Degrees, Diplomas and Certificates.—Appropriate degrees, attested by diplomas or certificates, will be conferred upon all students passing satisfactorily through any of the above named departments or courses. But it is thoroughly to be understood that no distinction will be made between the course extending through four years, as to the name, character or value of the degree or diploma, and the Trustees pledge themselves to use every effort to prevent any caste-spirit in any department or course as compared with another." "All candidates for admission to any department or course must present satisfactory evidences of good moral character. "All candidates for admission to any of the special departments in the " First Division " must be at least sixteen years of age. All candidates for admission to any of the courses of the •* Second Di- vision " must be at least fifteen years of age. " Candidates for advanced standing will be examined in the previous srtudies of the course which they purpose to enter, and if they come from another College or University will present certificates of honorable dismission.

" Entering the University will be considered a pledge to obey its rules and regulations. —

58 aAZETTM^X OF TOWNS.

"Candidates for admission to any department or course must have received a good common English education, and be morally, men- tally and physically qualified to pursue to advantage the course of study to which they propose to give their attention." " The fees for tuition to persons not exempt under the charter as " State Students," are ten dollars for each term, or thirty dollars for the year. Neither matriculation fees nor initiation fees are required. " In special oases of students of decided merit, who are proven to be in great need, a remission may be made, either wholly or in part, of tuition fees, such remission being considered as a loan, the student giving a note or promise to pay them so soon as he shall become able after leaving the University. In all other cases payment for each term must be made in advance. Students will be held responsible for any injury which may be done by them to the Uni- versity property." " One large stone building, 165 by 50 feet, and four stories in height, has already been erected ; another of the same size is in progress. In these, besides dormitories, are library, lecture and recitation rooms, over thirty in number, and of various sizes. There will be two laboratories well equipped, one under the direction of the Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, and the other under the Professor of General Chemistry. The University already possesses the Jewett collection in Palaeontology and Geology, at a cost of ten thousand dollars, and has received a donation from the State of a collection of duplicates from the State Geological collection, and has funds now in hand to make large additional collections for illustration in the different departments. The Trustees feel warranted in stating that the University will commence with a scientific and general library sufficient for the immediate wants of Facul- ty and Students, and constant appropriations will be made for its increase." Mr. Cornell has just purchased the Library of the late Dr. An- thon for the University. It consists of about 7000 volumes, and is one of the best and most complete classical Libraries in the country. President "White sailed for Europe in March, where he will make large purchases of foreign books suited to the wants of the Univer- sity. He hopes to return in July when the final steps in the process of orgahization will be taken. The indications are that a large number of students will be in attendance at the opening of the University in September. The ap- plications have been very, numerous, and are steadily upon the increase. "It is intended to erect workshops upon the University property where students, under proper direction, can have practical instruction in Mechanic Arts. The first of these will be a workshop fitted with the proper machinery for working in wood and iron, in which : :

OA.ZMTTEEB OF TOWNS. 59 students can labor at fair prices upon agricultural implements and machinery in general, and upon models for the University collections of machinery and apparatus.

"Accomplished artisans will superintend this work, and the attention of those young men who would qualify themselves, by scientific study, for the most responsible and remunerative positions as master mechanics and superintendents of workshops, is recom- mended to this feature in the course of practical instruction. " The following prizes are offered by the Founders of the Univer- sity to aid meritorious students

To the student of the Volunteer Labor Corps in Agriculture, who without neglecting his other University duties, shall have shown himself most efficient, practically and scientifically, upon the University farm, $50 00 To the second in merit 20 00 To the third in merit 10 00 To the student in the Volunteer Labor Corps in the Mechanic Arts, who, without neglecting his other University duties, shall have shown himself most efficient, practically and scientifically, in the University workshops $50 00 To the second in merit 20 00 To the third in merit 10 00 The above shall be known as the " Founder's Prizes." The following prizes are offered by the President of the Universi- ty to aid meritorious s^tudents,

To the student showing the most satisfactory progress in the "Mod- ern Course " during the first year $50 00 To the second in merit 20 00

To the student showing the moat satisfactory progress in the " Com- bined Course " during the first year $50 00 To the second in merit 20 00

To the most meritorious student in Chemistry, as applied to Ag- riculture .$50 00 To the second in merit 20 00

To the most meritorious student in Practical Mechanics and Phy- sics .$50 00 To the second in merit 20 00

To the most meritorious student in General Histpry $50 00 To the second in merit. 20 00 To the most meritorious student in Modern History $50 00 To the second in merit 20 00 " —

60 GAZETTEER OF TOWNS.

To the writer of the best English Essay $50 00 To the second in merit 20 00

To the student who, without neglecting his other duties as a member of the University, shall make the most satisfactory development in physical culture, $50 00 To the second in merit 20 00 To the third in merit 10 00

" The committees of examination reserve the right to withhold a prize where the competition shows a standard not sufficiently elevated.

" The above shall be known as the ' President's Prizes.' " Relations of the University to the State,—The act organizing the Cornell University makes it an organic part of the educational system of the State. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secre- tary of State, Superintendent of Public Instruction and Speaker of the House of Assembly are ex-offleio Trustees. The President of the State Agricultural Society is also ex-officio a member of the Board. It may be mentioned here, that the Board of Trustees are not a body sitting for life, but that they are constantly renewed, the term of office being five years ; three being selected every year one of them by the Alumni whenever they shall number fifty. This, it is hoped, will do much to ensure vigor and prevent the stag- nation from which so many institutions of learning have suffered. " Scope of the University.—^The special departments referred to above will be developed conscientiously and as thoroughly as possible. The prominence plainly given the first two by the Act of Congress will be loyally remembered. It must also be constantly recollected that education is here to be made, not only scientific, but practical. Military education will also be provided for. More- over, the Trustees are also pledged to try fully and fairly the ex- periment of allowing students in appropriate departments to do something towards paying their way by organized manual labor, under scientific direction. This, however, will be voluntary, as the freedom of our University demands. " But beside these fecial departments, the Trustees provide, in accordance with the clearly expressed intent of the Congressional act, general instruction. Mr. Cornell's gift is made in order to round the whole institution into the proportions of an University worthy of the State. He expressed plainly and tersely the whole University theory when he said, '/ would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study* " Features the of University.—First. Every effort will he made th(U the education given he practically useful. The idea of doing a student s mind some vague general good by studies which do not GAZETTEER OF TOWNS. 61 interest him, will not control. The constant policy -will be to give mental discipline to every student ly studies which take practical hold upon the tastes, aspirations and work of his life. " Second. There is to be University liberty of choice. Several courses carefully arranged will be presented, and the student, aided by friends and instructors, can make his choice among them. " When we consider that young men are constantly obliged to make choice unaided in regard to matters of even more difficulty and danger than courses of study, it will not be thought so absolutely necessary that but one single course should be allowed, and all men of all minds forced to fit it. " Third. There will be no Fetichism in regard to any single studies. All good studies will be allowed their due worth. While the beauty and worth of ancient classics will not be denied, it is hoped to give the study of modern classics, especially those of our own language, a far more important place than they have hitherto held in our colleges. Special attention will be paid to these. " Fourth. Historical studies and studies in Political and Social science will be held in high honor, and will have more attention than is usual in our higher institutions of learning. Beside thorough regular courses, it is intended to present special courses of lectures by non-resident professors ofeminence. "Fifth, There will be no petty daily marking system, a pedantic device, which has eaten out from so many colleges all capacity among students to seek knowledge for knowledge's sake. Those professors will be sought who can stir enthusiasm, and who can thus cause students to do far more than under a perfunctory piecemeal study.

" Sixth.. It enters into the plan adopted by the Board of the Cor- nell University to bring about a closer and more manly intercourse and sympathy between Faculty and students than is usual in most of the colleges. " Seventh. The study of Human Anatomy, Physiology and Hy- giene, with exercises for physical training, will be most carefully provided for. "Eighth. The Cornell University, as its highest aim, seeks to promote Christian civilization. But it cannot be sectarian. Estab- lished by a general government which recognizes no distinctions in creed, and by a citizen who holds the same view, it would be false to its trust were it to seek to promote any creed or to exclude any. " The State of New York, in designating this institution as the recipient of the bounty of the general government, has also declared the same doctrine. By the terms of the charter, no trustee, professor or student can be accepted or rejected on account of any religious or political opinions which he may or may not hold. :

gg OAZETTEEB OF TOWNS.

Michigan, where the Faculty "The success of the University of of all parties, is a sufficient comprises men of all religious sects and institution of learning must refutation ofthose who assert that an be sectarian to be successful."

The present Trustees are as follows *His Excellency, Reuben E. Fenton, Governor; *His Honor, Stewart L. Woodford, Lieutenant-Governor; *Hon. Edmund L. State Agri- Pitts, Speaker; *Gen. Marsena R. Patrick, President Pub- cultural Society ; *Hon. Victor M. Rice, Superintendent of Board Trus- lic Instruction ; *Hon. Ezra Cornell, Chairman of of the University; tees; *Hon. Andrew D. White, President of *Francis M. Finch, Esq., iiSrarian Cornell Public Library ; *Alon- zo B. Cornell, Esq., Ithaca ; Hon. Horace Greeley, New York ;— Hon. Edwin D. Morgan, New York; Hon. Erastus Brooks, New J. Meredith Read, York ; Hon. William Kelly, Rhineheck ; Gen. Co.; Hon. Albany ; H«n. George H. Andrews, Springfield, Otsego Abram B. Weaver, Beerfield, Oneida Co.; Hon. Charles J. Folger, Geneva; Hon. Edwin B. Morgan, ^wroro ; Hon. John M. Par- ker, Owego; Hiram Sibley, Esq., i2ocAe«fer ; Hon. Josiah B. Wil- liams, Ithaca; Hon. George W. Schuyler, Ithaca, Treasurer of the University; William Andrus, Esq., /iJAaca; John MoGraw, Esq., Ithoxa.

Among the many fine buildings of Ithaca, we must not forget on the splendid block recently built by Wilgus Brothers & Co., the corner of State and Tioga Streets. In size and grandeur it the rivals the splendid Cornell Library Building. Two thirds of for ground floor is occupied by the Messrs. Wilgus Brothers & Co., the sale of dry goods, &c., and is one of the largest stores outside the great cities. The remainder of the lower floor will be occupied by another house, also as a dry goods store. The second an floor is devoted to offices, and the third and fourth, in one, as immense public hall, which will be fitted up in magnificent style. Altogether the edifice is an additional evidence of the prosperity of this beautiful village.

The commercial interests of the place are extensive and important. A daily line of steamboats on the lake, running between this place and Cayuga Bridge, in connection with the D. L. & W. R. R., serves to connect the Erie R. R. on the south with the N. Y. Central on the north. The lake is also a link in the great chain of the internal water navigation of the State, and upon it a large amount of canal commerce, centering at Ithaca, is carried on. The

• Tnuteu Bac-OfflcU). —J

OAZBTTEEB OF TOWNS. 63 *iP:

transhipment of Scranton and Lackawanna coal brought by the Cay- uga Branch of the D. L. & W. E, R., forms an important and constantly increasing branch of business. A large portion of the anthracite coal for the northern and western markets is supplied through this avenue. The village was incorporated April 2, 1821. Its present population is about 6000. The census of 1865 gives it at 5,700. Free Hollow is a manufacturing hamlet on Fall Creek, about a mile and a half above Ithaca. The first settlement of the town was made by Jacob Yaple, Isaac Dumond and Peter Hinepaw, revolutionary soldiers, who located on the present site of Ithaca village in 1789. The land that they occupied had previously been partly cultivated by the Indians. Among the other early settlers were families named McDowel, Davenport, Bloom, King, Patchin, Star, Conrad, Markle, Sayers and Brink. The first child born was a daughter of John Dumond, Sept. 1789. Henry Yaple, who still resides at Danby, or Caro- line, was the first white male child born, Aug. 28, 1791. The first death was that of Rachel Allen, in 1790. In 1792 a man named Lightfoot came up the lake with a boat-load of goods, and entering the inlet, landed near the present steamboat landing. Here he erected a shanty, where he continued an itener- ant trade for a number of years.

The first frame house was erected about the year 1800, by Abram Markle. The carpenter employed was a Mr. Delano, to whom Luther Gere was then apprenticed. The first regular and established merchant was Mr. David Quigg ; Doctor Frisbee was the

first physician ; Oliver Wisewell the first lawyer ; Rev. Mr. Man-

deville the first minister ; a Mr. Howe the first school teacher ; a Mr. Belcher the first singing teacher ; Peleg Chesebrough was the Agar the first tailor ; Hudson Gaskil the first blacksmith ; a Mr, first inn, and Jacob first silversmith ; Hartshorn kept the Yaple built the first mill in 1790. There was a post-office established here in 1804, and Richard W. Pelton was the first postmaster. As early as 1810, Ithaca was regarded as one of the most thriving and promising villages of the interior. with The first church (Presbyterian) was organized in 1804-05, seven members. There were in 1867, 10 public schools, employing 36 teachers, with an average daily attendance of 689. The expenditure for school purposes during the year was $9,788.21. The population of the town in 1865 was 7,264. It embraces an area of 17,963f acres, of which 14,241} are improved and 3,722 miles of public road. unimproved . There are in the town 97} ,

64 OAZETTBEB OF TOWNS.

LANSIHTG was formed from Genoa, (Cayuga Co.,) April 7, the 1867. It lies upon the east bank of Cayuga Lake, in north part of the County. The surface is principally a rolling upland, lying about five hundred feet above the lake. Bordering the lake in many places, perpendicular ledges of rock rise from twenty to fifty feet, and at others the land forms a continuous slope from the top of the bluffs to the water's edge. The soil is generally a fertile gravelly loam, well .adapted to grain or grass. The principal stream is Salmon Creek, which, taking its rise in Cayuga County, flows south through near the center of the town. Its valley is narrow and bordered by steep hillsides. Its principal tributaries are Gulf, Townley and Hedden Creeks. Numerous smaller streams find their way over falls and through guUeys to the lake. Ludlowville, (p. v.) situated on Salmon Creek, about a mile from its mouth, is the principal village. It contains several manufacturing establishments, stores, churches, and nearly three hundred in- habitant. Lansingville, (p. v.) on the ridge west of Salmon Creek, in the north part of the town, contains a little over one hundred inhabitants. North Lansing, (p. o.) in the north-east corner ; Lake Ridge, (p. o.) on the bluffabove the lake in the north-west corner, and Libertyville, (South Lansing p. o.) are hamlets, ^ast Lansing, \ near the center of the east part, and Potest City, on the lake, in the south part, are post offices.

In this town at least one of the unfortunate soldiers of Sullivan's army, captured by the Indians, was tortured and burned. The first settlement in the town was made by a family named Depew, who located at the mouth of Salmon Creek, in 1791.

In the fall of that year, or spring of 1792, Silas Ludlow settled half a mile west of Ludlowville, Henry Ludlow and his sons Thomas and Henry, came in about the same time. Richard and

Charles Townley came in from New Jersey, in 1793 ; and also a family by the name of Himrod, who settled at what is now called Himrod's Point. The Teeters, Goodwins and Blooms settled in the east and south part of the town, in 1794. Henry and Thomas Ludlow built the first grist mill in 1795, just below the falls on Sal- mon Creek. It was a rough log building, about twenty feet square. Jonah Tooker kept the first store. Thomas Ludlow was the first post-master, and William Boyse kept the first inn, at Libertyville. The first night of his stay in the house a rattle-snake crept into the bed and slept with his children.

The census of 1865 reports eight churches in the town. There are 20 public schools, employing 37 teachers, with an average daily attendance of372 scholars. The amount of expenditures for school purposes during the year 1867 was $4,978.50. The population of ' GAZETTEEB OE TOWNS. 66 t p'.own in 1865 was 2,940. It embraces an area of 35,696 acres, ; (vnich 28,476 are improved, and 7,220 unimproved. There are in the town 145i- miles of public roads.

WEWFIULD yra.a formed from Spencer, (Tioga Co.,) as " Cayuta," Feb. 22, 181 1. Its name was changed March 29, 1 822, and a part was annexed to Catharine, (Schuyler Co.,) in 1853. It is the south-west corner town in the County. The surface is high and hilly, the ridges being 400 to 600 feet above the vallej s, and 1,500 to 1,700 feet above tide water. The streams are Cayuga Inlet, the south branch of Enfield Creek, Carter Creek and their tributaries. The valleys of the streams are usually narrow and bordered by steep hill-sides. A portion of the west part of the town is yet un- cultivated. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam, and is well adapted to gram growing or grazing. in the north- Newfield, (p. v.) an enterprising village, is situated east part of the town, on the west branch of Cayuga Inlet, It cor;- factory, tains three churches, two flouring mills, a saw mill, woolen It has a carriage shops, planing mill, tannery, several stores, &c. population of between four and five hundred inhabitants. Trum- small village. bull's Corners, (p. v.) on the north border, is a south-west part. Foney Hollow, (p. o.) is a hamlet in the Thomas located at Poney Hollow and was the first settler. Moore, Among the other early settlers were S. Chambers, Elijah Hall kept the Carter, and Daniel ^B. Swartwood ; Jeremiah John Greene built the first inn, George Dudley the first store, and mill. first , , , . .... teachers There are in the town 23 public schools, employmg 44 The aniount of with an average daily attendance of 341 scholars. was $4,087.- expenditures for school purposes during the year 1867, It embraces 48. The population of the town in 1865 was 2,700. and ,400 an area of 34,891} acres, of which 23,491 } are improved 11 roads. unimproved. There are in the town 141 } miles of public

and VLTS8ES, named after one of the heroes of Homer, and was No. 22 ruler of ancient Ithaca, was formed March 5, 1799, Dryden was carved of the original townships in the Military Tract. Enfield in 1821. It lies upon out of it in 1803, and Ithaca and north-west corner town the west bank of Cayuga Lake, and is the about six hundred feet high, with in the County. A range of bluffs, and from their summits steep declivities, borders upon the lake ; upland. The soil is an ex- the surface spreads out in an undulating producing fine crops of gram and cellent quality of gravelly loam, —

66 OA-ZETTSSB OF TOWNS, grass. Taghkanic Creek flows through the town from the west, and is the principal stream. Trumansburgh Creek, in the north part, and several other smaller streams, flow into the lake. On all of these streams are beautiful cascades. On Taghkanic Creek, about a mile from the lake, are the celebrated Taghkanic .Falls,—the highest perpendicular waterfkll in the State. They have worn a deep gorge in the yielding shales, with banks three hundred and eighty feet high. The sheet now falls, in an unbroken sheet, over a limestone terrace about 215 feet in height. Many attempts have been made to describe the falls, but they all come so far short of the reality and give such an imperfect idea of the real beauty of this gem of the lake, that we will be readily excused from attempt- ing a lengthy description, though we cannot refrain from making a few extracts from Mr. Spencer'a "Head Waters of Cayuga Lake," in regard to them.

The first is taken from quite a lengthy article by "Wm. H. Bo- gart: " All the journey up the ravine is a demand on our admiration, for the gorge is walled in by vast heights—of bare and of wooded rock. They rise treeless, and as if they would exhibit to us all the processes of geological condition, or so densely covered with forest, as that there seems a perpetual mystery in their concealment. Especially as we near the Fall, there is on the left hand, or south side, far and deep episodes of glen within the greater glen, leading off to invite us to explore them and detaining us from the onward progress. Few do make the exploration, and they abide summer and winter, nooks and recesses of woodland, the very chosen home of the Fawn and the Dryad, if the mystery of mythology were yet interlaced with our forest life. The bold heights are pinnacled and castellated, and the sky seems like a narrow river of blue ether flowing above us. We forget the ruderoading in the study of this wildly written chapter of creation. We turn out of one of these deep wood paths to the right, and upon us is the Taghkanic—the most winning and beautiful of Falls. That pure veil of misty water, turning into woven air, almost from the instant it leaves the brow of the precipice, and so gently, so sweetly changing into foam —pure silver threaded wool like foam—and at last not dashing or breaking, but gliding into the chasm below. There are what seem, diflfei:ent fibres, (if we may use that word,) of the water that make up thfe Fall and these are intermingled in sweetness of union. The water has a descent so free that it seems to use a leisure of movement, and it is easy to enumerate the sections in the time of the fall. Beneath it nearly all the way, the rock is visible, jind there is a foliage there that is thus perpetually bathed by the crystal cascade. It is a very diamond of beauty, set in all the rugged anji fierce scenery of that dark and wild glen. It is like a fairy sur- — ;;; —; ;

OAZBTTEEB OF TOWNS. 67 rounded by a rude guard of giants. It is a surprise of loveliness amidst darkness and gloom. The glen has intended to give a great amphitheatre for the Fall, which true to its shy sweetness of notice, occupies but brief space in that extended circle. A little pool seems to be in constant attendance at the foot ofthe cascade, as if lingering to talk to the Taghkanic, before it should tell the story of its far leap, to the Cayuga, to which it is to hasten. Great mounds of de- bris are beneath the clifis, and boulders are scattered in profusion, welcome seats and convenient tables to those who are fascinated to linger here." The second extract is a poetic gem, entitled THE BRIDAL VEIL OF TAGHKANIC.

On the brow of the delicate streamlet, In the folds of its forest hair, I see the gems of a bridal, The pearls ot a peerless pair.

The rill of the shadowy woodland, Runs to the Lake with a spring The Indian maid, Tashkanic, Weds the Cayuga King.

In the shade of the murmuring maple Wait, fair girl, at my side, Till I lift your wondering lashes On the dainty lace of the bride.

Nearer your tremulous footstep Yonder the flash of your eye Through the break of the marginal leaflets. Where the mist sails up to the sky.

Yon see it : —I know by the color That tells me its rose-red tale You see, in the frame of the forest. The lace of the bridal veil.

Over the rock it is floating : It is woven of diamonds or spray Of molten pearl or of star-dust? Tell me the fabric, I pray.

Yon answer me only with dimples Hid in a tinting ^ rose, A.nd the light of our own near bridal Under your eyelid glows.

The Indian maid, Taghkanic, * Weds with the Sapphire King ;— But a dearer and daintier bride The bloomings of June shall bring. 68 OAZETTBBB OF TOTVNB.

Trumantburgh, (p. v.) near the north border of the town, has a population of near 1,400, and is the second village in the County in size and amount of business. It contains four churches, one academy, two banks, one tannery, a number ofstores, shops, &c. It has also an extensive iron foundry and machine shop ; that of Messrs. Gregg, Plyer & Co. They employ a large force of men, and their business materially adds to the welfare of the place. Jacksonville, (p. v.) near the center of the town, is an enterprising place of about 300 inhabitants. Waterhurgh, (p. v.) near the west border, contains several manufacturing establishments, and about 150 inhabitants. Halseyville, on Taghiianic Creek, is a hamlet. On Trumansburgh Creek there are, within a short distance below the village, two grist mills and a plaster mill. Several valuable stone quarries are being worked in the banks of both streams, and ^| limestones abound along the banks of the lake. " In this town, near Waterburgh, are located the remains of an old earthwork, or fortification, supposed by some to be the work of a race inhabiting this country prior to the Indians. Little of it now remains, but enough to indicate its character. "Hon. Herman Camp, of Trumansburgh, a few years ago, visited this locality, and says that, about half a mile west of Waterburgh, on the north side of the road, in the woods, this artificial ridge of earth still remains. On the west end of it stands a large pine stump, between three and four feet in diameter, and from this point \he owner of the land, Mr. Hart, says there were traces of a palisade. On the south side of the road is a field, on four acres of which the owner, Mr. Sherwood, has found (when plowing,) great numbers of bones, but in such a broken and decayed state, as to make it difficult to determine whether they are human bones or not." " Mr. Hunt also says, that he has seen a human skull disinterred on his part of what has long been called the " Indian Fort and Bury- in<5 Ground." Numerous stones, of different sizes, ground to an edge at one end, and fragments of coarse earthen or stone vessels, and pipes, have been found on this ground." "Dr. Lewis, of Trumansburgh, has the bones of a man, found imbedded in the earth, attached to the roots of a tree, between two and three feet in diameter, which was blown down about a mile east of Waterburgh. Mr. Camp's conclusion is that this was once an Indian encampment, covering five or six acres, enclosed and defend- ed by slight earth-works, on the solid ground, and palisades on the low soft ground; and-that the bones scattered about in such numbers, are part human, and part those of animals used for food." "This is one of several similar structures found occupying the most commanding positions in Western New York, and some of OAZETTBES VF TOWNS. 69

the Western States. Their great antiquity is proved, not only by the large growth of timber with which they are covered, but by the fact that the Indians who occupied the country when the whites took possession, had no knowledge of their origin, either by tradi-

tion or otherwise." '

This antiquity, and the manner in which they are constructed, certainly gives some color to the theory of Gov. Clinton and others, that they were erected by a people far more advanced in civilization, or at least in the art of defensive warfare, than the present race of Indians.

This town furnished the first and only volunteer company of cavalry in Western New York, for the war of 1812.

The first settlements were commenced by Samuel Weyburn, in 1790, at the mouth of Taghkanic Creek, or what is now called Good- win's Point. Abner Treman came in during 1793. He had been a Revolutionary soldier, and received lot No. 2, containing 640 acres, as a bounty from the Government. John McLallen, who came in with Mr. Treman, soot after opened the first inn at Tru- ' mansburgh. His brothers, Robert and Henry, and Mr. Treman's brothers, Philip and Jared, followed them tw) or three years later. Moses and Jesse Harreman came in about the year 1795, and Jesse received of Abner Treman one hundred acres of land, on lot No. 2, for one year's labor, clearing lanc^. David Atwater was an early settler, and located about half a ,mile above Taghkanic Falls, in 1796. Abner Treman built the first grist-naill in 1794. He went east to procure mill-stones and a bolt for his mill, and on his return, when between the head o^the lake and Goodwin's Point, he nearly perished with cold, in the deep snow, having nothing to guide him but a few marked trees. His feet and hands were so badly frozen that he became a cripple for life.

The first school was taught by Stephen Woodworth, and the first merchant was a Mr. Henshaw. He opened a store at Trumans- burgh in 1802. In Dec. 1805, he was succeeded by W. & N. Camp, merchants at Owego, who established a branch store in Henshaw's building, in charge of their brother, Herman Camp, as clerk and manager.

The first church edifice was built of unhewn logs, for the First Presbyterian Society, in 1803, at which time the church was organized. It was located at Updike's Settlement, and was taken down but a few years since. Grove Cemetery is large, well laid out, adorned with trees and shrubbery, and is one of the most beautiful in the County.

E „ . —

7Q OAZETTEMS, OF TOWNS.

There are in the town fourteen public schools, emplioying twenty-? nine teachers, with an average daily attendance of .321 scholars. The amount of expenditures for school purposes during the year 1867 was $5,558.17. The population of the town, in 1865, was 3,506. It embraces an area of 20,567f acres, of which 17,732 are improved, and 2,835f unimproved. There are in the town 96J miles of public roads. —

BI0SRAPmG4L SKETCHES. 71

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHED.

[The following sketches of the lives of three men jvho for along time have been intimately connected with the history of Ithaca, and whose names will ever be revered for the great good they have accomplished for their fellow citizens and townsmen, and for the cause of humanity, are copied from the " New Topographical Atlas of Tompkins County." They will be found interesting and instruc- tive to those veho have not already perused them, and it is believed their republication here can give offence to no one. Pub.]

SIMEON DE WITT.

There are afew names sp;intj.mately,.cppnected with the,pa5t apd present history of the County, that they,c9,nnot.be parsed pyer in silence, even in so brief a, sketch, a.?,;thi? ji'^nen, who, liaye expended much of their time and mpnpy.in pron;iQtipgJ;he5tiaterial and moral

welfare ofthe County ; mgnpfhiigh mqrql.an^rejigipusfispirations, of large and conipr^hensiye views, Wihpse, k%e}^ yi^ion^ peiie|trating the veil which hides tte future, frongi,the,cpmjjipjjnsii^i.ft^jd^pccupy- ing a higher stand-point, see y^th .gre^ltejr.clearg^? t}^ ,i|^cessities

•, of the present in theirj-elatip^s. to t^e j^lu^^ij » s •/ .; -, First among thps,e,js,,the ia,tg.,SurvgyotrQaHeir^Vfl.f"the State of New York, Simeon t)e. Wit^t^ .,4ljth.P.ugh f'^'J-'liQAWiitt was never

a permanent resident of the .Cpuiity, ^BV. the r^*sPB itfeat his official duties required much of his tiipe in Albany,: ye.tifeis interests were here, and Ithaca was the place he had selected, for, his future home. 72 BIOOBAPBICAL BKETCBE8.

He was a descendant qf the family of De Witts of Holland, a branch of which emigrated and settled in this State at an early period. Gen. De Witt was born at Wawarsing, Ulster Co, N. Y., on the 25th of December, 1756. His father was a physician, of good re- pute, but of limited means, and charged with the maintenance and culture of a large family. A classical education at that early day was obtained with difficulty, and at great expense; but Dr. DeWitt, discovering in his son the germs of a rich mind and decided character, determined to ^ive him the advantages of a liberal education. He entered Queen's (now Rutger's) College, at New Brunswick, NewJersey, and graduated in 1776^ receiving the two highest honors of his class. Beturning home, he pursued his studies, as he found opportunity, passing much of his time in the family of Gen. James Clinton, whose wife was his aunt. Here he formed an intimacy with his cousin, De Witt Clinton, which continued during their lives. With Gen. Clinton, and his brother. Governor George Clinton, he was a great favoritcij and it was from communion with such men, and the teachings of his honored father, that he imbibed those great principles of true patriotism which his whole life illustrated. During the next year the formidable invasion of Burgoyne, roused all the military spirit of the country, and a batallion was organized in Ulster County, to join the army of General Gates^ and Mr. De- Witt was chosen its adjutant.

' On arriving at the seat of war, the batallion was incorporated into a regiment already existing, and being thus deprived of his official position, he stepped into the ranks and partook of the perils of the battle, and triumphs of the victory. Heturning from this campaign, he resumed his studies, devoting himself principally to Mathematics and Geometry.

Shortly aflerj General Washington in arranging his topographical staff, made inquiry of Governor CJlinton, for a person qualified to act as assistant GeOgi'apher to the army, and upon the prompt re- commendation of the Govei'nor and his brother, Mr. De Witt was appointed, in 1778, Assistant to Col. Robert Erskine, then Geogra- pher in Chief. On the death of Col. Erskine, in 1780, he was nominated by General Washington to the vacant ofHoe, and on the 4th of Sfeptembei-i (when not quite 24 years old,) appointed by Con- gress Geographer to the Army of the United States. From that time to the close of the war and the disbanding of the army, he was attached to the staff 6f his illustrious Colhmander, employed with his assistants in surveying the ground around and in advance of the route of the army, iintil the labors of his corps was terminated at YorktoWn, by the surrender of Cornwallis. BIOORAFBICAt SKETCHES. 73

It was his signal good fortune to witnsss the surrender of the two Royal Armies. The fidelity and accuracy with which Mr. De Witt discharged his duty, amid the dangers and disconjforts of the field, are beautifully illustrated by the maps and plans, the records 0;f his work, now among the documents of the New Yorlc Historical Society. On the 13th of May, 1784, Mr. De Witt succeeded General Schuy- ler, as Surveyor-General of the State of New York, which office he held until the day ofhisdeath, a,period of more than half a century. In 1786, the Surveyor-General was associated with Generals Schuyler and Clinton, of New York, and Messrs. Rittenhouse and Ellicott, of Pennsylvania, to determine the boundary line between those States, the unsettled condition of which had led to trouble- some interference of State jurisdiction. The boundary was established in a mostsatis&otory manner, and the commission closed in the succeeding year. ,The same year President Washington, wiithout {lis solicitation or knowledge, nominated Gen. D;e Witt to the Senate, as Surveyor- General of the United States, and the appointment was promptly confirmed. This event he alyraya regarded as the most gratifying in his public life. His selection for such an office, by one who made all his appointments with the strictest rega,rd to personal qualifications^ m^ht well gratify the honorable pride of any man. But devotion to his native State, and personal considerations, induced him to decline the office. Perhaps the most important era in the official life of the Sur- veyor-General, was that during which he was connected with the Canal Policy of the State. Since the eminent success of that great undertaking, at once the glory of the State and Nation, many competitors have claimed the honor of its first inception. We believe the country i? settled in the conviction that the people of the State are most indebted for just conceptions of this great project to the brilliant intellect, philosophical mind and extended observations of Governeur Morris, and the penetration, sagacity, and profound reflectiqli,—as exhibited in his powerful essays—of Jessee Hawley, and to them has been duly awarded the palm. But it was certainly due to the far-looking views,the personal influence, and patient working of De Witt Clin- ton, and a host of others, that the Canal Policy became that of the State. In all great public undertakings there are three classes of co-workers, by whom success is achieved—those whose enlightened and liberal views suggest, those whose personal influence enforce, and those whose experience and labor consummate the work. But it is manifest that unless the latter class is directed by a sagacious and comprehensive intellect, a great project may be stifled at its .

74 JBIOOBAPBICAL BKETCBES.

birth, by the intrigues of a feV resolute aild cunning men oppose(J to its. success. This w?« ,theca^e in regard to the Canal Policy', inaugurated in 1810. • A poweffiil minority oif the people Were'op- posed' to it! whose leaders were wati^hing to find a cailse for its abarid6ntaeritf'iti tlie expensiveiie^s ofthe projek. Henci6 it reqiiired great caiitiioh in those charged with it^ execution,, to' see that every step in its p'rogress should be taken with a view to the 'greatest economy, Consistent with the perfect completion ofthe Work.' Ho'w well this was d6hd by the Surveyor-General, the history of

• , .. > the Canal amply testified. < He was directed to take chargeof the preliminary surveys necessary to ascertain the he^t routes and ttiost economical plans for the

' work. , The very selection oSf the agents to do this, was no slight responsibility ; but, fortunately for' the State,' the great surveys carried on in previous years'j to open' arid 'explore its territory, and develop its resources, hM ediicated' a, 'class of 'm'eri eminently fitted by ihtellect'ahd experience' foi-tjie'wbrk;* and from' these the Sur- veyor General selected, those he 'deemed best fitted for the impor-

tant-'oharge'; ati'd'the nieMories 'of ' Bebjaniiri Geddes, Charles. C. Brodhead,£^n(i BQnja,mii!i Wright;, attest the sagacity and wisdoni of his choice. ' '" Upon the organization of the Board of Canal Commissioners, the Surveyor General was made an ex-officio member, and * was well understood that much of its efficient action was due to his counsel.. it was said by the venerable Stephen Van Rensselaer, that neither himself nor Governor Clinton had ever seen occasion to differ with General De Witt, on any important measure adopted by the Board. When a full and faithful history of the State of New York shall be written, we believe that due credit will be given to the influence, the profoiunid intellect, arid tnrfeiriititea labors of Simeon De Witt, exerts ton^ards the fifiaJ and' ttiuinphtot success of the great Canal

.* ' > ; . f--,- ' Policy iof^tli* State; -mv j^ . ., ....,. In 17a8f GeiierAl De WiStwab eliedted a Regent 'of the Univer- sity) (aird'; aft' 1829, itd Chanpellor, which office be held until, his death.' Hei|)ift)c»^edto 'lie'^terrieeltrntftk-oiigh the institutions of learhihg,(^«6pe'«* to the Refeeiftis, ja." Systematic Series of 'Meteoro- logical/ Gbsern^tidn*; incIu&iii^gJthe' temperature—the quantity of rain Ming djiHngatheyfeapjr^tfietjpi-ogress of vegetsition-l-and of all thi' pbe»twti«(nfl' wMbh-feoHstilutft'the peculiarity -pt climate."-^

Also, OlfiterVatioh I ttfroa«Jier variation 6f the Mt^netid Needle, a matter of^guealt-iteportKhoein' determining the boundaries of lands. In 1790,«hi^-lw'as';ohti!«B»iaTWMnbeI' of the Amerieatf Philosophical Society, establifehpdinaH$l»(|eliphiai of which Dr. Franklin was the —

BIOOBAPBICAL BKBTCHES. 75 first President, and over which David Rittenhouse then priesided. He made a number of contributions to their researches, the most important ef which was an astronomical paper, entitled Observa- tions made on the Total Eclipse of the Sun, made at Albany, June 16, 1806, which was published in the sixth volume of their transa!c- tions.

Philadelphia aQ.d Boston alone had Philosophical Societies, when one was incorporated in|hi8 $tate, in 1793, under the name of the

"Society for the Prpt^btipn of i Agriculture, Arts and Manufac- tures." Of this. General DeWitt was flu original niember, and, on the death of Chancellor Livingston, its first President, in 1813 he succeeded him in the Chair.

To this \^dy he communicated vaiious: papers of a highly practical nature on Agriculture and' Agricultural Machinery. A plan of , a Meteorological Chart, for exhilntihg a> comparative view of the climates of North America^ and the progress of -vegetation. The first practical 'isu^estioni of the modern "isothermial charts."

Point as a text book, He was also the author of other philosophical papers, published in various philosophical journals, among which weri " Observations made on- the functions of the Moon, deduced from observations made on the great Eclipse of 1806," and a " Plan for a new form of Raingagc," "A Table of Variations of the Magnetic Needle." AlsO,"BiBea88ions on the Theory of the Remarkable Meteors, or Falling Stars, of November, 1833, &c." Edrly in the present century General De Witt purchased a thousand acres of land, being part of what is, known as the "Location," owned by Mr. Abraham Bloo'dgood in the town of Ulysses (now Ithaca,) at the, head of .Cayuga ^akie, embracing a large part of the present ^ite of village of Ithaca. Upon Visiting his purchase, his practical ihind at once perceived it to be well adapted, from its location and ample "waterpdyrer, to become a manufacturing village and a naturalentrepbt' for the trade of a large district of country.

He purchased several adjoining tracts so that his estate, covering the valley, nearly reached the summits of the hills on the east and west.

He laid out the plat for a small village wKer^, 'JUduibra and Owe- go Streets now are, and sold lots on most easy 1^^,; that persons of small means might be induced to secure Gwi]^i4a1)te homes.'^ He then built upon the Cascadilla Creek,.a 6uj^tom-^iaill sufHcicht

' • ,,''' for the nfecessities of the country around. ''L'* , —;

76 BloaBAPBICAL 8KETCBEB.

He subsequently introduced at great expense, from the celebrated Spanish flock of Chancellor Livingston, the breed of Merino sheep. This proved a heavy loss to him, but he never regretted it, regarding the benefit the agricultural interests of the country- derived from their introduction, ample compensation for his own loss. By the completion of the Erie Canal, a highway was opened between Ithaca and the Hudson River through the Cayagfi Lake and Seneca Biver, furnishing a better market and greatly advancing the interests of the County. General De Witt, to meet the increasing demand, extended his town plat, and the village rapidly increased its progress being greatly favored by his moderate prices and liberal credits to settlers. He also gave generously toward public improvements, both in land and money. Many of the churches received from him the sites they occcupy, and not only the early, but the subsequent prosperity of Ithaca is owing, in a great degree, to his liberal policy. In 1829 the Chemung Canal was put in course of constijiction, and it became manifest that the completion of this work would be a serious detriment to the interests of Ithaca and Owego, by divert- ing the traffic and travel upon which the capital and enterprise of these places so much depended. To countervail the anticipated effects of this Canal, the Ithaca and Owego Railroad project was revived. In 1828, a charter had been procured for this road, but it had laid dormant. It was now determined to build the road. The charter provided for a capital of only one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, .while it was well understood that it would require at least four times that amout to complete tde road. The enterprise was popular and there was no difficulty in procuring subscriptions for the stock ; the subscribers stipulating, that upon the procurement of an Act increasing the capital, they should be privileged to take up the additional stock pro-rata with their subscriptiohs. General De Witt and his son. Richard Varick De Witt, subscrib- ed largely for the stock, and the road was commenced and operations carried on so vigorously, that before the capital could be increased, it became necessary to procure additional funds or suspend the work, which would endanger the enterprise. In this critical condis tion of affairs. General De Witt and his son Richard rescued the Company from their dilemma, by pledging their individual credit for the necessary means to carry on the work. This act, with the aid of a loan from the State, secured the completion of the road. But the shadows of the dark days of 1836-7 &sgan to gather in the financial horizon ; bankruptcy and ruin prostrated States and individuals; Pennsylvania postponed the payment of her debt, and stopped the progress of her public works. The North Branch BIOOBAPHICAL BKETCESa. 77

Canal, intended to connect her great Coal Fields with the Susque- hanna River, was abandoned, and operations on the New York and Erie Road were discontinued before it had reached the Susquehan- na Valley. Thus the great highways which were to connect the Ithaca and Owego Road with southern New York and Central Pennsylvania were closed, and it remained only a connecting link between the villages which gave it its name. The stockholders, once so eager to secure the additional stock, refused to take it, and the road was left mortgaged to the State for the amount loaned it, and addition- ally in debt for sums advanced by its friends. The consequences were inevitable, the road was sold on the mortgage to the State, and ruin came upon those who had carried it through its former crisis. The venerable Simeon De Witt had passed away before these disasters overtook his cherished project, but his estate was ruined, and only sufficient to pay bis debts.

' The advantages of this road, so vital to its prosperity, were secured to Ithaea, but by the sacrifice 6f all the property and interests of its " founder, patron and friend." General De Witt died at Ithaca, on the 8d day of December, 1834, exhibiting during his painful si(^ness, and in bis dying hour, those traits of christian character of which his life had been an illustrious exemplification.

REV. WILLIAM WI8NER, D. D.

Rev. William Wisnkh, D. D., was born in Warwick, Orange County, New York, on the 18th of April, 1782. He was the second son of Captain Asa Wisner. His father was a Revolutionary officer. He was first a lieutenant, then acted as adjutant, and afterwards was convmissioned a captain, which commission bore the signature of Washington himself. At the close of the war, he settled on a farm in Orange Coun- ty, where his children were born. In 1799, he exchanged this farm for a much lai^er landed estate on the banks oftlie Chemung River, at Newtown, Tioga Co., now Elmira, Chemung County, State of New York. He arrived at his new home, with his family, on the first day (^ January, 1800. This at that time was a fronti^ settlement with but few inhabitants, surrounded with forests, with only here and there a clearing. 78 BIOOBAPBICAL BKETCBHS.

It was here in this new country, amid the hfti'dships and exeite- ments of frontier life, that the subject of this sketch found it necessary to choose a profession forlifef.

The opportunities for mind culture which he had previously en- joyed, had been diligently improved. He had acquired, for those times, a good common school' education, and was somewhat advanced in classical and mathematical! studies'. After mature delib- -'eration, he selected the legal, profession, and, in 1803, enfef^ as a student the office of Samuel Haight, Esq., a lawyer of larg% practice and' considerable eminence in that part of the State.

His previous classical aild literary acquirements, secured him a credit of three years, leaving him four years of study -before be could be admitted to practice in the Supreme Court. He remained with Mr. Haight but one year,'aiid then transferred his clerkship to

the office • of Hon. Vincent Matthews,' who at that time, and for more than half a century aflerwai^ds>, stood at the head of the bar in Western' New.York. After studying^witb Mm for a yeac, in the Spririg;of;l§05,;heiWas admitted to pKaetiCeihthe Court of Com- mon Pleas, and immediately enliet'dd into partnership with his legal preceptor.^ 'Thus/ at the aigeof/- 23 years," he'

ly fitted him for su^ess at . the Bar, and it is not suifrising that during the few years of his practice, he attained an eminence, as a lawyer and an advocate, which few attain in a life-time.

, In 1806, he inade.a public professipu of his faith in Christ by uriitliig with the Presbyterian Cliurbh, and became an active and efficient worjterin the vineya,rd of his Master. Such was his desire to do good, that he Was led to consider whether it Was not his duty to change his profession, and enter the Ministry. The great question' with him Was, whether he could not be vastly more useful in that profession than as a lawyer. He had already secji^eil a Iftrge and growing practice, iftnd his pi»ofessional prospects, both as to 'ifaine ' and fortune, were exceedingly flattering. ' '

AH these must be relinquished if he entered the Ministi*y," and tyet.with the cOnsequ^enoes fully' before himyhe detarniined to make thcchange. While staged in oltising up his legdl business, he J)ursued a .brief, theologieal course, under the care ofthe Association of Ontario. BIOGBAPBIOAL SKBTCEBa. 79

In the Autumn of 1811, he was licensed to prbach, and soon af^ ter was settled as a stated suipply" at iTi'dg* Point, (noW Athens,) Pettn. Hete he gathered'a sinall

' as an evangelist. ' ' He ministered to this peopdd wiibTery little pectmiiurj support, beyond: that.' drawn frgra^his own means; but with gratifying success, iforinorethanvthreejjearsij' Pe th^n received and accepteda call to the pastorate of the Txesjiyterian' Îturcb a,t Ithacaj Nejv York, where he remoyed with his familyâpd commenced his labors in Filsbfuary, lê; ',TO fh68,"^ ffiai time, Vas' little more tha^ '* hamltst, 'cohtaimng afeoiit'Ô ^h^bliaiitl.'' " ' ' a , ^ ^

' for, , ' It 'w'a^ iibtbrious , lis ifrimbi'ility \ Hbrse-r^ctng, gambling^ Sabbath-bteaking, profanity aifii'dln'tlîrip'ewti^^''*^^'*^ brfm'givaS. "The', only ^police' of the' place \âJ8'.gn'-6râli!zdtioncall^';irAi M(yral Sbeiety,' w'hicli iaftei-#ard&'adi0t«id'thiB' liibi:^ If^jSfd^rfat^ name of Tlie Chaotic Society: :Tîk 'SWcii^t^ tol^di'itsf OtW&w^^^

and pMished those who Violitecf thein, iii its'owi 'way ; ahd' its moral code 'v^as as novel as its piihi'sHmerits wefei pecufiar. If a man bdcam'e too drunk, and 'kas ilois^ and Abusive in the tavern, the police rfftofe Society wotild throw a rope over him, 4nd di'aghim into the street, ii'd drench hitti with cold water; or draw him to the creek, and thdr^^

' even that wk^ fast Becoiding extinct. ' It consisted of three males and ten females. The previous pastor of the church had become discouraged,' and left ,î,tôi;t waitipgito. be di8iqi^sed;,.:The only pul^lic building in the place, >ras a sî^llfraiiie f^hf^;Iy)|Use,,wh)eh occupied a .cc^venien^ tuid. cenl^ral,position. ]HQi|>e;.the, religious seryiceia! pa the Sabbath, and tjie weekly prayc|i:7mee^}ngf^§7P êld*

Soon 0ej> t^e arrival, pf , thjB pas])p|-,.he setihi.H)ssp]yf.aj; >v:ork, ,t$

imprqve,.i£,possible^the.,ippr^lS of the plaice. , Seeing tfce dreftdfuj rav^ggtjTyMpîntepfipei'Ancfs was, m^^king among the people, hepro^ cure,4i^)^9!)^î'^'''<39 <^^H^ k^^4> ^^^ fpund that in |ihe village—^î,t wascali^-rrtiiereiWere moret^thjan fifty thousand gallon^ of intoxi-

»i . icating'Jiquprs sold in yeftf . ,. ,, j j This led him to pr^aeb oil the .subject with great! boldaesa >and power, and by so doing, he incurred the bititer opposition of all .the rum-seliei^s and drinjter%."''nii'ey' 'set' themselVes^ *mai&tifl'feljr' to treat hiiii"with the utmosi^AdiiJftiiy, They cime'tn't'HemRt' and set up tiverh'agns Wore m'^f

80 BIOOBAPHICAL BKETCEES. and committed many other similar scandAlous acts. Thejr even went so far as to pull down the school house where he preached, and thus compelled him to cause a barn to be fitted up on his own premises in which to hold his meetings. These indignities he bore with the utmost meekness, literally obeying the injunction, "lore your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which de- spitefuUy use you and persecute you." '

fiis kindness and faithfulness were so uniform and unremitting, that in a short time his bitterest enemies became his warmest friends. His influence over the people constantly increased, and was exerted to the utmost for the moral and religious improvement of the, place. He set himself against vice in every form, with a boldness and CQnsisten<;y which ehallenged the admiration of all. He ever ii^anifested a tender conscientiousness and an uns^fish regard for the welfare of .others, which to a la,rge extent disarmed opr position, and prepared thoise to wjiom he ministered, to receive his instructions and exhortations as from one sent of God. The delightful transforming results of his self-denying labors upon the inhabitants of the place and the surroundiiig country, were wonderful indeed. We hazard nothing in saying, that this whole region of country is more indebted to him for its present moral and reljgioius elevation, than ^ any other man. His success as a pastor was such, that his Chucphi which, in 1816, consisted of bi^t thirteen members, in 1830, .besides having fprnished a nucleus for several other religious prgapizatioja^, jtiad inqreased to a membership of eight hundred, and there were in h|8 congr^ation but eighteen or twenty adults >irho,4id not belong to it.

About this time. Dr. Wisner, hoping to ihcrease his usefulness, accepted a call to the Brick Church, in Bocihester, New York, where, for ifeur years, he ministered with great acceptance and success; after which, owing to &iling health, he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, Missouri, with the hope that he might be benefited and restored by the change of climate. In this he was disapipointed, and after remaining with that people for two years, he found himself so enfeebled and debilitated, as to make it necessary to resign his oharge and return North. Se supposed that his pastoral work was finished, and very naturally selected Ithaca as the place in which to spend his Jia«t ,c^^b.

Here, among his old friends and former people, with some months of entire rest from labor and responsibility, lie was so far restored, as to feel that he might with safety return to the duties of his wofession. Yielding to U»e earnest solicitations of his former flock, he was re-installed as their pastor. BIOOSAPBIOAL SKBTCBES. 81

In this capacity he continued to serve them until declining health, and the infirmities of age, made it necessary for him to retire from the active duties of the ministry. Dr. Wisner still lives, and is enjoying a delightful old age. It is the earnest desire of his numerous friends that many years still may be added to so useful a life.

HON. EZRA CORNELL.

Hon. Ezra Cobhell was born Jan. 11, 1807, at Westchester Landing, ih Westchester Co., State of New York. His father was poor and inured to hard labor, but a man of some culture, and for many winters taught district schools. He Was a potter by trade, and lived to the Age of ninety-one years, having reared a family of eleven children, of whom Ezra was the eldest. The advantages Ezra en- joyed for an early education, were confined to those winter schools taught by his father; nor were those always open to him, except by purchase. In 1819, his father removed to De Ruyter, Madison Co., N. Y. Here he established a small pottery, and with the assistance of Ezra and a younger brother, conducted a farm. Here his father also taught school during the winter, and i!zra and his younger brother, wishing to attend it, obtained their father's consent, on condition that theyishould clear four acres cf heavily timbered land, by planting time in the Spring. This task was accomplished by the 10th ofMay following. About this time the mechanical talent of joung Cornell was first developed. His father employed a man to build a small pottery shop. Ezra worked with him, and so far became master of the trade, that the next year he cut from the woods with his own hands, planned and built, a neat two story house for his father. In 1826, being, then nineteen years old, he commenced life for himself, and worked two years as a carpenter and joiner, in Syracuse and Homer, in this State. In 1839 he came to Ithaca, and engaged with Otis Eddy to work one year in the machine shop attached to his cotton factory, at eight dollars per month and board. After working six months, Mr. Eddy informed him that he thought he was not getting wages enough, and that for the balance of the year he should pay him twelve dollars. At the end of the year, although a legal day's work was then twelve hours, he had credit for six months at eight dollars, and seven months at twelve dollars ; having gained one month by overwork. Sa BIOGBAPHIOAL SKSTCHI!S{.

In 1630, he was pu^ in clut|-§e of the flquring ntill of J. S. Be^be at.fall , C|;^«^,,at,an i^nnual,. salary of four hi,ii^dred dollars, where he remained for ten years. In 1840, Mr. Be^fbe having failed, he pjirchased^dieirigjit for, apatfPlt plow, for.the.^tates of M^ine and Georgia, and trayeled in those States to s^lj it. While thus engaged, he became'acquainted with Francis O. J. ^mith, editor of the Maine Farmer,' and a member of Congress. This acquaintance with Mr. Smith,' led'io his first connection with the Ik[agnetic Telegraph, though which he subsequently' acquired his large fortune.

Mr. Smith owned one-fourth of Prof. Morse's patent, and Con- gress had appropriatied thirty-thousand dollars to build an experi- mental line between Washington and Baltimore. Prof. Morse's plan then was to encase the wires in a lead pipe, and bury it two feet in the ground. Mr. Smith had taken the contract to lay this pipe, at the rate of one hundred dollars per mile, but after a careful estimate of the cost he was satisfied that he would lose money by the contract. Mr. Cornell extricated him from his difficulties, by inventing a machine something like a plow, with, a drum near the middle of the beam, around which the pipe was coiled, by means of which, with the aid of a strong teatn, the trench could be cut, the pipe laid and covered, as the plow passed along at the speed of or- djnapy plq\)ring. - - - , : ,?!.., i

' The pipe-layer was taken to Baltimore, arid With the aid'df a six mule team, under the direction of Mr. Cornell, ten miles 6fthe pipe was' suciSessfuliy' laid at a cfok' of ten dollSi^s" per mile, Ins'tead of one hundred. But it was soon disco veredthat the inSulatibh was so imperfect that it would hot V6t(k. '"After* s|iendirie'th'e winter of 1843^aM''44''iti Vain' attempts ^6 'se'cure perfect 'irishlal^qij,' the project of an underground telegraph was abahdoiied," and' .me" present method' of SlfirigTrig on poleis adopted. MK Cotnejl* was put in charge of 'the ^ork, and pushed it with stich Tigoi*, that he got the line in operatlph in May 1S44, in time to telSjri-aph thd nomination ' of James K. I^dk.- ' '^ - ° f

In 1845, a company w.as oegaifti/ed and a.. telegraph line built between New York and .Baltimore,, and Mr. Cornell superintended the construdiion of the iieotion between. th6 i former city and Phila- delphia,. He received $1,000 a year forhis serviocB, and demon- strajicd his faith in the iinanioial success ©f the scheme by subsmb- ing for $500 of the stock, which he paid out of his salary.

Before the close of that year a company was organized to build the New York and Buffalo line, and Mr. Cornell took Uie contract to bup that part of it between New York and Albany. On this con- ti'^ct he cleared six thousand dollars. In 1847, he organized the —

BIOORAPHIOAL SKJSTCUKS^ P^

.Company, and buUJilhe line between Troy and; J^lyutreal, by which ê made thirty tjticû^^d dollars, and again. mîfested ;his faith in telegraphs, by invjpstJlig it in the Erie and 'Miehigan îpe, ; running

.• ''.,. . : from Buffalo to Miltiraukee. .«!» . ,

For seyen long j^es^ri^Mr. Cornell was deprived of the.benefits of this investment, owing to • conflicting claims, between the .grantees of Morse," Gale &,yail,. w;ho owned three-fourths of the patent, and the grantees of.. Smith,- who owned the remaining one-foiirthi growing out of a "inisimderstanding as to the division of this ; Western Cornell,' these territory. But ., largely;^through the efforts of Mr.' rival interests were united,'and the competing lines consolidated in 1855, under the name'of >;the;Western Union Line, in which he is one of the largest shareholders.'

Mr. Cornell has always taken a lively interest in ) Agriculture, and has freely devoted his time and money for its advan6ement. In 1862 he was elected President of the State Agricultural Society, and by it selected as a delegate to the Royal Agricultural Exhibi- tion in London, where he made himself thoroughly conversant with the farming methods of England.

In 1861 he was elected to the Assembly by the Union party, and , in 1862 re-elected. In the fall of 1863 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1865 re-elected to the same office.

In 1862 he appropriated one hundred thousand dollars to establish a free ,Lib|figiFy at Ithaca,' and subsequently he "gave half a million of dollars,' and^twd hundred acres of land^ to establish a Uni-

versity at the] same place, ; on condition that the ' State,would give the Institution the' proceeds of the Land Grant,'made by the' Gen-

eral Government^to this State, for the promotion of , Education.-—

This grant consisted of 990,000 ,' acres. ^ This laiid scrip is now

worth in the market only sixty, cent^ per acre, and 1 if -sold now, would only produce $594,000,' but Mr. Cornell is buying in and lo- cating this scrip, and, hopes by thus increasing its' value,' to secure for this institution the princely endowment of throe millions of dollars. He has also purchased for the University, at ^ cost of ten thousand dollars, the Jewett Paleontological Cabinet, *^of Albany, the most complete of its kind in this country.

Mr. Cornell is a man of strong practical common sense, and a high degree of inventive and mechanical ingenuity. He is enthu- siastic and persevering in carrying but his jplans, never; anticipating, and consequently seldom exjperieiicing defeatg^. A; man of great firmness, sometimes approaching obstinacy, at lieast;in the deilsnce of opinions which he thoroughly believes to be right,and he never 84 BIOOBAPHIOAL SKETCBMS.

j__ . _ ^ holds any others. He is a man of noble iiistincts and generous impulses, but not given to the estimate of men or things, at more than their plain actual value. He has a vigorous, clear and comprehensive intellect, combined with simple, unostentatious habits and manners. Wisely acting as his own executor and almoner, he is using his large fortune, in a manner that will make his name a household Word for generations to come. —

TBE STATES, THBIB SETTLEMENT, ETC. 85

THE STATES, THBIB SBTTLEMENT, ADHTTTAKCE TO THE UNION, POPULATION, 8UFVm.aS LAWS, ETC.

AZjiSjiMA was settled near Mobile, in 1703, by the French ; was formed into a Territory by act

ji.!E£'jiJ^S;A^ was settled art; Arkansas Post in 1685, by the French, and was part of the Louisiana purchase ceded by France to the United States, April 30, 1803. It was formed into a Territory by act of Congress,

March 2, 1819, from the southern part of the Territory of Missouri ; its western boundairy was settled M^ 36, 1824, and its southern. May 19, 1838. Having adopted a ConstitudaiMi, a memorial was presented in Congress, March 1, 1836, and an aot for its admission into the Unicm passed June 15 of the same year. Area 52,198 square miles, or 83,406,- 730 acres. In 1860 its population was 435,450, of whom 111,115 were sslaves. It is an agricultural State, its staples being corn and cotton. Citizenship and residence in the State for six months, quali^ voters in the county and district where they (reside. January J6, 1861, its Legislature ordered a State Convention, which assembled, and on May 6, voted to secede, 69 to 1. January 4, 1864, a Convention assembled in Little Rock, which adopted a new Constitation, the principle feature of which consisted in a clause abolishing slavery. The Convention adjourned January 23. This body also inaugurated a Provisional Government. The Constitution was submitted to thie peojjle, and 12,177 votes cast for it, to 226 against it. TheState was a:e-organized under the plan contained in the Amnesty Proclamation of President Lincoln, in pursuance of which an election was held March 14, 1864. The vote required under the Proclamation was 5,405. About l'6i000 votes were cast. JP —

86 THE BTA.TES, THEIB SETTLEMENT, ETC.

CjiLIFO^J^Jii -was settled at Diego in 1768, by Spaniards, and was part of the territory ceded to the United States by Mexico, by the treaty concluded at Guadaloupe Hidalgo, February 32, 1848. After several ineffectual attempts to organisse it aa a Territory or admit it as a State, a law was passed by Congress for the latter purpose, which was approved September 9, 1850. Area 1885881 square miles, or 130,947,784 acres. Population in 1860, 305,439. It is the most productive gold mining region on the continent, and also abounds in many other minerals. White male citizens of the United States, and those of Mexico who may choose to comply with the provisions of the treaty of Queretaro, of May 80, 1848, who have resided in tiie State six inoaths and in the county or district thirty days, are entitled to vote.

COJVJV^CTICU'Tyras. settled at "Windsor, in 1633, by English Puri- tans from Massachusetts, and continued under the jurisdiction ofthat Prov- ince until April 83, 1663, when a separate charter was granted, which continued in force until a Constitution was formed, September 15, 1818. It was one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the United States Con- stitution, January 9, 1788. Area 4,674 square miles, or 3,991,360 acres. Population in 1860, 460,147. It is one of the moat densely populated and principal manufacturing States in the Union. Residence for six months, or military duty for a year, or payment of State tax, or a freehold of the yearly value of seven dollars, gives the right to vote,

SSZii. TKdSJ^vras settled at Wilmington, early in 1698, by Swedes and Finns ; was granted to William Penn, la 1683, and continued under the government of Pennsylvania until the adoption of a Constitution,

September 20, 1776 ; a new one was formed June 13, 1793. It was one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the United States Constitu- tion, December 7,1787. Area 2,130 square miles, or 1,856,800 acres.— Population, in 1860, 113,316, of whom 1,798 were slaves. It is a grain and fruit growing State, with some extensive manufactories. Residence in the Slate one year, and ten days in the election district, with payment of a State or county tax assessed ten days prior to an election, gives the right to vote, except that citizens between twenty-one and twenty-two years of age need not have paid.the tax.

FIiO^IDA was settled at 61;. Augustine, in 1565, by Spaniards; was formed from part of the territory ceded by Spain to the United States by treaty of February 23, 1819-; an act to authorize the President to establish a temporary government was passed March 3, 1819 ; articles of surrender of East Florida were framed July 10,- and of West Florida, July 17, 1831, and it was then taken possession of by General Jackson as Governor. An act for the establishment of a Territorial Govern- ment was passed March 80, 1833, and by act of March 3. 1828, East and West Florida were constituted one Territory. Acts to establish its boundary line between Georgia and Alabama were passed May 4, 1836, and March 2, 1831. After several ineffectual attempts to organize it into two Territories, or into a State and Territory, an act for its admission into the Union was passed March :B, 1845. Area 59,368 square miles, or 37,930,530 acres. Population, to 1860, 140,435, of whom 61,745 were slaves. It is an agricultural State, tropical in its climate and products. Everjr free white male citizen, who has resided in the State two jears and in the county six months, and has been enrolled in the militia (unless exempt is by law,) qualified to vote ; but no soldier, seaman TBE STATES, THEIB SETTLEMENT, ETC. 87

or marine can vote unless qualified before enlistment. Its Legislature called a Convention, December 1, 1860, which met January 3, 1861, and passed a secession ordinance on the l@th 4)7 a vote of 63 to 7.

6^^0i2^Z4 was settled at Savannah, in 1733, by the English under General Oglethorpe. It was chartered June 9, 1733; formed a Con- stitution February 5, 1777; a second in 1785 and a third May 30, 1798.— It was one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the United States Constitution January 2, 1788. Area 58,000 square miles, or 37,130,000 acres. Population, m 1860, 1,057,386, of whom 462,198 were slaves. It is a large cotton and rice growing State. Citizens of the State, six months resident of the county where voting, who have paid taxes' liie year preceding the election, are entitled to vote. November 18, 1860, it's Legis- lature ordered an election for a State Convention, which assembled and passed a secession ordinance January 19, 1861, by a vote of 208 to 89, ahd on the 33d of the same mouth its members of Congress resigned.

IZiLI,^OIS was settled a>t Kaskaskia, in 1683, by the French, and formed part of the northwestern territory ceded by Virginia to the United States. An act for dividing the Indiana Territory and organizing

the Territory of Illinois, was passed by Congress, February 3, 1809 ; and an act to enable it to form a State Constitution, Government, &c., was

. passed April 18, 1818 ; a Constitution was framed August 26, and it was admitted into the Union December 33 of the same year. Area 54,405 square miles, or 64,819,300 acres. Population, in 1860,1,711,951. It is the chief " prairie" State, and the largest grain growing and second largest cattle raising State in the Union. All white male inhabitants, who have resided in the State one year and election district sixty days, can vote in the district where actually resi(Ung.

IJV1>IAJ\/'A. was settled at Vincennes,' in 1690, by the French, and formed part of the northwestern territory ceded by Virginia to the United States. It was organized into a Territory May 7, 1800, from which the Territory of Michigan was set off in 1805, and Illinois in 1809. An act was passed to empower it to form a State Constitution, Government, &c., April 19, 1816, and it was admitted into the Union December 11 of the same year. Area 38,809 square miles, or 31,637,760 acres. Population, in 1860, 1,350,428. It is an agricultural State, chiefly devoted to grain growing and cattle raising. A residence of one year in the State entitles males of 21 years of ag« to vote in the county of their residence.

10 yVd. was first settled at Burlington by emigrants from the Northern States. and Eastern It was part of the region purchased from France ; was set off from the Territory of "W^isconsin and organized as a separate

Territory June 12, 1838 ; an act for its admission as a State was passed and approved March 3, 1845, to which the assent of its inhabitants was to be given to be announced by Proclamation of the President, and on De- cember 28, 1846, another act for its admission was passed. Area 50,914 square miles or 32,584,960 acres. Population, in 1860, 674,913. It is an agricultural State, resembling Illinois, and contains important lead mines. White male citizens of the tJnited States, having resided in the State six months and county twenty days, are entitled to vote. 88 THM BTATH3, THEIR SETTLMUENT, ETC.

JS'AA^SjiS was formed out ofthe original Louisiana purchase, and organized into a Territory by act of Congress, May 30, 1854, and after sereral ineffectual attempts was finally admitted into the Unioa in January, 1861. Area 78,418 square miles, or 50,187,520 acres. Population, in 1860, 107,- 206. It is an agricultural State, with a soil of rich and deep black loam, except the central portion, which is partly a desert. The western portion is a fine grazing country, well wooded. Residence in the State six months, and in the township or ward thirty days, confers the right of suffrage on white male citizens. It also abounds in minerals.

H^JSJVTZTCXT was settled in 1775, by Virginians ; formed into a Territory by act of the Virginia Legislature, December 18, 1789, and admitted into the Union June 1, 1792, by virtue of an act of Congress passed Februaiy 4, 1791. Area 37,680 square miles, or 24,115,200 acres.— Population in 1860, 1,155,684, of whom 225,483 were slaves. It is an agricultural State, raising more flax and hemp than any other. Loyalty, a residence of two years in the State and one in the county are the requke- ments to votei " Any citizen of this State who shall enter the service of the so-called Confederate States, in either a civil or military capacity; or into the service of the so-called Provisional Government of Kentucky, ia either a civil or military capacity ; or having heretofore entered such service of either the Confederate States or Provisional Government, shall continue in such service after this act takes effect, (March 11, 1862,) or shall take up or continue in arms against the military forces of the United States or State of Kentucky, or shall give voluntary aid and assistance to those in arms against said forces, shall be deemed to have expatriated himself, and shall no longer be a citizen, except by permission of the Legisla- ture by a general or special statute."

ZOITJSIAJVA was settled at Iberville, in 1699, by the French, and comprised a part of the territory ceded by Prance to the United States, by treaty of April 30, 1803, which purchase was erected into two Territories by act of Congress March 26, 1804, one called the Territory of Orleans, the other the District of Louisiana, afterwards changed to that of Missouri.— Confess, March 2, 1806, authorized the inhabitants of Orleans Territory to form a State Constitution and Government when their population should amount to 60,000 ; a Constitution was adopted January 22, 1813, and the Staie admitted into the Union Aprils of the same year, under the name of Louisiana. Area 41,255 square miles, or 26,403,200 acres. Population in 1860, 708,002,, of whom 331,726 were slaves. It is the chief sugar producing State of the Union. Two years' residence in the State and one in the parish are the qualifications ot voters. Decem- ber 10, 1860, the Legislature ordered a State Convention to be held, which assembled and passed an ordinance of secession January 26, 1861, by a vote of 113 to 17. The people voted on the question, and on March 38 the following was announced as the result : For, 20,448 ; against, 17,396; a majority of 3,152. The Convention ratified the 'Confederate' Constitution March 11, 1861, by avote of 107 to 7, and refused to submit it to the people by 94 to 10. On the 11th day of January, 1864, Maj. Gen. Banks issued a Proclamation for an election of State officers and delegates to a Constitutional Convention, for the purpose of affecting a reconstruction of the State Government under the plan suggested in the Amnesty Proclama- tion of President Lincoln. The election was held on the 22d day of Feb- ruary, 1864. The officers thus elected were installed March 4. The total ^ ^^ 10,725. The vote requisite under the Proclamation was a'^1 "^m 5,051. The Convention amended the Constitution so as to abolish slavery. The new Constitution was adopted by the people by a vote of 6,836 for, to 1,566 agamst. THE STATES, TBEIB SETTLEMENT, ETC. 89

MjLIJVS was settled at York, in 1623, by the English, and was formerly under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. October 29, 1819, the inhabitants of the District of Maine framed a Constitution ; applied for admission December 8, 1819. Congress passed an act March 3, 1820, and it was admitted as a State March IS, of the same year. Area 31,766 square miles, or 20,830,240 acres. Population, in 1860, 628,279. It is largely en- faged' in the lumber trade and ship building. Citizens of the United tates, except paupers and persons under guardianship, who have resided in the State for tiiree months next preceding the election, are entitled to vote.

Mji-^TZsUVD was settled at St. Mary, in 1634, by Irish Roman Catholics, having been chartered June 20, 1632. It was one of the original thirteen States ; formed a Constitution August 14, 1776, and ratified the Constitution of the United States April 28, 1788. Area 11,124 square miles, 6r .7,119,260 acres. Population in 1860, 687,049, of whom 87,189 were slaves. It is mainly an agricultural State, producing grain and tobacco. A residence of one year in the State, and six months in the county, gives the right to vote to every white male citizen who takes the oath of allegiance prescribed in the Constitution. January 28, 1864, a bill passed the Legislature submitting to the people the question of a Convention to revise the Constitution of the State. The popular vote on the question was as follows : For Convention, 32,303; against, 18,337. The Convention assembled and adopted a Constitution abolishing slavery, which was submitted to and adopted by the people ; and in accordance with its provisions, on the 29th of October, 1864, the Governor issued his Frbclamatioh declaring the slaves in that State free from the 1st day of November.

MASSACMU'SJETTS was settled at Plymouth, November 3, 1620, by English Puritans, and Charters were granted March 4, 1629, January 13, 1630, August 20, 1726, and October 7, 1731. It was one of the original 13 States; adopted a Constitution March 2, 1780, which was amended No- vember 3, 1820, and ratified the Constitution of the United States Febru- ary 6, 1788. Area 7,800 square miles, or 4,992,000 acres. Population in 1860, 1,231,066. It is a largely commercial, the chief manufacturing and most densely populated State in the Union. A residence of one year in the State, and payment of State or county tax, gives the right to vote to male citizens of 21 years and upward, except paupers and persons under guardianship.

M'ICSIG-ii.JV was settled at Detroit in 1670, by the French, and was part of the territory ceded to the United States by Virginia. It was set ofT from the territory of Indiana, and erected into a separate Territory

January 11, 1806 ; an act to attach t» it all the territory of the United States west of the Mississippi river, and north of the State of Missouri, was passed June 28, 1834. Wisconsin was organized from it April 30, 1836. In June of the same year an act was passed to provide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, and a Constitution having been adopted, it was admitted January 26, 1837. Area 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,S52 acres. Population in 1860, 749,113. It is a grain growing and cattle rearing State, with rich and extensive mines of copper and iron in the Northern Peninsula. A residence in the State of six months preceding the election, entitles white male citizens to vote. 90 TBE STATES, THEIR SETTLEMENT, ETC.

MIJVJVMSOTii- was settled about 1846, chiefly by emigrants from the Northern and Western States. It was organized as a Territory by act of Congress approved March 3, 1849, and admitted into the Union February 26, 1857. Area 95,874 square miles, or 60,975,536 acres. Pop- ulation in 1860, 172,133 whites, and about 25,000 Indians, many of the tribes being' of a warlike character. It is an agricultural State, chiefly devoted to l^^orthem grains. The right to vote is extended to male persons of 21 years of age, of the following classes, if they have resided in the United States one year, the State four months, and the election district ten days : White citizens of the United Slates, and those of foreign birth who have declared their intention to become citizens ; persons of mixed white and Indian blood who have adopted the customs of civilization, and those of pure Indian blood who have been pronounced capable by any district court of the State.

MISSISSITTI y^zA settled at Natchez, in 1716, by the French, and was formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United States by South Carolina in 1787, and Georgia in 1802. It was organized as a Ter- ritory by act of Congress, April 7, 1789, and enlarged on the north March 27, 1804, and on the south May 14, 1812. After several unsuccessful attempts to enter the Union, Congress finally passed an act March 1, 1817, enabling the people of the western part of the Territory to form a State Constitution and Government, which being complied with August 15, it was admitted December 10 of the same year. Area 47,156 square miles, or 30,179,840 acres. Population in 1360, 791,305,. of whom 436,631 were slaves. It is the second cotton growing State of the Union. Citizens who have resided one year in the State, and four months in the county, and having performed military duty or paid taxes, are entitled to vote. A Convention met January 7, 1861, and on the 9th passed an ordinance of secession by a vote of 84 to 15.

MISSOJT^I yj^ settled at Genevieve in 1768, by the French, and was part of the territory ceded by France by treaty of April 30, 1803. It was created under the name of the District of Louisiana, by an act approved March 26, 1804, and placed under the direction of the oflScers of the Indiana Territory, and was organized into a separate Territory June its 4, 1812, name being changed to that of Missouri ; and was divided March 2, 1819, the Territory of Arkansas being then created. An act au- thorizing it to form a State Constitution and Government was passed March 6, 1820, and it was admitted into the Union December 14, 1821. Area 67,380 square miles, or 43,123,200 acres. Population in 1860, 1,182,012, of whom 114,931. were slaves. An act of gradual emancipation was passed July 1, 1863, by a vote of 51 to 30. On the 6th of January, 1865, a Constitutional Convention assembled in St Louis, and on the 8th of April adopted a new Constitution, declaring the State free, prohibiting compensation for slaves, and adopting many other radical changes. On of June the Constitution 5o c^n^ was adopted by the people by a vote of ' 41,808, and 1 *,? pursuant to a Proclamation issued on the 1st of Ju- ly, theP Constitution went into effect July 4, 1865. It is an agricultural and mmmg State. Citizens of the United States who have resided in the State one year, and county three months, are entitled to vote. By an act passed by the Legislature of 1863, voting by ballot was adopted, and the «»«n)oc« system abolished. TBE STATES, TBSIB SBTTLEUENT, ETC. 91

JVJ^SSASJS^A was settled by emigrants from the Northern and Western States, and was formed out of a part of the territory ceded by France, April 30, 1803. Attempts to organize it were made in 1844 and 1848, but it was not accomplished until May 30, 1854. Area 75,955 square miles, or 44,796,160 acres. Population 38,841, besides a few roving tribes of Indians. A Convention adopted a State Constitution February 9, 1866, which was submitted to the people on the 22d of June, and adopted by a vote of 3,938 for, to 3,838 against, and State ofBcers were elected. A bill was passed by Congress, July 37th, admitting the State, but the President withheld his signature. In February, 1867, Congress passed an act imposing certain conditions to admission, which were promptly accepted, and the temtory became a State. It is an agricultural region, its prairies affording boundless pasture lands.

JVJS'yAS>ji was organized as a Territory March 2, 1861. Its name signifies snowy, and is derived from the Spanish word nieve (snow.) It comprises 81,539 square miles, or 52,184,960 acres, lying mostly within the Great Basin of the Pacific coast. Congress, at its session in 1864, passed an a,ct which was approved March 31, to enable the people of the Terri- tory to form a Constitution and State Government, in pursuance ofwhich a Government was.orcanized and the Territory admitted as a State by Proclamation of the President, October 31, 1864. At the time of its organization the Territory possessed a population of 6,857 white settlers. The development of her mineral resources was rapid and almost without parallel, and attracted a constant stream of immigration to the Territory. As the population has not been subject to the mictuations from which other Territories have suffered, the growth of Nevada has been rapid and steady. At the general convention election of1863, 10,934 votes were cast. During 1864 great accessions to the population were made. It is probably the richest State in the Union in respect to mineral resources. No region in the world is richer in argentiferous leads. It also contains an immense basin of salt, five miles square. Quartz mills are a very important feature in mining operations. The State is barren for agricultural purposes, and is remarkably healthy.

J\r£!W JETjiMTSfflSS was settled at Dover, in 1623, by English Puritans, and continued under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts until September 18, 1679, when a separate charter was granted. It was one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the United States Constitution

June 31, 1788 ; its State Constitution was framed January 5, 1776, and amended in 1784 and 1793. Area 9,380 square miles, or 5,939,200 acres. Population in 1860, 326,073. It is a grazing and manufacturing State. All male citizens, except paupers, are allowed to vote.

JV^W jrJSIiSJST^^ settled at Bergen, in 1634, by the Dutch and

Danes ; was conquered by the Dutch in 1655, and submitted to the English in 1664, being held thereafter under the same grants as New York, until it was surrendered to the Crown in 1703. It was one of the original thirteen States, adopted a State Constitution July 2, 1776, and ratified the United States Constitution December 18, 1787. Area 8,330 square miles, or 5-, 334,800 acres. Population in 1860, 672,035. It is a grain and fruit growing region, its orchard and market products being relatively greater than those of any other State. A residence of one year in the State gives the right to vote, except to paupers, &c. 92 THE STATES, TBEIB SETTIBJIENT, ETC.

JV^W TO:SJ^ was settled at Manhattan, in 1614, by the Dutch ; was ceded to the English by grants to the Duke of York, March 20, April 36,

and June 34, 1664 ; was retaken by the Dutch in 1673, and surrendered again by them to the English, February 9, 1674. It was one of the orig-

inal thirteen States ; ratified liie United States Constitution July 36, 1788 ; framed a Constitution April 30, 1777, which was amended October 37, 1801, and November 10, 1831 ; a new one was adopted November 3, 1846. Area 47,000 square miles, or 30,080,000 acres. Population in 1865, 3,831,777. It is the most populous, wealthy and commercial of the States. White male citizens of the United States, who have resided in the State one year, in the county four months, and election district thirty days, are entitled to vote ; and all men of color who have resided in the State three years, and own and pay taxes on a freehold assessed at $350.

JVOSTJff CjHSOZIJVji was settled at Albemarle, in 1650, by the English, and was chartered March 30, 1663. It was one of the original thirteen States, and ratified the United States Constitution, November 31 1789 its State ; Constitution was adopted December 18, 1776, and amended in 1835. Area 50,704 square miles, or 32,450,560 acres. Population in 1860, 993,633, of whom 331,059 were slaves. It is an agricultural State, with some mines and extensive i)ine forests. Every freeman of 21 years of age, having resided one year in any county in the State, may vote for a member of the House of Commons, but must own fifty acres of land to vote for a Senator. A State Convention passed an ordinance of secession May 31, 1861. An election for delegates to a State Convention took place September 31, 1865. The Convention assembled October 3. On the 2d of October it passed an ordinance forever prohibiting slavery. The Legisla- ture ratified the Constitutional amendment December 1. An election was held on the first Thursday of November, for Governor, Members of Con- gress and the Legislature.

OSIO was settled at Marietta, in 1788, by emigrants from Virginia and New England; was ceded by Virginia to the United States October 20, 1783 accepted ; by the latter March 1, 1784, and admitted into the Union April 30, 1803. Area 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 acres. Popula- tion in 1860, 3,339,511. It is the most populous and wealthy of the agricultural States, devoted principally to wool growing, grain and five stock. A male of 21 years of age, who has resided in the State one year, and has paid or been charged with a State or county tax, is eligible to

OSSGOJV, although it had previously been seen by various naviga- tors, was first taken possession of by Capt. Robert Gray, who entered the mouth of Its pnncipal river May 7, 1792, naming it after his vessel, the Columbia, of Boston. Exploring expeditions soon followed, and fur com- pames sent their trappers and traders into the region. In 1811 a trading post was established at the mouth of the Columbia river by the American U ur Company, who named it Astoria. Por some time a Provisional Ter- ritorial Government existed, but the boundary remained unsettled until the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, when the 49th parallel was adopted. organized as a Territory MoTn^ o'îKo^ August l4, 1848; was divided ^''^ P'""''"^'' "»« nortLm portion being called Waehingtonw/»^2viS^^'r*v*''ând the southern Oregon. November 9; 1857, a Stiê Con- stitution was adopted, under which it was admitted February L 14 1859, THE STATES, THMB SETTLEMENT, STC. 93

about one-third of it on the east being added to Washington Territory, its northern boundary following the Columbia river until its intersection with latitude 46 = north. Area 102,606 square miles, or 65,667,840 acres. Population in 1860, 52,465. It is an agricultural State, possessed of a fertile soil, extensive pastures, genial climate, and is well wooded. Gold and other precious metals are found in considerable abundance.

^^JVJVSTZ VAJVIA was settled at Philadelphia, in 1881, by Eng-

. lish Quakers, and was chartered February 28 of the same year. It was one of the original thirteen States, ratifying the United States Constitution

December 12, 1787 ; adopted a State Constitution September 28, 1776, and amended it September 2, 1790. Area 46,000 square mitea, or 29,440,000 acres. Population in 1860, 2,906,115. It is the second State in wealth and population, and the principal coal and iron mining region in the Union, libsiuence in the State one year, and ten days in the election district, with payment of a State or county tax assessed ten days prior to an election, gives the right to vote; except that citizens between 21 and 22 years of age need not have paid the tax.

^B:0D£!ISLAJVD was settled at Providence in 1636, by the Eng- lish from Massachusetts, under Koger Williams. It was under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts until July 8, 1662, when a separate charter was ranted, which continued in force until the formation of a Constitution in feptember, 1842. It was one of the original thirteen States, ratifying the United States Constitution May 29, 1790. Area 1,306 square miles, or 835,840 acres. Population in 1860, 174,620. It is largely engaged in manufactures. A freehold possession of $13; or, if in reversion, renting for $7, together with a residence of one year in the State and six months in the town ; or, if no freehold, then a residence of two years in the State and six months in the town, and payment of $1 tax or military service instead, are the qualifications of voters.

SOUTH Cji^OZTJVA. was settled at Port Royal, in 1670, by the English, and continued under the charter of Carolina, or North Carolina, until tbey were separated in 1729. It was one of the original thirteen

States, ratifying the United States Constitution May 23, 1798 ; it framed a State Constitution March 26, 1776, which was amended March 19, 1778, and June 3, 1790. Area 29,385 square miles, or 18,806,400 acres. Population in 1860, 703,708, of whom 402,406 were slaves, an excess of 101,270 over the whites. It is the principal rice-growing State. Whites, who have resided in the State two years and district six months, and have a freehold of fifty acres of land, or have paid a State tax, are entitled to vote. De- cember 17, 1860, a Convention assembled in Columbia, adjourned to Charleston, and on the 24th unanimously adopted an ordinance of secession, which was followed the next day by a Declaration of Causes claimed

to be sufficient to justify the act. • An election for delegates to a State Con- vention was held September 4, 1865. The Convention assembled Sep- tember 13, and adjourned on the 28th. It repealed the ordinance of secession, abolished slavery, equalized the representation of the Senate and taxation throughout the State, giving the election of Governor and Presi- dential electors to the people, ordered voting.in the Legislature by moa voce, endorsed the Administration unanimously, and directed a commission to submit a code to the Legislature for the protection of the colored population. The Legislature ratified the Constitutional Amendment No- vember 13, 1865. 94 TBE STATES, TBEIR SETTLEMENT, ETC.

TJSJVJVJESSSJE! was settled at Fort Donelson.in 1756, by emigrants

from Virginia and North Carolina j was ceded to the United States by- North Carolina December, 1789, conveyed by the Senators of that State February 35, 1790, and accepted by act of Congress April 3 of the same

year ; it adopted a Constitution Feb. 6, 1796, and was admitted into the Union the 1st of June following. Area 45,600 square miles, or 39,184,000 acres. Population in 1860, 1,109,601, of whom 275,179 were slaves. It is a mining and agricultural State, and is largely productive of live stock. Citizens of the United States who have resided six months in the county are entitled to vote. A military league was formed between the Governor, Isham G. Harris, and the rebel States, May 7, 1861, ratified the same day by the Senate by a vote of 14 to 6, and a Declaration of Independence submitted to the people, the election to be held June 8, the result of which was declared by the Governor, June 34, to be 104,913 for, and 47,238 against. This movement not being acceptable to the people of East Ten- nessee, which had declared against separation by a vote of 33,938 to 14,780, they, in a Convention held at Greenville, June 18-31, repudiated it. An- drew Johnson, Provisional Governor of the State, called a State Conven- tion to be held in Nashville the second Monday in January. Delegates were elected, the Convention met, declared slavery forever abolished, prohibited compensation to owners of slaves, and abrogated the secession or- dinances. These amendments of the Constitution were submitted to the people 23d of February, 1865, with the following result: For ratification, rejection, 32,197 ; 63. The United States Constitutional Amendment was ratified April 5, 1865.

TJSXAS was first settled at Bexar, in 1694, by Spaniards; formed a part of Mexico until 1836, when she revolted from that Republic and in- stituted a separate Government, under which she existed until admitted into the Union by a joint resolution approved March Ist, 1845, imposing certain conditions, which were accepted, and a Constitution formed July 4 of the same year, and another joint resolution adopted by Congress, consummating the annexation, was approved December 29, 1845. Area 237,504 square miles, or 152,003,500 acres. Population in 1860, 604,215, of whom 182,566 were slaves. It is an agricultural region, principally devoted to ^rain, cotton and tropical iruits. Free white male citizens of 21 years of age, who have resided in the State one year and district six months are entitled to vote. A Convention assembled at Galveston Jan- uary 28, 1861, and on February 1 passed an ordinance of secession, by a vote of 166 to 7, to be submitted to the people February 23, and on March 4 they declared the State out of the Union, and Gov. Houston issued a Proclamation to that effect.

T^^MOJVT yii& settled in 1724, by Englishmen from Connecticut, Chiefly under grants from New Hampshire ; was formed from a part of the territory of New Yorlt, by act of its Legislature March 6, 1769; framed a Constitution December 25,1777, and was admitted into the Union March 4, 1791, by virtue of an act of Congress passed February 18 of the ™q'*-''??>"'^^^ ^3""''^ "il^^- "•• 6.535.680 acres. Population in ?S^rfi«eu, ^ffi(jio,u»8. It IS a grazing region, producing more wool, live stock, maple sugar butter cheese and hay, in proportion to its population, than any other State. Any citizen of the United States who has resided in the State one year, and will take the oath of allegiance, is entitled to vote. ; .

THE STATES, THMIB SETTLEMENT, ETC. , 95

VI^GIJVIii. was settled at Jamestown, in 1607, by the English, and was chartered April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 13, 1612. It was one of the original thirteen States, ratifying the United States Constitution

June 25, 1788 ; it framed a State Constitution July 5, 1776, which was amended January 15, 1830. The State was divided in 1863. Present area 87,352 square miles. Population in 1860, 1,314,532, of whom 481,- 410 were slaves. It is a large com producing^ and the chief tobacco growing State. Every white male citizen of the age of 21 years, who has been a resident of the State for one year, and of the county, city or town where he offers to vote for six months next preceding an election, and has paid all taxes assessed to him, after the adoption of the Constitution, under the laws of the Commonwealth after the re-organization of the county, city or town where he offers to vote, is qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly and all officers elective by the people. A Convention sitting in Richmond on the 17th. of April, 1861, passed an ordinance of secession, by a vote of 88 to 55, which was submitted to the people at an election lield May 23, the result of which was announced June 25 to be 128,824 for, and 32,134 against. The State Government was re-organized by a Convention which met at Wheeling, May 11, 1861. Upon the division of the State in 1863, the seat of Government was removed to Alexan- dria. A State Constitutional Convention, March 10, 1864, adopted a section abolishing slavery.

WJSST VJSIGJJVIjI.—Oil the passage of the ordinance of secession by the Virginia Convention, a Convention of the western and other loyal counties of the State was held at Wheeling, which assembled May 11, 1861, and on the 17th unanimously deposed the then State officers and organized a Provisional Government. On the 26th of November, 1861, a Convention representing the western counties assembled in Wheeling and framed a Constitution for West Virginia, which was submitted to the people on the 3d of May, 1862, and adopted by them by»a nearly unani- mous vote. The division of the State was sanctioned by the Legislature May 18, 1862, and ratified by Congress by an act approved December 31, 1862, conditioned on the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution providing for the gradual abolition of slavery, which was done on the 24th of March, 1863, by a vote of the qualified electors of the proposed State, 28,318 votingin favor of the amendment, and 573 against it.. In pursuance of the act of Congress, the President issued a Proclamation^ April 20, 1863, admitting the State sixty days from the date thereof, and on the 20th of June the new State Government was formally inaugurated. Area 24,000 square miles. Population in 1860, 350,599, of whom 12,754 were slaves. It is a large com producing State, and abounds in coal and other minerals. The Alexandria Legislature adopted the United States Consti- tutional Amendment February 9, 1865. White male citizens, residents of the State one year and county thirty days, unless disqualified by rebellion, are entitled to vote.

jyiSCOJVSIJV was settled at Green Bay, in 1669, by the French was a part of the territory ceded by Virginia, and was set off from Mich- igan December 24, 1834, and was organized into a Territory April 30, 1836. Iowa was set off from it June 12, 1838, and acts were passed at various times setting its boundaries. March 3, 1847, an act for its admission into the Union was passed, to take effect on the issuing of a Procla- 96 THE TESBIT0SIE8, THEIB BOUNDABIES, ETC.

mation by the PreBident, and by act of May 29, 1849, it was admitted into the Union. Area 53,924 square miles, or- 34,611,360 acres. Population in 1860, 775,881. It is an agricultural State, chiefly engaged in grain raising and wool growing. Both white and colored citizens of the United States, or white foreigners who have declared their intention to become citizens, are entitled to Vote. Colored citizens were admitted to the franchise, by a decision of the Supreme Court, rendered the 37th day of Match, 1866, holding that, whfereas an election was held in 1849, under the provisions of chapter 187, of that year, at which election 5,365 votes were cast in favor of the extension of the right of suffrage to colored men, and 4,075 against such extension, therefore, the section of said law conferring such right had been constitutionally adopted and is the law of the land.

THE TERRITORIES,

THEIB BOUNDAEIBS, AREA, PHYSICAL PBATUBES, ETC.

ii.Xiii.3£^A, our new territory, recently purchased of Russia, compre- hends all the north-west coast on the Pacific, and the adjacent islands north of the parallel of 50 degrees 40 minutes north, and the portion of the main- land west of the meridian (about 140° west) of Mount St Elias. The area is computed at 481,376 square miles. The climate, although wanner than in the same latittide on the eastern coast, is too rigorous to admit of successful agricultural operations, and the chief value of the county and ad- j acent seas is derived from their fisheries and hunting grounds. The southern and central portions are mountainous; the northern portion along the Arctic ocean is quite flat, nowhere rising more than fifteen or twenty feet above the sea. The population is estimated at about 80,000, mostly Esqui- meaux.

clSiJ2^0J\/jl was organized by the Thirty-Seventh Congress, in the winter of 1868, out of the western half of New Mexico, the boundary between the two Territories being the 109th meridian (32d west from Washington,) and includes the greater portions of the valleys of Colorado and Gila, '^'"ch two rivers drain its entire surface, with parts of Utah, New Mexico and Nevada, and yet convey, it is reported, a less volume of water to the sea than the Hudson at Albany. The fertile Messilla Valley was left with New Mexico. The Territory forms a block nearly square, and contains 136,141 square miles, or 80,780,340 acres. Its white population is probably considerably less than 10,000. For agricultural purposes it is probably the most worthless on the Continent, owing to the absence of rains, but it IS reputed to abound in silver mines.

XT u'^^'^^^^''^^**°''SaoizedMarch2, 1861, from parts of Kansas, Nebraska and Utah, and is situated on each side of the Rocky Mountains, between latitude 37° and 41°, and longitude 25° and 32° west from Wash- —;

THE TEBBIT0SIE8, TBEIS BOUNDARIES, ETC. 97 ington. Area 104,500 square miles, or 66,880,000 acres. Population 50,- OOU, besides numerous tribes of Indians. By an enabling act passedMarcb 21, 1864, the people of the Territory were authorized to frame a State Con- stitution and organize a State GoTemment, and a Convention accordingly met in 1865, and on the 13th of August adopted a Constitution, which was submitted to and adopted by the people September 5, and State officers elected November 14. A bin to admit the Territory as a State passed Congress, but was vetoed May 35, 1866. It is said to be a superior grazing and cattle producing region, with a healthy climate and rich soiL An extensive coal bed, and also gold, iron and other minerals abound.

2)ji£^02'^ was first settled by emyloyees of the Hudson Bay Com- pany, but is now being peopled by emigrants from the Northern and Wes- tern States. It was set off from the western portion of Minnesota when that Territory became a State in 1857, and was organized March 3, 1861. Area 148,933 square miles, or 95,316,480 acres. Population 3,576 whites, and 3,361 Indians, besides the roving tribes.

IDjiSO was organized by the Thirty-Seventh Congress, at its second session, in the winter of 1863. Its name means 'Bead of the Mountains,' and it embraces the whole breadth of the Rocky Mountain region, and has within its bounds the head waters of nearly all the great rivers that flow down its either slope, but the greater portion lies east of the mountains. Its southern boundaiy is the 41st, its northern the 46th parallel of latitude. It extends from the 104th meridian on the east to the 110th on the west. Area 336,378 square miles, or 308,870,730 acres. For agricultural purposes it is comparatively worthless, but abounds in gold and other valuable mines.

MOJ\/'Tii.JVji. was settled by emigrants from the Northern and West- ern States. Organized in 1864, with the following boundaries: Com- mencing at a pomt formed by the intersection of the 87° L. W. from Wash-

ington with the 45" N. L. ; thence due west on said 45th degree to a point formed by its intersection with the 34th degree W. from Washington thence due south along said 34th degree of longitude to its intersection

with the 44th degree and 30 minutes of N. L. ; thence due west along said 44th degree and 30 minutes of N. L. to a point formed by its intersection with the crest of the Rocky Mountains; thence following the crest of the Rocky Mountains northward till its intersection with the Bitter Root

Mountains ; thence northward along the crest of said Bitter Root Moun- tains to its intersection with the 39th degree of longitude W. from Wash-

ington ; thence along said 39th degree of longitude northward to the boundary line of the British possessions; thence eastward along said boundary to the 37th degree of longitude W. from Washington^ thence southward along said 37th degree to the place of beginning. This makes it the northermost Territory next the States east of the Missouri Valley. It is a good mining and agricultural region. The total population is put down at 15,833. Large accessions have been made since the census was taken.

^JEWMSXICO was formed from a part of the territory ceded to the United Statesjby Mexico, by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Feb- ruary 3, 1848, and was organized into a Territory September 9, 1850. Area 131,301 square miles, or 77,568,640 acres. Population 83,000, besides large tribes of warlike Indians. The principal resource of the country is its minerals. : :

98 STAMP DUTIES.

IT'TAZT-wa.B settled by the Mormons, and was fonned from a part of the territory ceded to liie United States by Mexico, by the treaty of Guada- loupe Hidalgo, February 3, 1848, and was organized into a Territory, Sep- tember 9, 1850. Area, 106,383 square miles, or 68,084,480 acres. Popula- ton, 40,373, of whom 29 were slaves. Brine, sulphureous and chalybeate

springs abound ; limestone, granite, sandstone and marble are found in large quantities; iron is abundant, and gold, silyer, copper, lead and zinc have been found. Not one-fiftieth part of the soil is fit for tillage, but on that which is, abundant crops of grain and considerable cotton are raised. A Convention was held at Great Salt Lake City, January 23, 1862, and a State Constitution formed, but it has not been acted on by Congress.

' VI/dS^TJ^eTOJ^-^asaeUleA by emigrants from the Northern and Western States, and was organized into a Territory, March 2, 1853, tcomthe northern portion of Oregon, to which was added another portion from the eastern part when the latter Territory was admitted as a State, February 14, 1859. Area 69,994 square miles, or 48,686,800 acres. Population 11,168, besides numerous tribes df Indians.

STAMP DUTIES.

SCHBDULK OF DUTIES ON AND APTKB MABCH 1, 1867.

Stamp Duty. Stamp Duty. Accidental ii^nries to pereone, tick- banlc, banker or trust compa- ets, or contracts for insurance ny at sight or on demand, 2 against, exempt. When drawn upon any other per- Affldavits, exempt. son or persons, companies or Agreement or contract not other- corporations, for any sum ex- Trlse specified ceeding $10, at Bight or on de- For eyery sheet or piece of paper mand, S upon whicli eitlier of tlie same Bill of exchange, (inland,) draft or shall he written, $0 5 order for the payment of any Agreement, renewal of,Bame stamp sum of money not e:fceeding as original instrament. $ 100, otherwise than at sight or Appraisement of valne or damage, on demand, or any promissory for or any other purpose : For note, or any memorandum, each sheet of paper on which it check, receipt, or other writ- is written, 6 ten or printed evidence of an Assignment of a lease, same staiip amount of money to be paid on as original, and additional demand or at a time designa- stamp upon the value or con- ted : For a sum not exceeding* sideration of transfer, accord- $100, B ing to the rates of stamps on And for every additional $100 or deeds. (See Conveyance.) ftactidnal part thereof in ex- Assignment of policy of Insurance, cess of $100, S same stamp as original instru- Bill of exchange, (foreign^ or let- ment. (See Insurance.) ter of credit drawn in, but pay- Assignment of mortgage, same able oat of, the United States as stamp that required upon a If drawn singly, same rates of mortgage for the amount re- duty as inland bills of exchange maining unpaid. (See Mort- or promissory notes. fage.) If drawn in sets of three or more, check, draft or order for any for every bill o( each set, where sum of money drawn upon any the sum made payable shall not : :

8TAUP DTTTIMa. 99

Stamp Duty. Stamp Duty. exceed tlOO or the eqnivalent rine surveyor, or other person thereof In any foreign currency 2 acting as such, 26 And for erery additional $100, or Certificate of deposit of any snm of fractional part thereofin escesB money In .any bank or trust of $100, S company, or with any banker Bill of lading or receipt (other than or person acting as such : Iffor charter party) for any goods, a sum not exceeding $100, 2 merchandise, or effects to be For a sum exceeding $100. 6 exported from a port or place Certificate of any other descrip- in the United States to any for- tion than those specified, 6 eign port or place, 10 Charter, renewal of, same stamp as Bill of lading to any port In Brit- an original instrument.

ish North America, exempt. Charter party for the charter of any , Bill of lading, domestic or inland, exempt. ship or vessel, or steamer, or Bill of sale by which any ship or any letter, memorandum, or Tessel, or any part thereof, shall other writing relating to the he conveyed to or vested In any charter, or any renewal or other person or persons transfer thereof^ If the regis- When the consideration shall not tered tonnage of such ship, exceed $500, 60 vessel, or steamer does not ex- Exceeding $500, and not exceed- ceed 160 tons, 1 00 ing $1,(X)0, 1 00 Exceeding 150 tons, and not ex- Bxceeding $1,000, for every ad- ceeding 300 tons, 3 03 ditional $600, or fractional part Exceeding 300 tons, and not ex- thereof, 60 ceeding 600 tons, 5 00 Bond for indemnifying any person Bxceeding 600 tons, 10 00 for the payment of any sum ot Check. Bank check, 2 money : When the money ulti- Contract. Broker's note, or mem- mately recoverable thereupon orandum of sale of any goods is $1,000 or less, 60 or merchandise, exchange, real When in excess of $1,000, for estate, or property of any kind each $1,000 or fraction, 50 or description issued by brok- Bond-administrator or guardian, ers or persons acting as such when the value of the estate For each note or memorandum and effects, real and personal, of sale, 10 does not exceed $1,000, exempt. Bill or memorandum of the sale Exceeding $1,000, 1 00 or contract for the sale of Bond for due execution or per- stacks, bonds, gold or silver fonnance of duties of office, 100 bullion.coin, promissory notes, Bond, personal, for security for or other securities made by the payment of money. (See brokers, banks, or bankers, Mortgage.) either for the benefit of others Bond ofany description, other than or on their own account : For such as may be required in le- each hundred dollars, or frac- gal proceedings, or used in con- tional part thereof, of the nection with mortgage deeds, amount of such sale or con- and not otherwise charged In tract, 1 this schedule, 25 Bill or memorandum of the sale Broker'snotes. (See Contract.) or contract for the sale of Certificates of measurement or stocks, bonds, gold or silver weight of animals, wood, coal buUion.coin. promissory notes, or hay, exempt. or other securities, not his or Certificates ofmeasurement of oth- their own property, made by er articles, 6 any person, firm, or company Certificates of stock in any incor- not paying a special tax as bro- porated company, 35 ker, bank or banker : For each Certificates of profits, or any certi- hundred dollars, or fractional ficate or memorandum showing part thereof, of the amount of an interest in the property such sale or contract, 6 or accumulations of any incor- Contract. (See Agreement.) renewal of, same porated company : If for a sum Contract, stamp not less than $10 and not ex- as original instrument. ceeding $50, 10 Conveyance, deed, instrument or Exceeding $50 and not exceed- writing, whereby any lands, ing $1,000, 25 tenements, or other realty sold shall be granted, assigned, for every ad- Exceeding $1,000, transferred^ or otherwise conditional $1,000 or fractional veyed to or vested in the pur- thereof, 86 part chaser or purchasers, or any Certificate. Any certificate of dam- other person or persons, by his, age i>r otherwise, and all other her or their direction, when the certificates or documents is- consideration or value does not sued by any port warden, ma- exceed $500, 60 : :

100 STA.MP DUTIES.

Stamp Dnty. Stamp Duty, When the consideration exceeds peals ftoTO. justice courts or $500, and does not exceed other courts of Inferior juris- $1,000, 1 00 diction to a court of record, exempt. And for every additional $600, or Warrant of distress. exempt. fractional part thereof, in ex- Letters of administration. (See cess of $1,000, 60 Probate of will.) Conveyance. The acteiowledg- Letters testamentary, when the ment of. a deed, or proof by a value of the estate and effects, witness, exempt. real and personal, does not ex- Conveyance. CertiScate of record ceed $1,000, Exempt. of a deed, exempt. Exceeding $1,000, 6 Credit, letter of. Same as foreign Letters of credit. Same as bill of hill of exchange. exchange, (foreign.) Cnstom-honse entry. (See En- Manifest for custom-house entry or try.) clearance of the cargo of any Cnstom-house withdrawals, (See ship, vessel, or steamer, for a Entry.) fereign port Deed. (See Conveyance — Trust If the registered tonnage of snch deed.) ship, vessel, or steamer does Draft. Same as Inland bill of ex- not exceed 300 tons, 1 00 change, Exceeding 300 tons, and not ex- Endorsement of any negotiable in- ceeding 600 tons, 3 00 simment, exempt. Exceeding 600 tons, s OO Entry of any goods, wares or mer- [These provisions do not ap- chandise at any custom-house, ply to vessels or steamboats either . forconsnmption or ware- plying between ports of the ' housing: Not exceeding $100 United States and British . in value, 26 North America.] Exceeding $100, and not exceed- Measurers' returns, exempt. ing $500 in value, 50 Memorandum of sale, or broker's Exceeding $600 in value, 1 m note. (See Contract.) Entry for the withdrawal of any Mortgage of hinds, estate, or pro- foods or merchandise from perty, real or personal, herita- onded warehouse, 50 ble or movable, whatsoever, a Ganger's returns, exempt. trust deed in the nature of a Indorsement npon a stamped ohlir mortgage,orany personal bond gation in acknowledgment of given as security for the pay- Its fulfillment, exempt. ment of any definite or certain Insurance (life) policy : When the sum ofmoney : exceeding $100, amount insured shall not ex- and not exceeding $580, 60 ceed $1,000, 25 Exceeding $SU0, ana not exceed- Exceeding $1,000,, and not ex- ing $1,000, 1 CO ceeding $5,000, 60 And for every additional $500, or Exceeding $5,000, 1 00 fractional part thereof, in ex- Insurance (marine, inland, and cess of $1,000, 60 fire,) policies, or renewal of the Order for payment of money, if the same : If the premium does net amount is $10, or over, i exceed $10, 10 Passage ticket on any vessel ttom Exceeding $10, and not exceed- a port in the United States to a ing $50, S5 foreign port, not " exceeding Exceedmg $50, 60 $36,^ ' ^60 Insurance contracts or tickets Exceeding $3S, and not exceed- agaidst accidental iqinries to ing $50, 1 00 persons, exempt. And for every additonal $60, or Lease, agreement, memorandum, flractional part thereof, in ex- or contract for the hire, use, or cess of $60, 1 00 rent of any land, tenement, or Passage tickets to ports in Brit- portion thereof: Where the ish North America, exempt. rent or rental value is $800 per Pawner's checks, 5 annum or less, 50 Power of attorney for Where the sqle or the rent or rental value transfer of any stock, bonds or exceeds the sum of $800 per scrip, or for the collection of annum, for each additional any dlvidende or interest there- $200, or Ihictional part thereof on, 25 in excess of $800, 60 Power of attorney, or proxy, Legal documents for voting at any election for ofSt- Writ, or other original precess, cers of any incorporated com- by which any suit, either crim- pany or society, except reli- inal or civil, is commenced in gious, charitable, er literary any court, either of law or equl- societies, or public cemeteries, 10 Power of attorney to receive Confesslon or col- of Judgment orcog- lect rent, no''". 25 .. exempt. Power of attorney to sell and con- Writs or other process on ap- vey real estate, or to rent or :

STAMP DUTIES. 101

Stamp Bnty. Stamp Duty, lease the Bame, 1 00 the collection from the United iPower of attorney for any other States Government of claims purpose, 60 by soldiers, or their legal rep- ProDate of will, or letters of admin • resentatives, for' pensions, istration; where the estate and back pay, bounty, or for prop- effects for orin respect of which erty lost in the service, exempt, such probate or letters of administration applied for shall CANCELLATION. be sworn or declared not to exceed the value of $l,Oi)0, exempt. In all cases where an adhesive stamp is Exceeding $1,000, and not ex- used for denoting the stamp duty upon an ceeding $2,000, 1 OO instrument, the person using or affixmg the Exceeding $3,000, for every ad- same must write or imprint thereupon in dUionaf $1,000, or fractional mk the initials of his name, and the date part thereof, in excess of (the year, month, and day) on which the $2,000, 50 same is attached or used. Each stamp Promissory note. (8ee Bifl of ex- should be separately cancelled. When change, inland.) stamps are printed upon checks, &c., so SepoBUnote to mntnaUneorance that in filling up the instrument, the face o& companies, when policy is sub- the stamp is and must necessarily be writ- ject to duty. ten across, no other cancellation will be re- Renewal of a note, subject to the quired. same duty as an original note. All cancellation must be distinct and legi- Protest of note, blH of^exchange, ble, and except in the case of proprietary acceptance, check, or draft, or stamps from private dies, no method <)£ anv marine pitotest, 35 cancellation wnich differs from that above Quit-claim deed to be stamped as a described can be recognized as legal and conveyance, except when giv- sufficient. en as a release of a mortgage by the mortgagee to the mort- PENALTIES. gagor, in which case it is ex-

empt ; but If It contains cove- A penalty of fifty dollars is Imposed upon nants may 3k subject as an every person who makes, signs, or issues, agreement or -contract. or who causes to be made, signed, or issu- Beceipts for satisfaction of any ed, any paper of any kind or description mortgage or judgment or de- whatever, or who accepts, negotiates, or cree of any court, exempt. pays, or causes to be accepted, negotiated, Beceiipts for any sum of money or or paid, any bill of exchange, draft, or or- debt due, or for a draft or oth- der, or promissory note, for the p^ment of er instrument given for the money, without the same being duly stamp- payment of money ; exceeding ed, or having thereupon an adhesive stamp $1!0, not being for satisfaction for denoting the tax chargeable thereon, «f any mortgage or judgment cancelled in the manner required by law, or decree of court, 2 with intent to evade the provisions of the ,(8ee Indorsement.) revenue act, Beceipta for the delivery of pro- A penalty of two hundred dollars is im- perty, exempt. posed upon every person vrho pays, nego- iEtenewal ofagreement, contract or tiates, or offers in payment, or receives or charter, by letter or otherwise, takes in payment, any bill of exchange or same aitamp as original instru- order for the payment of any snm of money ment. drawn or purporting tobft drawn in a for- Sheriff's return on writ or other eign country, but payable in the United process, exempt, States, until the propel stamp has been af- 'ITrust deed, made to secure a debt, to be stamped as a mortgage. A penalty of fifty dollars is imposed upon Warehonse receipts, exempt. every person who frandniently makes use Warrant: of attorney accompany- of an adhesive stamp to .denote the duty re- ing Ji bond or note, if the oond quired by the revenue act, without effectu- or mote is stamped, exempt. ally cancelling andiObUterating the same in Wei^rer's returns, exempt. the manner reqniiediby law. Official documents, instruments, Attention is particularly called to the fol- and papers issued by officers lowing extract fionj^ section 165, of the act «f the United States Govem- of June 30, 1864, as.amended by the act of ^lent, exempt. July 13, 1866 Official instruments, documents, "If any person shall wilfully remove or .and papers issued by the offi- cause to be removed, alter or cause to be al- cers ofany State, county, town, tered, the cancelling or defacing marks on brother municipal corporation, any adhesive sti^np, with intent to use the in the exercise of functions same, or to jcatu^e tne use of the same, after strictly belonging to them in it shall have bieen used once, or shall know- their ordinary govemnttental or ingly or wilfully sell or buy such washed municipal capacity, exempt. or restored 'Stamps, or offer the same for Papers necessary to be used for sale, orgiveOEiexpose the same to any per- G . ;

103 STAUP PWTIE8.

eon for nse, or knowingly nee the same or It admissible in evidence, or to entitle it to prepare the same with intent for the fur- record. ther use thereof, or if anjr person shall Certifieateaqfloan in which there shall knowingly and without lawful excuse (the appear any written or priiited evidence of proof whereof shall lie on the person accus- an amount of Dsoney to be paid on demand ed) have in his possession any washed, re- or at a time desitsaated, are subj ftct to stamp stored, or altered stamps, which have been duty OS "promlsswry Botes." removed from any vellnm, parchment, pa- When two or more persons join in the ex- per, instrnment or writing ; then, and In ecution ofan imfMBment, the stamp to which every such case, every person so offending, the instrument is liable noder the law, may and every person knowingly and wilfully be affixed and cawrelled by either of them aiding, abetting, or assisting in eommitting and "when more CSan one signature Is affix- any such offence, as aforesaid, shall, on con- ed to the same paper, one or more stamps * * * viction thereof, he punished by may be alHxea thereto, representing the a flne not«xeeeding one thousand dollars, whole amount of tie stamp required for .«r by intprisoBment and confinement to such signatBn«." ibard labor net exceeding five years, or both, No stamp is required on any warrant of ottthe disereition of the court?' attorney accmopanying a bond or note, iSfitiis not iawftai to record any Instruiqent, when such bond ornote has- affixed thereto' ^icnnient, xx paper required by law to be the stamp or stamps denoting the duty re-- 'OP ;sny copy thereof, ilnless ^Hiped, a quired ; and, whenever any Bend or note is or of the proper stamp stamps amount have secured by mortgage, but onens of the law should be edgement of the Instrument which Is not reported fto 'the United States District Attor- stamped. mey within «nd frar die district where they Particular attention Is called to the .'ane Aomaditted. change in section 164, by striStog out the words "or used ;" the exemptJSsi thereun- iOHBNEBAL EEMARESJ. der is thus restricted to docmnents, Ac, issued by the officers therein named; Also, fBeiiiei«9ie«tainp»ma7be used indiscrimi- to the changes in sections 1S3' abd 168, by x^d^n^posn iany of the matters or thiujgs inserting the words "and cascsSed in the eamnteEOtedSs Schedule Bt except propne- manner required by law." tary and j^biying card stamps, for which a The acceptor or acceptors of any bill of special aeie baa been pn»

ject to stomp duty is issued without having conveyance ; but ifit contains covenants, the neeessary stamps affixed thereto, it can- such, for instance, as a covenant to warront not be necord^d^ oradnsditted, or-used in ev- and defend the title, It should be stamped idence, in any court, natU a legal stamp or as an agreement or contract. stamps, denoting the aimount of tax, shall When a deed purporting to be a convey- have Deen afflxpdas pneseribedby iawt and ance of reiUty sold; and stamped accordingt- the person who thus issues it is liable to a ly, Is inoperative, a deed of confirmation,, penalty, if he omits !tbe stamps with an in- made simply to cure the defect, requires uo> tent to evade the provisions of the internal stamp. In sueh case, the second deed reyenue aet^ should contain a recital of the facts, and The Srst act imposing a stamp tax upon should' show the reasons for Its execution. certain. specified instruments took effect, so Partition deeds between tenants in com- far as said tax is concerned^ October 1, 1863. mon, neednotbe-stoinped as conveyances, The Impression which seems to prevail to Inasmuch as there is no sale ofrealty, but some extent, that no stamps are required merely a marking out, or a defining, of the npon any instruments, issued In the States boundaries of the part belonging to each; lately in ihsurteotion, prior to the surren- but wheremoney or other valuable consid- or derj prior tO'tbe establishment of collec- eration is paid by ohe co-tenant to another tion district»ihar«,lB erroneoos. for equality of partition, there is a sale to Instruments lewed in those States since the extent of such consideration, and the October 1, 186a,:i«re subject to the same tax- conveyance, by the party receiving it, es as similar ones issued at the same time should be stamped accordingly. in the other States. A conveyance of lands sold for unpaid No stamp lsn«8esaary npon an Instrument taxes, issued since August 1, 1866, by the executed prior ttoOntoberl, 1862, to make officers of any county, town, or other mu- staUp duties. 103 nioipal corporation in the fllBcTiarge of their should not be reckoned as premium in de- strictly olBcial duties, ia exempt from termining the amount of stamp taxes upon Btamp tax. thepolicles. A conveyance of realty sold, subject to a When a policy 6t insurance properly mortgage, should be stamped abcording to st&mped has been issued and lost, no stamp the constderatioil, or the valile of the prop- is necessary upon another issued by the erty unerummbereil. T'he consideration in same company to the same party, covering such case is to be found by adding the the same property, time, &c., and designed amount paid for the equity of redemption siinply to supply the loss. The second to the mortgage debt. T&e fact that one policy should recite the loss of the first. part of the consideration is paid to the An instrument which operates as the re- mortgagor and the other part tp the mort- newal ofa policy of insurance, is subject to gagee does not change' the lUbility of the the same stamp tax as the policy. conveyance. When a_policy of insurance is issued for The stamp tax upon a mortgage is based a certain time, whether it be for one year upon the amount Itis given to secure. The only or for a term of years, a receipt for fact that the value of the property mortgag- premium, or any other instrument which ed is less than that Smoum, and that conse- has the 'legal effect to continue the contract quently the seeurlty is oisly partial, does and extend its operation beyond that tim^Me^ not change the liability of the instrument. quires the same amount ofrevenue stamps When, therefore, a second mortgage is givas the policy itself; but such a receipt aa en to secure the payment of a sum of mon- is usually given for the payment of the ey partially seemed by a prior mortgage u"p- monthly, quarterly, or annual premium, is on other property; or when two mortgages not a renewal within the meaning of the upon separate property are given at the Statute. The payment simply preventf"""- same time to secure the payment of the policy from expiringj by reason of non^pr-

same sum, each should be stamped as formance of its conditions ; a receipt grvta though it were the only one. for such a payment requires a two-cent A mortgage given to secure a surety from Stamp, if the amount received exceeds loss, or given for any purpose whatever, twenty dollars, and a two,-cent stamp only. other than as security for the payment of a When, however, the time 'of payment has definite and certain sum of monery,is taxa- passed, and a tender of the premium is not able only as an agreement or contract. Sufficient to bind the company, but a n^'w The stamp duty upon a letfse, agreement, Jolicy or a new contract in some form, with memorandnra, orcoatractfor the nire, use, the mutuality essential tO\.every contract, orrent of any land, tenement, or portion becomes necessary between the insurer and thereof, is based upon tho annual rent or the insured, the same amount of stamps rental value of the property leased, and the should be used as that required upon the duty is the same whether the lease be for original policy. one year, for a term of years, or for the A permit issued by a life insurance com- fractional part of a year only. pany changing the terms of a policy as to Upon every assignment or transfer of a travel, residence, occupation, &c., should mortgage, a stamp tax is required equalto be stamped as a contract or agreement'. that imposed upon a mortgage for the A bill single or a bill obligatory, i. e., an

amount remaining nnpaid ; this tax is re- instrument in the form of a promissory quired upon every such transfer in writing, note, under seaZj is subject to stamp duty whether there is a scUe of the mortgage or as written or printed evidence of an amount not ; but no stamp is necessary upon the of money to be paid on demand or at a endorsement of a negotiable instrument, time designated, at the rate of five cents even though the legal effect of such indorse- for each one hundred dollars or fractional ment is to transfer a mortgage by which part thereof. the instrument is secured. A waiver of protest, or of demand and An assignment of a lease within the mean- notice, written upon negotiable paper and ing and intent of Schedule B, is an assign- signed by the indorser, is an agreement, ment of the Uase?iold, or of some portion and requires a five-cent stamp. thereof, by the lessee, or by some person A stamp duty of twenty-five cents is im-

claiming by, from, or under him ; such an posed upon the "protest of every note, bill assignment as subrogates the assignee to of exchange, check or draft," and upon the rights, or some portion of the rights, of every marine protest. If several notes, the lessee, or of the person standing in his bills of exchange, drafts, &c., are protest- place. A transfer by the lessor of his part ed at the same time and all attached to one of a lease, neither giving nor purporting and the same certificate, stamps should be to give a claim to the leasehold, or to any affixed to the amount of twenty-five cents part thereof, but simply a right to the rents, for each note, bill, draft, &o., thus protest- &c., is subject to stamp tax as a contract ed. or agreement only. When, as is generally the case, the cap- The stamp tax upon a fire insurance tion to a deposition contains other certifi- policy is based upon the premium. cates in addition to the jurat to the affida- Deposit notes taken by a mutual fire in- vit of the deponent, such as a certificate surance company, not as payment of pre- that the parties were or were not notified, mium nor as evidence of indebtedness that they did or did not appear, ttiat they therefor, but to be used simply as a basis did or did not object, &c,, it is subject to upon which to make rateable assessments to a stamp duty of five cents. meet the losses incurred by the company. When an attested copy ofa writ or other 104 STAMP BVTma.

firocesa Is nsedbya sheriff or other person A notice ftom landlord to tenant to n making personal service, or in attaching quit poBsesalon of premises requires no property, a five-cent stamp should be affix- stamp. ed to the certificate of attestation. A stamp tax is imposed upon every A marriage certificate issned by the offi- "manifest for cnatom-houae entry or clear- ciating clergyman or magistrate, to be re- ance of the cargo of any ship, vessel, or turned to any officer of a State, county, city, steamer for a foreign port." The amount town, or other municipal corporation, to of this tax in each case depends upon the constitute part of a public record, requires registered tonnage of the vessel. no stamp ; but if ft la to be retained by If a vesael clears in ballast and baa no the parties, a five-cent stamp should be af- cargo whatever, no stamp ia neceaaary; fixed. but ifshe haa any, however small the amount The stamp tax upon a bill of sale, by —a etamp ahoma be need. which any ship or vessel, or any part there- A bond to convey real eatate requires of, is conveyed to or vested in any other stampa to the amount of twenty-five centa. person or persons, is at the same rate as The stamp duty upon the probate of a that imposed upontconveyances of realty will, or upon lettera of administration, is sold; a bill or sale ofany other personal based upon the sworn or declared value of property should be stamped as a contract all the estate and effects, real, personal, orgereement. and mixed, nndiminished by the debts of im assignment of real or personal prop- the estate for or in respect of which such erty, orofboth, for the benefit of creditors, probate or letters are applied for. should be stamped as an agreement or con- When the property belonging to the es- trM. tate of a person deceased, lies under dif- vVWten or printed assignments ofagree- ferent jurisdictions and it becomes neces- nitetil; bonds, notes not negotiable, and sary to take OQt letters in two or more of all other Instruments the assignments places, the letters should be stamped ac- of which are not particularly specified in cording to the value of all the property, real, the foregoing schedule, shoiud be stamped personal, and mixed, for or in respect of as agreements. which the particular letters In each case No stamp ia necessary upon the registry are issued. of a judgment, even though the registry is Letters ie ionit mm shonld be stamped such in Its legal effect as to create a lien according to the amount of property re- which operates as a mortgage upon the maining to be administered upon therenn- property of the judgment debtor. der, regardless of the stamps upon the orig- When a "power of attorney or proxy for inal letters. voting at any election for officers of any A Taerecopy of an instmment is not sub- incorporated company or society, except ject to stamp duty nnless it is a certified religions, charitable, or literary societies, one, in which case a five-cent stamp shonld or public cemeteries," is signed by sever- be affixed to the certificate of the person M al stockholders, owning separate and dis- attesting it : bnt when an Instrument is tinct shares, it Is, in its legal efiisct, the execnted and issued in duplicate, triplicate, separate instrument of each, and requires &c., as in the case ofa lease of two or more stamps to the amount of ten cents for each parts, each part has the same legal effect as and every signature ; one or more stamps the other, and each should be stamped as may be used r^preseuting the whole amount an original. required. :

POSTAL BATES AND BEBULATIONS. 105

POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS.

Letters.—The law requires postage on Postage per quarter (to be paid quarterly all letters (inclading those to foreign conn- or yearly in advance) on newspapers and tries when prepaid), excepting those writ- periodicals issued less frequently than once ten to the President or Vice President, or a week, sent to actual subscribers In any members of Congress, or (on ofBcial busi- part of the United States: semimonthly, ness) to the chiefs of the executive depart- not over 4 oz., 6 cts. ; over 4 oz. and not ments of the Government, and the heads of over 8 oz., 12 cts. ; over 8 oz. and notiover oz., Sets bureaux and cUef clerkB,>and others invest- 12 oz., 18cts. : monthly, not over4 ed with the firanldng privilege, to be pre- over 4 oz. and not over 8 oz., 6 cts. ; over 8 quarterly, paid by stamps or stamped envelopes, pre- oz. and not over 12 oz., 9 cts. ; payment in money being prohibited. not over 4 oz., Icent; over4oz. and not over All drop-letters must be prepaid. The over 8 oz., 2 cts. ; over 8 oz. and not rate of postage on drop-letters, at offices 12 oz.. Sets. where free delivery by carrier is establish- Tbanbient Matter.—Books not over 4 ed, is two cents per half ounce or fraction oz. in weight, to one address, 4 cts. ; over 4 over oz. and of a half ounce ; at offices where such free oz. and not over 8 oz., 8 cts. ; 8 delivery is kot established the rate is one not over 12 oz., 12 cts. ; over 12 oz. and not cent. over 16 oz., 16 cts. The single rate of postage on all domes- Circulars not exceeding three in number tic mall letters throughout the United to one address, 2 cts. ; over 3 and not over cts. over States, is three cents per half ounce, with 6, 4 cts. ; over 6 and not over 9, 6 ; an additional rate of three cents for each 9 and not exceeding 12, 8 cts. additional half ounce or fl-actionofahalf On miscellaneous mailable matter, (em- ounce. The ten cent (Pacific) rate is abol- bracing all pamphlets, occasional poblica- ished. tions, transient newspapers, hand-bills and posters, bookmannscrlptsand proof-sheets, Newbpafebs, etc. Letter postage Is to — whether corrected or not, maps, prints, en- be charged on all handbills, circnmrs, or gravings, sheet music, blanks, flexible pat- other printed matter which shall contain terns, samples, and sample cards, phono- any manuscript writing whatever. graphic paper, letter envelopes, postal en- Daguerreotypes, when sent In the mail, velopes or wrappers, cards, paper, plain or are to be letter postage by charged with ornamental, photographic representations weight. of different types, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, Photographs on cards, paper, and other roots and scions,) the postage to be pre-paid flexible material, (not In cases), can be sent by stamps. Is on one package, to one ad- at the same rate as miscellaneous printed dress, not over 4 oz. in weight, 2 cts. ; over matter, viz., two cents for each four ounces 4 oz. and not over 8 oz., 4 cts. ; over 8 oz. or fraction thereof. and not over 12 oz., 6 cts. ; over 12 oz. and of pack- Photograph Albums are chargeable with not over 16 oz. , 8 cts. The weight roots and scions, book postage—four cents for each four ages of seeds, cuttings, ounces or fraction thereof. to be franked. Is bmited to thirty-two ounces. Newspaper Postaob.—Postage on daily [Ai,L printed matter (except single cop- papers to subscribers when prepaid quar- ies of newspapers, magazines, andperiodl- either at terly or yearly In advance, the cals to regular subscribers) sent via over- office or office delivery, per mailing of land mail, is to be charged at letter post- cts. ; six times quarter (three months), 3S age rates.} tri-week- per week, per quarter 30 cts. ; for Any word or communication, whether by Ily, per quarter 15 cts. ; for semi-weekly, per printing, writing, marks or signs, upon the quarter 10 cts. ; for weekly, per quarter 6 cover or wrapper of a newspaper, pamphlet, cents. magazine, or other printed matter, other Weekly newspapers (one copy only) sent than the name or address of the person to by the publisher to actual subscribers with- whom it is to be sent, and the date when in the county where printed and published, the subscription expires, subjects the pack- PBEE. ' age to letter postage. 106 POSTAL BATHS AND BEQVLATIONS.

2« a = a Ml h 43 •OD

It Q* I 5 S.S-S GOOffQoooioe«Qoa«e a e dso«.-SO •£

•a H " COGOrHCpaoCOOOOOOO s fa's " 5 •c "I op. .3 5 m

P as ® ^ S -^ '4

m (U

1- -I ^ at « K? 00 CO JO ,0 fc- !t¥ t- t- tr- p.* y^ "lis g»|sg| 5 la| Is

S-p

Spo3(OQiaiaas-4<'^eoioia

di tut fa O £ «» d Hr*i=r. "S d

RSWS ZUDQn u'r'.-c>S ,. .,

POSTAL BATES AKD BBQULATI0N8. 107

Additional Table of Foreign Postage.

The **indicates that, unless the letter la reristered, pre-payment is optional ; in all other caees it i> required. J Pamphlets and Periodicals, ten cents per four onnces or fraction thereof. { Pamphlets, Magazines, &c., two cents per four ounces or hraction tbeteof.

Letters. COUNTKIBS. Hoz )i

Bahamas, by direct steamer ftora New York. . . Bogota, New Granada BoiiTia Brazils, 33d each month flromNewTork Buenos ATres, 33d each montb A'omNew York.. 18 Canada, any distance, (if not prepaid, 10 cts.) Central America, Pacific Slope, via Panama Chili, British Uail, via Panama China, vis San Francisco Costa fiica Cuba. Ecuador, British Mail, via Panama Guatemala

Havana , < Honduras • Hong Kong, ria San Francisco Swan, vialSiu Francisco

Mexico , Hantevideo, 23d each month ttom K Y 18 Nassau, N. rrov., by direct steamer ftom N. Y.. New Brunswicik Newfoundland, <16 c. if over 8,000 niiles) New Granad»,

Turk's Island , Uruguay, by Aih. pkt. 22d each month from N.Y. 18 Yancoaver's Island. Venezuela, British MaiLvia Aspinwall. do by American Yen. packet

The'he recentI postal treaty with Great Britain piovideB that besides letters and newspo- pers,s, "book*' packets," and *- packets of pattems and samples," may be sent. Such packets—

1. Must contain no vrriting.

2. Must be (blly prepaid (6 cents per 4 ounces team the TT. 8., or 8 pence sterling from Great Britiun.)

S. Hnst be open at the ends to allow inspection. Samples of merchandise must not be of intrinsic value. Dutiable articles—books, music, &&, sent from Great Britain to the United States, must, in addition to the postage, pay the regular duties, which af»—On books and engravings, 25 per cent.; music and photograpfis, 20 per cent.

If letters or articles sent to Italy are not prepaid, or are insufficiently paid, they will be charged with deficient postage, and subject to fine, on arrival at their destination. ;

108 RULES FOB DETBCTING COVRTEnFBlT BANK NOTES..

Infallible Rules for Detecting Counterfeit or Spurious Bank Notes.

Bulk Ist.—Examine the ehading of the fine letters. Ctmnterfeits never bear the letters is title of Bank called i.atbbwobe, imprint perfect. This rule should be strict- which in gennine notes presents an even, ly observed, as it is infiilllble in detecting straight, light and silky appearance, gen- counterfeits. erally so fine and smooth as to appear to be 6th.—In the genuine note the landscapes all in one solid, pale body. In the counter- are well finished : trees and shrubs are feit the lines are coarse and irregalar, and neatly drawn ; the limbs well proportioned, in many of the longer lines breaks will be and the foliage presenting a fine natural perceived, thus presenting a very inferior appearance ; clear sky is formed of fine finish in comparison to genuine work. parallel lines, and when clouds or h^vy 2d.—Observe the dies, circles and ovals skies appear, they cross each other, and in the gennine ; they are composed of a bear a soft, smooth and natural appear- network of lines, which, by crossing each ance. The perspective, showing a view of other at certain angles, produce an endless the surrounding country, is always clear variety of figures ; sse the onb cbnt stamp and distinct. The small figures in the J-TTACHBS. The fine line alone is the background are always plainly seen, and unit which enables you to detect spurious their oatlines and general character re- work. In the counterfeit, the bepbbsentbd cognized. Ships are well defined and the white lines are coarse, irregular, and cross canvass has -a clear texture ; railroad cars each other in a confused, irregular manner, are very accurately delineated ; in examin- thus producing blurred and imperfect ing a train observe carefully the car most figures. distant. In the counterfeit the landscape

3d,—Bzamine the form and features of is usually poorly executed ; the leaves of all human figures on the notie. In the gen- trees poony and nnnatnrally defined.— uine, the texture of the skin is represented The hues representing still water are by fine dots and lines intermixed. In the scratchy rather than parallel, the sky is eyes, the pupil is distinctly visible, and the represented generally in like manner, and white clearly seen ; the noB6, mouth and where rolling clouds are to be seen, the chin, well formed, natural-and expressive unnatural effect is obvious. Domestic the lips are slightly pouting, and the chin animals are generally poorly executed, well thrown out ; and the delicate shading particularly the head and limbs ; the eyes of the neck perfectly harmonizes with the are seldom clearly defined. Ships are rest of the figure. Observe the fingers and poorly drawn, the texture of the canvass toes ; they should be clearly and accurately coarse and inferior in style of workman- defined. The hair of the head should show ship, thus giving an artificial appearance. the fine strands and present a natural ap- Bauroad cars are also poorly executed ; the pearance. The folds of the drapery of hu- car farthest fi-om the eye Is usually the man figures should lay natural and present most imperfect. The perspective is always a fine, finished appearance. In the counter- imperfect, the figures in the background felt the female figure does not bear the can seldom be recognized. natural prominence In outlines; observe, 6th.—Bills altered ttom a smtller to a the eyes and shading surrounding does not higher denomination, can readily be de- present the lifelike appearance it should. tected by a close observer, in consequence The fingers and toes are not properly and of the striking difference between the parts proportionately defined ; the hair does not which have been extracted and the rest of bear that soft and finished appearance as in the note. This difference is readily per- the gennine. ceived in the lack of color, body and finish 4th,—Examine the imprint or engraver's of the dye ; we have seen bills where the names in the evenness and shape of the surrounding shading In altered dies was ; '

HO-W TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS. 109

too dark, but from the back or flnieb of the tected by observing first the state, second white lineeyou have a sure test. Again the title or name of the bank, third the observe particularly the words " Five " or town or location. ^' Ten Dollars ^' as the case may be, denote OeKERAL BEHATtKS DT ESFBBEKCE TO ing the denomination of the note; the CouNTBBPBiTB.—The paper on which they parallel outlines and shading (if any) are are printed is generally of a very inferior coarse and imperfect. Alterations are fi:e- quality, with less body, finish and tough- quently made by pasting a greater denomi- ness than bank note paper has. The ink nation over a smaller, bat by holding the generally lacks the rich luster of the gen-

bill up to the light, the flraud will be per- uine ; the red letters and figures are gen- ceivecl. Another method resorted to is to erally imperfect, and the ink does not pre- cut out the figures in the dies as well as sent the Vermillion hue as it should. The the words one dollar, or the words two or printing is generally inferior, usually ex- three as the case may be, and with a sharp hibiting specks of white in the most promi- eraser, scrape down the ends and also the nent letters. The date and filling up, and edges of the pieces to be inserted ; when the President's and Cashier's names are the pieces thus jirepared are affixed they generally written by the same person, are hardly perceivable; but by passing although in many instances they present the note through the hand, so as to feel a difi'erent appearance. There are bills in the die both with the finger and thumb circulation bearing either genuine dies or at the same time, the f^aud will be de- vignettes; but upon close examination .tected by the stiffhess of the outer you will be enabled to detect any spurious edges, " occasioned by the gum or method bill, whether counterfeit or altered, by the adopted^' in affixing the parts. The letter instructions here given, if persevered in for S should always be examined, as in many a short time. We beg to suggest, if time alterations it is pasted or stamped at the will admit, the learner should examine end of the word " dollar ;" and even when minutely every bill he receives. A pow- stamped there, the carrying ont of the out- erful pocket magnifying glass, which can lines for its shading will readily show the be purchased for from fifty cents to one dol- fraud. Bills of broken banks are frequent- lar at any of the opticians, will greatly en- ly altered by extracting the name of bank, able you to see and comprehena the differ-

state and town ; they may readily be de- ence between genuine and spurious work.

HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.

What will my readers give to know how her shrine. Now, all this is a vile slander to get richf Now, IwUl not vouch that upon the dear blind lady. the following rules will enable every per- Although wealth often appears the result accident, or a fortunate concur- son who may read them to acquire wealth ; of mere but this I will answer for, that if ever a rence of favorable circumstances without man does grow rich by honest means, and any exertion of skill or foresight, yet any retains his wealth for any length of time, man of sound health and unimpaired mind he must practice upon the principles laid may become wealthy, if he takes the prop- down In the following essay. The re- er steps. marks are not original with me, but I Foremost in the list of requisites are strongly commend mem to the attention honesty and strict integrity in every trans- of every young man, at least as afibrding action of life. Let a man have the reputa- the true secret of success in attaining tion of being fkir and upright in his deal- wealth. A single perusal of such an essay ings, and he will possess the confidence of

at an impressible moment, has sometimes allwho know him. , Without these qualities a very wonderful effect upon the disposi- every other merit will prove unavailing. tion and character. Ask concerning a man, " Is he active and Fortune, they say, is a fickle dame—Ml capable!" Yes. "Industrions, temper- of her freaks and caprices ; who blindly ate and regular in his habits ? "—Oh yes. distributes her favors without the slightest "Is he honest! Is he trustworthy!" discrimination. So inconstant, so waver- Why, as KS that, I am sorry to say that he ing is she represented, that her most faith- Is not to be trusted ; he needs watching ful votaries can place no reliance on her he is a little tricky, and will take an undue promises. Disappointment, they tell us, advantage, if he can. " Then I will have 16 the lot of those who make offerings at nothing to do vrith him," will be the in- no HOyr TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.

variable reply. Why, then. Is honesty the Argus beforehand, and the hundred hands best policy f Because, without it, you will of Briarius afterwards. get a bad name, and everybody will shun Order and system In the management of you. business must not be neglected. Nothing A character for knavery will prove an In- contributes more to dispatch. Have a surmountable obstacle to snccess In al- place for everything and everything in its most everyundertaklng. It will be found place; a time for everything, and every- that the straight line is, in business, as in thing in its time. Do first what presses geometry, the shortest. In a word, it is most, and having determined what is to be almost impossible for a dishonest man to done, and how it is to be done, lose no acquire wealth by a regular process of bus- time in doing it. Without this method all iness, because he is shunned as a depreda- is hurry and^contkisiou, little or nothing is tor upon society. accomplished, and business is attended to profit. . Needy men are apt to deviate flromthe with neither pleasure nor rule of integrity, under the plea that ne- A polite, afikble deportment is recom- cessity knows no law ; they might as well mended. Agreeable maimers contribute add that it knows no shame. The course powerfully to a man's success. Take two is suicidal, and by destroying all confidence, men, possessing equal advantages in every ever keeps them immured in poverty, other respect, but let one be gentlemanly, although they may possess every other kind, obliging and conciliating in his man-

quality for success in the world. ners ; the other harsh, rude and disobliging; Punctuality, which is said to be the soul and the one will become rich, while the of business, is another Important element other will starve. in the art of money getting. The man We are now to consider a very itnportant known to be scrupulously exact in the ful- principle in the business of money-getting, fillment of his engagements, gains the namely—Industry — nersevering, indefiti- confidence of all, and may command all table attention to business. Persevering the means he can use with advantage: iligence is the Philosopher's stone, which whereas, a man careless and regardless of turns everything to gold. Constant, regu- his promises in money matters will have lar, habitual and systematic application to every purse closed against him. Therefore business, must in time, if properly directed, be prompt in your payments, produce great results. It must lead to Next, let us consider the advantages of wealth, with the same certainty that pov- a cautious circumspection in our inter- erty follows in the train of idleness and course with the world. Slowness of be- inattention. It has been truly remarked lief and a proper distrust are essential to that be who follows his amusements in- success. The credulous and confiding are stead of his business, will, in a short time, ever the dupes of knaves and impostors. have no business to follow. Ask those who have lost their property The art of money-saving is an important how it happened, and yon vrill find in part of the art of money-getting. Without most cases that it has been owing to mis- frugality no one can become rich ; with it, laced confidence. One has lost by en- few would be poor. Those who consume § orsing, another by crediting, another as fast as they produce, are on the road to by false representations; all of which a ruin. As most of the poverty we meet little more foresight and a little more dis- with grows out of idleness and extrava- trust would have prevented. In the af- gance, so most large fortunes have been fairs of this world men are not saved by the result of habituu industry and frugali- faith, but by the want of It. ty. The practice of economy is as neces- Judge of men by what they do, not by sary in the expenditure of time as of what they say. Believe in looks rather money. They say if " we take care of the than words. Observe all their movements. pence the pounds will take care of them- Ascertain their motives and their ends. selves." So. if we take care of the Notice what they say or do in their un- minutes, the days will take care of them- guarded moments. When under the influ- selves. ence of excitement. The passions have The acquisition of wealth demands as been compared to tortures which force men much selr-denial, and as many sacrifices to reveal their secrets. Before trusting a of present gratification, as the practice of man, before putting it in his power to virtue itself. Vice and poverty proceed, in cause you a loss, possess yourself of every some degree, from the same sources, available information relative to him. namely—the disposition to sacrifice the

Learn his history, his habits. Inclinations fliture to the present ; the inability to fore- and propensities: his reputation for honor, go a small present pleasure for great ftiture industry, frugality and punctuality; his advantages. Hhn fail of fortune in this prospects, resources. Supports, advantages world, as they fall of happiness in the and disadvantages : his intentions and mo- world to come, simply because they are un- tives of action; wno are his fHende and willing to deny themselves momentary en- enemies, and what are his good or bad qual- joyments for the sake of permanent fhture ities. You may learn a man's good qualities happiness. and advantages tiom his Mends—his bad Every large city Is filled with persons, qnalities and disadvantages trom bis ene- who, in order to support the appearance of mies. Make due allowance for exaggeration wealth, constantly live beyond their in- in both. Finally, examine carefUUy before come, and make up the deficiency by engaging in anything, and act with energy contracting debts wnlch are never paid. afterwards. Have the hundred eyes of Others, there are, the mere drones of so- : :

BOW TO SECURE TBE PVBLIC LANDS. Ill

clety, wliopass their days in Idleness, and (Stick to the bosiness in which yon are • Subsist by pirating on the hives of the In- regnlarly employed. Let speculators make dustrions. Many who ran a short-lived tboQsande in a year or a day ; mind yonr careerof splendid beggary, could they be own regnlar trade, never taming li'om it but persuaded to adopt a system of rigid to the right hand or to the left. If yon are economy for a few years, miitht pass the a merchant, a professional man, or a me- remainder of their> days in afBuence. Bnt chanic, never bay lots or stocks, unless no 1 They mnst keep np appearances, yon have surplus money which you wish they must live like other folks. to invest. Your own business yon under-

Their debts aecumnlate; their credit stand as well as other men ; bnt other peo- fails ; they are harassed by dn^, and be- ple's business you do not nnderstand. sieged by constables and shertff. In this Let yonr business be some one which is extremiu, as a last resort, they snbmit to nseml to the community. All such occn- a shamenil dependence, or engage in crim- pations possess the elemraits of profit in inal practices which entail hopeless wretch- themselves. edness and Infamy on themselves and families.

How to Secure the Public Lands, OE THBENTEY OP THE SAME UNDER THE PRE-EMPTION AND HOMESTEAD LAWS.

The following circular gives all necessary tract, with its area ; the Register will then information as to the procedure necessary certify to the receiver whether the land is

in parchasing and securing the public vacant, with its price ; and when found to lands be so, the applicant must pay that price per acre, or may locate the with land DSPABTMENT OT THK INTSRIOB, I same warrant, and thereafter the Receiver will Gbn'l Land OymoE, July 19, 1865. f give him a " duplicate receipt," which he Numerous questions having arisen as to IS required to surrender previons to the the mode of procedure to purchase public delivery to him of the patent, which may lands, or acquire title to the same bybounty be had either by application for it to the land locations, by pre-emptions or by home- Register or to the General Land OlBce, stead, this circDlar is commqnicated for the 3. If the tract has not been offered at information of all concerned. public sale it is not liable to ordinary pri- In order to acquire title to public lands vate entry, but may be secured by a party the following steps must be taken legally qualified, upon his compliance with 1. Application must be made to the Reg- the requirements of the pre-emption laws ister of the district land office in which the of 4th September, 1841, and 8d March, 1843; land desired may be situated. and after such party shall have made ac- A list of all the land offices In the United tual settlement for such a length of time States is fhroished by the Department, as will show he designs it for his perma- with the seats of the different offices, nent home, and is acting in good faith, where It is the duty of the Register and building a house and residing therein, he Receiver to be in attendance, and give may proceed to the district land office, es- proper l^cillties and information to persons tablish his pre-emption claim according to desirous of obtaining lands. law, by proving his actual residence and The minimum price of ordinary public cultivation, and Bhowing that he is other- lands is $1,S5 per acre. The even or re- wise within the purview of these acts.— served sections felling within railroad Then he can enter the land at $1,25, either grants are increased to double the minimum In cash or with bounty land warrant, unlees price, being $3,60 per acre. the premises should be $3,50 acre lands. Lands once ofl'ered at public sale, and not In that case the whole purchase-money can afterwards kept out of market by reserva- be paid in cash, or one-half in cash, the tion, or otherwise, so as to prevent free residue with a bounty )and warrant. competition, may be entered or located. 4. But if parties legally qnirilfied desire 3. By the applicant filing with the Regis- to obtain title under the Homestead Act ter his written application describing the of 20th May, 1862, they can do so on com- JIS LAW IIAXIMS. plying with the Department Circular, dated that the claimant has made the land bis 80th October, 1862. permanent home, he can establish his 6. The law confines Homestead entries claim and pay for the same at any time before the date of the public sale to surveyed lands ; and although, in cer- of'^ lands tain States and Territories notedin the sub- within the range in which his settlement joined li8t,jpre-emptor8 may go on land be- may f^U. fore snrvey7yet they can only establish their 6. All nnoffered surveyed lands not ac- claim after return of survey, but must file quired under pre-emption, homestead, oi their pre-emption declaration within three otherwise, under express legal sanction, months after receipt of ofBcial plat, at the must be ofi'ered at public sale nnderthe local land-offlce where the settlement was President's Proclamation, and stmck off to made before survey. Where, however, it the highest bidder, as required by act of was made after survey, the claimant must AprUl4, 1820. file within three months after date of set- J. M. EDMUNDS, tlement; and where actual residence and Commissioner General Land Office. cultivation have been long enough to show

LAW MAXIMS.

1. A promise of a debtor to give "satis- 7. An agreement by the holder of a note factory security" for the payment of a por- to give tne principal debtor time for pay- tion of his debt. Is a sufficient considfira- ment, without depriving himself of the tion for a release of the residue by his right to sue, does npt discharge the surety. creditor. 8. A seller of goods who accepts, at the 3. Administrators are liable to account time of sale, the note of a third party, not for interest on lUnds in their hands, al- endorsed by the buyer. In payment, can- though no profit shall have been made not in case the note is not paid, hold the upon them, unless the exigencies of the buyer responsible for the value of the estate rendered it prudent that they should goods. hold the funds thus uninvested. 9. A day-book copied from a "blotter" 3. Any person who voluntarily becomes in which charges are first made, will not an agent for another, and in that capacity be received in evidence as a book of origi- obtains information to which as a stranger nal entries. he could have bad no access, is bound in subsequent dealing his principal, as with 10. Common carriers are not liable for purchaser of the property that formed the extraordinary results of negligence that subject of his agency, to communicate such could not have been foreseen by ordinary information. skill and foresight.

4. When a house is rendered nntenanta- 11. A bidder at a Sherifi''s sale may re- ble in consequence of improvements made tract his bid at any time before the prop- en the adjoining lot, the owner of such erty is knocked down to him, whatever cannot recover damages, because it is pre- may be the conditions of the sale. sumed that he had knowledge of the approaching danger in time to protect him- 12. Acknowledgment of debt to a stran- self fl:om it, ger does not preclude the operation of the statute. B. When a merchant ship is abandoned by order of the master, for the purpose of saving life, and a part of the crew subse- 13. The fruits and grass on the farm quently meet the vessel so abandoned and or garden of an intestate descend to the bring her safe into port, they will be enti- he^. tled to salvage. 14. Agents are solely liable to their prin- 6. A person who has been led to sell cipals. goods by means of fblse pretenses, cannot recover them ft-om one who has purchased 15. A deposit of money In bank by a hus- them in good faith from the fraudulent band, in the name of his wife, survives to vendor. her. LAW MAXIMS. 113

16. Money paid on Sunday contracts may 33. The amount of an express debt can- be recovered. not be enlarged by application.

17. A debtor may give preference to one 34. Contracts for advertisements in Sun- creditor over another, unless fraud or special day newspapers cannot be enforced. legislation can be proved. 35. A seller of goods, chattels, or other 18. A court cannot give judgment for a property, commits no fraud, in law, when larger sum than that specmed in the ver- he neglects to tell the purchaser of any dict. flaws, defects, or nnsonnmiess in the same. 19. Imbecility on the part of either husband or wife, invalidates the mar- 36. The opinions of witnesses, as to the riage. value of a dog that has been killed, are not admissible in evidence. The value of the 30. An action for malicious prosecution animal Is to be decided by the jury. will lie, though nothing further was done than warrants. suing out 37. If any person puts a fence on or plows 21. An agreement not to continue the the land of another, he is liable for trespass practice of a profession or business In any whether the owner has sustained injury or epeclAed town, If the party so agreeing has not. received a consideration for the same, is valid. 38. If a person, who is unable from ill- ness to sign his will, has his hand guided 22. consigns goods to to sell When A B in making his mark, the signature is valid. on commission, ana B delivers them to C, In payment of his own antecedent debts, A 39. When land trespassed upon is occu- can recover their value. pied by a tenant, he alone can bring the action. 23. A finder of property is compelled to the owner there- make diligent Inquiry for 40. To say of a person, " If he does not finding of, and to restore the same. If, on come and make terms with me, I will make conceal such such property, he attempts to a bankrupt of him and ruin him," or any for larceny. fact, he may be prosecuted such threatening language, is actionable, without proof of special damage. 24. A private person may obtain an In- public mischief by junction to prevent a 41. In an action for slander, the party which he is afi'ected in common with others. making the complaint must prove the words alleged:, other words df like meaning will interested obtain an 25. Any person may not suffice. Injunction to restrain the State or a municipal corporation from maintaining a nuisance 42. In a suit of damages\for seduction, on Its lands. proof of pregnancy, and the birth of a child, IS not essential. It is sufficient if the ill- 26. A discharge under the insolvent laws ness of the girl, whereby she was unable to of one State wul not discharge the insol- labor, was produced by shame for the seduc- vent fi:om a contract made with a citizen of tion ; and this is such a loss of service as another State. will sustain the action.

27. To prosecute a party with any other 43. Addressing to a wife a letter contain- motive than to bring him to justice, is ing matter defamatory to the character of malicious prosecution, and acaonable as her husband is a publication, and renders such. the writer amenable to damages. 28. Hinisters of the gospel, residing in 44. A parent cannot sustain an action for any incorporated town, are not exempt any vnrong done to a child, unless he has injury, military, or fire service. from curred some direct pecuniary injury there- from in consequence of some loss of ser- 29. When a person contracts to build a vice or expenses necessarily house, and Is prevented by sickness from consequent thereupon. flnishing it, he can recover for the part performed, If such part is beneficial to the 45. A master is responsible for an injury other party. resulting from the negligence of his servant, whilst driving his cart or carriage, 30. In a suit for enticing away a man's provided the servant is at the time engaged wife, actual proof ofthe marriage is not ne- in his master's business, even cessary. Cohabitation, reputation, and the though the admission of marriage by the parties,' are accident happens in a place to which his master's business does not call him ; if sufficient. but the jonmey of a servant be solely for a pur- 31. Permanent erections and fixtures, pose of his own, and undertaken without made by a mortgagor after the execution of the knowledge and consent of his master, the mortgage upon land conveyed by it, be- the latter is not responsible. come a part of the mortgaged premises. 46. An emigrant depot is not a nuisance 32. When a marriage is denied, and plain- inlaw. tiff has given suJBcient evidence to establish it, the defendant cannot examine the 47. A railroad track through the streets is wife to disprove the marriage. not a nuisance in law. 114 LAW MAXIMS.

48. In an action for libel against a news- 68. A married woman can neither she nor paper, extracts from such newspaper may be sued on any contract made by her dur- be given to show its circulation, and the ing her marriage, except in an action relat- extent to which the libel has been pnbli shed. ing to her individual property. The action The jury, in estimating the damages, are must be commenced either by or against to look at the character of the liGel, and her husband. It is only when an action whether the defendant is rich or poor. The is brought on a contract made by her be- plaintiff is entitled, in all cases, to his ac- fore her marriage, that she is to be joined tual damages, and should be compensated as a co-plaintiff; or defendant, with her hus- for the mental sufferiAgs endured, the pub- band. lic disgrace inflicted, and all actual discom- 69. Any contract fort produced. made witb a person ju- dicially declared a lunatic is void. 49. Delivery of a husband's goods by a 60. Money paid voluntarily in any trans- wife to her adulterer, he having knowledge action, with a knowledge of the facts, can- that she has taken them without her bns^ not be recovered. band's authority, is sufficient to sustain an indictment for larceny against adul- the 61. In all cases of special contract for ser- terer. vices, except in the case of a minor, the 60. The fact that the insurer was not in- plaintiff can recover only the amiountstip" ulated in the formed «f the existence of impending liti- contract. gation, affecting the premises insured, at 62. A wife is a competent the time the insurance was effected, does witness with her husband, to not vitiate the policy. prove the contents of a lost trunk, or when a party. 51. The liability of an innkeeper is not confined to personal baggage, but extends 68. A wife cannot be convicted of receiv- to all the property of the guest that he con- ing stolen goods when she received them sents to receive. of ner husband.

52. When a minor executes a contract, 64. Insurance against flre, by lightning or otherwise, and pays money, or delivers property on the does not cover loss by lightning same, he cannot afterwards disaffirm such when there is no combustion. contract and recover the money, or prop- 66. Failure to prove plea of erty, unless he restores to the other party justification, in a case of slander, aggravates the offence. the consideration received from Mm- for such money or property. 66. It is the agreement oftbe parties to sell by sample that constitutes 53. When a person has, by legal inquisi- a sale by Sample, not the tion been found an habitual drunkard, he mere exliibition of a speci- men of the goods. cannot, even in his sober intervals, make contracts to bind himself or his property, 6T. An agent is liable -to his principals until the inquisition is removed. for loss caused by his misstatements, tho' unintentional. 54. Any person dealing with the representative of a deceasedperson, is presumed, 68. Makers of promissory notes given in in law, to be flilly apprized of the extent of advance for premiums on policies insur- such of representative 8 authority to act in ance, thereafter to be taken, are Uable there- behalf of such estate. on.

65. In an action against a railroad com- 69. An agreement to pay for procuring an pany, by a passenger, to recover damages appointment to office is void. tor uvinries sustained on the road, it is not 70. An attorney plead the of compulsory upon the plaintiff to prove ac- may statute limitations, when sued by a client for mon- tual negligence in the defendants; but It ey which he has collected Ihiled pay IB obligatory on the part of the latter to and to over. prove that the injury was not owing to any fault or negligence of theirs. 71. Testimony given by a deceased witness on first trial, is not required to be re- 56. A guest is a competent witnesSi in an peated verbatim on the second. action between himself and an inn-keeper, to prove the character and value of lost 73. A person entitling himself to a reward personal baggage, Money in a trunk, not offered for lost property, has a Uen upon the exceeding the amount reasonably required Sropertyforthe reward: but only when a by the traveler to defray the expenses of the efinite reward is offered. journey which he has vmdertaken, is a part of his baggage ; and in ease of its loss, 78. Confession by a prisoner must be vol- while at any inn, the plaintiff may prove its untarily made, to constitute evidence against amount by his own testimony. him. 57. The deed of a minor is not absolutely 74. The defendant in a suit must be serv- void. The court is authorized to judge, ed with process; but service of such pro- from the instrument, whether it Is void or cess upon his Wife, even in his absence iroin not, according to its terms being fevorable the State, is not, in the absence of statuto- or unfavorable to the interests of the minor. ry provisions, sufficient. —

LAW MAXIMS, 115

75. The meaenre of danmgeB in trespaea ). Contracting parties are bound to dis- for catting timber, la Its valtte aa a cliattel close material facts known to each, but of on the land where it was felled, and not the which either supposes the other to be igno- marlcet price of the lumber manufiictured. rant, only when they stand in aome apecial relation of trust and confidence in relation 76. To Bupport an indictment for mali- to the subject matter of the contract. Bnt mischief in cious killing an animal, mal- neither will be protected if he doea any- ice towards its owner muat be ahown, not thing, however slight, to mialead or deceive merely passion excited against the animal the other. itself. 90. A contract negotiated by mail ia 77. No action can be maintained against formed when notiee of acceptance of the of- a sheriff for omitting to accbimt for money fer is duly deposited in the post-offlce, pro- obtained apon an execution within a reas- perly addressed. This rule applies, although onable' time. HehaatiUthe return day to the party making the offer expreaaly re- render such account. quirea that if it la accepted, apeedy notice of acceptance shall be given him. 73. An interest in the profits of an enterprise, aa profits,, renders the party hold- 91. The date of an instrument is so far a ing it a partner in the enterpriae, and material part of it, that an alteration of indkes him presumptively liable to ahare the date by the holder after execution, any loss. makea the inatrument void, 79. Males can marry at fourteen, and females at twelve years of age. 9S. A corporation may maintain an action for libel, for words published of th'em and 80. All cattle found atlarge upon any pub- relating to its trade or bnainesa, by which lic road, can be driven by any person to the it haa incurred special damages. public pound. 93. It is unprofessional for a lawyer who 81. Any dog chasing, barking, or other- haa abandoned his case without trying it, wise threatening a passer-by in any atreet, a term or two before trial, to claim a fee lane, road, or other public thoroughfare, conditional upon the success of his client, may be lawfully killed for the same, although his client was succeaafiil. 82. A written promiae for the payment of such amount as may come into the nanda 94. Although a party obtaining damages oftlie promisor, iaheld to be an instru- for injuries received through the default of ment in writing for the payment of money. another, was himself guilty of negligence, yet that will not defeat his recovery, unleaa 83. The declaration of an agent is not ad- his negligence contributed to cause the in- misaible to eatalblish the fact of agency. jury, But when other proper evidence fa given, tending to eatabllah the fact of agency, it 95. A person may contract to labor for an- is not error to admit the declarationa of tne other during life. In consideration of receiv- tend- agent, accompanying acta, though ing his support ; "but his creditors have the ing to show the d&pacity in which he act- right to inquire into the intention with ed. When evidence ia competent in one which auch arrangement ia made, and it will respect and incompetent in another, it ia be set aside if entered into to deprivie them the duty of the court to admit it, and con- of hia future eaminga. trol Its effects by suitable instructiona to jury. the 96. Ajgrantormay by expreas terms ex- 84. The court hm a general power to re- clude the bed of a river, or a highway, move or suspend an attorney for such im- mentioned as boundary; but If without moral conduct as ^rendered him unworthy language of excluaion a line ia deacribed as of confidence in hi19 -official capacity. ' along, or ' upon,' or as ' running to ' the highway or river, or as * by,' or * running to 85. Bankruptcy's pleadable in bat to all the bank of the river ; these expressions in all courts, and this bar may actions and carry the grantee to the center of tlie high- avoided it ia in*erpoaed, by be whenever way or river. showing tnaA in the procuroment of the discharge, or a violation Of any of the pro- 97. The court will take J>ains to construe viaioua of the bankrupt act. the words used in a deed in auch a way aa 86. An instrument In the form of a deed, to effect the Intention of the partlea, how- but limited to takB>effect at the'termination ever unakillfully the instrument may be

' Of the grantor's natural lite, is hdld to be a drawn. But a court of law cannot exchange deed, not a will. an intelligible word plainly employed in a deed for another, however evident it may be set a9idB:tts ftaud- 87. A sale will ndt be that the word used waa naed by mistake because the bi^er waa at the ulent, simply for another, time unable to mata: the wyment agreed upon, and knew his inabiutiy, and did not intend to pay. 98. One who lias lost his memory and understanding is entitled to legal protec- such loss is occasioned 88. No man is under an obligation to tion, whether by make known his circumstances when he is his own miaconduot or by an act of Provi- buying goods. dence, :

116 LAW MAXIUa.

99. When a wife leaves her hueband vol- 111. A man charged with crime before a untarily, it must be shown, In order to committing magistrate, but discharged on make him liable for necessaries ftirniahed hie own recognizance, is not privileged to her, that she could not Btay with safety. from arrest on civil process while returning Personal violence, either threatened or in- from the magistrate's office. flicted, will be sumcient cause for such sep- 112. When one has been induced to sell aration. goods by means of false pretences, he cannot recover them from one who has bona 100. Necessaries of dress fhmishod to a fide purchased obtained discarded wife must correspond with the and possession of pecuniary circumstances of the husband, them from the fraudulent vendor. and be such articles as the wife, if prudent, lis. If the circumstances attendant upon would expect, and the husband should a sale and delivery of personal property are furnish, if the parties lived harmoniously such as usually and naturally accompany together. such a transaction, it cannot be declared a legal fraud upon creditors. of the 101. A fligitive from justice ftom one 114. A stamp impressed upon an instru- United States to another, may be arrested ment by way of seal, is good as a seal, if it and detained in order to his surrender by creates a durable impression in the texture authority of the latter, without a previous of the paper. demand for his surrender by the executive 115. If a party bound to make a payment of the State whence he fled. use due diligence to make a tender, but through the payee's absence from home is 102. A watch will not pass under a be- unable to find any quest of "wearing apparel," nor of him or agent authorized to take payment for him, forfeiture " household and articles for fami- no will Jlirniture be incurred through ly use." his failure to make a tender. 103. Money paid for the purpose of set- tling or compounding a prosecution for a Government I/and lUeasnre. supposed felony, cannot be recovered back by a partyvaying it. A township, 36 sections, each a mile square. 104. An Innkeeper is liable for the death A section, 640 acres. of an animal in his possession, but may free A quarter section, half a mile square, himself from liability by showing that the 160 acres. death was not occasioned by ue^igence on An eighth section, half a mile long, north his part. and south, and a quarter of a mile wide, 80 acres. 105. Notice to the agent of a company is A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile notice to the company. square, 40 acres. The sections are numbered Itom one to 106. An employer is not liable to one of thirty-six, commencing at the northeast his employees for an injury sustained by the comer, thus latter in consequence of the neglect of others of his employees engaged in the same general business. 6

107. Where a purchaser at a Sheriff's sale has bid the full price of property under the erroneous belief that the sale would di- vest the property of all liens, it is the duty of the court to give relief by setting aside the sale.

108. When notice of protest is properly sent by mail, it may be sent by the mail of the day of the dishonor ; if not, it must be mailed for the mail of the next day ; except that if there is none, or it closes at an unseasonably early hour, then notice must be mailed in season for the next possible mail.

109. Apowder-honse located in apopnlouB part of a city, and containing large quantities of gunpowder, is a nuisance.

110. When the seller of goods accepts at the time of the sale, the note of a third person, unindorsed by the purchaser, in payment, the presumption Is that the pay- was ment intended to be absolute ; and though the note should be dishonored, the purchaser wUl not be liable for the value of the goods. DECIMAL SYSTEM OF WEIOMTS AND MEASURES. 117

THE DECIMAL SYSTEM

OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

is iffluiM By Act of congress-iraroYed My 28, 1866.

STANDARDS. _ A cubic Meter (or Kiloliter) is called a atere, and is also used as a standard in cer- system of Weights and Measures In every tain cubic measures. it is necessary to have what are called " Standard!," as the pound, yard, gallon, GRAM &c., to he divided and multiplied into THE smaller and larger parts and denominations. Is the Unit of weight, and is the weight of The definition and construction of these a cube of pure water, each edge of the cube Standards involve philosophical and scien- being one one-hundredth of a Meter. It is is intended tific principles of a somewhat ahstruae about equal to 15>f grains. It character, and are made and procured hy as the Standard in au weights, and with its the legislative department of the govern- divisions and multiples, to supersede the ment. The nominal Standards in the new use of what are now called Avoirdupois, Litbb, Troy Weights. system are the Mxtbb, the Abb, the Apothecaries and . and the Gbak. The only real Standard, the Each of the foregoing Standards is divi- also one by which all the other standards are ded decimally, and larger units are measured, and from which the system de- formed by multiples of 10, IflO, &c. The designa- rives its name of " Metric," is the Mbtbb. successive suborflinate parts are ted by the prefixes Decl, Centi andMilli; THE METER the Buccessiva multiples by Seka, Hecto, length, distance, Is used for all measures of Kilo and Myria ; each having its own nu- hreadth, depth, heighth, &c., and was in- merical signification, as will ne more clear- ten- tended to be, and is very nearly, one ly seen in the tables hereinafter riven. millionth of the distance on the earth's The terms used may, at first sight; have surface from the equator to the pole. It is a formtda}>l^ appearance, seem difficult to about 89Ji inches, or S feet, 3 fiiches and pronounce, and to retain in memory, and to sabstituted for the 3 eighths, and is to he be, therrfore, objectionable ; but with a lit- yard. tle attention and use, the apprehended dif- THE ARE ficnlty wijl"lbe found more apparent than real, as has been abundantly proved Inr es- snrfiice whose side is ten Meters, and Ib a perience. The importance, also, of con- equal to 100 square Meters or about i is formity in the use of commercial terms, on rods. square the part of the United States, with the THE LITER pracftce of the many nations in which the preient Tumunelature, has Ib the unit for measuring solids and capa- system, with it* must neatly over- and is equal to the contents of a cube already been adopted, ity, objection whose edge IS one-tenth of a meter. It is balance the combatively slight about equal to 1 quart, and is a standard in alluded to. cubic, dry and liquid measures. 118 DECIXAt ST3TMM OF WElBBTS AJfD MEASVEMS. TABLES, Out, MONEY, 4 fartUngmakel pennj, lO'mOts make 1 cent. 12 pence " 1 shilliDg, 10 cents " 1 dime. 20 thilUngg " 1 {louiid. 10 dimes "^ 1 dollar. LONG AND CLOTH MEASirKB.-NKV, 10 millimeters make 1 centimeter. 10 .

DECIMAL STSTSM OT WEt&BTS AND MEASURES. 119 PRONUNCIATION OF TERMS. TBRM9. BKQLISH. TEBMS. EHaUSH. Meter, Mee-ter. Stere, Stare. Millimeter, Mill-e-mee-ter. Are; Are. Centimeter, Sent-e-mee-tcr. Centare, Sent-are. Decimeter, DeBf-e-inee-ter. Heqtare, Heet-are. Dekameter, Dek-a-mee-ter, Gram, Gram, Hectometer, Hec-to-mee-ter. Milli^am, Mill-e-gram. Kilometer, Kill-o-mee-ter. Centigram, Sent-e-gram. Myriameter, Mir-e-a-ihe'e-ter. Decigraia, Des-e-gram. Liter, Li-ter. Dekagram, Dek-a-gram, Milliliter, Mill-e-li-ter. Hectogram, Hec-to-gram. Centiliter, Sent-eJi-ter. Kilogram, KiU-o-gram. Deciliter, DeBre-11-ter, Myriagram, Mir-e-a-gram. Dekaliter, Dek-a-li-ter. Suintal, Suin-tal. Hectoliter, Hec-to-li-ter. jlller, :Ul-i-er. Eiloliter, KUl-o-li-ter. Tonneau, Ton-no. Mjrrialiter, Mir-e-a-li-ter.

Acts and Resolutions of Congfegs. cause the heights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights Or measnres PUBLIC— No. 183. of the metric system. Sko.2, And be it further enacted. That AN ACT to authorize the nse of the metric the tables in the schedule hereto annexed, system of weights ahd measnres. BhaU be rebognized in the construction of bontractsj ana In all legal proceedings, as Be it enacted by the Senate ahd Hd/iae of estaiblishihg, in terms of the weights and Se^resmtaliveeofthe United States ofAmen- measures now in use in the United States, ca in Congress assembled. That from and af- the equivalents of the weights and meas- ter the passage of this act, it shall be hm- ures expressed therein in terms of the me- ful throughout the United States of Ameri- tric system ; and said tables ma^be lawfiil- ca to employ the weights ahd measnres of ly used for computing, determining and ex- the metric system ; and no contract or deal- pressing, in customary weights and meas- ing, or pleading In any court, shall be ured, the weights and measures of the metric deemed invalid or liable to objection, be- system.

MEASUBBS OF LENGTH.

Mbtbio Dksoiokatioks aKB VAiiUES. EqinvAunraS ra Dbnomihations in Use,

Myriametre, 10,000 metises. 6.813!2;mlles. Kilometre, 1,000 metres, 0.63137 mile, or 2,380 feet and 10 inches. Hectometre, 100 metres, ' 3^ feet and one inch.

Dekametre, 10 metres. , 393.7 Inches. Metre, .1 metre. .39.37 inches. Decimetre, 1-lOth of. a, metre. 3.937 inches. Centimetre, 1-lOOth of a metrfe, 0.B9a?inch. Millimetre, .. 1-lOOOth of a met e. 0.03^ inch.

MSAStrKfiS OF StiEPACB.

Mbtbio DEiioiniri.TioMs ahd Values. EiturrALEiiTs IK Dxnoiukatiohb in Use.

Hectare, . . 10,0% square metres, 2.471 acres. Are, 100 square metres, 119.6 square yards.

Centare, . . 1 square metre. 1.650 square incheB. 120 DECIMAZ SYBTEJI OF WEISBTS AND MEA8USE8.

^ a a I

III

90 §|SS agio'o •§S8 o o o esSS o u S THT^OriTHOt-t

lis III

f;;^-^^ INTEBBST TABLE. 121 WEIGHTS.

Mktbio Dbnohikations ahd VALrBS. 122 MISCELL4JfE0US.

Discount and Premium. When a person boys an article for $1,00— 30 per ceqt pff, (or discount,) and sellfl it again ^pi- $l,Qi), he makes a profit of 35 pei? cent. on his InTestment. Thus: He pays. 80 cents and sells fpr tt,00—a gain qf 30 cents, or 35 per cent qf 80 cent^. And for any transacuon where tlie sale or purchase of gold, silyer, or cnrrency is ppncemgd, the foUo^ng n^es ^ill apply In all casps- Bulb 1st.—fo flpd prsWUBi Tfl»4fl WP- connt is given: Multiply lOQ ty r*te pf. discount and divide by JOO, Igss rate.Qf die- count. Bulb 2d.—To find discpunt when premium is given. Multiply the rate of interest by 100, and divide by 100, plus the rate of premium.' Suppose A has $140 in currency, which he wishes to exchange for gold, when gold is 37 per cent, premium, now much gold should he receive t In this case the premium is given, consequently we must find the discount on A^s currency and subtract it &om the $140, as per rme 2d, showing the discount to be a trifle more than 31 per cent, and that he should receive $110,60 in gold. 5 pr ct. Dls. allows tSJf pr ct. Pre. or profit 10" MlSCELLANEOVa. 1S3

Brilliant Wbltewasb. in vain to save them, hit upon the expedi- ent of having them harnessed as though go- TSueaj haye beard of the liÛiant etncco ing to their usual work; when, to his aston- wUtewaBh on the east end of the Presi- ishment, they were led from the stable dent's honse at Washington. The follow- without difficulty. ing is a recipe for it ; it is gleaned from the National Intelligencer, with some additional improTeinentB learned by experiments : Take half a bushel of nice nn- slacked lime, slack it with boiling watei;, Tbe Chemical Barometer. cover it daring the process to keep in the steam. Strain the liquid throngh a fine Take ^ long narrow bottle, such as an old- sieve or straiiier, and add to it a peck of fashioned Ean-dje-CologAe bottle, and put salt, prevlouely well dissolved in wa- warm into it two and a half drachms of camphor, ter three pounds of ground ripe, boiled to ; and eleven drachms of spirits of wine: a tmn paste, and stirred in boiling lôt ; half when tlie camphor is dissolved, which it whiting, a pound of powdered Spanish and will readily do by slight agitation, add the a pound of clean glpe, whichhas been pre- foôwing mixture: TafK water, nine viously dissolved by soaking it well, and diacbms; nitrate of potash (saltpetre) then hanging it over a slow fire, in a small thirty-eight grains ; and ,mariate of am- kettle within a larg^ one filled with water. monia (sal ammoniac) thirty-eight grains. five gallons mixt\ire, Add othot water to the Dissolve these salts in the wat^r prior to stir it wel, and let i|t stand a few days cov- mixing with the camphorated spirit : then ered ttojo. the dirt. shake the whole well together. Cork the It should be put on right hot ; for this bottle well, and wax the top, but after- purpose it can be kept in i^ kettle on a wards make a very small aperture in the portable ftamace. It is said that about a cork vrith a red-hot needle. The bottle may pint of this mixture will cover a square then be hung up, or placed in any stationa- yard upoii the outside of a house if proper- ry ppsition. By observing the different ly appUed. Brushee more or less small may appearances which the materials assume, be used according tp the neatness of the job as the weather changes, it becomes an ex- required. It answers as well as oil p^lnt cellent prognosticatorof a coming storm or for wood, brick or scone, and is cheaper. bfaônuy sky. It retains its brilliancy for many years. There is nothing of the kind that will compare yitb it, either for inside or oatside walls. Coloring matter may lie put in and made Iieeeb Barometer. of any snade you like. Spanish brown stirred in will make red pink^ niore or less Take an eight ounce phial, and put in it deep according to the quantity.' A delicate three gills of water, and place in it a healthy tinge of this is very pretty, for inside walls. leech, changing the water in summer once Finely pulverized common clay, well mixed winter once a fortnight, with Spanish brown, makes a reddish stone a week, and tu in and it will most accurately prognosticate color. Tellow-ochre stirred in makes yel- the weather. If the weather is ô be fine, low wash, but chrome goes fhrther, and the leech lies motionless at the bottom of makes a color generally esteemed prettier. the glass and coiled together in a spiral In all these cases the darkness of the shades form ; if rain may be expected, it will creep of course is determined by the quantity of up to the top of its lodgings and remain coloring used. It is dificalt to make niles, there till the weather is settled ; if we are because dstes are difiTerent. It would be to have wind, it vrill move throngh its habi- best to try experiments on a shingle and let tation with amazing swiftness, and seldom it dry. We have been told that green must goes to rest till it begins to blow hard ; if a not be nfixed with lime. The lime de- remarkable storm of thunder and rain is to stroys the color, and the color has an effect succeed, it will lodge for some days before on the whitewash, which makes it crack almojBt continually out of the water, and peei. When walls have been badly and discover great uneasiness in violent throes smoked, and you wish to have them a clean and convulsive-like motions ; in frost as in white, it is well to squeeze ipdigo plenti- clear summer-like weather it lies constantly fully throu^ a bag into the HKiter you use, at the bottom ; and in snow as in rainy before it i's stirred in the whole mixture. weather it pitches ite dwelling in the very If a larger quantity than five gallons be mouth of the phial. The top should be cov- wanted, the same proportion should be ob- ered over with a piece of muslin. served.

Boir to get a Horse out of a To Mbastok QauH nf a Bnt.—Find the Fire. number of cubic feet, from which deduct The great difficulty ofgetting horses from aijX-Mth. The remainder is the number of a stable where sorronndmg buildings are is bushels—allowing, however, one bushel a state of conflagation, is well known.— extra to eveiy 33£ Thus in a remainder of The plan of oovemg their eyes with a blan- 324 there would be 336 bushels. In a re- ket wUl not always succeed. mainder of 448 there would be 450 bushels, A geptle^an whose hqrses hayebe^iliQ Ac. great peril from such a cause, having tried 124 TWENTY TEAS CALENDAJt. j^lmanao or Calendar for 30 Years.

1864 CABOLINB. 125

TOMI^KIIS^S COUISrTY BUSINESS ilBEQTORY.

SXPIiANATION TO DIKECTORT.

Directory Is arranged as follows : 1. Name of individual or firm. 2. Post office address in parentliesis. 3. Business or occupation.

A Star (*) placed before a name, indicates an advertiser in this work. Por sach advertisement see Index. Figures placed after the occupation of/ann«r«, indicate the number of acres of land owned or leased by the parties.

The work /street is Implied as regards directory for Ithaca. For additions and corrections, see Errata, foUoirlng tbe Intro- dnctlon.

Oj^xt.oXjZiia-£3.

(Fost-Office Addresses in Parentheses.)

Abbey, Beaben, (Speedsville,) farmer BO. Abbey, Russel F^ (Speedsville,) former 67. AEIHS, HENBT S., (Speedsville,) saw and planing mill, cheese box factory, carpenter and joiner, andertaker and farmer 2. Allen, John P., (Mott's Comers,) saw mill and wood turner. Andrews, Simon, (Caroline,) farmer 16. Annis, Orrin, (Caroline Center,) former 150. Ashley, Haria Mrs. (Slaterville,) milliner and farmer 60. Ashley, Samuel P., (Slaterville,) attorney and counselor at law. Ashley, William P., Slaterville.) farmer 183. Atwater, Jason D., (Slaterville,) grist mill and farmer 95. , ATWOOD, OEOBOE W., (Caroline Depot,) farmer 106. Anlt, John. (Mott's Comers,) general mechanic and farmers. BALL, HIRAM S., (Caroline Center,) Free Will Baptist clergyman. Bates, Abraham, (Caroline Depot,) farmer 100. Bates, Francis Aj^(Mott's Comers,) farmer 9B. Beckman, John W., (Caroline,) farmer 105. Besemer, John J., (Slaterville.) farmer 108. Beet, Charles, (Slaterville,) farmer 25. Best, James, (Slaterville,) farmer leases of Wm. Niver, 64. Bingham, Ormal, (Slaterville,) Baptist clergyman. Bishop, Joeeph S., (SpeedBvUle,) fenn»r 104. Blackman, Frederick B., (SpeedBville.) farmer 133. Blackman, Levi, (estate) (SpeedsTiUe,) 50. Blackman, Solomon V., (Speedsyille,) fanner 29. Blackman, William H., (SpeedSTille.) Blair, George, (SpeedsvilleO former 340. Blair, Robert, (Speedsville,) farmer' 176. BOGABDUS, CALVIN, (Caroline Depot,) farmer 230. Eosardns, Mannine, (Caroline Depots farmer 6. Boice, Comelins, (BlaterTiUe,) (wilh John,) farmer 130. Boice, Eli, (tUatervllle,) saw mill and farmer 165. Boice, Emory, (Slaterrille,) farmer 200. Boice, HeniT, (Slatervllle,) farmer 100. BOICE, JAMES, (Slaterville,) farmer 67X. Boice, Johni (Slaterville,) (with Comelitu,) farmer 180. BOWMAN, DANIEL M., (Slaterville,) farmer TO. Boyce, Collins, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 1. Boyce, Sarah Mrs., (Caroline Depot,) farmer 6. BOYBK & SPEED, (Caroline,) (W

Deputron, Henry, (Caroline Depot,) farmer 2()Jtf. Deuell, Charles, (Slaterville,) fariser 108. Deuell, Morgan, (Slaterville.) former 116. Denell, Sally Mrs., (Slaterville,) former 42. Barsley, Prancls, (Caroline,) farmer 72. Earsley, Nathan B., (Caroline,) former 68X. Earsley, William, (Caroline^ former 50. EDWARDS, NELSON G., (Mott's Corners,) boot and shoe maker. Eighmey, Daniel, (Speedsville,) farmer 60. Eighmey, Philip,JSiaterville,) former 100. Eldridgo, Enoch P., (Stoterville,) M. B. dergjmwi. CABpLINB. 127

Enni«t, Qrrui, (Caroline CenterJ farmer ISO. EVANS, JQSLffi H„ (CMQfiipie Center,) farmer 100. EVANS, 8SlJv¥sTM,(Caj'olliiie Center,) fiifeirf 7. Foot, Charlea, (Wilsejrvme, Tioga Co.,) farmer "4. Freeman, GflBiertO., (SpeedBTille,) fiirmer 100. PBEEK, M. v.; iglaterYdle,) Wactsailth. GALLAGBBK, WILLIAM C, (SlatervUle,) alio, physician. Gates, GeoVge, i^ott's Corners,) boot and sboe maker. Gennng, JoluMMott's ComerB,) former T5, GIBSON, Q. W. S., (SlaterriUe,) miller. Gilbert, Dan. B., (Speedsville,) post-master. Goodrich, Gomsey, (Speedsville,) farmer 140. Goodrich, Levi, (SpeeOavUle,) farmer 830. GOBTOK, ALOKZO N., (Caroline Depot,) farmer lOO. GRANT, HENBT, (Caroline Center,) harness maker and farmer 15. Grant, James B^ (Caroline Center,) farmer llJi. Green, Samuel E., (Slaterville,) farmer 134. Hamilton, Joseph^jSlatervllle,) farmer 100. Hammon,EdmonB., (Slaterville,) farmer 14. Hanford, Don C, (Caroline Depot,) cabiiiet;maker, npbolaterer and farmer SS. Harding, Abram T., (Slatervllle,)^carriSge maker ana undertaker. Harding, Hubert, (Slaterville,) (jkoAt £Harding.)

Hart, Alonzo O. , (Caroline,) farmeP 80. Hart, Jbhii, (CaroUhe Center,) farmer leases of George Pompelly of Ovrego, US. Hart, Benhen, (Caroline Center,) farmer 117. Hartson, Abel, (Slaterville,) farmer 39.

Hawkins, George W., (Speedsville,) ( Wlating <£ HawUtu.) Hawkins, Levi, (Slaterville,) fanner i». HATNES, J. A., (Caroline,) farmer. Hajnes, Peleg, (Caroline,) farmer 90. HEAD, 9MITH, (Caroline Center,) fanner 60. Hedges, ElijahC., (WiisoyviUe, Tioga Co.,) farmer 189. Higgins, Charles B., (Caroline,) farmer 166. Higgins, Daniel, (Slaterville,) farmer 160. Higgins, Benben, (CaroUhe Center,) farmer 90. HILDEBBANT, CHABLES, (Caroline^ farmer 810. Hildebrant, Nancy M. Mrs., (Caroline Center,) farmer 3X- HiU, Norman, (Caroline Depot,) Dirmer 48. Hillei7,')9nsanA. MrB.,'(C8rotineDepot,)ftrmer34. Hogan, Aaron B., (Slaterville,) fanher W- Hoglen, Williain, (Caroline Centw,) farmer 175. Holbrook, Philip, (Caroline Center,) M. E. clergyman. HOLMES, CALVIN A., (Mott's Corners,) farmer 49. Holmes, Ims, (Mott's Comers.) farmer 66. Hoose, Charles, (Wilseyville, Tioga Co.,)farmer 170. HOBNBECK, ALVA JL (Stoter^le,) (Sombaek & Brotli^.) HOBNBECK &BROTHEB, (SlatervUle,) (CornaiiUf. ind Mm F.) bUcksmlths. HOBNBECK, COBNELIUS P., (Slaterville,) (Bdmbecle & Brotlutr.) HOBNBECE, LUCIUS D., (Slaterville,) c(irrlag« maker. Hombeck, Philip, (Slaterville,) carriage Iriakef; ~ HOWE, EPENia'trs, (SpeedsvilH) farmer 50. Holslander, Henry, (Caroline Center.) iitrmer leases qi Joseph McGraw of Diyden 618.

Humphry, Helen M. Mrs. (SpeedaviUe,) fftnoeit 96. ' Humphrey, Hiram, (Speedsville.) former laO. Hungerford, Lewis, (Slaterville,) former 65. rVOBY, COBNELIUS, rtJaroIlnis Cei|iter,i former TO- Jansen, Daniel, (Mott's Corners,) former 74. JANSEN, OLIVER, (Slaterville,) farmer 50. Jansen, Spencer, (Caroline Depot,) former 46. Jenks, Daniel B., (Siieedsvllle,) farmer. ' Johnson, ComeUns, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 40. JOHNSON, BANSOM, (apeedsville,J hoineo. fhysiclan. Joiner, James, (Speedsville,) grist mill. Jones, John, (Caroline CenterJ farmer 87. JONES, SAMtFBL, (Speedsvilfe,TTanher 110. Jordan, Uriah, (Caroline Center,) farmer 59; June, Jeremiah, (Slaterville,) fajnner Hi; Eeeler, Albert, (Mott's Comers;) miller and former S^. Kelley, Patrick, (Slaterville,) tatffl^^;^. Eelley, Philip, (Slaterville,) farmer 1. KenyoUj^ Henry, (Caroline,) farmer 66. KING, BRADI^Y W., (Qaroline Q^ilteir,) agent fojr AW ?! PhiUips, and former H- Kingman, L^man, (Speedsville.) 128 TOMPKINS COUNTT BJTaiNESS DIBECTOBT.

A TSJitTr-riro cozumjv JozrsiJVAL,

Ii Fabllshed every Thnreday by SPENCER & WILLIAMS, IN

Culver and Bates' Brick Block, Third Floor,

No. 69 EAST STATE ST./ - ITHACA.

$2.00 per Year, In Advance.

Tbe Democrat was establiebed in 186S, nnder the present management.

THE Jie iiPiiTilEilT,

The Northrup Power Press.

Gordon Lightning Job Press.

JVew 2yj^ .

OABOLINB. 129

Kingman, Lvman B., (Hpeedsville,) produce broker. KNAPP, JOHN L., (Caroline Center.) former 44. Krnm, Henry 2a., (Caroline Depot,) farmer 149. KKUM, MICHABL 0^ (Slatervflle,) farmer 356. LAKDON, SEXTUS B., (Mott'a ComSrs,) farmer 16. Lane, Abraham, (SlaterVule,) farmer 66. Lane, George SMiWilsByville, Tioga Co.J farmer 70. Lane, Horace, (wuseyrllle, Tioga Co..) former 62. 'Lane, leaac, (Caroline Depot,) farmer 60. Lane, Jacob, (WilBeyrille, Tioga Co.,) farmer 65. Line, Hellasa, niott's Comers,) farmer 63. Lane, Blcbard C., CWllseyTllle, Tioga Co..) former 18S. Lane, Walter, (Caroline Center,) farmer 80. Lee, Patrick, (Caroline Center,) farmer 160. LEOQ, LABNABD, (SpeedSTille,) farmer. LBGG, LEONARD, (SpeedBvUle,) farmer 66. Lege, Lyman, (Speeasrille,) manufactarer of Boap, potaeb and brick, dealer in floor and feed, and farmer 63. LEGO, MABTIN L., (SpeedSTille,) carriage maker and farmer 1. LEGG, BBUBEN T., (SpeedBTllle,) carpenter and Joiner. Legg, Stillman F., (SpeedsTllle,) carpenter and joiner, and farmerlK. Leet, William, (estate,) (Speedsville,) 49. Leonard, Abram, (Slaterrille,) farmer 126. Lewis, Alexander, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 50, Lewis, Lydla Mrs., (Mott's Comers,) farmer 20. Liddington, Abby MrB.JSpeedsTille,) fanner 60. LIDDINGTON, FBEDEEICK G., (Speedsville,) farmer 60. LIDDINGTON. VALENTINB, (Speedsville,) farmer 171. Linch,Comelia Mrs., (Mott's Comers,) farmer 46. L03EY, BENJAMIN, (Mott's Comers.) farmer 6. LOTT, WINSOB E., (Caroline Center,) blacksmith and former 8K. LomisDery.Cantine, (Mott's Comers,) former 70. LOITNSBEBT, EDWARD, (Mott's Comers,) tanner, carrier and farmer 40. Loansbery,JUchard, (Mott's Corners,) farmer 85. Lull, John B., (Mott's Comers,) gun barrel maker and farmer 9. Lvmvi, David B., (SpeedBville,) stage proprietor. lVON, WILLIAM H., (Speedsville,) manufactarer of cheese vatB, milk cans and coolers. Mandeville, Garret, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 160. Mandeville, John L., (Mott's Comers.) surveyor. Manning, Charles, (Caroline Depot,) farmer leases of Harry Boss 60. Marsh, Frederick J., (Caroline Depot,) farmer 96. Maynard, Edward, (Caroline Center,} former 1)i. Maynard, Thomas, (Caroline Center,) farmer 11. MCfGILLIVEAT, GEO., (Ithaca,) farmer. McGraw, Hash, (Speedsville,) farmer 90. McLaeBh,^John, (Caroline,) farmer 26. MCWHOETEB, DAVID, (Slaterville,) former 60. McWhorter, Gilbert, (Slaterville,) farmer 45. MCWHOE'TEB, JAMES H., (Mott's Comers,) blacksmith. McWhorter, John, Olott's Comers,) farmer 80. Mearham, Albert, (Caroline Depot,) blacksmith. Meacham, William S., (Caroline Depot,) basket maker and farmer Z^. Mead, Benjamin F., (Slaterville,) farmer 20. Merlcle, Blias, (CaroUne Centerj farmer 100. MBBBBLL, ALVIN, (Caroline Depot,) station keeper, post-master and farmer 75. Merrell, Martin, jCaroline Depot,) farmer 60. Merrick, John, (Caroline,) farmer 38. MEBEICK, MATHEW L., (Speedsville,) farmer 96. Merrill. Jason P., (Caroline Depot,) ticket agent and telegraph operator. MILLBE, JAMBS M., (Caroline Depot,) farmer 72. Miller, John B., (Caroline Depot,) fSrmer 12if Moncrief, Caroline Miss, (Speedsville,) milliner and dress maker. Morrell, Charles H., (Caroline,) farmer 75. Mott, William 2d., (Mott's Comers,) farmer 260. MXnE,GEOBGE, (SpeedsviUe,) farmer 157. Mulks, Moses, (Mott's Comers,) carpenter and joiner and fanner 1. NELSON, GEOBGE J., Vsiaterville.) farmer 126. NIXON, GEOBGE H., (speedsville,) general merchant and farmer 3. NOEBIS, BENSON, (Slaterriile,) former 96. Norris^Philip, (Slaterville,) former 96. NOBTHEOP, ALONZO B., (Mott's Comers.) mason, carpenter and farmer 2^. NOEWOOD, JONATHAN M., (Slaterville,) farmer 95. Noxon, James, (Speedsville,) fanner 117. NOXON.LAWBEN F., (Speedsville,) former 10. , . . . .

130 CAROLINE.

OBden, Charlee, ff«ro"ne Center) (i»l^l"^'^'lfe'®!li**- Offden Daniel, (Caroline Center.) (with t7A

I*reBton, Henry L.,(Carbliiie Center,) farmer ISO. , PRESTON, ORLANDO B., (Caroline Center,) firirie* 105. "lUICK, DANIEL H., (SlaterviUe,) former 116JC. ;aick, Frederick, (Slaterville,) former 112. ;uick, Henry, (Caroline Center,) farmer WX, >uick, Johnson, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 135. ;nick, Peter, (Slaterville,) farmer 60. ,nick, Richard S., (Slaterville,) farmer 96. eed, Benton, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 90. Reed, Herman C, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 300. Reed, JacobjiTMott's Comers,) farmer 63. REED, JAMES B., (Mott's Comers,) former 41>^.

REEVES, GEORGE, (SpeedBville.) toilor, .. , Rhoode, Increas S., (Mott's Comers.) farther 300. Rice, (Speedsviile,) former 97. ... George, , Rice, Polly Mrs., (Caroline Center,) fannerlOT. RICH, MIRRIAM MBS., (CaroUne,) former 60.

Rich, Orrin P. , (Caroline,) farmer 57. , , , Richards, Susan Mrs., (Caroline Depot,) fiirmer 2. Ridgway, James and Son, (Caroline Depot,) K,ita6t 450. RIGHTMIRE, JOHN, (SpeedBvlUe,) farmer 260. , , RIGHTMYER, JAMES H., (CaroUne Depdi,) fitAii 63. (Mott's Cotnere,) former 94. - Rightmyre, John, . , i ROBINS, URIAH L., (Caroline Center,) ciirriage maker and fttnler 18.

Robinson, 140. , . . Solomon, (Slaterville,) former . Roe, James W., (Mott's Comets,) (mih NaOaam J.,) former 180. Roe, Nathaniel J., (Mott's Corners,) (wUhJcuMi W.,) former 160. Ross, Edmond, (Caroline Depot,) farmer 236. .^, .^ , at ROUNSBVILLE, CHARLES J., (Caroline Ceatfet,) Wkcksmlth, anctloneor, attorney ' law, justice of the peace and farmer 7. Rounesville, Emily, (C&roline,) farmer 100. Roanseveli, Madison, (Caroline,) fthnet llO. ROUNSEVKLL, NELSON, (Caroline,) postnialtter Bhd fohner 81. Royce, Almon, (Caroline,) farmer l}j. Royce, Julius C, (Caroline,) blacksmith. Rummer, Levi, (Speedsville,) famier 87. Sanders, George T., (Mott's Corners,) general merchatit. Sawyer, Henry, (Caroline Depot,) farmer 31. .

OABOLINE. 131

SCHOONMAKEH; JACOB D., (Slatervllle,) farmer 140. SCHUTT, ANKAURS., (Caroline Depot,) fanner 17. Scott, Abraham Q,, (CaroIineOenter,) cooper and farmer SO, Scutt, Sylyester A., (slatervllle,) farmer 87. Seager, Hiram O., (Slaterville,) fiirmer leases of Wm. Bull, l}i. Seeley, Hanoab, (Carolibe Depot,) (f Strong, Anson B., (Slatervllle,) farmer leases of Elizabeth Hamilton, 50. Strong, Baiiazah J,, (SpeedBvilleO fanner. SuUiviiti, Jphn, (estate,) (Slatemlle,) 108. SULLIVAN, WILLIAM, (Slatervllle,) fiirmerll7. TAFT, JOHN, (Caroline Center,) farmer 74. TALCOTT, FRANCIS, (Mott's Comers,) harness and trunk maker. Thomas. John W.,jSlaterville,) farmer 28>f. Toby, Charles P., (Slaterville,) gristmill and farmer 320. TOBEY, NATHANIEL M., (Caroline,) two saw mills and farmer 16S. Torrey, David B., (Caroline Center,) farmer 238. Tracy, Smith, (SpeedSVille,) farmer 90. Tucker, Edwara, (Mott's Corners,) cooper and farmer 78. Turk, Isaac, (Slatervllle,) (with ZachaHah,) farmer 16 and Individually 86. Turk, John, (Slaterville,) farmer 60. Turk, Zachariah, (Slatervllle,) (with Isaac,) farmer 16 and individually 180. Tyler, Hiram W., (Speedsville,) farmer 823. Vandermark, Benjamin, (Mott's Corners,) farmer 87. Vandermark Brothers, Mott's Comers,) (Valentine andJame$ E.,) general merchants. Vandermark, Elisha, mott's Corners,) farmer 90. Vandermark, Hannah E. Mrs., (Caroline Center,) farmer 2. Vandermark, Hiram, (Mott's Corners,) farmer 76. Vandermark, Jacob, (Mott's Corners,) woolen factory and gristmill. Vandermark, James, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 148. Vandermark, Jamles K., (Mott's Corners,) (Yandermarh Brothen.) Vandermark, Johii J., (Caroline Center,) farmer 1. Vandermark, Valentine, (Mott's Comers,) ( Vaniermark Brothen.)

Vanederstlne, James, (Speedsville,) farmer 87. ^ Vanpelt, Garret, (SlaterVille,) boot and shoe maker. Vanpelt, Lorenzo D., (Slatervllle,) farmer 123. Wade, Benjamin C, (Speedsville,) hotel keeper and fanner 1. Wall, John C, (Caroline Center,) eclectic physician. Watkins, Lyman, Speedsville,) farmer 221. WATTLES, CHAUNCEY L., (Caroline,) farmer 161. Wattles, Lathrop, (Caroline,) farmer 140. Webb, Frederick, (Caroline,) farmer 40. Webb, James, (Caroline Center,) farmer 25. 1 32 TOMPKINS COVNTY BVaiNESS DIBECTOBT.

GASGADIIM FURNITURE WORKS.

MORSE, HARRIS & CO.,

MANUFACTUEB PLiM iii mm Parlor & Chamber

Also do Sep»Vring, Scroll Sa/wing, Carving or XTpfutlaterlngf and cut straight or curved Jlfouldings, B. HORtJE. S. Jl. HABBIS. O. W. CASUEB.

ITHACA OIL AND FlAX MLS

Are situated in the Village of Itha

JUST BELOW THE CA8CADILLA FUBNITlfHB WOKKS.

The Proprietor, B. MORSE, lends flirmers every spring, clean Flax Seed to bow, and contracts to pay some stipnlated price for the flax seed and flax straw raised, orpays the market pnce, as the farmers may choose. Farmers are finding this to be one of the best paying crops that they can raise in this section of coantry. He also keeps pure

Flax. Seed OU and Oil Meal, to sell in qnantities to snit purchasers, This has also proved a. great benefit to the surrounding country.

The Oil he manuteotures is esteemed very highly for painting, on account of its not peeling off, as Linseed Oil that Is brought from Sew York is very apt to do. '? ?*'= section feed large quantities ofoH meal to their cattle, sheep, horses^^^Jf^K^°'""^and hogs, and the more they feed of it the better they like it. In fact, it has be- '»™e", especially the better class of stock growers, an indlspBHsaMe articleS?«-.^J^»of food."^IS"/for stock, one that is both healthy ^d nutritious for any animal. CABOLINE-DANBT. 133 — «

Webb; John, (Caroline,) farmer 30. Webster, William, (Uott's Comers,) farmer 16. Whitbeck,_^John, (Slatervllle,) Dutch Reformed clergyman and farmer 8. WHITE, GEORGE W., (Mott's Comers,) grist and saw mill, and farmer 88. White, Morgan A., (Caroline Center,) farmer 50. Whiting & Hawkins, (Speedavllle,) {Samiul Whiting and Cfeorge W., Hawkine,) blatk- emiths, Whltlne, Samnel, (^eedsvllleO {Whiting ^.l Youngs, James, (Mott's Comers,) (lirmer 81.

x>.^ST^'sr.

(Post Office Addresses in Parenthesasiii

Ackels, John, (South Danby,) farmer 35. AUick, DeWltt, (West Danby,) mason. Angle, Esther S., (Danljy,) farmer leases 50. Atwell,H., (Danby,) farmer 40. Austin, Alonzo, (South Danby,) fanner 53. Austin, Samnel, (South Danby,) fanner 63. Banfleld, Charles A^ (Danby,) farmer 65. BANFIELD, ISAAC, (Danby,) firmer 175. Banfleld, Joel, (Danby,) blacksmith and farmer 50. Barton, Frederick, (South Danby,) farmer. Baylor, Peter, (Danby,) farmer leases 100. BEACH, DAVID, (West Danby,) farmer 100. BBARDSLEY, A., (Danby,) farmer 100. BBARDSLBY, G. F., ff)anby,) farmer 60 and leases 100. BEABDSLBY, H. S., (Danby,) wagon maker and farmer 255, Beardsley, WellBjDanby,) farmer 81. BEERS, ANDREW, (Danby,) farmer 800. BEERS, A. J^ (South Danby,) former. 'BEERS, BLI DRy (Danby,) farmer 22. BEERS. H. A., (South Danby,) firmer 260. ffieera,J., Panby,)farmer4q. iBeers, Levi L., g?anby,) auctioneer and farmer JSO. JBeers, Levi C, (Danby,) firmer leases 104. ffleers, LucianB., (Danby,) farmer 76. Beers, Marcus, (Danby,) firmer leases 150. ..

134 DANBT.

Beers, Mariar(Danby,) farmer 94. BeerB, Wm. K., (Danby,) fanner 62. Bell, John, panby,) fanner 90. Bennett, AaroDijroanby,) fanner BO. Bierce, George W., (Danby,) fanner 60. Bierce, Jnliat.panby,) cooper. BINGHAM, SETH, (South Banby,) farmer IBO. BIKCH, DAVID, (Sonth Danby,) farmer SOJf BLOVBLT, FBTBR, Cpanby,) farmer 100. BODA, F. O., (South Danby,) farmer lOa. BOGEKT, DAVID, (South Danby,) farmer 100. BOGEBT, JACOB, (South Danby,) farmer 100. Botton, A. W., Panby,) farmerleases 94. BOWER, HENKY, ffianby,) farmer 75. Bradfoid, Mrs., panby.) Bradford, Sarah, manbyj) milliner. Bratt, George J., (South Danby,) carpenter and farmer. BKIGGS, ISAAC, (Went Danby,) farmer 418. Briggs, Jamea I., QFeBtDanby,) farmer 86. BriggB, Mary A„ (West Danby,) farmer 84. Brock, Alfred,JDanby,) farmer 100. Brock, John, panby,) farmer 212. BBOCK, THOMAS, panby,) overseer of poor and fanner 200. Brown, Solomon Eev„ panby.) BEUCE, HANNAH, (Newfleld,) farmer 110. BBUCB, JAMES, panby,) farmer. BEtTCE, MATHIAS, panby,) farmer 162. BBUICE, JAMES, (Newfleld,) farmer 108. CASH, JOHN, (South Danby,) farmer. Chapman, W. B., panby,) general merchant and farmer 12. Clark, Delia, panby,) farmer 275. Clark, Peter, (Ithaca,) farmer leases 1. Clongh, Lemuel W., panby,) blacksmith and farmerl. Cog^s, Loima, (South Danby,) farmer leases 115Ji. Compton, Silas, panby,) farmer 50. COOK, JAMES, Panby,) farmer 100. Coale, Anna, (South Danby,) farmer 58. Cooper, Ann, (South Danby,) farmer 100. Corpser, FestuB, (Spencer, Tioga Co.) farmer 107. Cooper, Henry, (South Danby,) farmer 10. Cooper, John, (South Danby,) farmer leases 114. Cooper, Lyman, panby,) farmer 100. Cornell, B. F., panbyy farmer 830. Comwell, Nelson A^ (Danby,) farmer. Cowles, Almiron, (West Danby,) farmer 92;f Crance, Darid, (West Danby,) farmer 50. Crance, John, (West Danby,);fiirmer 80. Crance, Marcus^(WeBtl)anby,) farmer 80. Crance, Mary, (West Danby,) farmer 30. OAnce, Stephen, (West Danby,) farmer 18. caSAGBB, G. W., Panby,) farmer. CBKGAN, JAMES F^ (Ithaca,) farmer 90. Oronce, Moses Jn, (West Danby,) farmer leases 210. Cronce, Moses, (West Danby,) farmer. Cnmings, Gustus, panby,) farmer leases 60. CnmingB, Jacob, panby,) fiu:mer60. cnETlS,ELBBKTL. By^ panby,) supervisor andifarmer 640. Daniels, Lyman, (Sonth Danby,) farmer SO. DAWS, SAMUEL, (West Danbyi) farmer 100. Dawson, John, panby,) farmer 26. Deforest, A. B., panby,) farmer 50. DBNI80N, CHAS., (South Danby,) Oirmer. Denison, Gleorge, (South Danby,) farmer 89. Dixon, Traverse, panby,) farmer. Doolittle, Anson, (Ithaca,) farmer 26. DOBN, A., Panby,) farmer 160. Dom, Brownel, Panby,) farmer 80. Dom, David, panby.) farmer 58. Dom, B. B., panbyj farmer leases 250. DOBN, FRANCIS, Panby,) farmer 106. Dom, B., panby,) farmer 50. Dom, Ensign, panby,) fiirmer 80. Dom, Seth, (Danby,) ftirmerSO.! .

DANBT. 133

DOWE, DBWITT C, (Danby,) farmer 80. Drew, Samuel, (South Danby,) farmer 50. Dumond, John A., (Danby,) farmer 83. DUTTON, A. H., (West Danby,) farmerMS. Baatman, Charles, (WUseyville, Tioga Co.) firmer 80. Egbert, W., (Danby,) farmer 40. ELLIOTT, BENJAMIN, (South Danby,) chair maker and fiirmerl02. Elliott, C, Panby,) farmer 10. Elwell, H. Bev.,fDanby,) pastor M. B. Church. ELYEACALvm, (Ithaca,) firmer 150. Emery, Benjamin P., (West Danby,) farmer. English, Charles, (West Danby,) wagon maker. Bvarts, Washington C, (Danby,) farmer l>f EVEREST, D. A., (Danby,) farmer ISO. Fist, Clark, (West Danby,) farmer 46. Fist, Wm., (Danby,) farmer leases 1. Fitzer, Thomas T., (West Danby,) farmer 1. FitzingerjGabriel, (South Danby,) farmer 1%. Fogarty, Wm., (South Dauby,) farmer 93. Forces, Mrs., (IthncaJ FOBTNBB, GEORGE H., (Danby,) auctioneer and farmer. FORTNER, LEWIS, (Danby,) farmer 262. Poster, Lot, (Danby,) millwright and tHrmer 40. Foster, Sidney, (Danby,) tanner and firmer 1. FRAZIBBiISAAO J., (Ithaca,) farmer 118. GARDNER, WM., (Danby,) tarmer 120. Gavet, Wm. Rev., (South Danby,) M. B. clergyman. Gennng, Anna, (South Danby,) farmer 50. Gennng, Joel D., (Danby,) farmer ItH. GENUHG, LUTHER G., (South Danby,) farmer 160. Georgia, Miles Jr., panbyO farmer 50. Greene, John, B., (Danby,) farmer 86. GUNDERMAN, WM., QOanby,) farmer 100. HALL, ALBERT, (Danby,) farmer 175. Hall, Leonard, QanbyJ farmer 80. Hall, Leonard, (South Danby,) farmer 79. Hallet, Wm. (Danby,) farmer. HALLOCK, WM. B., (Danby,) farmer 270. HAMLIN, S. D., (Danby,) Sirmer 215. Hance, J. L., (DanbyO farmer 40. HANDY, M., (South Danby,) farmer 134. HANPORD, J., (Ithaca,) farmer 100. Hanford, Joel, fflanby,) farmer 76. Hart, Edward, (Danby,) farmer 40. Hart, Mrs., (Danbyji farmer 80. Haward, Charles, (West Danby,) farmer 25. Danby,) farmer. Haward, Leonard, (West , ^ . general merchants. HAWES, J. & JON, (J. and W. C.,) (Danby.) HAWES, W. C, (Danby.) (J. Bawm & Son.) 100. HATATT, T., panby,) farmer , HAYCOCK, JOHN, (Danby.) firmer 162Jtf. Haywaid, Daniel, (Danby,) farmer 40. Hayward, Ruth, panby,) farmer 6. Hazen, A., Panby,) farmer leases 300. HILL, EDWARD, (South Danby,) farmer 109 and leases 127. Hinds, Lot S., panby,) tanner. HOLLteTER, NOAH, Panby,) shoemaker and farmers. HOUSE. JAHIBL, (Danby,) farmer 186. House, Lewis, (West Danby,) farmer. HOUSE, SIDNEY, (West Danby,) farmer 105.

ttowe'll c'c jn..(Da.n}f^,)(T.S.Bawettt!iCO.) , .. general merchants, own farm 84. HOWELL' T. h: &c'd"i07d.BoweU, Jr.) panby,) Howell, Wm., (South Danby,) farmer 50. HOWLkND, CHARLES, ^outh Danby,) postmaster and farmer 100. Howland, George, (South Danby,) farmer leases 80. HOWLAkD, J. K., panbyj farmer 141. HOWLAND, WM., ^outh Danby,) farmer 110. HEAD, THOMAS, (Danby,) farmer 109. Hemingway, Chauncey, (West Danby,) carpenter and farmer 66. Huee P., (Danby,) farmer. HUGb, LUMAN, (West Danby,) farmer 100. Hungerford, Mrs., Panby,) farmer 90. HutcTdngs, Timothy, (West Danby,) farmer 92. 136 TOMPKINS OOtTNTT BUSINESS DIBECTOSY. T h: E

T I *J

A HRST-OLASS WEEKLY JOURNAL,

ImeJ Every Tlmrsiay, at TmansliirEli, New M, BY

Oscar M. Wilson, Editor & Proprietor.

Its Circulation in the Counties of Tompkins, Seneca, Cayuga and Schuyler, makes it the best advertising medium in this region.

Advertising by the year or less time, at reasonable rates.

^@m wmimwim

OP EVERY DESCRIPTION,

AT REASONABLE RATES. .

Hyde, Ephralm, (Danby,) cooper. Jennings, Benjamin, (fianbyj farmer leases 800. Jennings, BUjali, (Sontli Danbyi) carpenter and former. Jennings, Homer, (Danby,) fanner 36. Jennings, L., (Danby.) Jennings, Levi, (South Danby,) farmer 70. JENNINQS, OSCAK, (Danby,) millwright and farmer 100. Johnson, Andrew, (Danby,) fanner 65. Jones, David, (Danby,) shoemaker and farmer leases 1. Jopp, Sherman M., panby,) farmer 40. JTIDSON, ELBBBT, ffianby,) former 267. JTJDSON, STOCKTON B., (Danby,) farmer 184 and leases 100. Keeler, Charles P., Panby,) farmer 80. KeelerJIiram, (Danby,) farmer leases 90. KEMtEDT, ANDKBWjiWest Danby,) fanner 1B4. KEHBDT^ CHABLBS, (West Danby,) fanner 100. King, A. E., Panby,) carpenter and farmer 10. KING, MBKEITT, (Newfleld,) lawyer. Ktag, Samuel B., (Danby,) former 75. KIEKBNDALL, ABKAM, panby,) farmer leases 93. KIBKBNDALL, SAMUEL, panby,) former 100. Knapp^A. W., panby,) cooper. LAMKlN, JAMES, (Danby,) farmer leases S29. LAEUB, James, (Danby.) farmer leases 100. LEWIS. ALFRED A^ (West Danby,) farmer 177. Lewis, Alvin, (West Danby,) former. Lewis, B., (South Danby.) Lewis, George, (West Danby,) carpenter. Lewis, John W., (West Danby,) blacksmith. Littles, W., Panby,) farmer leases 125. Logan, James, (South Danby,) former. Luce, Edward P. Dr., (Danby.) Mabee, Harriet, (Danby,) former 28. Mabee, Nathaniel, panby,) farmer. Manley, John, (Sonth Danby,) farmer 42. Mannmg, Daniel, (Danby,) farmer 73. Manning, J,, panby,) carpenter and farmer. Manning, John, (South Danby.) larmer BO. MANNSTG, JOSEPH, (South Danby,) farmer 100. Martin, Ira, panby,) farmer 93. Martin, Manuel, panby,) farmer 90. Martin, Wm„ (South Danby,) farmer 60. Masterson, N., Panby,) fanner 60. Maybee, Wm., (Spencer, Tioga Co.,) fanner 50 and leases 67. McTaKTHUK, GEKSHOM, (panby,) farmer 100. MCEWEN, .panby,) farmer 1()0. MCPALL, CHABLES. panby,) farmer 114. MCPALL, JOHN J., Panby,) fkrmer 95. MCPALL, JOSIAH, panby,) carpenter and former 50. McMannus, Michael,jDanby,) farmer 66. McPherson, W. H., (panby,) cabinet maker. MBEKEB, EEUBEN, Panby,) farmer 101>f Merrill, I. 0„ panby,) carpenter and joiner. Messenger, Chancey, (West Danby,) farmer. Messenger, Wm. H., (Danby,) farmer 50. Mettler, George E., (Danby,) farmer 83>^. Mettler, John J., (DanbyJ farmer S2. Mlddaugh, John J„ panby,) farmer 20. Middaugh, P. A., (Danby,) farmer 20. MILLBE, B., (South Danby,) farmer 100. Miller, H, D., panby,) farmer 10. MILLBB, WM., (Sonth Danby,) farmer 345. Montgomenr, George, panby,) farmer 62}i'. Moms, J. P., phaca,) farmer 90. Mulks, Christopher^Jpanby,) former. Mynard, Cortland, (West Danby,) farmer 46. Nelson, Phineas, ^onth Danby.) fiirmer 40. Nelson, Samuel, (South Danby,) farmer 63. Nichols, A., panbyO farmer 12. O'BRIEN, MAETm, Panby,) farmer 130. 08TEANDBR, CHABLES H. P., Panby,) former leases 168. Ostrahder, Dwlght,(Danbr,) shoe maker. Ostrander, George H. R., (Danby,) farmer leases 66. Ostrander, Jones, panby,) shoe maker and farmer 7. 138 DANBY.

OSTKANDEE, 0^ Panby,) farmer 300. Owens, Edward, (Danby,) wagon maker. Owens, "S.. p»nby,) wagon maker. ParBhall, David, (Danby,) farmer 76. Gilbert, (DanbyJ farmer 78. Parshall, , . ^ „.i PATCHEN, IBA, (West Danby,) general merchant and farmer 215. PATCEIBN, JOHN, (West Dan^O fiirmer 136. Patrie, Peter, (Spencer, Tioga CTo.,) farmer 60. Petty, Peter, (West Danby,) farmer 20. Phillips, T. J., Panby,) miller. PlerBon.Mathew, panby,) wagon maker. Pool, Edward, flOanby,) farmer leases I. Pool, Gabriel, fDanby,) farmer 80. POTTER, LEMUEL,l0aroliiie Depot.) farmer 150. PBATT, CHHISTOPHER P., panT)y,) farmer 116. PUGSLET, WM. H., panby,) farmer SOO. Eichards, irolm, panby,) farmer 40. EittenhoDse, Wm., (Sonth Danby,) farmer 83. Eoper, Charles, (Danby,) farmer 64. EOPEE, LUTHBB, panby,) farmer 220. Eoper, S. A., panby,) farmer 86. Eyan, Patrick, panby,) Sinner 50. Eyant, Joseph, panby,) ftrmer 90. SANDEESON, JOHN, (West Danby,) firmer 109X. SayleBLpharles E., (West Danby,) butcher and fawner 10. Sears, Brastus, panby,) farmer 80. Sears, John 3., panby) farmer 25. Sears, Wm., (Soath Danby.) farmer 33. Seigler, Joseph, panby,) farmer 50. Shephard, Simeon L.^anby,) shoe maker, SHERGOTJE, A. A.^ panby,) farmer. SHEEGOTJE, BENJ., Panby,) farmer leases 100. SIGNOE, DAVID A., Panby,) farmer 295. Smiley, Edwin, panby,) farmer 93. Smiley, John, panbyj farmer 89. Smiley, Wm., (South Danby,) farmer 97. Smiley, Zebulon, panby,) fanner. Smith, Isaac, panby,) farmer 60. Smith, Lewis, (South Danby,) farmer leases 150. SNTDBB, CHiaSTOPHEB, (West Danby,) former 180. SNYDEB. WM., (West Danby,) farmer 126. S01TLE, JOHN P., Panby.) blacksmith and fiirmer 92. Spanlding, Betsejr, (West DanbyJ SPAULDTNG, WILLABD P., (West Danby,) farmer 180. Sqnires, Henry D., panby,) clock agent. Starks, C, panbVj) farmer 1. Starks, Stephen, panby.) cooper. Steel, Elson W., panbyj fiirmer. St. John, Wm. H., (South Danby,) firmer 65. Sulivan, J., Panby,)farmer 2. Swansbroiwh, Wm. H., panby,) fiirmer 80. r Swartout, E. E^, panby,) farmer leases 120. SWAETOUT, W. T., (Danby,) fanner 123. Sweetlove, Ellis, (West Danby,) farmer 50. TAGGAET.ALVIN, (West Danby,) firmer 100. TAYLOB, ANDEEW, (Danby,) farmer 100. Taylor, Eleazor, panby,) firmer 18, Turlor, MrsM phaca.) fiirmer 140. THATCHEB, E., (West Danby,) firmer 102. THATCHEB, EDMOND, (West Danby.) Thatcher, Jerrie, (West Danby,) justice of the peace and fiirmer ISO. THATCHEB, JOHN, (West Danby,) farmer 70. Thatcher, J. P., (West Danby,) firmer 58. Thayer, Malachl, (Danby,) fiirmer 60. THCJMAS, JOHN, PanTjy,) fenuer 70. Thompson, S. H., Panby.) Thornton, John, (West Danby,) firmer leases 200. Tibbitts, A. Dr., (West Danby,) firmer 65. TODD, BTBON A., (West Danby.) collector and constabW. TODD, C. J:, OTewieldO fiinner 100. Todd, G. A.. (West Danby,) fiinner iSS. Todd, Joseph B., (West Danby,) firmer. Trayer, Miles, (South Danby,) farmer. Tripp, James, (South Danby,) mechanic and firmer 86. DANBT—DBTDHN. 139

Tripp, Jamea S., (Sonth Danbj,) farmer 26 and leases 38. Troy, Michael, (Dgnby,) fiirmer 36. Trror, J., (Ithaca,) hlacEBmlth and fanner 3. Tobha, AlbertlCDanhy,) farmer leases 97. Tnrk, David, (Danbr,) farmer 86 and leases 358. TuthiU, John, (DanbT,) firmer 106. Tuttle, George, (DanDf,) fkrmerlOO. Van De Bogert, VrancU, (Danby,) carpenter and farmer (&}(. Vandebogart^ John, (Sanbr,) justice of the peace and farmer 80. VAN OELDEB, JAMBS W., (Danby,) farmer 100. VAN GBLDBR, T. B., (Danby,) millwright and farmer 160. Van Gilder, baae, (Dauby,) farmer 80. VANKLEEK; jambs L^(Sonth Danby,) fanner 180. Van Orstrand, Michael, (Danby,) farmer 46. Van Ostrand, P. J., (West Danby,) farmer 98. Van WorhlB, W., (Danby,> fiirmer 1. Vorhis, Chester L., (Danby,) fanner 80. VOEHIS. JOTHAM, (Danby,) tanner and farmer 190. VOSE, ALFEBD 3d, (Spencer, Tioga Co.,) farmer 100. VOBB, JOHN W., (Spencer, Tioga Co.,) school teacher. Vose, MarceUns, (Spencer, Tioga Co.,) farmer TO. WADHAMS, LUCIUS A., panby,) farmer 55. Wall, Taylor, (Soath Danby,) farmer. Walling, C. L., (Danby,) farmer T6. Ward, S. O., (South Danby,) farmer IJf and leases 100. WEED, E. M.JWest Danby,) fanner 140. Weed, Pollyj Cwest Danby,) farmer 30.

WEED, WM., (West Danby,) farmer 150. . Wrir, Dadley, (South Danby,) blacksmith and farmer 60. Westerrelt. Maria, (West Danby,) farmer 80. Wheelock, B. A. BeT., (DanbyO pastor let Congregational church. ,)far ly,) ft wuiiamH, jieujaiuiu, \uau\j3^f famici i. WISE, GEOEGB, (Danby,) ftirmer 100. Wise, George, fl)*nby,) fanner 148. Wood, George L., (Danby,) musician. WEIGHT, CHASLBS L., (South Danby,) farmer 350. Wright, Hanford, (IthacaJ farmer 80. WEIGHT, ISAAC, (Sonth Danby,) fiirmer 178. Taple, David, (Ithaca,) carpenter and tormer 66. Taple, Mary B., (Ithaca,) farmer 56.

'xysir^T>:Exs^.

(Post-office Addresses in Fareatheses.) AKIN, JOSEPH, (Varna,) fiirmer % Albright, Blisha, 0ryden,) farmer 192. Albright, Harrison, (McLean,) farmer 84. Albright, Jacob, (Etna.) farmer 82. Aldricb, John, (Ithaca,! former 133. Allen, Charlotte MrB^(Vama,) farmer 14 ANDHBWB, JOHN W., (McLean,) (Andreun A Wattm.) ANDBEWS & Watson, (McLean,) {John W. Anarm)$ and Oto. Wdtion,) cheese box fiictory sBd saw mill. r, A. L., (WestDiydcn,) flumer 81. Bauey, George, (Dryden,) farmer 81, Baker, David, ffirydenj nnner 29. Baker, George P. A., (WestDryden,) farmer 1(X). 140 TOMPKINS COUNTY BUSINESS DIBEOTOBY.

I. P@K9tto i ATTORNEYS COUNSELOR AGENT FOR THE

LEADING FIRE & LIFE INSURMOE GO'S. ^TNA OF HAETFORD, HRYDBN. 141

Baker, Horace, ffitna,) farmer 86. Baker, Oliver, (Etna,) rarmer 10. 5 A^l&^^r? ollV^^i?'' Dryden,) carpenter and joiner and farmer ®. BAKEB, WILSON, (Varna,) farmer B. SARy^' NIIWTON, (Peruvllle,) farmer '&%. Ball, Harlow. (McLean,) farmer 1. • BALLAKD JOHNVfDrydenO former 166. BALLOU, OESAmfs, Pryden,) farmer 1023^. Banfleld, David, athaca,) farmer 75. Banfleld, David XT., (Ithaca,) farmer 60. Banfleld, Edward, (estate,) (Ithaca,) 65. Banfleld, Horace P.. flthaca,) farmer 48. BANPIELD, JOHN J., (Ithaca,) farmer 30. Banfleld, Joseph H., (Ithaca,) farmer 50. Banfleld, Justas A., (Ithaca,) farmer 36. Banfleld, Warren D., (Ithaca,) farmer 30. Barber, John, (West Dryden.) farmer 25. Barber, John S., (West Dryden,) farmer 30. BAENDM, RALPH W., (Dryden,) farmer riii. Barrows, Elizabeth Mrs., (Dryden,) farmer 1. Barrows, Lovanda L. Miss, (Dryden,) tailoreas. Bartholomew, Caleb, (EtnaO furnace and machine shop. Bartholomew, Daniel, (Dryden,) lumber dealer, carpenter and joiner. Bartholomew & Hemmingway, (Etna,) (Jawe Barthxilomew and Henry ammingwau.) cabmet makers and undertakers. - i» »>/ Bartholomew, JeBBe;JBtna,) (Bartholomew & Bemmingway.) Batchelor, Nathan, (Varna,) farmer leases of Pierson Ogden of Ithaca, 100 ™™&,i*rkin J. L„ (McLean,) carpenter and joiner and farmer 20.

BATAED, AARON, (Etna,) farmer. SSSiJ?^P^T''SI5*'J3?''^^f^'>'=°°P«''> °wns a sand bank and farmer 6^. BEDELL, ABIJAH, (Ithaca,) farmer 94. Beem, Samnel, (Dryden,) former 40. Beeman, Eichard, (Etna,) farmer 69. Beers, Samuel, (Varna,) tannery, saw mill and farmer 8. Belknap, Amos C^ (of Blmira,) farmer 46. Belknap, David W.,mryden,) farmer 118V. BENHAM, ALLEN B., (McLean,) farmer lit. Besemer, Josiah, (Mott's Comers,) farmer 120. Besemer, Martin, (Mott's Corners) farmer 96. Bills, Daniel, (West Dryden.) farmer 60. Bishop, Anna Mrs., (Varna,) farmer 100. Bishop, Delina Mrs., (Ithaca,) farmer 69^. Bishop, Joel, (Dryden.) gunsmith. BISHOP, VflifCENT, (West DrydenO farmer. Bissel, Lawton, (Dryden,)boot and shoe maker. Bloom, James H., (West Dryden,) farmer 39. BLOOM, JOSEPH S^ (West Dryden,) farmer 116. BLOOM, JULIUS, (West Dryden.) farmer 10. Bloom, Lncinda Mrs., (Diyden,) dress maker. ' BLUMBEEG, ABEAM, pryden,) farmer 60. BOGAET, AAaON, (Etna,) farmer 149. Boughton, Manley A„ (Slaterville,) farmer 81. S9SS9Si U^-*^ Pryden.) attorney and counselor at law and justice of the 'peace.- BOUTON, WASHINGTON I., pryden,) blacksmith. Bower, Anson C, (West DrydenJ {Smith c6 Bower.) y Bower, David D., pryden,) {J. W. Dwight

BROWN, S. NELSON, (West Dryden,) farmer 160. BEOWN WILLIAM H., (WestDryden,) ftrnier 181. Bryant, WUllam C, (West Drjden,) farmer i». BIJCKLIN. BLIAS K., (Dryden,) farmer 33. Bull, John B., (SlaterrUle,) farmer SO. Bunell, William, (Btnaj) M. B. clergyman. BUKCH. JAMES T., (Dryden,) carpenter and joiner. Burch, John, (Dryden,) farmer 90. Barllngame, Alanaon, (Dryden,) fa^er 85. Burr, John, (Etna,) farmer 96. farmer 10. Bnrton, Acees, (Dryden,) „ ^ ,a Barton, Charles, (pryden,) farmer leases of James Burton 10. mill. Bush & Griffith 'pthaca,) {John J. Bmh and T/iomas QTiffiOi,) grist Bush, John J., (Ithaca,) (Buih A Cfrifflth,) fanner 14. Bash, Philander, mryden,) farmer 1. BUSH, SAMUEL My (Dryden,) farmer leases 2. BUSH, WILLIAM H., ffltna,) farmer 60. Batman, Henry E., (McLean,) house painter and farmer 6. Butts, Michael, g)ryden,) firmer 10. CADT, CHAELE9, pryden,) farmer 184. Cady, Eliaa W., (Dryden,) fanner 614. CADT, JOHN E., (Dryden,) farmer. Cady, Oliver B., (Dryden.XfiirmBr 444. Cain, Asa, (Varna,) farmer 100. Caldwell.BetsyS. Mrs., (Dryden,) farmer 4. Caldwell, Orange 8., (Dryden.) millwright and farmer 1. CAED, ALBEET J., ft)ryden,) farmer TO. Card, Alhert J. 2d., (Dryden.) farmer 76. Carmer, Cleveland, (Dryden,) farmer 6. earner, John, (DryaeUj) farmer 10. CABPBNTER, AJLONZO, (Dryden,) ftirmer 28. Carpenter, Barney, pryden,) fanner 40. Carpenter, William, (Dryden,) farmer 146. CAEPENTEE, WILLLIAM J., (Dryden,) millwright. Carr, James M., (West Dryden,) boot and shoe maker. Carr, KeziahMrs., (Etna,) fanner 5. Carty, Luke, (Dryden,) farmer 5Jf. Casar, Walter, (Peruville,) farmer leases of his mother 6s. Casey, Morris, Uthaca,) firmer 22. Casey, Wm., (West Dryden^ farmer 69K. Castle, Sheldon, (West Dryden,) saw mill and farmer 91. Caughey, WiUiam, (Ithaca,) (with Tkoe. Paxtm,) former 46. Chadwick,DeWittC.,ff)ryden,)(iV£(*oto * Chadimck.) CHAMBERS, CHESTER L., (Slaterville,) farmer 80. (EreeyilleJ boot and shoe maker. Chapman, Joel, ™ , , w _ *CLAPP, ASAHEL, (Dryden,) editor and proprietor Dryden Weekly News. Qroton, 60. Clark, Albert, (Dryden,) farmer leases of Nathaniel Thorn of (Dryden,) farmer 182. Clark, Albert Rj ' Clark,_ John, (WestDr;_^ _iryden,)' " farmer 6. Clark', Seymour 6., (Dryden,) farmer 1. Cleaveland, Sylvenns, (DrydenO farmer 1. Clement, Darins J., 0ryden,) farmer 75. CLUT, HENRY, (Dryden,) tailor. Cole, Alvln, (Dryden,) farmer 61X. Cole, Edmond^reeville,) farmer 28. Cole, Lewis, (Preeville,) fanner 60. Colgrove, Luther H., (Peruville,) farmer 75. farmer 99. Collins, Arthur, (Sonth Lansing ,.„ ,, ,„ »._iii» COLTdN, Ma6^N B^(Peravffle,) fermor 80 and leases of Joseph Smiley of Groton m. COMSTOCK, JAMES H., (West Dryden,) commissioner of deposit fund and firmer eo. farmer 160. Cook, Bradford, (Ithaca,) .„ ^ # .,^ Coon P., (Varna,) firmer leases of William Belcher of Danby, farmer 63*. COOPEE, JOHN E., (Slaterville,) fanner 76. Cooper, Joseph, (Ithaca,) farmer 12. Cornelius, David, Qthaca.) farmer 180. COENELIUS, JAMES, (Ithaca,) firmer 55. Cornell, Jesse, (IthacaO former SO. COENELL, OLIVEE H. P., (Etna,) firmer 212. Corrington, Albert, (Dryden.) farmer 84. Corrington, Augustus, (Dryden.) farmer 60. Corrington, Daniel, (Dryden,) former 60. Cotanch, Isaac H.JS'reeville^ former 70. COVBBT, JOHN W., (West Dryden,) farmer 66. . ,

vnTDEN. 143

COVEBT, NICHOLAS M., (West Drydeli,) termer 23. Cramer, Martin, (Varna.) farmer 5. Crane, James, (McLean,) fanner 170. Crapser, William A., (Etna,) blackemltli. Cremar, Martin, (Varna,) fanner 5. Cratts, Edwin, fVarna,) (Jacob GrvtU A Sont.) Crutts. (Varna,) (/oCTJft ifiraier 340. Jacob, Cnit^ & SomJ , . _j^ ,„ Crutts, Jacofir & Sona, (Varna,) (Mdrenui, William and Sdwln,) grist and flonring mill, and fanners 161. Crutts,Marenus, (Varna,) (Jacob Oruttt £ Sont.) Crutts, William, (Varna,) (Jacob OrutU A Sons.) Cryspell, Wm., (Slatervllle,) farmer 12. DAS^Y, THOMAS D., (McLean,) fanner leases 120. Darling, SdWm, (PeruTlUe,) farmer 110. DAVIOTOBT, ANTHONY, (Varna,) farmer 120. Sarenport, Benjamin, (Varna,) farmer 130. Davenport, Charles, (Vama,) (with Stephen,) brmer 60. Davenport, Hiram A., ^tna,) farmed ISSX- Davenport, Lansing, (Varna,) farmer 31. Davenport, Nelson, (Varna,) farmer 25. Davenport, Phebe Mrs., (Ithaca,) farmer 60. Davenport, Stephen, (Varna,) (with Charlee.) fenner 60. DAVBNPOBT, WABRKN, (Varna,) farmer 71. Davidson, Bob't. G., (McLean.) machinist and fanner 10^. Davis, Thomas, (Drvden,) Inmber dealer, carpenter and joiner and fanner 80. De Condres, Mary Mrs., (McLean,) farmer 110. Demaranville, Loring, (Slatervllle,) farmer 55. Detricit, Abram /., (WestDryden,) farmer 100. Devinney, Gilbert, picLean,) farmer 69. Dibble, Joel, (McLean,) farmer 2: Dickson, George, (Etna,) farmer 30. Dodgejlanlel H,, (Ithaca,) farmer 16. DODGEi OLrVERj (Etna,) former 16B. Dodge, Seth^heirsof, (WestDryden,) farmer 3. DONELLT, MICHAEL, (Dryden,) farmer 90. Donoly, Patrick, fflrydien,) fortter 6|if Douglass, Jnlins, (West DrydenO farmer 80.: Douglass, James S., (West Divden,) farmer 06., DOWNBt, ANGBtmB MRS., ffltna.) farmer 10. Draper, Ell, (DnydenO (i>»!«i:i^ Draper.)^ Dunham, DtrPEE, WILLIAM, (DiydeL.,, —, ^, ,,-, Duryee, Richard, (Freeville,) treasurer cheese factory and farmer lis. Dusenbery, Enoch, (Etna,) farmer 60, DUSENBERY, HENRY, (Etna,) farmer 98. Dusenbery, John W., (Etna,) farmer 80. , :, . farmer S. t Dusenberry^Lateyette, (Etna,) boot and enoemaker and Dusenbew, William, (Etna,) former 77. Dwight, Elijah, pnrden,) former 60. farmer DWTgHT, LEA, (McLean,) m, .... ^. „..„,.. •„ , j- Dwight, Jeremiah W., mrydenj) (/. W-XHiliMi

~~Ellis, George A., (Drvden,) famer 60. . Ellis, Ira H., (Varna,) (wiffi Wairtn 0.,) farmer 74.~~

~~Ellis, John, (Drydea,) for^ieiise?. > . . „ ,, ^ ,, ^i .,, Ellis, John J., ^thaca,) treasnreiTBUlB HolIo\* cheese ftctoiy and former SS6. 144 TOMPKINS COrrSTT BUSSNEBS DIBECTOBT.~~

~~Livery & Stage Stable,~~

~~S. Side Main St.,~~

~~(lOTAHLT OPPOSITE WASH- INQTON HOUSE,)~~

TRrmANSBURC}, IVETl^ YORK. TRUSTY HORSES, The Sest of Carriages and Careful Drivers, at the service of the Public. Special Attention given to Fnmlablne Horse* and Carriages for Funerals, or Horses and Carriages for Parties, XLrcnrslons, &o. Stage rnns In connection ivltli tbe Boats on Caynga I

~~% iSB® mantofacthrbr op REED ORGANS AND MELODEONS, AND DEALER IN~~

~~And all Kinds of IKuBlcal Ulercliandlsc.~~

Tbe largest and most responsible Mnslc House In IVestem Neir Xork. Central 'Warerooms and Factory, STATE STREET, ITHACA. Ellis, John K., (Ithaca,) farmer 85. BUia, Lyman Sy (Slaterville,) (Mlddatigh AEUle.) ELLIS, OBMH T„ (Varna,) postmaster and farmer 72. Ellis, Warren C, (yama,) (mililra B.,) farmer 74. ENGLISH, BLIHtr, (Ithaca,) farmer 96. English, Hezeldah, (v ama,) farmer 69. English, Jesse, (Ithaca,) farmer 250. English, John, ^thaca,) farmer 62. English, Lewis, gthaca,) farmer 60. English, Lather J. ythaca,) fanner 94. ENGLISH, PHILANDBK, (Varna,) farmer 20. Bsty, Edward, (Etna,) (mith Joteph,) saw lath, and shingle mill, clothes pin machine and farmer 578. Bsty, Joseph^ (Btna,)(witf. PIffiEMAN, LTMAN D., (Etna,) hailding mover and farmer 9. Frees, John B., (Varna,) farmer 140. Preese, William, (Varna,) fanner 4X. FEENCH, CTEtrS, (Dryden.) hardware, tinware, groceries &c. PULKBRSON, BUENBTT C;3(West Dryden,) farmer 130. PULKEBSON, CALVIN B., (West Dryden,) farmer 67. Pulkerson, Samuel, (McLean,) farmer 150. • Fulkerson, Sarah Mrs^^West Dryden,) farmer 60. Pulkerson, Stephen, (West Dryden,) fanner 162. Furgerson, Isaac, miyden,) fanner 165. GAKDNBE, ALLEN B., (Dryden,) fanner 50. Gardner, EobertB., (Dryden,) farmer 136. Gastin, Edwin, (EtnaOmachmlst. GENUNG, AARON, (Ithaca,) tenner 145. Genune, Jacob P., athaca,) saw mill and farmer 140, GENONG, JOSEPH, (Khaca,) farmer. George, Alette Mrs., (West Dryden,) farmer 5. George, Ahnanzo W., (West Dryden.) fanner 90. George Amazilla J. j:West Dryden.) termer 70. George James H^West Dryden,) farmer 100. Geoile, Joel B^fwest Dryden,) grocery and termer 70. GEoMB, JOHN P., (West Dryden,) farmer 100. George, Sylvester M., (West Dryden,) fanner 100. George Thomas, heirs of, (West Dryden,) farmer 60. GifFord' Benjamin, (Etna.) farmer 88. GIPFOM), THEODORE A., (Etna,) farmer. Giles, James, (Btnaj) farmer 100. Giles, John J., (Etna,) farmer 219. Givens, Darius. (Dryden,) carpenter and joiner. GrVENS, EDWARD, dryden.) termer 115. GIVENS, THOMAS, (Dryden,) farmer 93. GIVENS WILLIAM E., (Divden,) farmer 195. GIVENS, SAMUEL, (Etna.) termer 166. GLASGOW, BENJAMIN, (Varna,) farmer. Godfrey, Phllo, (Dryden,) farmer 5X- . .

~~146 DBTDEN.~~

GOOHKICH, MILO, (Dryden,) attorney and connselor at law. *GBAVBS, JACKSON, (Dryden,) principal Dryden Seminary. Graves, M. J. Mrs., pryden,) preceptress Dryden Seminary. Gray, Almon, iflthaca,) farmer 138. Gray, Eafiis, (Ithaca,) farmer 26. Green, Mrs., 0ryden,) talloress. Green, Oliver, (Dryden,) tailor. Griffin, Henry, (Dryden,) farmer 16. QHIFFIN, LEONAHD 0., (Etna,) farmer 86X. Griffin, Lewis L., (Dryden,) farmer 75. Griffith, Thomas, (Ithaca,) (Bush & Orifflth.) Griswold, B^idamin, (Dryden.) farmer 100. Griswold, Emeline Mrs., (Dryden,) farmers. Griswold, Leonard, (Dryden,) farmer 110. Griswold, Lnther, (Dryden,) farmer 13B. Griswold, Nathan, fflryden,) farmer 76. \ Grover, Elizabeth Mrs., (Varna,) farmer 40. Grover. Ira, heirs of. (Varna,) farmer 24. GEOVEE, LEMI (Varna,) farmer 133. Grover, William M., (Peruville,) farmer 70. Gunn, Andrew Jr., (Freeville,) farmer 9a. GUSTIN, ALBEETO M., (Dryden,) carriage maker. Hallett, Miles, (Varna,) farmer 7. HALLIDAT, SAM., (Ithaca,) brick and Btooe mason and farmer 80. Hallock^ohn, (Ithaca,) farmer 97. Hamet, Wm. P., (West Dryden,) tlirmer 25. Hammond, David B., fDryden,) farmer 50. Hanford, Frederick, (Etna,) farmer 205. Hanford, George, (Etna,) farmer 80. Hanford, George B., (EtnaJ farmer 58. HANFOED, WILLIAM JE., (Etna,) farmer 58. Hanshaw, James, (Varna,) farmer 12. Hare, Anna Mrs., pryden,) farmer 14. Hare, Wm. W., pryden,) farmer 200. Harington, Henry S., (Ithaca,) farmer 80. HABRIS, HENET, phaca,) farmer 15. Hasbronck, Josaphat D. B., (Slaterville,) farmer 150. Hatch, Sullivan, (McLean,) farmer 7. HEAD, JOHN S., (Etna,) farmer leases 120. Heffron, Jerome, (Etna,) house and carriage painter. Heffron, Mary Mrs., (Peruville,) farmer 8. Hemmingway,' Henry, (Etna,) (Bartlwlomew & Bemmingway.) Hemingway, Joseph, (Etna,) farmer 95. HEMINGWAT, SAMIJEL J., (Etna,) farmer 67X- Hemingway, Wm. R., (Mc Lean,) farmer 117. HILDraiBEANT, SAMUEL, pryden,) farmer. HILES, ANDREW, pryden,) farmer 89. Hiles, Asenath Mrs., pryden,) farmer 100, HILES, GEOEGE, (Dryden,) farmer 100. Hiles, Jacob, pryden,) farmer 50X HILES, JOHN E., Pryden,) farmer 111. Hiles, Olive L. Mrs., pryden,) farmer 11. Hill, Austin, Pryden,) farmer 156. HILL, GEOEGE, Pryden,) tormerll6. Hill, John, ^cLean,) carpenter and joiner and farmer 114. HILL, OELIN H., (McLean,) farmer leases 297. HILL, SAEAH E., (McLean,) farmer 297. HILE, STLVESTEH, (McLean,) farmer 63. HOAGLIN, HARRISON, (McLean,) firmer 85. Hodges, James, (Vamaj) farmer 100. Holenbeck, Henry, (McLean,) farmer 10. HoUister, Hiram, (estate) (Slaterville,) 174. HoUister, Horace H., (Ithaca,) farmer 63>f Honpt, Alpheue F.^fDryden,) house painter and farmer '3V. HOUPT, HENRY H., pryden;) insurance agent and farmerSS. Houpt, I., pryden,) teacher of music, Dryden Seminary. Houselander, Abram, Pryden.) cooper. Houts, George, (West Dryden,) fermer 88. HOUTZ, GEORGE H., CEtna,) (Bbute, Wood <£ Co.,) postmaster. Houtz, John, ptna,) grist, saw and shingle mill and farmer 25, HOUTZ, JOHN H., (Btnaj) (flbute, Wooi * 00.) HOUTZ, WOOD & CO., (Etna,) (John B. Boiitz, OUt B. Wood and George B. Boule,) gen- crSii lUBrcQftiits. Howard, Pliny, (Etna,) boot and sho* maker. VBTDEN. 147

HOWB, PKBBMAN S., (Dryden,) dentiat. HOWE, HENRY T., (Sonth Lansing,) gonamtth and farmer VI&H. Howe, Solomon L., (McLean,) surveyor and farmer 7. Hubbard, Wm. B., pryden,) farmer 90. Hubbel. Joseph G., (Etna,) farmer 157X' HugUl, banlel, (Etna,) farmer 60. Huneerford,Hungerford, William, (1(Ithaca,) farmer 71. HTOT, HOHTON, (Ithaca,) farmer IS. Hunt, Stephen, (SlaterYille,) farmer 53. HUNT, THOMAS, (Varna,) (Oatrander black8mith and farmer 2X- Hutchings, Mary Mrs., (McLean,) farmer 65>f. Jaeger, Matthew, ff)ryden,)i'armer 103. JAGQBR, S. H., (pryden,) hotel proprietor. Jameson, Jackson, mryden.) farmer 100. Jameson, Thomas, (Dryden,) (Jonea & Jamtson.) Jamerson, Gilbert, (Dryden,) farmer 50. Jewell, Michael, (tthaca,) farmer 105. Johnson, Betsy Mrs., (West Dryden,) farmer 102^. Johnson, Elizabeth, Mrs., (Peraville,) farmer 30. Johnson, Ezra I., (McLean,) farmer 66. Johnson, John, jtSlaterville,) sawmill and farmer 100. Johnson, John C., (West Dryden,) carpenter and joiner and farmer 71 Johnson, John 8., (PeruvlUe,) farmer 77. Johnson, Robert G^ (Dryden,) farmer 106. Johnson, Thomas, (Dryden,) farmer 85. JOHNSON, WILLIAM W., (Slaterville,) blacksmith and farmer 90. Joiner, Phebe Mrs., (Dryden,) farmer 85. Jones, George, (Dryden,) (Joins & Jameeon.) Jones & Jameson, (Dryden,) (George Jones and Thomas Jamesons) Hvery. Jones, Jesse. (Varna,) farmer 9Ji. JOYNER, NELSON, Pryden,) farmer. June, Solomon T., phaca,) ftirmer 87. Keech, Charles A., (Dryden,) farmer leaac» of Robert Peryis 64. Keenan, John, (McLean,) farmeroa. Keepch, Louisa Mrs., Pryden,) farmer 38. Kellogg, Thomas N., Qthaca^ carpenter and Joiner and farmer 8. KENNEDY & BROTHER, pryden,) (John F. and William W.,) tannery. KENNEDY, JOHN P., Pryden,) (Kennedy A Brother:) KENNEDY, WILLIAM W., pryden,) (Kennedy i'. Lamberson, James E., (West Dryden,) farmer 41. Lamberson, John N., (West DrydenJ farmer 25. Lamberson. William, (West Diyden,) farmer 20. LAMKIN, JOHN, (SlaterviUe,) fanner leases 100. LAMONT, ARCHIBALD B„ (McLean,) farmer 200. Lamont, Daniel, (Dryden,) farmer 10. Lament, John D., (Dryden.) farmer HI. Lamont, Eobert,JMcLean,) farmer 200. Laning, Henry, (Etna,) alio, physician. Laramore, Thomas, pryden,) fanner 220. Lawrence, Azel, (Ithaca,) farmer 80. Lawsou, Daniel, (Dryden,) wagon maker and farmer 5. Layton,Panl, pryden.) farmer 135. ,. ^ ,, , LESTER, WILLIAM H., Pryden,) barber and eating saloon. Lewis, Alexander, pryden,) farmer 127. LEWIS, LORIN S., (Slaterville,) farmer 89. Lewis, Lorenzo, (Dryden,) farmer 180. 148 TOMPKItra COUNTY BUSINESS SIBECTOBT.

~~SURGEON~~

Wonld respectfDlly inform the citizens of Trnmansbnrg and vicinity, ttiat he !• permanently heated on the Barto place, near Dr. Lewis, where he will he happy to meet all those who may need hie services in the varions hranchesofhis profession. Having been in constant and snccessfU practice for the past sixteen years, he feels confident that he is able to give perfect satisfaction in all his operations, which will he performed in ttie most improved and scientific manner, and warranted. Particular attention given to the preseriation of the natural teeth, and treatment of all diseases of Houth and Gnms, such as A2veo2ar Abscess, Periostitis, Ulceration of the Gums, Diseases of the A.ntrum, And correcting the irregularities of the Teeth. For filling teeth the best metals will always be used. I have a large Stock of Artificial Teeth that will enit the most fastidions, which I will set on any of the various kinds of plate now in use. Tetth, Hxtmoted teith Care and Without Fain,

~~L. A. MANDEVILL DEALER m Dry Goods AM) GROCERIES! MAIN ST., TRrMAXSBlIRG, N. Y.~~

~~I would call the attention of the people of Tompkins County to my large stock of goods lately purchased in New York, at greatly reduced prices. Anything In the~~

~~Grocery, Yankee Notions or Dry Goods~~

~~Line, that Is wanted, I flatter myself that I can fUmish as cheap as any one in the trade. My motto is, " Quick sales and small profits." D . . .~~