UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCL0167/ ARCL0167A The Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean

2018-19

15 credits (or 20 credits) Turnitin Class ID: 3885669 Turnitin Password: IoA1819 (middle o is lower case)

Deadlines for coursework for this module: Essay 1: Monday 5th November (returned by Monday 12th November); Essay 2: Thursday 20th December (returned by Friday January 11th)

Co-ordinator: Corisande Fenwick Email: [email protected] Tel: 0207-679-4746 Room 502 Office hours, Thu 11am-1pm or after class.

Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages.

1 1. OVERVIEW

Course description This module traces the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages through consideration of key issues such as the barbarian kingdoms, the rise of Byzantium, the origins of Islam, art and aesthetics, urbanism, the countryside, the economy, and the impact of Christianity. It will take a comparative Mediterranean approach, seeking to identify the factors that influenced the different trajectories of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East in this period. It is designed to complement other courses in the MA in Mediterranean Archaeology, but it can also stand on its own to provide advanced training on the classical and medieval Mediterranean for both archaeologists and historians.

Week-by-week summary

1 1st Oct Late antiquity: origins, definitions and agendas

2 8th Oct Old materials, new aesthetics? Spolia, re-use and recycling

3 15th Oct Things fall apart: Barbarians, ethnicity and post-Roman state formation in the West 4 22nd Oct The empire strikes back: Roman imperialism in the sixth century

5 29th Oct The Muslim conquests and the end of antiquity?

NO CLASS – READING WEEK

6 12th Nov The transformation of the classical city: the view from the West

7 19th Nov The transformation of the classical city: the view from the East

8 26th Nov Empires of faith: religion, ritual and community

9 3rd Dec From villa to village: production and consumption in the late antique countryside 10 10th Dec Shifting networks: mobility, trade and exchange & Class Presentations

BASIC TEXTS

Basic Texts This is a list of historical works which provide excellent introductions to the different periods covered in the course. Prior to the start of the course, students should at the very least read Cameron 2012 to ensure that they have a basic understanding of the major historical developments in this period. Other recommended texts are marked with a (**).

Introductory books to the period Brown, P. 2013. (rev. ed). The Rise of Western Christendom. Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000. Oxford: Blackwell. HISTORY 83 D BRO. Cameron, A. 2012. (2nd. ed.) The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395-700. London: Routledge. ANCIENT HISTORY R 19 CAM Sarris, P. 2011. Empires of Faith. The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500-700. Oxford: Oxford University Press. HISTORY 41 FA SAR + ONLINE 2

Historical overviews Bowersock, G. W., P. R. L. Brown and O. Grabar (eds), Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge. ANCIENT HISTORY A 6 BOW Brown, P. 1971. The World of Late Antiquity. London: Thames and Hudson. ANCIENT HISTORY A5 BRO Brubaker, L. and Haldon, J. 2011. Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850. Cambridge. SSEES. Gr. IX.c BRU Cameron, A. M., and P. Garnsey (eds), 1998. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 13, The Late Empire, AD 337-425 Cambridge. ANCIENT HISTORY A5 CAM + ONLINE **Cameron, A. B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby (eds.) 2000 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV. Late Antiquity. Empire and Successors, A.D. 425-60, Cambridge. ANCIENT HISTORY A5 CAM + ONLINE Christie, N. 2011. The fall of the Western Roman Empire: an archaeological and historical perspective. London. INST ARCH DA 170 CHR Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 2013. The Roman West, AD 200-500: an archaeological study. Cambridge. INST ARCH DA 170 ESM Gibbon, E. (3rd ed. 1909-13) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. London. ONLINE Goffart, W. A., 1980. Barbarians and Romans, AD 418-584: The Techniques of Accommodation Princeton, NJ. INST ARCH DA 180 GOF; HISTORY 41 FA GOF. Haldon, John. 1990. Byzantium in the seventh century the transformation of a culture. Cambridge. HISTORY 41 D HAL + ONLINE Haldon, J. 2016. The empire that would not die: the paradox of Eastern Roman survival, 640-740. Harvard. ANCIENT HISTORY S 12 HAL Innes, M. 2007. An Introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe. London. HISTORY 41 FA INN Jeffreys, E., Haldon, J and Cormack, R. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY S 2 JEF + ONLINE Johnson, S.F. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY A 5 JOH + ONLINE Jones, A. H. M. 1973. The Later Roman Empire 284 - 602. A social, economic, and administrative survey. Oxford. esp. vol. I, pp. 712-66. ANCIENT HISTORY R 64 JON **Halsall, G. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376-568. Cambridge. HISTORY 41 FA HAL + ONLINE Kaldellis, A. 2015. The Byzantine Republic. People and Power in New Rome. Cambridge, MA. HISTORY 41 C KAL Kelly, C. 2004. Ruling the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge, Mass. ANCIENT HISTORY R 60 KEL **Kennedy, H. 2004 (2nd ed.) The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, Edinburgh. MAIN HISTORY 53 D KEN; ONLINE Lavan, L. and W. Bowden (eds.) 2003. Theory and practice in late antique archaeology. Leiden INST ARCH DA 180 LAV + ONLINE Mitchell, S. 2007. A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284-641. The Transformation of the Ancient World. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY R14 MIT Maas, M. 2005. The Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge. ANCIENT HISTORY S 11 MAA McCormick, M. 1990. Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West. HISTORY 41 FA MACC McCormick, M. 2001. Origins of the European economy: communications and commerce, A.D. 300-900. Cambridge. IOA ISSUE DESK IOA MCC 3; HISTORY 82 CR MACC + ONLINE **Pirenne, H. 1939. Mohammed and Charlemagne. London. HISTORY 41 F PIR or ONLINE **Robinson, C. (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge. (Very good historical essays on the early Islamic period) MAIN HISTORY 53 D CAM; ONLINE ACCESS Rousseau, P. 2009. A Companion to Late Antiquity. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY A 5 ROU 3 + ONLINE Sarris, P. 2006. Economy and society in the age of Justinian. Cambridge. ANCIENT HISTORY S 64 SAR + ONLINE Smith, Julia MH. 2006. Europe after Rome: a new cultural history 500-1000. Oxford. HISTORY 41 F SMI + ONLINE Ward-Perkins, B. 2005. The Fall of Rome And the End of Civilization. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY T 14 WAR Whittow, Mark. 1996. The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025. London. HISTORY 41 D WHI + ONLINE. **Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the Middle Ages. Oxford. HISTORY 41 FA WIC + ONLINE

Archaeology Bowden, W., Lavan, L.A. and Machado, C. (eds.) 2004. Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside.Leiden. INST ARCH DA 170 BOW; ONLINE Bowes, K. 2008. Private Worship, Public Values, and Religious Change in Late Antiquity. Cambridge. ANCIENT HISTORY X 5 BOW Brogiolo, G.P., and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds.) 1999. The idea and ideal of the town between late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Leiden. INST ARCH DA 180 BRO Christie, N, and Loseby, S.T. 1996. Towns in Transition: urban evolution in late antiquity and the early middle ages. Aldershot. INST ARCH DA 180 CHR; ISSUE DESK IOA CHR 3 Christie, N. 2004. Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Aldershot. INST ARCH DA 180 CHR; ISSUE DESK IOA CHR 2 Christie, N. 2006. From Constantine to Charlemagne: an archaeology of Italy, AD 300-800. Aldershot. INST ARCH DAF 100 CHR Christie, N. 2011. The Fall of the Western Roman Empire: An archaeological and historical perspective. London. INST ARCH DA 170 CHR Decker, M. 2009. Tilling the Hateful Earth. Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique Near East Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY B 67 DEC; ONLINE Esmonde-Cleary, S. 2013. The Roman West, AD200-500. An Archaeological Study. Cambridge. INST ARCH DA 170 ESM Gwynn, D. and S. Bangert (eds.) 2010. Religious Diversity in Late Antiquity. Leiden. INST ARCH DA 180 GWY; ONLINE Hodges, R, and W. Bowden (eds.) 1998. The Sixth Century. Production, distribution, demand. Leiden. INST ARCH DA 180 HOD Hodges, R. and Whitehouse, D. 1983. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the origins of Europe Ithaca, NY. INST ARCH DA 180 HOD Kingsley, S. and Decker, M. (eds.) 2001. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity Oxford. INST ARCH DBA 100 KIN Lavan, L. (ed.) 2001. Recent Research in Late-Antique Urbanism, Supplementary Series. Portsmouth. INST ARCH DBA 100 LAV Lavan, L (ed.)_2015. Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity. Leiden. INST ARCH IN CATALOGUING: ONLINE Lavan, E. Swift and T. Putzeys (eds.) 2007. Objects in Context, Objects in Use. Leiden. INST ARCH DA 180 LAV; ONLINE Lavan, L. and Bowden, W. (eds.) 2003. Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology Leiden. ISSUE DESK IOA LAV 1; ONLINE Lavan, L., Zanini, E. and Sarantis, A. (eds.) 2008. Technology in Transition AD 300-650. Leiden. INST ARCH DA 180 LAV; ONLINE. Lavan, L. and Mulyran, M. (eds.) 2011. The Archaeology of Late Antique Paganism. Leiden. INST ARCH DA 170 LAV; ONLINE Lavan, L. and Mulryan, M. eds. 2015. Field methods and post-excavation techniques in late antique archaeology. Leiden. INST ARCH DA 170 LAV;ONLINE Lavan, L, Özgenel, L. and Sarantis, S. (eds.) 2007. Housing in Late Antiquity: from Palaces to Shops Leiden. INST ARCH DA 180 LAV; ONLINE 4 Lavan, L., Zanini, E. and Sarantis, A. (eds.) 2008. Technology in Transition AD 300-650. Leiden. INST ARCH DA 180 LAV; ONLINE Sarantis, A. and N. Christie (ed.) 2013. War and Warfare in Late Antiquity (2 vol.). Leiden. INST ARCH DA 170 SAR: ONLINE

Methods of assessment

This course is assessed by means of: (a) One problem essay of 1000 words which contributes 25% to the final grade for the course. (b) One research essay of 3000 words which contributes 75% to the final grade for the course.

For those taking ARCL0167A (20 units), the course is assessed by means of: a) One problem essay of 1000 words which contributes 20% to the final grade for the course. b) One research essay of 4000 words which contributes 80% to the final grade for the course.

Teaching methods The course is taught through seminars which have four or five weekly required readings, which students will be expected to have read, to be able fully to follow and actively to contribute to discussion. The course is taught through discussion rather than lecture, so reading for class is absolutely essential. Students will be asked to lead seminar discussions and make short presentations of case study material (non-examined) in certain weeks. Other learning materials will be made available via Moodle.

Workload There are 20 hours of seminars for this course. Students undertake around 90 hours of reading for the course, plus 40 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 150 hours for the course.

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2. AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT

Aims The aims of this module are to: - To provide an introduction to the archaeology and history of late antiquity, from the rise of the barbarian kingdoms in the fifth century to the Muslim conquests in the seventh century. - To consider the most important current research questions and interpretative paradigms in late antique archaeology and history, including post-Roman state formation, urbanism, global exchange and the spread of Christianity. - To consider the nature and interpretation of different sources (archaeological, visual, textual) in approaching the late antique Mediterranean. - To develop critical faculties in written evaluation of current research (problems, method and theory, quality of evidence).

Objectives On completion of this module the student will be able to: - demonstrate a good knowledge of key themes in the history and material culture of the Mediterranean from the late Roman Empire to the Umayyad caliphate. - analyse and discuss critically key variables, models and theories for the transformations that took place in the Mediterranean during late antiquity. - engage with different forms of evidence and methodologies, and understand how to use them critically in class discussions and writing assessments.

Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the course, students should be able to demonstrate: - Understanding and critical awareness of the different values of primary and secondary sources. - Written and oral skills in analysis and presentation. - Knowledge of methods and theories of archaeological and historical analysis, and be able to apply them to archaeological data. - Ability to conduct original research.

Coursework

Assessment tasks: This course is assessed by 4,000 words of coursework, divided into two essays, one of 1,000 words (contributing 25% to the overall course mark) and the other of 3,000 words (contributing 75% to the overall mark) – see below on word counts.

If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator, who will also be willing to discuss an outline of your approach to an assessment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. The nature of the assignment and possible approaches to it will be discussed in class, in advance of the submission deadline.

Please note that in order to be deemed to have completed and passed in any module, it is necessary to submit all assessments.

The deadlines for submission of assessed work are: a) Article review essay 950-1050 words: Monday 5th November 2018 b) Research essay 2,850-3,150 words (ARCL0167A 3,800-4,200 words): Thursday 20th December 2018

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Assignment 1. Article review 950-1050 words, 25% of course-mark (ARCL0167A: 950-1050 words, 20% of course-mark). Produce a critical review of a key article for one of the debates that we will cover in this course. In consultation with the course co-ordinator, select an article or book chapter from the essential or recommended reading list that relates to your research interests and/ or your chosen research topic for assignment 2.

Make sure to: o Summarise the main arguments of the author(s), and include what they are arguing for and arguing against. § What evidence do they use to support their differing opinions? § What elements of their arguments do you agree and disagree with, and why? Make sure to identify both the strengths and weaknesses in their approach. o Consider the implication of their arguments for our understanding and interpretation of the archaeological record and material culture of late antiquity. o Consider the implication of their arguments in reference to other late antique scholarship on the same debate. You should cite at least eight works. o Remember to back up what you say as specifically as possible & use the Harvard system, citing page numbers (e.g. Johns 2003: 31).

Assessment 2: Research Essay 2,850-3,150 words, 75% of course-mark (ARCL0167A: 3,800-4,200 words, 80% of course-mark) Your task is to conduct original research on a site, data-set or region of your choice in relation to a major debate that we have discussed in the seminar. Topics and specific titles for the research essays are defined by each student to suit their individual interests, in consultation with the Course Co-ordinator who will give guidance to ensure that the question is neither too narrow nor too broad and that it is being approached effectively. The choice and scope should be agreed with the Course Co-ordinator by week 5 (i.e. before Reading Week in Term II). A working title and preliminary bibliography is due in Week 8 (non-assessed), and you will give a brief 5-minute presentation (non-assessed) in Week 10. Depending on the class size, an additional session may be scheduled for the presentations.

Previous essay titles have included: • What is the relation between Arian and Orthodox Christians in Ravenna under Theodoric, and can one identify religious differences in the archaeological record? • Can archaeologists identify late antique attitudes towards pagan statuary? Bulla Regia and the fate of pagan statues in 4th century North Africa • What was the impact of Christianization on the urban layout of Corinth? • Christianization at two cult cities: a comparison of Ephesus and Aphrodisisas • How far did cloth, clothes and costume reflect the interaction between Egypt and the Islamic World during the 7th-9th centuries? • Can archaeologists infer ethnic identity from burial evidence? A case study from Altenerding, post-Roman Bavaria. • To what extent do the stucco sculptures of women at Khirbat al-Mafjar shed insight onto Umayyad attitudes towards women? • To what extent is damage to mosaics in the religious buildings of late antique Jerash iconoclastic? • How and why do imperial representations change under Justinian and what are the implications for Roman ideology? • What was the impact of the Muslim raids on late antique Cyprus: An analysis of coin hoard evidence’

7 You only have 2,850-3,150 words, so you need to be concise and to target the relevant data to address your question. o Summarise the salient features of your chosen debate, making sure to include the key bibliography. o Describe the history of scholarship on the site/ region in relation to your chosen debate and identify the research questions that you intend to address in your analysis. o Present and analyse your evidence. For example, if you are looking at the impact of Christianization on urbanism at the site of Corinth, you might consider where and when churches are built, when temples are abandoned/ adapted and how the overall plan of the site changes over the course of late antiquity. o Discuss your findings in relation to the debate that you have selected and their implications for late antique studies. o What should scholars of the future prioritise in their research agendas and why? o Please include at least 4 illustrations (they can be drawings, photos, tables or diagrams). Use them to highlight points (give these Figure Numbers & refer to them in the text). At least one illustration should be a plan of your chosen site. Make sure to refer to the plan in the text & comment on the limitations of the data deriving from them. o Use the Harvard system & page numbers (eg Kennedy 2005:14).

Word counts The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices.

Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

In the 2016-17 session penalties for overlength work will be as follows:

• For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass. • For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

Coursework submission procedures • All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. (The only exceptions are bulky portfolios and lab books which are normally submitted as hard copy only.) • You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work) • All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date- stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked. • Instructions are given below.

Note that Turnitin uses the term ‘class’ for what we normally call a ‘course’. 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document, and that you have the Class ID for the course (available from the course handbook) and enrolment password (this is IoA1819 for all courses this session - note that this is capital letter I, lower case letter o, upper case A, followed by the current academic year)

8 2. Click on http://www.turnitinuk.com/en_gb/loginhttp://www.submit.ac.uk/static_jisc/ac_uk_index.htmlhtt p://www.submit.ac.uk/static_jisc/ac_uk_index.html 3. Click on ‘Create account’ 4. Select your category as ‘Student’ 5. Create an account using your UCL email address. Note that you will be asked to specify a new password for your account - do not use your UCL password or the enrolment password, but invent one of your own (Turnitin will permanently associate this with your account, so you will not have to change it every 6 months, unlike your UCL password). In addition, you will be asked for a “Class ID” and a “Class enrolment password” (see point 1 above). 6. Once you have created an account you can just log in at http://www.turnitinuk.com/en_gb/login and enrol for your other classes without going through the new user process again. Simply click on ‘Enrol in a class’. Make sure you have all the relevant “class IDs” at hand. 7. Click on the course to which you wish to submit your work. 8. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1). 9. Double-check that you are in the correct course and assignment and then click ‘Submit’ 10. Attach document as a “Single file upload” 11. Enter your name (the examiner will not be able to see this) 12. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 In what sense can culture be said to evolve?), 13. Click “Upload”. When the upload is finished, you will be able to see a text-only version of your submission. 14 Click on “Submit”.

If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on [email protected], explaining the nature of the problem and the exact course and assignment involved.

One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Course Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline

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3. SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

Teaching schedule Lectures will be held 11:00am-13:00pm on Monday, in room 410 in the Institute of Archaeology in Term I.

Syllabus

The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary readings relevant to each topic. The essential readings are necessary to keep up and engage with the topics covered in the seminars, and it is expected that students will have read these prior to the relevant session. These have been kept to approximately four readings for each topic. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright) or are available online. The recommended and supplementary readings are given for students with a particular interest in the topic and are places to begin when researching for essays. The readings for this course are largely available in the Institute of Archaeology library or Main Library, journals available online or pdfs on the course Moodle. A list of UCL libraries and opening hours is provided at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/ The University of London Senate House Library (http://www.ull.ac.uk/) and library of the Institute of Classical Studies (http://library.icls.sas.ac.uk/) (both 5-minute walk away) also have holdings relevant to this course, and students can register for admission to the latter with a good-conduct affirmation from the Course Co-ordinator.

SESSION 1: Late antiquity: origins, definitions and agendas

What do we mean by late antiquity and what does it mean to different scholars today? The term Spätantike has been used by German art-historians since its popularisation by Alois Riegl in the early 20th century to describe late Roman art, but it gained a new meaning and a new currency in the Anglo-Saxon world with the publication of Peter Brown’s (1978) The World of Late Antiquity. Brown’s book not only presented ‘late antiquity’ as a coherent phase in human history, but radically shifted the debate away from the ‘Decline and Fall’ of the western Roman Empire to the new religious and cultural developments in the Eastern Mediterranean and Mesopotamia between 200 and 800. For Brown, late antiquity was not a time of recession and failure, but rather of new beginnings and tremendous creativity in religion, culture and literary society. In this first session, we will discuss the seminal works of Edward Gibbon and Henri Pirenne and their influence on scholarship of the late Roman and medieval Mediterranean, before turning to the Brownian model of late antiquity and its reception by scholars. What has the impact been on the research agendas of archaeologists and economic historians? In particular, we will focus on the issue of chronology. A vast literature has been devoted to debating when late antiquity starts in different regions, but even more charged is the question of when the period ends. Is it with the Muslim conquests and the end of Mediterranean political unity? Or do historical processes and archaeological patterns support the Brownian model of a ‘long late antiquity’ that extends to 800 or even later? Is late antiquity a useful periodization for us in this course or is it too broad to be meaningful?

Essential Readings The Classics Read: Gibbon, E. (3rd ed. 1909-13) ‘General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West’. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London), iv. 160-9. ONLINE [PDF supplied] Pirenne, H. 1937 Mohamed and Charlemagne (London), 147-84. HISTORY 41 F PIR or ONLINE Brown, P. 2013 (rev. ed.) The Rise of Western Christendom. Triumph and Diversity AD 200-1000 (Oxford), 1-17. [PDF supplied]

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Then: Cameron, A. 2002, “The ‘long’ late antiquity: a late twentieth-century model, in T.P. Wiseman (ed.) Classics in Progress. Oxford, 165-91. ONLINE.

Recommended Reading Cameron, A. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, 152-96. MAIN ANCIENT HISTORY R 19 CAM Giardina, A. 1999 "Explosion of Late Antiquity" ["Esplosione di tardoantico"], Studi Storici, 40: 157-80 reprinted and translated in A. Cameron (ed.) 2013. Late Antiquity on the Eve of Islam. Aldershot, 1-24. ANCIENT HISTORY A 6 CAM Inglebert, H. 2012. ‘Late Antique Conceptions of Late Antiquity’ in S.F. Johnson (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. ONLINE. Johnson, S.F. 2012. ‘Preface: On the Uniqueness of Late Antiquity’ in S.F. Johnson (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. ONLINE. Whittow, M. 2003. "Decline and Fall? Studying Long-term change in the East" in in L. Lavan and W. Bowden (eds.) Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology Leiden: Brill, 404-23. ONLINE Wickham, C. 2003. "Studying Long-term change in the West, AD 400-800" in L. Lavan and W. Bowden (eds.) Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology Leiden: Brill, 385-403. ONLINE

Podcasts and online media Listen to Edward Gibbon’s History of the Decline and Fall and make up your own mind! Podcast https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/history-decline-fall-roman/id733097019?mt=2 Radio 4 ‘In Our Time’ ‘The Roman Empire’s Collapse in the 5th Century’ (recorded 2001) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547ds ‘Transformation of the Roman Empire’ (Prof. Paul Freedman, Yale) http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist- 210/lecture-6

Further Reading Ando, C. 2008. "Decline, Fall and Transformation," Journal of Late Antiquity 1,1: 31-60. Bowersock, G.W. 1996. 'The Vanishing paradigm of the fall of Rome' Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 49: 29-43. Brown, P. 1971. “The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity,” JRS 61, 80–101 Brown, P 1993 (reprint) The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750. London. [Responses in Brown et al. 1997. “The Worlds of Late Antiquity Revisited,” Symbolae Osloenses 72, 5-90]. Cameron, A. 2003. 'Ideologies and Agendas in Late Antique Studies' in L. Lavan and W. Bowden (eds.) Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology Leiden: Brill. Late Antique Archaeology I, 3-21. Cameron, A. 2013. ‘Introduction: Late Antiquity on the Eve of Islam’, in A. Cameron (ed.) . Late Antiquity on the Eve of Islam. Aldershot, xxiii-lxviii. [See the very useful bibliography]. Fowden, G. 2013. Before and After Muhammad. Princeton. Hodges, R. and Whitehouse, D. 1983. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the origins of Europe (Ithaca, NY). James, E. 2008. ‘The Rise and Function of the Concept “Late Antiquity”’Journal of Late Antiquity 1, 20- 30. Jones, A. H. M. 1973. The Later Roman Empire 284 - 602. A social, economic, and administrative survey. Oxford. esp. vol. I, pp. 712-66. ANCIENT HISTORY R 64 JON Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (and responses by Cameron, Ward-Perkins,Whittow & Lavan) 2001. 'The uses and abuses of the concept of 'decline' in later Roman history, or, Was Gibbon politically incorrect?', in L. Lavan (ed.) Recent Research in Late-Antique Urbanism (Portsmouth, RI), 233-45. Liebeschuetz, 2001. “Late Antiquity and the Concept of Decline,” Nottingham Medieval Studies 45, 1–11 Marcone, A. ‘A long late antiquity? Considerations on a controversial periodization’, Journal of Late Antiquity 1,1: 4-19. Marrou, Henri-Irénée. 1977. Décadence romaine ou Antiquité tardive? IIIe–VIe siècle. Paris Wickham, C. 2005. Problems in doing comparative history' (Reuter Lecture 2004), Southampton, p. 1-35. 11

SESSION 2: Old materials, new aesthetics? Interpreting spolia, re-use and recycling

Arguments for decline and collapse in late antiquity and the early middle ages are strongly influenced by the significant changes that we see in architecture, building practices, the choices of construction materials and the appropriation of buildings and spaces from the early Roman period. This seminar asks how we evaluate the archaeological evidence of spoliation, re-use, secondary occupation and recycling in late antiquity. Is the tendency to adapt and reuse rather than build anew, a sign of artistic and architectural decline and an index of generalized post-Roman economic and cultural collapse? Or is it a reflection of new aesthetic values or pragmatism on the part of their builders? We will consider in detail the role that the material practices of spoliation and re-use have played in models of decline, transformation and continuity in late antiquity.

Essential **Bring to class an image or plan of site, buildings etc. which shows evidence of re-use, secondary occupation, spoliation etc. ** Read first: Ward-Perkins, B. 2005. The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization. Oxford, Chapters V-VI (and as much of the rest as you have time for). ANCIENT HISTORY T 14 WAR (5 copies).

Then: Elsner, J. 2000. 'From the Culture of Spolia to the Cult of Relics: the Arch of Constantine and the Genesis of Late Antique Forms' Papers of the British School of Rome 68, 149-84. INST ARCH PERS; ONLINE Ward-Perkins, B. 1999. 'Re-Using the Architectural Legacy of the Past, entre idéologie et pragmatisme' in in G.P. Brogiolo and B. Ward-Perkins (eds.) The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Leiden), 225-45. INST ARCH DA 180 BRO (PDF supplied).

Further reading: spolia Alchermes, J., 1994. Spolia in Roman cities of the late empire: legislative rationales and architectural reuse. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 48, 167-178. Coates-Stephens, R., 2002. Epigraphy as spolia—the reuse of inscriptions in Early Medieval buildings. Papers of the British School at Rome, 70, 275-296. Esch, A. 2011. 'On the Reuse of Antiquity: The Perspectives of the Archaeologist and of the Historian' in D. Kinney (ed.) Reuse Value. Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine (Aldershot), 13-33. Flood, F.B., 2006. Image against Nature Spolia as Apotropaia in Byzantium and the dār al-Islām1. The Medieval History Journal, 9(1), 143-166. Flood, F.B., 2001. The Medieval Trophy as an Art Historical Trope: Coptic and Byzantine" Altars" in Islamic Contexts. Muqarnas, 18, 41-72. Greenhalgh, M., 2009. Marble past, monumental present: building with antiquities in the mediaeval Mediterranean. Brill. Kinney, D. 1997. 'Spolia: Damnatio and Renovatio Memoriae' Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 42: 117-48. Kinney, D., 2006. The concept of spolia. A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe, pp.233-252. Leone, A. 2013. The End of the Pagan City, Oxford. 189-234. Smith, R. R.R. and Ward-Perkins, B. 2016. The last statues of antiquity. Oxford. YATES M85 SMI Saradi, H., 1997. The use of ancient spolia in Byzantine monuments: The archaeological and literary evidence. International journal of the Classical Tradition, 3(4), pp.395-423. Ward-Perkins, B., 1984. From classical antiquity to the Middle Ages: urban public building in northern and central Italy, AD 300-850. Oxford.

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Further reading: ‘squatter occupation’, recycling and re-use Fleming, R. 2012. 'Recycling in Britain after the Fall of Rome's Metal Economy' Past and Present 217, 1: 3-45. Fleming, R. 2016. ‘The ritual recycling of Roman building material in late 4th- and early 5th-century Britain’ Post-Classical Archaeologies 6. Kalas, G., 2015. The restoration of the Roman Forum in late antiquity: transforming public space. University of Texas Press Lewit, T. 2003. ‘Vanishing villas’: What happened to elite rural habitation in the west in the 5th – 6th C.?. Journal of Roman Archaeology 16: 260–274 Lewit, T. ‘Bones in the Bathhouse: Re-Evaluating Squatter Occupation at 5th to 6th Century Villas’, in G.P. Brogiolo, A. Chavarría Arnau and M. Valenti (eds), Dopo la fine delle ville: le campagne dal VI al IX secolo (Mantua, 2005), 251–62. Munro, B., 2010. Recycling in Late Roman Villas in Southern Italy: Reappraising Hearths and Kilns in Final Occupation Phases. Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada, 10(2), pp.217- 242. Munro, B., 2012. Recycling, demand for materials, and landownership at villas in Italy and the western provinces in late antiquity. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 25, pp.351-370. Osland, D., 2016. Abuse or Reuse? Public Space in Late Antique Emerita. American Journal of Archaeology, 120(1), pp.67-97. Swift, E., 2015. The Analysis of Reused Material Culture for Late Antique Studies. In Field Methods and Post-Excavation Techniques in Late Antique Archaeology (pp. 91-119). Brill. Underwood, D., 2012. Reuse as Archaeology in Ostia: A Test Case for Late Antique Building Chronologies in Ostia. Late Antique Archaeology, 9(1), pp.383-409.

SESSION 3: Things fall apart: Barbarians, ethnicity and post-Roman state formation in the West

In the first of three sessions that examines the new political regimes of the Mediterranean, we examine post-Roman state formation in the West. The collapse of the western Roman empire during the fifth century created a power vacuum in the western Mediterranean that was filled by barbarian kingdoms: Vandal Africa, Visigothic Spain, Ostrogothic Italy and Frankish Gaul. We will focus first on the controversial debates surrounding migration and ethnicity in this period. Has the concept of 'barbarian invasions' outlived its usefulness? Should we rather discuss periods of migration, or 'assimilation,’ with sporadic outbreaks of violence? How have archaeologists and historians tried to identify ‘barbarians’ in the archaeological record? Can we identify ‘ethnicity’ archaeologically? We will then discuss the impact of these new kingdoms on the society and economy of the post-Roman west and the strategies that the barbarian kings used to legitimise their rule.

Essential (in this order) Geary, P. J. 1999. `Barbarians and ethnicity', in Bowerstock, G. W., P. Brown, O. Grabar, Late Antiquity. A guide to the Post-classical world (Cambridge, MA), 107-29. ANCIENT HISTORY A 2 BOW REFERENCE Halsall, G. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376-568. Cambridge, Read Ch 14 (and if time, dip into Ch 1 and 2). HISTORY 41 FA HAL + ONLINE Delyannis, D.M. 2010. ‘Ch 4-Ravenna, the Capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom’ Ravenna in Late Antiquity. Cambridge. YATES E 22 RAV. Merrills, A. and Miles, R. 2010. ‘Ch 6 – The Economy of Vandal Africa’ in The Vandals. Oxford, 141- 76. INST ARCH DA 180 MER + ONLINE.

Podcasts Podcast: 7 ‘The Barbarian Kingdoms’ http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-210/lecture-7

13 Recommended Bowden, William. 2003. `The construction of identities in post-Roman Albania', in Luke Lavan (ed) Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology (Leiden), 57-78. ISSUE DESK IOA LAV 1 ONLINE Curta, F. 2004. ‘Some remarks on ethnicity in medieval archaeology’. Early Medieval Europe 15,2: 159- 85. ONLINE D.M. Deliyannis, “The Mausoleum of Theoderic and the Seven Wonders of the World,” Journal of Late Antiquity, 2010, p. 365-385. ONLINE Drinkwater, J. F. and H. Elton (eds.) 1992. Fifth-century Gaul. Cambridge. Esmonde-Cleary, S. 2013. ‘Ch 8-Breakdown and barbarians’, The Roman West, AD 200-500. 338-376, 386-94. INST ARCH DA 170 ESM; ONLINE Fentress, E. 2000. 'Social Relations and Domestic Space in the Maghreb' in A. Bazzana and É. Hubert (eds.) CASTRUM 6: Maisons et espaces domestiques dans le monde méditerranéen au moyen âge (Madrid), 15-26 Goffart, W. 2010. ‘The technique of barbarian settlement in the fifth century: A personal, streamlined account with ten additional comments’ Journal of Late Antiquity 3.1, 65-98 Halsall, Guy. 2010. ‘The technique of barbarian settlement in the fifth century: A reply to Walter Goffart’ Journal of Late Antiquity 3.1. 99-112 Heather, P. 1995. ‘The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe’ English Historical Review 110, 4-41. ONLINE Maas, M. (ed.) 2015. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila. Cambridge. Pohl, W. 1998. 'Telling the Difference: Signs of Ethnic Identity in W. Pohl and H. Reimitz (eds). Strategies of Distinction: the construction of ethnic identities 300-800 (Leiden), 17-69. Swift, E. 2006. `Constructing Roman identities in Late Antiquity? Material culture on the western frontier. In William Bowden, Adam Gutteridge and Carlos Machado (eds) Social and political life in late Antiquity (Leiden), 97-111. Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the Middle Ages (Oxford), 56-102: sections on Vandals, Visigoths. ONLINE

Further reading - Ethnicity Brather, S., 2000. ‘Ethnische Identitäten als Konstrukte der frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie’, Germania, 78 139–77. Curta, F. 2011. ‘Medieval Archaeology and Ethnicity: Where are we?’ History Compass 9/7: 547-48. Dietler, M. 1994. ‘Our ancestors the Gauls’: archaeology, ethnic nationalism, and the manipulation of Celtic identity in modern Europe. American Anthropologist 96/3: 584-605. Hakenbeck, S. E. 2007. ‘Situation Ethnicity and Nested Identities: New Approaches to an Old Problem’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 14: 19–27 Härke, H. 2007. ‘Ethnicity, “Race” and Migration in Mortuary Archaeology: An Attempt at a Short Answer’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 14: 12–8. Jones, S. 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity. Constructing Identities in the Past and Present London. Lucy, S. 2005. ‘Ethnic and Cultural Identities’, in M.Díaz-Andreu and S.Lucy (eds.), The Archaeology of Identity. Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity, and Religion. London: 86–109. Pohl, W. and Reimitz, H. (eds). Strategies of Distinction: the construction of ethnic identities 300-800. Leiden. Pohl, W. (ed.), 1997. Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity, Leiden.

Further reading - Later Roman Empire Brown, P. 1971. The World of Late Antiquity. London. Cameron, A. 1993. The Later Roman Empire. London. Cameron, A. 2012. (2nd. ed.) The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395-700. London. Jones, A.H.M. 1964. The Later Roman Empire 284-602. Oxford. Kelly, C. 2004. Ruling the Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA. Mitchell, S. 2007. A History of the Later Roman Empire AD 284-641. Oxford.

14 Further reading – The Germanic kingdoms Amory, P. 1997. People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554. Cambridge Collins, R. 2004. Visigothic Spain 409-711. Oxford. Courtois, C. 1955. Les Vandales et l’Afrique. Paris. Delapace, C. 2015. La fin de l’Empire romain d’Occident: Rome et les Wisigoths de 382 å 551.Rennes Di Berardino, G. Pilara and l. Spera (eds). 2010. Roma e il sacco del 410: realtà, interpretazione, mito. Rome. Ghilardi, M., and Pilari, G. (eds) 2010. I Barbari que presero Roma. Il sacco del 410 e le sue consequenze, Rome. Grossi, V., and Ronzani, R. (eds) 2010. Goti, Romani, Christiani e la caduta di Roma del 410. In dialogo con Agostino d’Ippona. Rome Harich-Schwarzbauer, H. And K. Pollmann (eds). 2013. Der Fall Roms Und Seine Wiederauferstehungen In Antike Und Mittelalter. Berlin. Heather, P.J. 1991. Goths and Romans 332-489. Oxford. Kulikowski, M. 2007. The Gothic Wars. Cambridge. Lipps, J., Machado, C. and von Rummel, P. eds., 2013. The Sack of Rome in 410 AD: the event, its context and its impact. Weisbaden. Merrills, A.H. and Miles, R. 2010. The Vandals. Oxford. Moorhead, J. 1992. Theodoric in Italy. Oxford. Ripoll, G. and Velazquez, I. 1995. La Hispania visigoda. Madrid. Victor of Vita, History of the Vandal Persecution, trans. J. Moorhead. von Rummel, P. 2005. 'Les Vandales ont-ils porté en Afrique un vêtement spécifique?' in X. Delestre, P. Périn and M. Kazanski (eds.) La Méditeranée et le monde mérovingien: temoins archéologiques (Arles), 281-91. Wolfram, H. 1988. History of the Goths. Berkeley.

SESSION 4: The empire strikes back: Roman imperialism in late antiquity

The eastern Roman empire (often called Byzantium), based in Constantinople, continued to exist until it was conquered by the Turks in 1453. This session will examine how scholars have approached Roman empire-building and state power in late antiquity and the early middle ages, including the recent attempt of Kaldellis to rebrand Byzantium as the ‘nation-state’ of the Romans. Finally, we will consider the much-reduced Byzantine state in Anatolia after the Arab conquests of the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa in the seventh century. Should Byzantium be considered an empire, a ‘commonwealth’ or a state? By way of a case-study, we will consider Justinian I’s reign and his attempt to restore the Roman empire by reconquering the Roman west in the sixth century. How different was New Rome from Old Rome?

On empire and states, read first and compare: Cameron, A. 2014. Byzantine Matters. Princeton, 1-45 HISTORY 41 C CAM Kaldellis, A. 2012. ‘From Rome to New Rome, from Empire to Nation-State’ in L. Grig and G. Kelly (eds.) Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity, ANCIENT HISTORY R 22 GRI + ONLINE. Haldon, J. 2016. The Empire that would not die. Harvard, Chapter 1. ANCIENT HISTORY S 12 HAL

Then, either: S. Bassett, 2004. The Urban Image of Late Antique Constantinople, Chapter 1. YATES E 32 CON:BAS Zanini, E. 2003. 'The Urban Ideal and Urban Planning in Byzantine New Cities of the Sixth Century AD' in L. Lavan and W. Bowden (eds.) Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology Leiden, 196-223. ONLINE [Look for background in Maas 2005].

Podcasts

15 ‘Lecture 8 – Survival in the East’ (Prof. Paul Freedman, Yale) http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist- 210/lecture-8 ‘Lecture 9 – The Reign of Justinian (Prof. Paul Freedman, Yale) http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist- 210/lecture-9 ‘Byzantium’ Radio 4 ‘In Our Time’(recorded 2001) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547j9 ‘Justinian’s Legal Code’ (Radio 4, ‘In Our Time’ (recorded 2016) https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b082j2q2

Recommended Brubaker, L. and Haldon, J. 2011. Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c.680-850. Cambridge Cirelli, E. 2010. “Ravenna: Rise of a Late Antique Capital” in D. Sami and G. Speed (eds), Debating Urbanism within and beyond the Walls, AD 300-700, 239-63. Conant, J. 2013. Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700. Cambridge. Cormack, R. (2000) Byzantine Art. Oxford. Decker, M.J., 2016. The Byzantine Dark Ages. London. Foss, C., 1977. Archaeology and the" Twenty Cities" of Byzantine Asia. American Journal of Archaeology, 81,4: 469-486. Grig, L. and G. Kelly (eds.) 2010. Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity. Haldon, J. 1993. The State and the Tributary Mode of Production. London. Haldon, J. (ed.) 2008. A Social History of Byzantium. Haldon, J. 2009. ‘The Byzantine Empire’ in I. Morris and W. Scheidel (eds.) The Dynamics of Ancient Empires. State power from Assyria to Byzantium. ONLINE Haldon, J. 2016. ‘Res publica Byzantina? State formation and issues of identity in medieval east Rome’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 40(1), 4–16 Hendy, M.F. 1985. Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, c. 300-1450. Cambridge Horden, P. 2009. ‘The Mediterranean plague in the age of Justinian’, in P. Rousseau (ed.) A Companion to Late Antiquity. Chichester. Kaldellis, A. 2015. The Byzantine Republic: People and Power in New Rome. Kaplan, M. 1992. Les Hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle. Paris. Krautheimer, R. 1983. Three Christian Capitals. Topography and Politics. Laiou, A. (ed.) The Economic History of Byzantium, from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century. Washington. Little, L.K. (ed.) 2007. Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541-750. New York. Maas, M. 2005. The Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge. Mango, C. (1985) Le développement urbain de Constantinople (IVe–VIIe siècles). Paris. Morrison, C. and J-P. Sodini 2002. ‘The sixth-century economy’, in A. E. Laiou (ed.) The Economic History of Byzantium, from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century. Washington, I, 171-220. HISTORY QUARTOS 82 C 1 LAI; SSEES Gr.IX.c ECO (http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/economic-history-of- byzantium/ ) Saradi, H. 2006. The Byzantine City in the Sixth Century: Literary images and historical reality. Athens. Sarris, P. 2006. Economy and society in the age of Justinian. Cambridge. Whittow, M. 1996. The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600-1025. Basingstoke Zanini, E. 1994. Introduzione all’archeologia byzantine. Bari. Zanini, E. 1998. Le Italie bizantine. Territorio, insediamenti ed economia nella provincia bizantina d’Italia (V-VIII secolo). Bari. Zavagno, L. Cities in Transition: Urbanism in Byzantium between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Oxford

Further reading – Byzantium Bassett, S. 2004. The Urban Image of Late Antique Constantinople. Cambridge. Bell, P.M. 2011. Social Conflict in the Age of Justinian. Oxford. 16 Brubaker, L. 2012. Inventing Byzantine Iconoclasm. London. Cameron, A. 1985. Procopius and the Sixth Century. London. Chazelle, C. and C. Cubitt (eds.) 2007. The Crisis of the Oikoumene: The Three Chapters and the Failed Quest for Unity in the Sixth-Century Mediterranean. Turnhout. Crow, J. 2007. “The infrastructures of a great city: Earth, Walls and Water in late antique Constantinople”, In L. Lavan and E. Zanini's Technology in Transition. Leiden Dark, K. and Özgümüş, F. 2013. Constantinople: Archaeology of a Byzantine Megapolis. Final Report on the Istanbul Rescue Archaeology Project 1998-2004. Oxford Haldon, J. 1997 (2nd ed.). Byzantium in the Seventh Century.Cambridge Haldon, J. 1984-5. ‘“Jargon” vs. “the facts”‘? Byzantine history-writing and contemporary debates’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 9, 95–132 Herrin, J. 1987. The Formation of Christendom. Princeton. Kaldellis, A. 2004. Procopius of Caesarea. Tyranny, History and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity. Philiadelphia. Luttwak, E. N. 2009. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Maas, M. 1992. John Lydus and the Roman Past. Antiquarianism and Politics in the Age of Justinian. London. Osterhout, R. 2008. Master Builders of Byzantium. Philadelphia.

SESSION 5: The Muslim conquests and the end of antiquity?

Within a decade of the Prophet Muhammad’s death, the Muslim conquests over the Byzantines and Sasanians created the largest empire the world had ever seen, an empire that stretched from Spain to the Indus. This empire was known as the caliphate – from the Arabic title of the ruler khalifat Allah ‘the deputy of god’. After a short period of consolidation, the caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty who ruled out of Jerusalem and then Damascus between 660 and 750. In this session, we evaluate the impact of the Muslim conquests on the Mediterranean. Do they mark the end of ‘late antiquity’ as once argued or should they be studied within the gaze of a ‘long late antiquity’? We will examine the key developmental phases in the state under the Umayyads and the introduction of some of the key traits that we identify with ‘Islamic’ rulership. How do Johns and Hoyland define a state? What evidence do they use to support their differing opinions? We will then zoom in on Syria, the seat of the Umayyad dynasty, and examine some of the key changes that took place in Jerusalem and Damascus in this period and their relation to late antique practices.

Read in this order: Walmsley, A. 2007. Ch 1 – Defining Islamic Archaeology in Syria-Palestine, Early Islamic Syria. London, 15-30. INST ARCH DBD 100 WAL; ONLINE Johns, J. 2003. Archaeology and the History of Early Islam, Journal of ESHO 46.4: 411-36. ONLINE Hoyland, R. 2006. New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69(3): 395-416. ONLINE

And one or more of the following: Fowden, G. 2004. Late Antique Art in Syria and its Umayyad Evolutions. Journal of Roman Archaeology 17: 282-304. ONLINE Genequand, D. 2006. Umayyad Castles: the shift from Late Antique Military Architecture to early Islamic Palatial Building, in H. Kennedy (ed.) Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria, Leiden, 3-25. INST ARCH DBA 100 KEN; INST ARCH TC 3831

17 Hillenbrand, R. 1999. 'Anjar and early Islamic Urbanism', in G. Brogiolo and B. Ward-Perkins (eds.) The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Leiden: 59-99. INST ARCH DA 180 BRO; INST ARCH TC 3840 Hillenbrand, R. 1981. La Dolce Vita in Early Islamic Syria: The Evidence of the Later Umayyad Palaces. Art History 5: 1-35. ONLINE Rabbat, N. 1989. The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock, Muqarnas 6: 12-21. ONLINE Schick, R. 2015. A Christian City with a Major Muslim Shrine: Jerusalem in the Umayyad Period. In Schwartz, D.L. et al., eds. 2015. Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond. Ashgate. ONLINE

Recommended Bacharach, J. 1996. Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculation on Patronage. Muqarnas 13: 27-44. Crone, P. 2008. From Arabian Tribes to Islamic Empire: Army, State and Society in the Near East c. 600-850. Aldershot: Ashgate. Genequand, D. 2006. Umayyad Castles: the shift from Late Antique Military Architecture to early Islamic Palatial Building, in H. Kennedy (ed.) Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria, Leiden, 3-25. Donner, F. 2008. The expansion of the early Islamic state. Aldershot. Elad, A. 1992. ‘Why did ‘Abd al-Malik build the Dome of the Rock?’ In J. Raby & J. Johns (eds.) Bayt al-Maqdis: Jerusalem and Early Islam. Oxford, 33-58. Fowden, G. 2004. Quṣayr Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria. Berkeley. Flood, F.B. 2001. The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of Umayyad Visual Culture. Leiden. Graber, O. 1996. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton. King, G. R.D. 1992. Settlement patterns in Islamic Jordan: the Umayyads and their use of the land. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 4: 369–75. Khoury, N. 1993. The Dome of the Rock, the Ka’ba, and Ghumdan: Arab Myths and Umayyad Monuments, Muqurnas 10: 57-65. Northedge, A. 1994. Archaeology and new urban settlement in early Islamic Syria and Iraq. In G. R.D. King and A. Cameron, eds., The Byzantine and early Islamic Near East. II: Land use and settlement patterns: 231–65. Princeton. Robinson, C.F. 2001. Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquest. The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia. Cambridge. Sijpesteijn, P.M. 2007. New Rule over Old Structures: Egypt after the Muslim Conquest. In H.E.W. Crawford (ed.) Regime Change in the ancient Near East from Sargon of Agade to Saddam Hussein. Oxford, 183-200. Sijpesteijn, P.M. 2013. Shaping a Muslim State: The World of a Mid-Eighth-Century Egyptian Official. Oxford. Whitcomb, D. 1996. Urbanism in Arabia. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 7: 38-51.

Further reading - background Donner, F. 1981. The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton. Donner, F. M. 1998. The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity (400-800 CE). The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam, 21-33. Donner, F.M. 2010. ‘Modern approaches to early Islamic history’in C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge, 625-647. Fairchild Ruggles, D. 2011. Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell. [useful excerpts of Islamic texts on material culture] Fisher, G. 2011. Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians in Late Antiquity. Oxford. Fisher, G. 2015. Arabs and empires before Islam. Oxford. [Especially the chapter by Genequand] Fowden, G. 1993. Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity. Princeton. Heidemann, S. 2010. Numismatics, in C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Hillenbrand, R. 1999. Islamic Art and Architecture. London:Thames and Hudson.

18 Hoyland, R. (2001). Arabia and the Arabs : From the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam. London: Routledge. Humphreys, R. S. 1991. Islamic History. Princeton [A survey of the sources and historiography of Islam]. Insoll, T. 1999. The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford: Blackwells. Islam. Vol. 1 Cambridge, 648-63. Kennedy, H. 2004 (2nd ed.) The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates Kennedy, H. 2004 (2nd ed.) The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates Kennet, D. 2005. ‘On the Eve of Islam: Archaeological evidence from Eastern Arabia’ Antiquity 79: 107- 120. Milwright, M. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh. (Overview of archaeology of the Islamic world – beware of muddling chronology). of Papyrology. Oxford, 452-472. Robinson, C. (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Very good essays on the different regions of the Islamic world) Robinson, C. 2011. The First Islamic Empire’, in J.P. Arnason and K. Raaflaub, eds, The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Oxford), 229-48; reprinted in P.F. Bang and W. Scheidel (eds), 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean. Oxford.

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SESSION 6: The transformation of the classical city: the view from the West

The fate of the classical city has dominated archaeological discussion for decades. Cities underwent significant change during the course of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Key issues include the Christianization of urban space, urban fortification, the abandonment or appropriation of public monuments (baths, theatres, circus etc.) the movement of production into the city, encroachment and urban shrinkage.

Read first: Ward Perkins, B. 1997. `Continuists, Catastrophists, and the towns of post-Roman northern Italy.' PBSR 65: 157-76. ONLINE Christie, N. 2012. Urbes Extinctae: Archaeologies of and Approaches to Abandoned Classical Cities in N. Christie and A. Augenti Urbes Extinctae. Archaeologies of Abandoned Classical Towns Aldershot, p. 1-44.

Then: Christie, N. 2001. War and order: urban remodelling and defensive strategy in late Roman Italy. In: Lavan, L. (ed.) Recent research in late antique urbanism. Providence, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 106-22. INST ARCH DBA 100 LAV Cantino Wataghin, G. 2003. 'Christian Topography in the Late Antique Town: Recent Results and Open Questions' in L. Lavan and W. Bowden (eds.) Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology. Brill: Leiden, 224-56. ONLINE Leone, A. 2003. Topographies of production in North African cities during the Vandal and Byzantine periods. In Lavan, L. and Bowden, W. (eds.) Theory and practice in Late Antique Archaeology. Leiden: 255-87. ONLINE

Recommended (general) Barnish, S. J. B. 1989. The transformation of classical cities and the Pirenne debate. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2. ONLINE Cantino Wataghin, G. 1999. 'The Ideology of Urban Burial' in G.P. Brogiolo and B. Ward-Perkins The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Leiden, p. 147-81. INST ARCH DA 180 BRO Christie, N. and S. T. Loseby (eds) (1996) Towns in transition: urban evolution in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Aldershot: Ashgate. Chapters on Corinth (5), Palestine/Arabia (6) and North Africa (7). INST ARCH DA 200 CHR. Dey, H. 2015. The Afterlife of the Roman City. Cambridge. Grig, L., 2013. Cities in the ‘long’Late Antiquity, 2000–2012–a survey essay. Urban History, 40(3), pp.554-566. Harris, W. V. (ed.) (1999) The Transformations of Vrbs Roma in Late Antiquity. Portsmouth, R.I. Lavan, L. (ed.) 2001. Recent research in late antique urbanism. Providence, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology. INST ARCH DBA 100 LAV. Ward-Perkins, B. 1998. ‘The cities’, CAH XIII, chapter 12. ANCIENT HISTORY A 5 CAM. Ward-Perkins, B. 1996. 'Urban Continuity?' in N. Christie and S.T. Loseby (eds.) Towns in Transition. Urban evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Aldershot, 4-17. Whittow, M. 1990. Ruling the Late Roman and Early Byzantine City: A Continuous History', Past and Present 129: 3-29. Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the early Middle Ages, chapter 10, ‘Cities’, pp. 590–692. Oxford University Press. HISTORY 41 FA WIC.

Western Mediterranean Augenti, A. 2012. 'Classe: Archaeologies of a Lost City' in N. Christie and A. Augenti Urbes Extinctae. Archaeologies of Abandoned Classical Towns Aldershot, p. 45-76.

20 Bowes, K. and Kulikowski, M. (eds.). 2005. Hispania in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives Drinkwater and H. Elton, 1992. Fifth-century Gaul: a crisis of identity. Deliyannis, A. 2010. Ravenna in Late Antiquity. Keay, S. 1996. “Tarraco in Late Antiquity,” in N. Christie and S.T. Loseby (eds.) Towns in Transition. Urban evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 18-44. Loseby, “Arles in Late Antiquity: Gallula Roma Arelas and urbs Genesii,” in N. Christie and S. Loseby, Towns in Transition: Towns in Transition. Urban evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Velazquez, I. and Ripoll, G. 2012. 'Recopolis: Urbs Relicta? An Historico-Archaeological Debate'. In N. Christie and A. Augenti Urbes Extinctae. Archaeologies of Abandoned Classical Towns Aldershot, p. 145-75

Egypt and North Africa Fenwick, C. 2013. From Africa to Ifrīqiya: Settlement and Society in Early Medieval North Africa (650– 800), al-Masaq 25,1: 9-33. Lepelley, C.1992. ‘The survival and fall of the classical city in Late Roman Africa’, in J. Rich (ed) The city in Late Antiquity. Leone, A. 2007. Changing townscapes in North Africa from late antiquity to the Arab conquest. Leone, A. 2013. The End of the Pagan City: Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa. Potter, T. W. 1995. Towns in Late Antiquity: Iol Caesarea and its context. Wilson,A. 2001. “Urban economies of Late Antique Cyrenaica'. In S. Kingsley and M. Decker, Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity, 28-43.

The Balkans and The Danube Bavant, B. 2007. 'Caricin Grad and the Changes in the Nature of Urbanism in the Central Balkans in the Sixth Century' in A. Poulter, Transition to Late Antiquity (London), 337–74. Bowden, William. 2003. 'The construction of identities in post-Roman Albania', in Luke Lavan (ed.), Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology (Leiden), 57-78. Curta, F. 2001. The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, C. 500- 700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Curta, F. 2006. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cuscito G. (ed.) 2008. La cristianizzazione dell'Adriatico 263-300. Poulter, A. “The use and abuse of urbanism in the Danubian provinces in the later Roman empire,” in J. Rich, The City in Late Antiquity (1992), 99-135. Poulter, A. 2007. The Transition to Late Antiquity, on the Danube and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

SESSION 7: The transformation of the classical city: the view from the East The debate about the fate of the classical city is particularly charged in those parts of the Eastern Mediterranean which were ruled by the caliphate from the seventh century. In much of the Levant, the gridded and colonnaded streets of the ‘classical’ Graeco-Roman city were replaced by irregular alleys, suqs (markets) and mosques effecting a transformation from polis (Greek ‘city’) to madina (Arabic – ‘city’) as Hugh Kennedy (1985) has described in an important article. But the Muslims did not simply take over the existing fabric, they built their own cities too: the amsar (garrison cities), palace-cities as well as other urban centres to fill trading, social or economic needs. We will compare these to the trajectory of cities in Anatolia under Byzantine rule.

Essential Reading Read first and compare:

21 Kennedy, H. 1985. 'From Polis to Madina: urban changes in late antique and early Islamic Syria' Past and Present 106, 3-27. ONLINE Avni, G. 2011. "From Polis to Madina" Revisited - Urban Change in Byzantine and early Islamic Palestine" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society S. 3, 21,3: 301-29. ONLINE

Then: Ivison, E.A., 2007. Amorium in the Byzantine Dark Ages (seventh to ninth centuries), in J. Henning (ed.) Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium, 2, pp.25-59 INST ARCH DA 180 HEN Hillenbrand, R. 1999. 'Anjar and early Islamic Urbanism', in G. Brogiolo and B. Ward-Perkins (eds.) The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Leiden: 59-99. INST ARCH DA 180 BRO; INST ARCH TC 3840

Supplementary Reading The Levant Avni, G. 2014. The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach. Oxford. INST ARCH DBE 100 AVN; ONLINE. Foss, C. 1990. 'Syria in Transition, AD 550-750: An Archaeological Approach', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51, 189-269. Holum, K.G. 2005. ‘The Classical City in the Sixth Century. Survival and Transformation’. In Maas, M. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: 87-112. Kingsley, “Decline in the Ports of Palestine in Late Antiquity,” in L. Lavan, Recent Research in Late Antique Urbanism, 69-89. Schick, R. 2015. A Christian City with a Major Muslim Shrine: Jerusalem in the Umayyad Period. In Schwartz, D.L. et al., eds. 2015. Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond. Ashgate. ONLINE Tsafrir, Y. and Foerster, G. 1997. 'Urbanism at Scythopolis-Bet Shean in the Fourth to Seventh Centuries' Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51: 85-146. Walmsley, A. 1996. “Byzantine Palestine and Arabia: Urban Prosperity in Late Antiquity” in N. Christie and S.T. Loseby (eds.) Towns in Transition. Urban evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 126-59. INST ARCH DA 200 CHR; ISSUE DESK IOA CHR 3

Greece and Asia Minor Arthur, P. 2012. 'Hierapolis of Phrygia: the Drawn-Out Demise of an Anatolian City' in N. Christie and A. Augenti Urbes Extinctae. Archaeologies of Abandoned Classical Towns Aldershot, 275-306. Crow, J. ‘Fortifications and urbanism in late antiquity: Thessaloniki and other eastern cities’, in L. Lavan (ed.) Recent research in late-antique urbanism. Providence, 89-106. Daly, O. (ed.), Archaeology and the Cities of Asia Minor in Late Antiquity, 205-224. Foss, C., 1977. Archaeology and the" Twenty Cities" of Byzantine Asia. American Journal of Archaeology, pp.469-486. Foss, C. 1979. Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City. Cambridge Jacobs, I. 2013. Aesthetic Maintenance of Civic Space: The “Classical” City from the 4th to the 7th c. AD. Leiden. Ivison, E.A. 1996. 'Burial and Urbanism at Late Antique and Early Byzantine Corinth (c. AD400-700)' in N. Christie and S.T. Loseby (eds.) Towns in Transition. Urban evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Aldershot, 18-44. Lightfoot, C. 1998. 'The survival of cities in Byzantine Anatolia: The Case of Amorium' Byzantion 68,1: 56-71. Rizos, E. 2017 (ed.) New Cities in Late Antiquity Turnhout Spieser, “La ville en Grèce du IIIe au VIIe siècle,” in Villes et peuplement dans l’Illyricum protobyzantin (1984), 315-40. Karagiorgou, “Demetrias and Thebes: the fortunes and misfortunes of two Thessalian port cities in late antiquity,” in L. Lavan, Recent Research in Late Antique Urbanism (2001), 183-215.

22 Trombley, “Town and territorium in Late Roman Anatolia (late 5th-early 7th c.),” in in L. Lavan, Recent Research in Late Antique Urbanism (2001). Whittow, M. 2001. “Recent research on the late-antique city in Asia Minor: the second half of the 6th c. revisited,” in L. Lavan, Recent Research in Late Antique Urbanism, 137-153.

The Islamic City – key texts Abu-Lughod, J. 1987. The Islamic City-Historic Myth, Islamic Essence and Contemporary Relevance, IJMES 19.2: 155-76. ONLINE Bennison, A.K., & A. L. Gascoigne (eds.) 2007. Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. London. INST ARCH DBA 100 BEN [2 copies]. Kennedy, H. 2010. How to found an Islamic city. In Goodson, C. and Lester, AE and Symes, C., (eds.), Cities, Texts and Social Networks 400-1500. Aldershot, 45-63 Kennedy, H. 2006. From Shahristan to medina. Studia islamica, (102/103), 5-34. Petruccioli, A. et al. (eds) 2008. The City in the Islamic World, Leiden. (2 vols.) Peters, F.E. 1986. Jerusalem and Mecca. The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York. Raymond, A. 1994. Islamic city, Arab city: Orientalist myths and recent views, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 21: 1, 3–18. Wheatley, P. 2000. The Places Where Men Pray. Chicago. Whitcomb, D. 1994. ‘Amsar in Syria? Syrian cities after the Conquest’ ARAM Periodical 6: 13-33. Whitcomb, D. 2007. An Urban Structure for the Early Islamic City, in A. Bennison and A. Gascoigne (eds.) Cities in the pre-modern Islamic World. 15-26. INST ARCH DBA 100 BEN [2 copies]; COPIES IN TC Jayyusi, S.K., Holod, R., Petruccioli, A. & Raymond, A. (eds.) The city in the Islamic world. Leiden.

SESSION 8: Empires Of Faith: Religion, Ritual And Community Building on our discussion of religious architecture and urban topography in Session 6 and 7, we will explore how archaeologists have studied religious change in late antiquity more broadly. Our focus will be on Christianity and its infrastructure from its establishment as the ‘state- sanctioned’ religion during the early-mid 4th century AD and its subsequent spread across the Mediterranean. The seminar asks how we can use evidence from images, religious material culture and the archaeological remains of churches to understand ritual practice, the fashioning of new religious communities and the role of the church as an institution in late antiquity. We will compare and contrast scholarly approaches to the spread of Christianity with those to the spread of Islam after the Arab conquests. We will consider whether archaeologists can identify Christian and Muslim practices in the material record and the potentials and pitfalls of attempting to map conversion to Christianity or Islam.

Essential Yasin, A. 2005. "Funerary Monuments and Collective Identity: From Roman Family to Christian Community,". The Art Bulletin. 433-57 ONLINE Jacobs, I. 2010. 'Production to Destruction? Pagan and Mythological Statuary in Asia Minor', American Journal of Archaeology 114,2: 267-303. ONLINE Sweetman, R., 2010. The Christianization of the Peloponnese: The Topography and Function of Late Antique Churches. Journal of Late Antiquity, 3(2), pp.203-261. ONLINE Insoll, T. 1999. The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford, CH 1. INST ARCH DBA 100 INS; INST ARCH 3834.

Recommended Bayliss, R.A., 2004. Provincial Cilicia and the archaeology of temple conversion. STORE 16-0714 Bowden, W. 2001. “A New Urban Elite? Church builders and church building in late-antique Epirus,” in L. Lavan, Recent Research in Late Antique Urbanism, 57-68. ONLINE Bowes, K. 2008. Private Worship, Public Values, and Religious Change in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 125-188. ANCIENT HISTORY X 5 BOW Bulliet, R.W., 1979. Conversion to Islam in the medieval period: an essay in quantitative history. ONLINE 23 Cantino Wataghin, G. 2006. 'Architecture and Power: Churches in Northern Italy from the 4th to the 6th c.' In W. Bowden, A. Gutteridge and C. Machado, (eds.) Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity Leiden, p 287-309. ONLINE Guidetti, M. 2009. The Byzantine Heritage in the Dār al-Islām: Churches and Mosques in al-Ruha between the sixth and twelfth centuries. Muqarnas 26:1-36. ONLINE Gwynn, D. and S. Bangert 2010. 'Religious diversity in Late Antiquity: An Introduction' In D.M. Gwynn and S. Bangert (eds.) Religious Diversity in Late Antiquity Leiden, 1-12. ONLINE Hoyland, R., 2012. Early Islam as a Late Antique Religion, in S. Johnson (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford. ONLINE Johns, J. 1999. The House of the Prophet and the Concept of the Mosque. In J. Johns (ed.) Bayt al- Maqdis: Jerusalem and early Islam. Oxford, 59-112. INST ARCH TC 3832 Lavan, L. 2011. 'The End of the Temples: Towards a new narrative?' in L. Lavan and M. Mulyran (eds.) The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' Leiden, p xv-lxv. ONLINE Kinney, D. 2017. ‘Expanding the Christian Footprint: Church Building in the City and the Suburbium’, in I. Foletti and M. Gianandrea (eds.) The Fifth Century in Rome: Art, Liturgy, Patronage. Markus, R. (1990) The End of Ancient Christianity. Cambridge. Patrich, J. 2003. 'Monastic Landscapes' in W. Bowden, L. Lavan and C. Machado (eds.) Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside (Leiden), 413-446. ONLINE Schick, R. 1995. The Christian communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic rule : A historical and archaeological study. Princeton. Ward-Perkins, Bryan 2007. `Where is the archaeology and iconography of Germanic Arianism?.' In D.M. Gwynn and S. Bangert (eds) Religious diversity in late antiquity, (Leiden) 265-289. ONLINE Whitcomb, D. (ed.) 2007. Changing Social Identity with the spread of Islam. Chicago, INST ARCH DBA 100 WHI

Further reading - Christianity and the End of Paganism Allen, P. ‘The definition and enforcement of orthodoxy’, in A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins and M. Whitby (eds.) Cambridge Ancient History XIV, 811-34. Arce, J. 2011. 'Fana, Templa, Delubra Destrui Praecipimus: The End of the Temples in Roman Spain' in L. Lavan and M. Mulyran (eds.) The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' Leiden, p. 195-208. Booth, P. 2013. Crisis of Empire: Doctrine and Dissent at the End of Late Antiquity. Berkeley. Booth, P. Dal Santo and P. Sarris (eds.) 2011. An Age of Saints. Conflict and Dissent in Early Medieval Christianity. Leiden. Bowersock, G.W. 1990. Hellenism in Late Antiquity. Ann Arbor. Brown, P. (1981) The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. London. Caseau, B. 2004. 'The fate of rural temples in late antiquity and the Christianisation of the countryside' In W. Bowden, L. Lavan and C. Machado (eds.) Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside Leiden, p. 105-144. Caseau, B. 2011. 'Religious Intolerance and Pagan Statuary' in L. Lavan and M. Mulyran (eds.) The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' Leiden, 479-502. Rapp, C. 2005. Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity. The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition. Berkeley. Saradi, H. “Late Antique Paganism and Christianization in Greece,” in The Archaeology of Late Antique Paganism(2011), 263-310. Sauer, E. The Archaeology of Religious Hatred (Stroud) 53-63; 79-88; 89-101. Sears, G. 2011. ' The Fate of the Temples in North Africa' in L. Lavan and M. Mulyran (eds.) The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' Leiden,p.229-59. Sweetman, R.J., 2015. Memory, Tradition, and Christianization of the Peloponnese. American Journal of Archaeology, 119(4), pp.501-531. Sweetman, R.J., 2015. The Christianization of the Peloponnese: the case for strategic change. Annual of the British School at Athens. Ward-Perkins 2011. 'The End of the Temples: An Archaeological Problem' in J. Hahn (ed.) Spätantiker Staat und religiöser Konflikt (Berlin), 187-200.

24 Further Reading - Islam Bulliett, R. 1994. Islam: the View from the Edge. Cook, M. 2000. The Koran, a very short introduction. Oxford. Flood, F.B. 2000. The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture. Leiden, 184-236. Graber, O. 1996. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton, 21-52. Guidetti, M. 2013. The Contiguity between Churches and Mosques in Early Islamic Bilād al- Shām. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 76(2), 229-258 Hoyland, R.G., 1997. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Princeton. Insoll, T. 1999. The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford. Insoll, T. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge, 12-22. Leisten, T. 1990. Between Orthodoxy and Exegesis: Some Aspects of Attitudes in the Shari’a towards Funerary architecture. Muqarnas 7, 12-22. Petersen, A. D. 1999. The Archaeology of Muslim Pilgrimage and Shrines in Palestine. In: T. Insoll (ed.) Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion. Oxford, 755: 116–27. Petersen, A. D. 2013. The Archaeology of Death and Burial in the Islamic World in L. Nilsson Stutz and S. Tarlow (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schwartz, D.L. et al., eds. 2015. Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond. Ashgate. Walmsley, A. and K. Damgaar (2005). The Umayyad congregational mosque of Jarash in Jordan and its relationship to early mosques. Antiquity 79: 362-378.

SESSION 9: From Villa To Village: The Late Antique Countryside

Far less attention has been paid to the transformation of the rural landscape and changing settlement patterns through time. This seminar explores the diversity of regional patterns and variety of explanatory models in the Mediterranean. How has field-survey altered our understanding of the late antique countryside? Are there different trends in the western and eastern Mediterranean What are the methodological problems that archaeologists face when using survey data for this period? Did climate change have an impact on the exploitation of resources, agriculture and land management practices in late antiquity? Finally, we will examine Andrew Watson’s controversial model for a ‘Green Revolution’ after the Arab conquests and its reception in light of the latest archaeological research on technological change, rural settlement patterns and the introduction of new species.

Essential Compare: Lewit, T. 2003. ‘Vanishing villas’: What happened to elite rural habitation in the west in the 5th – 6th C.?. Journal of Roman Archaeology 16: 260–274 INST ARCH PERS; ONLINE With Bowes, K. and Gutteridge, A. 2005. 'Rethinking the later Roman Landscape' Journal of Roman Archaeology 18: 405-18. INST ARCH PERS; ONLINE (a response to Lewit)] Sanders, G.D.R. 2004. ‘Problems in Interpreting Rural and Urban Settlement in Southern Greece, AD365-700’ in N. Christie (ed.) Landscapes of change: rural evolutions in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Aldershot INST ARCH DA 180 CHR; ISSUE DESK IOA CHR 2. Decker, M.J. 2017. Approaches to the environmental history of Late Antiquity, part II: Climate Change and the End of the Roman Empire. History Compass 15.10 ONLINE

Recommended Baron, H. and Daim, F. eds. 2018. A Most Pleasant Scene and an Inexhaustible Resource. Steps Towards a Byzantine Environmental History, Byzanzwischen Orient und Okzident, volume 6. ISBN 978-3- 88467-278-5 on order (esp. Paul Arthur chapter)

25 Christie, N. (ed.) 2004. Landscapes of change: rural evolutions in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Aldershot. INST ARCH DA 180 CHR; ISSUE DESK CHR 2 Esp. Introduction Christie, N. 2006. ‘Rural settlement and Patterns of Change’, From Constantine to Charlemagne. An archaeology of Italy AD300-800. INST ARCH DAF 100 CHR Decker, M. 2009. Tilling the Hateful Earth. Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique Near East Oxford,29-79. ANCIENT HISTORY B 67 DEC; ONLINE. Decker, Michael 2009, "Plants and Progress: Rethinking the Islamic Agricultural Revolution", Journal of World History, 20 (2): 187–206 ONLINE Decker, M.J. 2017. ‘Approaches to the environmental history of late antiquity, part 1: The rise of Islam’ History Compass 15.10 ONLINE Dossey, L. 2012. Peasant and Empire (Berkeley), 62-100. ANCIENT HISTORY R 26 DOS Foss, C. 1995. 'The Near Eastern countryside in late antiquity: a review article'. In J.H. Humphrey (ed.) The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archaeological Work Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 213-34. Francovich, R. and Hodges, R. From Villa to Village. London. INST ARCH DAF 100 FRA Haldon, J. et al., 2014. The climate and environment of Byzantine Anatolia: Integrating science, history, and archaeology. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 45, 2: 113-161 ONLINE. Izdebski, A. 2011. ‘Why did agriculture flourish in the antique East? The role of climatic fluctuations in the development and contraction of agriculture in Asia Minor and the Middle East from the fourth until seventh century AD?’, Millennium. Jahrbuch zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. 8, 291-312. ONLINE Izdebski, A., Pickett, J., Roberts, N. and Waliszewski, T., 2016. The environmental, archaeological and historical evidence for regional climatic changes and their societal impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean in Late Antiquity. Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, pp.189-208. ONLINE Leone, A. and Mattingly, D.J. 2004 “Vandal, Byzantine, and Arab rural landscapes in North Africa”, in N. Christie (ed.) Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Farnham, 135-162. INST ARCH DA 180 CHR; ISSUE DESK CHR 2 McCormick, M. et alii. 2012. “Climate Change during and after the Roman Empire: Reconstructing the Past from Scientific and Historical Evidence.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 43.2, 169-220. ONLINE Pettegrew, D. 2007. 'The Busy Countryside of Late Roman Corinth. Interpreting Ceramic Data Produced by Archaeological Surveys' Hesperia 76: 743-84. ONLINE Wickham, C. 2005. Framing the Middle Ages (Oxford), Ch 8. ‘Rural Settlement and village societies’, 442-95 & 514-8. ONLINE

Supplementary Reading Bowden, W., Lavan, L. and C. Machado (eds.) 2004. Recent Reseach on the Late Antique Countryside. Brill. Butzer, K., et al. “Irrigation Agrosystems in Eastern Spain: Roman or Islamic Origins?” Annals of the American Association of Geographers. Vol. 75.4 (1985): 479-509. Chavarria, A. and Lewit, T. 2004. 'Archaeological Research on the Late Antique Countryside: A Bibliographic Essay', in Bowden et al. (eds.) Recent Reseach on the Late Antique Countryside. Brill, 3-54 Davis, S. 2008. Zooarchaeological Evidence for Moslem and Christian Improvements of Sheep and Cattle in Portugal . Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 4 : 991 -1010. Glick, T. 2005. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Middle Ages. Leiden. Milwright, M. 2010. ‘The Countryside’ An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p.59-74. Johns, J. 1994. The Longue Durée: State and Settlement Strategies in Southern Jordan across the Islamic Centuries. In E.L. Rogan & T. Tell (eds.) Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan. London & New York: British Academic Press. pp. 1-31.

26 McPhillips, S. and Wordsworth, P.D. 2016. Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. Philadelphia. Munro, B., 2012. Recycling, demand for materials, and landownership at villas in Italy and the western provinces in late antiquity. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 25, pp.351-370. Ruggles, D. 2008. ‘The Countryside: the Roman Agricultural and Hydraulic Legacy of the Islamic Mediterranean’ in A. Petruccioli et al. (eds) The City in the Islamic World. 795-816. HT147.5 .C58 2008 Tate, Georges 1991. "Prospérité économique de la Syrie du Nord à l'époque byzantine (IVe-VIIe s.)", Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerrannée 62 (1991) 41-47. Tchalenko, G. 1953-8. Villages antiques de la Syrie du nord I-III. Paris Tate, G. 1992. Les campagnes de la Syrie du Nord du IIe au VII siècle: un exemple d'expansion démographique et économique à la fin de la antiquité. Paris. Van der Veen, M. 2010. Agricultural innovation: invention and adoption or change and adaptation? World Archaeology 42(1): 1-12. Watson, A.M. 1983. Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700-1100. Cambridge, 1-8; 123-8. Wilson, A. I. “Classical water technology in the early Islamic world”, in C. Bruun and A. Saastamoinen (eds), Technology, ideology, water: from Frontinus to the Renaissance and beyond (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 31), Roma, 2004: 115-41.

Further reading: Collapse Diamond, J. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive. London: Penguin. Middleton, G.D., 2012. Nothing lasts forever: Environmental discourses on the collapse of past societies. Journal of Archaeological Research, 20(3), pp.257-307. McAnany, P. and Yoffee, N. (eds). 2010. Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability and the Aftermath of Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

SESSION 10: Shifting Networks: Mobility, Trade and Exchange Our final session returns to the problem posed by Pirenne in Mahomet et Charlemagne (1937) about the survival of Mediterranean trade which continue to frame the debate on the late antique and early medieval Mediterranean. As we saw in Session 1, he argued for a flourishing economy in the sixth century followed by a significant decline in the seventh century with the Arab conquests when the maritime routes were closed to trade. Archaeological evidence does point to a sharp drop in Mediterranean traffic and especially in large-scale seaborne commerce. Did trade in bulk goods, notably grain, wine and olive oil, as well as a host of ancillary products like papyrus continue into the seventh century by other means or routes? How accurate a picture of trade links and mobility does the study of pottery and its distribution offer us in late antiquity? And does the collapse of maritime commerce equate to a dark age for the Mediterranean?

**Class presentations (unassessed) will be scheduled this week.

Essential (in this order) Hodges, R. and Whitehouse, D. 1983. Mohammad, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London. Ch 1 and Ch 5. INST ARCH DA 180 HOD; HISTORY 41 FA HOD; COPIES IN TC Kingsley, S. and Decker, M. 2000. 'New Rome, New Theories on Inter-Regional Exchange. An Introduction to the East Mediterranean Economy in Late Antiquity'. In Kingsley, S. and Decker, M. (eds.) 2001. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity Oxford, p 1-27. INST ARCH DBA 100 KIN Wickham, C. 2004. ‘The Mediterranean around 800: On the Brink of the Second Trade Cycle. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58: 161-74. 27

*For those with time, do please dip into Wickham, C. 2005. ‘Systems of Exchange’ in Framing the Middle Ages (Oxford) 693-794 [This is long but very important – focus on p693-719 and skim a region – Africa, Italy, Spain, Egypt, Syria-Palestine, Byzantium’]. ONLINE

Recommended Bessard, F. Between localism and a desire for greater openness: The urban economy in southern Greater Syria from the 7th century to the end of the Umayyads,” in Local Economies?: Regional Production and Exchange in Late Antiquity, dir. L. Lavan, Leiden, Brill (2013) 363-406. ONLINE Decker, M. 2009. Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East. Oxford. ANCIENT HISTORY B 67 DEC; ONLINE. Fentress, E., Fontana, S., Hitchner, R.B. & Perkins, P. 2004. ‘Accounting for ARS: Fineware and Sites in Sicily and Africa’. In S.E. Alcock and J.F. Cherry (eds) Side-by-Side Survey. Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 147-62. INST ARCH DAG 100 Qto ALC Hodges, R, and W. Bowden (eds.) 1998. The Sixth Century. Production, distribution, demand. (Leiden). See especially article by Delogu on Pirenne (p. 15-40). INST ARCH DA 180 HOD Lavan, L. 2013. Local Economies?: Regional Production and Exchange in Late Antiquity Leiden. ONLINE Mango, M. 2009. Byzantine trade, 4th-12th centuries: The archaeology of local, regional and international exchange. Farnham. INST ARCH DA 180 MAN McCormick, M. 2001. Origins of the European Economy. ISSUE DESK IOA MCC 3; ONLINE Morony, M.G. 2004. "Economic Boundaries? Late Antiquity and Early Islam", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47, 2: 166-94. ONLINE Panella, C. 1993. 'Merci e scambi nel Mediterraneo tardoantico' Storia di Roma 3, ii: 613-97. STORE 13- 0905 Walmsley, A. 2012. Regional exchange and the role of the shop in Byzantine and Early Islamic Syria- Palestine: an archaeological view, in: Morrisson, C. (eds) Trade and markets in Byzantium. Harvard, 311-30. INST ARCH DA 180 MOR; COPIES IN TC Wickham, C. 1988. “Marx, Sherlock Holmes, and Late Roman Commerce” Journal of Roman Studies 78: 182-193.

Further Reading Arce, J. 2005. “Hispania in the later Roman Mediterranean: ceramics and trade," in K. Bowes and M. Kulikowski (eds.),Hispania in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives. Bang, P.F. 2008. The Roman bazaar: a comparative study of trade and markets in a tributary empire. Cambridge. Gutiérrez Lloret, S. 1998. 'Eastern Spain in the sixth century in the light of archaeology'. In R. Hodges and W. Bowden (eds.) The Sixth Century. Production, distribution, demand (Leiden), 161-184. Kingsley, S. 2001. 'The Economic Impact of the Palestinian Wine Trade in Late Antiquity' In Kingsley, S. and Decker, M. (eds.) 2001. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity (Oxford) 44-68. Mundell Mango, M. 2001. 'Beyond the Amphora: Non-Ceramic Evidence for Late Antique Industry and Trade'. In Kingsley, S. and Decker, M. (eds.) 2001. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity Oxford, p. 87-106. Power, T. (2012). The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate : AD 500-1000 . Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. Sarris, P. 2011. "The early Byzantine economy in context: aristocratic property and economic growth reconsidered" Early Medieval Europe 19, 3: 255-84. Wilson, A. 2001. 'Urban economies of Late Antique Cyrenaica'. In In Kingsley, S. and Decker, M. (eds.) 2001. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity Oxford, p. 28-43. Wickham, C. 1984. 'The Other Transition: From the Ancient World to Feudalism'. Past and Present 103: 3-36 Walmsley, A. 2007. "Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61: 319-352. 28

4. ONLINE RESOURCES

The online reading list is provided here: http://readinglists.ucl.ac.uk/lists/55AFABF0-82F5-8E71-6195- 2568B5986463.html The full UCL Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines are given here: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook.

5. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Libraries and other resources In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this course are: Main Library (Ancient History, History, Art, Classics) Other accessible libraries in the vicinity of UCL which have holdings relevant to this course include: The Institute of Classical Studies Library http://library.icls.sas.ac.uk/admission-membership.htm (Reference free to postgraduate students). Senate House Library http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/ School of Oriental and African Studies http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/ British Library http://www.bl.uk/ - please note that this resource is primarily for doctoral students, but may be of help for details of more advanced research in some coursework.

Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington (email [email protected]), which will also be available on the IoA website.

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INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/module/view.php?id=40867. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your module co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to make special arrangements. Please seethe IoA Student Administration section of Moodle for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

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