UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 300

RECONNAISSANCE FOR RADIOACTIVE DEPOSITS IN THE DARBY MOUNTAINS, , , 1948

By Walter S. West

This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is publhhed with the psnnission of the Commission.

Washington. D. C., 1963

Frec on application to the Geolo~icalSurvey, Washington 26, D. C.

RECONNAISSANCE FOR RADIOACTIVE DEPOSITS IN THE DARBY MOUNTAINS, SEWARD PENINSULA, ALASKA, 1948

CONTENTS

Page Page

Abstract ...... 1 Geology-Continued Introduction ...... 1 Mineral deposits...... 3 Geology ...... 2 Radioactivity investigations...... 3 Undivided metamorphic rocks...... 2 Kachauik Creek-Cheenik Rocks of Paleozoic age...... 2 Creekarea ...... 4 Greenstone and greenstone schist ...... 2 McKinley Creek-Bryan Creek area ...... 4 Undivided igneous complex ...... 2 Portage Creek-Cape Darby area...... 4 Granite ...... 2 coastal area between Ungalik conglomerate...... 2 Cape Darby and Kwiniuk River ...... 5 Basalt ...... 3 Kwiniuk River...... 5 Unconsolidated deposits...... 3 ' area...... 6 Hot springs ...... 3 Summary and conclusions...... 7 Veins ...... 3 Literature cited ...... , ...... 7

ILLUSTRATION Page

Pla.te 1. Geologic map of the southern and eastern parts of the Darby Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska ...... In pocket

TABLES Page

Table 1. ' Mineralogic composition of selected radioactive heavy-mineral subfractions (specific gravity greater than 3.3) of concentrates from the Portage Creek-Ca.pe Darby area...... 5 2. Mineralogic composition uf heavy-mineral subfractions (specific gravity greater than 3.3) of concentrates from the Tubutulik River area ...... 7

ABSTRACT from the Clear Creek area and on Golovnin Bay is due chiefly to an unidentified ura.nium-titanium niobate, Radioactivity in the southern and eastern parts whereas the higher radioactivity at the headwaters of of the Darby Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, the Kwiniuk River is due to thorianite. appears to be directly related to the occurrence of granite. Concentrates from placers derived from areas containing granite are more radioactive than concen- IN'I'RODUCTION trates from placers not derived from the granite and, generally, contain from 0.01 to 0.05 percent equivalent 'The Darby Mountains are situated in the south- uranium. The radioactivity of these concentrates is eastern part of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska (pl. 1). largely due to radioactive elements in common acces- The range has a general north-south trend and extends sory minerals in granite, such as sphene, allanite, from Cape Darby on the south to the southeastern zircon, and, locally, monazite. Locally, in lhe Clear portion of the on the north, a Creek-Vulcan Creek area, the headwaters of the distance of approximately 75 miles. The area is Kwiniuk River, and on Golovnin Bay near McKinley bounded on the west by Golovnin Lagoon, Golovnin Bay, Creek, concentrates from placers derived frorn granitic and the and in general on the east by Norton terrain contain as much as 0.1 percent equivalent Ray and the Tubutulik Rlver, although the upper half of uranium. The higher radioactivity of the concentrates the latter river dissects the eastern flankof the mountains. The area is accessible from Norne, approxima.tely and possibly pre-Cambrian age (pl. 1). These rocks 70 miles to the west, by a.ir to two sma.11 airstrips, one consist of quartzose, ca.lcareous, biotitic, chloritic, located at Golovin on the western side of the Darby feldspathic, and graphitic schist and thin limestones. Peninsula and the other at White Mountain on the Fish The schist has been cut by greenstone, granite, diorite, River (outside of area shown on pl. 1) and the Moses a.nd other igneous rocks which have had a share in the Point Civil Aeronautics Authority a.irfield near the metamorphism and obliteration of the original char- mouth of the Kwiniuk River, 46 miles northeast of a.cters of the schist. Golovin. There are no good harbors along the entire coast. Transportation of supplies within the area must be accomplished by tractor or in part by small boats, Rocks of Paleozoic age a.s there are no roads. Carboniferous, Devonian, and Silurian rocks are The Darby Mountains a.re a relatively low range best represented along the eastern flank of the Darby with the highest peaks seldom rising to more than Mountains and are well exposed along the sea coast 3,000 feet above sea level. In the heart of the range, from the mouth of Iron Creek southwest nearly to glaciation has produced cirques and steep-sided, Carson Creek. This group of rocks, composed mainly U-shaped valleys. Some streams ha.ve cut deep valleys. of limestone with subordinate dolomite, black slate, Wave action along the south coast of the Darby Peninsula and schist, is complexly folded, faulted, metamorphosed, has produced a, rugged coast with high cliffs and a beach and cut by intrusives of greenstone, granite, and diorite. so narrow that it is impossible to walk along the shore in many places. Greenstone and greenstone schist The greater part of the Darby Mountains district is ma.de up of well-rounded tundra- or vegetation-covered The post-Carboniferous greenstone and 'greenstone hills a.nd mountains, Rock pinnacles, talus, and rock schist, which occur along the eastern flank of the Darby fragments occur on a.nd near the tops of ma.ny moun- Mountains, were not observed in place, although green- tains, but bedrock outcrops are surprisingly scarce. stone cobbles and pebbles were seen on the bars a.long the lower course of the Tubutulik River. Previous investigations (Gault, Killeen, West, and others, 1953) in the northeastern part of the Seward Peninsula to the northeast of the Darby Mountains re- Undivided igneous complex vealed the presence of uranothorianite and several other less radioactive minerals widely distributed, but An undivided igneous complex and the granite locally concentrated, in areas underlain by felsic make up the central core of the Darby Mountains. The igneo. s rocks. The purpose of the 1948 reconnaissance undivided igneous complex is believed to belong to one in the Darby Mountains was to determine whether sim- geologic body of pre-Cretaceous age. It is composed ilar radioactive minerals also occur in the felsic igneous mainly of granite, which has undergone varying degrees rocks of this district, and, if present, attempt to dis- of metamorphism, but also includes some diorite, cover any sites of high concentration and the bedrock greenstone, and several other types of igneous rocks source of such minerals. The reconnaissance was whose characteristics are not sufficiently clear to allow conducted during the summer of 1948 by a field party their identification and subd'ivision. consisting of W. S. West, geologist, and A. E. Nessett, J. J. Otoyuk, and I. M. Ikleasik, Camp assistants. Time permitted only the investigation of the southern Granite and eastern parts of the district. The route followed is indicated by the location of camps, numbered in The granite, also pre-Cretaceous in age, chronologic order starting at Golovin, on plate 1. ranges from even-grained to porphyritic in texture and exhibits considerable variation in mineralogical composition. In the area studied the porphyritic granite is much more abundant than the even- grained. Outcrops usually take the form of knobs The only work of the Geological Survey in the a.nd pinnacles on the tops and sides of the moun- Darby Mountains prior to this investigation was done tains. Inclusions of diorite in the porphyritic by two parties; that of Mendenhall (1901)1, who in 1900 granite noted especially along the east coa.st of mapped both topographically and geologically the Koyuk the Darby Peninsula indicate tha.t the granite is River valley and parts of the Darby Mountains on an younger tha.n some of the diorites in the undivided exploration-reconnaissa.ncescale; and that of Smith igneous complex. and Eakin (1911), who in 1909 mapped the area between Nula.to and Council on a similar scale. Ungalik conglomerate The geologic fea.tures of the Darby Mountains district as described by Mendenhall (1901) and Smith The Ungalik conglomerate, the oldest formation and. Eakin (l911), are discussed briefly below. of the Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in west-central Alaska, is made up of rounded debris derived from older formations including limestone, schist, igneous Undivided metamorphic rocks rocks, quartz veins, and sandstone. It forms the first main divide east of the Tubutulik River on the extreme The oldest rocks in the district, which occur eastern flank of the Warby Mountains. One outcrop of mainly a.long the western flanks of the Darby Mountains, this conglomerate was noted along the bank of the lower a.re folded a.nd shea.red metamorphic rocks,of pre-Silurian Tubutulik River. Basalt headwater fork of the left branch of Grouse Creek, a tributary to the Tubutulik River. This deposit appears Two isolated outcrops of vesicular basalt of to have an east-west extent of more than 1 mile, and Tertiary age were observed in the area. One lies be- the outcrop from stream level to the top of the bank tween the headwaters of Grouse Creek and the Tubutulik varies from 10 to 15 feet in thickness although the River and the other between the third and fourth east depth of the coal below the level of the stream is not tributaries to theRight Branch of KachauikCreek (pl. 1). known. The coal is probably a high-grade lignite and may possibly rank as high as subbituminous C coal.

Unconsolidated deposits There is no evidence of any recent placer mining in the district, and no one was prospecting during the The youngest deposits shown on plate 1 are ma.rine summer of 1948. The only old p1a.cer-gold operation and nonmarine water-laid deposits of Quaternary age. observed was on Grouse Creek. In the past, gold pros- No attempt has been made to show the glacial deposits pecting has been done on Vulcan, Chukajak, and Admiral or the widespread deposits of unsorted waste rock that Creeks, all tributaries to the Tubutulik River. cover practically all of the area not occupied by marine a.nd nonmarine gravels, sands, and silts. , RADIOACTIVITY INVESTIGATIONS

Hot springs The instrument used fdr field radiometry in the Darby Mountains in 1948 was a standard commercial A hot spring, not mentioned in earlier Survey model of a portable survey meter with a 0-inch beta- literature, was discovered issuing from granite high gamma probe. Because the greater part of the district on a mountain slope above Clear Creek, a right tribu- is covered with vegetation-mostly tundra-and talus, tary to the Tubutulik River. The stream formed by direct radiometric testing of outcrops was of necessity this spring constitutes the seventh west tributary to limited in scope, and the low sensitivity of the probe Clear Creek above the creek's mouth (pl. 1). There is rendered the instrument ineffectual for traversing. To another hot spring on the north side of the Kwiniuk study effectively distribution of radioactive minerals River in the vicinity of the mouth of Corra.1 Creek. 'This in the district the greater part of the field work was spring was not visited, but it also probably issues from directed, therefore, to the collection of concentrates granite. from slopewash and the yravels of stream and beach deposits in a effort to determine whether radioactive minerals were being concentrated in placers formed Veins by the deposition of material eroded from rocks in the various drainage areas. Thus, local concentrations Quartz and calcite veins and veinlets are abundant of radioactive minerals could be found, the ultimate in the schistose rocks, and calcite veins are common source of which could then be discovered by trenching in the limestones. Quartz veins also occur in the granite to bedrock at selected localities. and granitoid rocks, but they are much less common than in the schists. Along the beach about 2 miles In the course of the season 248 concentrates were north of Golovin a large quartz lens 30 by 15 by 10 feet collected from 215 sites of stream gravels, 20 sites of may be seen, but this lens, like practically all the veins beach gravels, and 13 sites in slopewash. Each con- and veinlets, contains no sulfides. Half a mile north centrate from stream and beach gravels was panned of this lens vein quartz containing chalcopyrite was from about 50 pounds of sand and gravel, and each found in float along the beach; and chalcopyrite-quartz slopewash concentrate was panned from approximately vein float, stained and incrusted with malachite, was 100 pounds of disintegrated rock material. The locations observed on the west bank of the Right Branch of of these concentrates are shown on plate 1. Each of Kachauik Creek about 75 yards upstream from the these concentrates was tested for radioactivity in the mouth,of the second east tributary. Iron-stained quartz field to determine whether additional concentrates and calcite veins were observed at other localities, and should be taken in any given drainage area. For con- some veins have been reported by prospectors to carry sistency in expressing the radioactivity ofthese cohcen- small quantities of gold. trates, each sample was further concentrated in the laboratory by separating the light- and heavy-mineral fractions with bromoform (sp gr 2.89). As preliminary Mineral deposits tests showed that essentially all the radioactive minerals occur in the heavy-mineral fraction, the equivalent No lode mines were operating in the Darby uranium content of each heavier-than-bromoform frac- Mountains during 1948. There is evidence that lode tion was then determined by radiometric analysis. To prospecting, probably for copper and gold, has been concentrate further the radioactive minerals for carried on in the past along the coast of Norton Bay mineralogic study the heavier-than-bromoform fractions between Carson and Walla Walla Creeks, but no deposits of selected concentrates were subdivided into light and of economic importance were discovered. The only lode heavy subfractions by using methylene iodide (sp gr 3.3), prospect of any significance in the entire Darby Moun- as again preliminary scanning of the samples indicated ta.ins is a, silver-lead prospect on Omilak Creek, a that essentially all the radioactive minerals have a tributary to the Fish River, in the northwestern part relatively high specific gravity. of the range. 'I'his prospect, which lies outside the area covered in plate 1, was not visited. In addition to the above technique of testing areas by studying the heavy-mineral content of its placers, A coal deposit, not previously mentioned in the writer collected numerous rock samples, mostly Survey literature, was found to crop out on the right float rock from talus slopes and stream gravels. 3 However, as the radioactivity of none of these samples Cheenik and McKinley Creeks probably is derived was estimated to exceed 0.003 percent equivalent ura- mostly from a mineralized zone near the contact be- nium when tested with the portable survey meter, they tween the granite and the older igneous complex were not exa.mined in more detail. (pl. 1). The heavier-than-bromoform fraction contains 0.074 percent equivalent uranium. The minerals of The distribution of mdioactivity in the southern specific gravity greater than 3.3 are chiefly magnetite, and eastern parts of the Darby Mounta.ins is discussed with lesser amounts of sphene and topaz and minor by area in the following pages. amounts of allanite, hematite, ilmenite, hornblende, biotite, scheelite, and an unidentified uranium-titanium nioba.te mineral. The uraniferous niobate is the chief Kachauik Creek-Cheenik Creek area radioactive mineral, although radioactive elements in the allanite, hematite, and sphene doubtless contribute The rocks in the drainage basins of Kachauik and to the total radioactivity of the sample. Cheenik Creeks (pl. 1) include two bodies of granite, which appear to be the source rocks of the radioactive minerals in the concentrates collected from the area.. Portage Creek-Cape Darby area The distribution of radioactivity in a total of 46 concen- trate samples (nos. 2834-2889, pl. 1) obtained in the Between Portage Creek and Cape Darby 24 con- area is as follows: centrate samples (nos. 2899-2922, pl. 1) were collected to determine whether radioactive minerals were being Range in equivalent-uranium content Nmuber of eroded from the rocks along the numerous short streams (percent) samples and sea cliffs in the area. The distribution of radio- activity in these samples follows:

Range In equivalent-uranium content Number of (percent) samples All the concentrates containing 0.01 percent or more equivalent uranium a.re from those parts of the two ma.in streams or their tributaries which drain the gran- ite bodies. The concentra,tes that contain more than 0.02 percent equivalent uranium have an average con- Data on the concentrates from this area containing centra.tion ratio of about 360 to 1. 0.01 percent or more equiva.lent uranium are given asfollows: The mineral subfraction of sample 2839, greater Percent than 3. 3 specific gravity, selected as typical of the Sample equivalent Concentra- radioactive concentrates from the Kachauik Creek- no. Location tion ratio Cheenik Creek a.rea, contains, in decreasing order of abundance, hornblende, sphene, garnet, and zircon near mouth-- O.M2 650:1 of Al- 2899 Portage Creek, and traces magnetite, ilmenite, and olivine. 2900 Portage Creek, right ,034 550:1 though the radioactive minerals in this sample were tributary . not specifically identified, it is likely that the radio- 2905 GoLmin Moon beach near ,015 75:l active elements occur chiefly in the sphene and zircon. Mission Creek. 2gag ----ao------.015 LJ0:l 2910 ----ao------.030 30:1 McKinley Creek-Bryan Creek area 2918 Unnamed stream entering ,035 6,4C0:1 Golovnin lagoon about 2 miles south of In the McKinley Creek-Bryan Creek area (pl. 1) Mission Creek. a small body of granite occurs in the headwaters of 2921 Golovnin Lagoon sea cliff .049 1,200:l Bryan Creek and an even smaller body appears in a about y miles south of sea cliff on Golovnin Lagoon about midway between the Mission Creek. mouths of Cheenik and McKinley Creeks. Six concen- trates (nos. 2893-2898) were taken in the vicinity of The mineralogic composition of selected, radio- the granite at the head of Bryan Creek. The radioac- a.ctive samples from the Portage Creek-Cape Darby tivity of these concentrates, which have concentration - area is given in table 1. As in the achauik Creek- ratios of 500- 1,000 to 1, ranges from 0.009 to 0.015 per- Cheenik Creek area the more radioactive samples are cent equivalent uranium. The radioactive minerals in concentrates in which the material has been derived these samples were not identified but probably are one chiefly from granite. or more of the common accessory minerals in the granite. Sample 2890, a concentrate taken from a In this area the radioactivity is due to the pres- small unnamed stream, not shown in plate 1, contains ence of radioa.ctive elements in allanite, hema.tite, 0.016 percent equivalent uranium. As this stream and monazite aswell as sphene and zircon. Of particular probably heads in the edge of the granite on upper note is the slopewash concentrate (sample 2918) from Bryan Creek and the radioactivity and concentration the small granite mass about 4 miles south of Mission ratio is about the same as the samples from Bryan Creek which contains chiefly hematite and topaz. The Creek, It is likely that the radioactive minerals are material from which this concentrate was obtained the same as those in the samples from Bryan Creek. consisted largely of disintegrated rock from a contact zone between the younger granite and the older intru- The material in the slopewash concentrate sive~,in this case a metamorphosed granitic rock. (sample 2891) taken a.t the granite on the coast between The possibility that the radioactive elements, particularly Table 1.-Mineraloglc composition of selected radioactive heavy-mineral subfractlons (specific grav- ity greater than 3.3) of concentrates from the Portage Creek-Cape Darby area

[X indicates prcBence of mineral; Tr. indicates presence of only maces of the mineral; zcm indicates mineral not Sample no. Mineral Mineral Sample no. 2900 2910 2918 2921 2900 2910 2918 2921

Fluorite------X 0 0 Tr. Topaz------00x0 Hematite------Tr. X X X Epidote------0 X 0 Tr. Ilmenite------Tr. X 0 X Allanite------X 0 0TP. Spfnel------0 X 0 0 Staurolite------..------0x00 Magnetite ------X X 0 X Bfotlte ------0 00 Tr. Rutfle------0 X 0 0 Sphene ...... xxoo Hornblende------X 0 0 0 Monazite ------00Ox Gapnet------X X 0 X Sckelite...... 0 0 0 Tr. Olivine------0 Tr. 0 0 Powelllte------0 TT. 0 0 Zircon------X X Tr. X

uranium, in this area were introduced hydrothermally However, because of the proximity of these granites to in a late stage of the consolidation of the granite magmas those on the west side of DarbyPeninsula in the vicinity of is suggested by the occurrence of fluorite and topaz. MissionCreek, it is also possible that such minerals as allanite and rnonakite might also be found in these concen- Norton Bay coastal area between Cape Darby trates. If present;these minerals wouldcontribute to the and the Kwiniuk River radioactivityofthesamples.

Twenty-sevenconcentrates (samples 2923-2946 and sample 2965 from the granite area near the head 2963-2965, pl. 1)were taken in the coastal area along Norton of the Kwiniuk River (pl. I), contains, in decreasing Bay betweenCapeDarby and the rnouthof the KwiniukRiver. order of abundance, hornblende, sphene, zircon, These include three samples from the area of a granite at garnel, hematite, magnetite, epidote, olivine, and the head of the KwiniukRiver, which extends to within sev- thorianite. The thorianite is the chief radioactive eral miles of the coast about 13 miles north of Cape Darby mineral; however, the zircon and sphene are slightly (pl. 1). Most of the concentrates were collected in the vi- radioactive. Although the bedrock occurrence of the cinity of several small granite bodies that occur along the thorianite is most likely as an accessory mineral in coast in the vicinity of CarsonCreek. The radioactivity the granite, the proximity of the contact between the data of the 27concentrates are summarized asfollows: granite and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, including limestone, suggests that the thorianite may Range in equivalent-uranium content Number of well have been derived from altered rocks in the con- (percent) samples tact zone.

Kwiniuk River

'I'he Kwiniuk River crosses a large belt of granite about ha1fwa.y to its headwaters (pl. 1). Unfortunately Pertinent data on the heavy-mineral fractions of samples the investigation of this granite area could not be corn- containing more than 0.02 percent equivalent uraniurn pleted because of the onset of cold weather in the fall. follows: However, some 16 concentrates (samples 2947-2962) were taken along the Kwiniuk, and a few of its tribu- Sample Percent taries, between its mouth and the belt of granite. The no. Location equivalenturmium Concentra-tion ratio equivalent-uranium content of the heavy-mineral frac- tions (specific gravity greater tha.n 2.89) of these con- 2927 Creek between Norton Bsy, 0.021 410:l centrates are given as follows: 2.8 miles south of Carson Creek. 2929 Creek between Norton hy, .024 $0:1 Sample equivalentPercent Concentra- 0.6 mile south of no. tion ratio Remarlca Carson Creek. Uranium 2957 Carson Creek------.M4 380:l 2963 Headwaters Kwiniuk River, .m9 350:l 0.003 1,om:i second right tributary ,008 120:1 below headwater forks. .008 250:l 2965 Headratera of Kwiniuk 079 410:l .Ol5 18O:l River. .011 310 :1 .018 210:1 .002 610:1 Right-limit tributary. .012 240 :1 Although the radioactive minerals in the concentrates from .006 j3O:l Left-limit tributary. the Norton Bay coastal area were not identified (except for .004 240: 1 Do. one concentrate from the head of the KwiniukRiver), the .015 180:l fact that the locations of the more radioactive samples are .011 250:l .013 210 :1 directly related to location of the granites suggests that .0l5 230:l the bulkof the radioactivity is due to cornmonaccessory .017 230:l Left-limit tributary. minerals of the granite, suchas zirconand sphene. .017 180:l 5 Asseen in the previous tabulationand on plate 1the equiv- Percent alent uranium content of the samples has a fairly gen- Sample no. Location equivalent ~~~~e~~~~~ eral increase in upstream order with the radioactivity uranium confined almost entirely to concentrates from the main stream. Although the equivalent uranium content of Second west tributary of Clear Creek. the concentrates is not as relatively high when compared ----do--"--"---"----"-----I to other concentrates from the district, the general in- ----do------crease upstream suggests that higher values might be ---*do---*------obtained in the granite belt, which is believed to be the ----do------chief source of the radioactive minerals. The heavy ----do------minerals in sample 2961, which was obtained fro,m a small tributary draining a small part of the granite along its contact with adjacent sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age (pl. I), are chiefly sphene, hornblende, allanite, apatite, hematite, and garnet; also found were ----do------traces of spinel, scheelite, powellite, magnetite, Clear Creek------epidote, rutile, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. The radio- First west tributary of activity of the sample is ascribed mostly to thorium in Clear Creek. the allanite, although it is likely that some of the other ----do------minerals, such as the sphene and hematite, are also radioactive. The presence of traces of scheelite, powellite, and chalcopyrite suggests that at least some of the minerals in the concentrate were derived from some type of lode at or near the contact between the granite and the limestone and shale of Paleozoic age. It is possible, therefore, that some, if not all, of the ----do------radioactive minerals might also have been derived frorn Rock Creek------a lode source rather than have originated as accessory First south tributary of minerals in the granite. Tubutulik River above Rock Creek. Big Creek------Tubutulik River area First northeast tributary of Tubutulik River above The drainage basin of the Tubutulik River Grouse Creek. is Second northeast tributary underlain by a large variety of rock types (pl. 1). The Of Tubutulik River above most significant feature, however, is a wide belt of Grouse Creek. granite along the western side of the area that is a con- Grouse Creek------tinuation of the granite belt crossing the Kwiniuk River lo the south. Of a total of 114 concentrates (samples 2966-2990, 2992-2998, and 3000-3002, 3004, 3081 From the above tabulation it is apparent tha.t three (pl. I), 41 contain between 0.01 and 0.02 percent equiv- major centers of abnormal radioactivity occur in the alent uranium, and 34 contain more than 0.02 percent Tubutulik River area. These centers are on the second equivalent uranium up to a maximum of about 0.1 percent west tributary of Clear Creek, on Vulcan Creek, a.nd equivalent uranium. The radioactivity of the concen- in the area between Grouse Creek and the Tubutulik trates from the Tubutulik River and its tributaries is River. The mineral composition of representative confined entirely to samples in which at least part of concentrates from these areas are given in ta.ble 2. the original material concentrated was derived from For comparison, the mineral composition for ra.dio- granitic rocks (pl. 1). In general, the equivalent- active concentrates of the seventh and first west tribu- uranium content of the concentrates increases as the taries of Clear Creek, Rock Creek, and Big Creek are streams areascended to and within the granite. Thc data also given. on the concentrates from the Tubutulik River area that contain more than 0.02 percent equivalent uranium are Review of the above mineral llsts suggests that given below; these samples are arranged in order of some of the radioactivity in all the concentrates is due location from south to north, rather than in upstream to radioactive elements in such minerals as hematite, order, in an attempt to show more precisely the rela- allanite, and sphene. It is likely that the zircon also tionship of the radioactivity of the concentrates to the is radioactive. Of the more radioactive samples, belt of granite. namely those containing more than 0.06 percent ~quiv- alent uranium, only one (that from Grouse Creek) is not from the area between the second west tributary Percent Concentra- Sample of Clear Creek and Vulcan Creek. The higher radioac- Location tion no. ratio tivity in the Clear Creek-Vulcan Creek samples is uranium attributed primarily to the presence of an as yet uni- dentified uraniferous titanium niobate mineral or min- 3020 Seventh west tributary 0.038 375:l of Clear Creek, near erals. The heavy -mineral fractions (specific gravity hot spring. greater than 2.89) of samples 2983, 2996, and 3033 3131 ----do------.M2 200:1 were estimated to contain as much as 5 to 10 percent 3009 Thlrd west tributary of .M2 425:l of the niobate mineral or minerals. Qualitative spec- Clear Creek, bmqraphic analyses of the niobates from these three Table 2.-Mlneralogic composition of heavy-mineral subfractions (speciflc~gravltygreater than 3.3) of concentrates from the Tubutulik River area

[X indicates presence of mincral; Tr. indicates prescnc,e of only maces of the mineral; zero indicates mineral not prcscntl

Mineral Sample no. 3020 2983 2992 2993 2995 2996 2974 3028 3033 3052 3075 3077 3078 3064 Pypphotlte------OOOOOOOOOOTP.OOO pyrite------Tr. 0 X 0 0 X Tr.Tr, X 0 Tr. 0 0 0 Hematite------oxoxxxoxxxxoxo Ilmenite------+------Tr.XOXXOXXOXXXXX Magnetfte------xooxxxxxxxoxxx Cassiterite------0Tr.000000000000 Rutile------OOOOOOOTr.OOTr.OXO Anatase------Tr. 0 0 0 0 Tr. Tr. TP, Tr. X Tr. 0 X 0 Hornblende------000000XTr.000000 Garnet------0 X'O 0 0 0 OTr.'OXX 0 OX Olivine------000000000OX000 Zircon------XOTr.OOXOXXOTr.000 Topaz------x~xoo~xooxoooo Kyanlte------OOOOOOOTr.OXOOOO Epidote------oooooooxoxxOxo Allanite------XXXXXTr.OTr.XXOO0 Staurolite------OOOOOOOXOOOOOO Biotite------OOOOOOTr.OOOOOOO Sphene------XXXXTI?.XXXXXXXXX Niobate minerals1------0 XTr.Tr.0 X 0 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 Apatite------0000000x000000 Scheelite------OTr~OOOOOOOOOOOO powellite------0000000000Tr.000 Wulrenite------000000000000Tr.0

TUnidentified minerals that contain chiefly niobium, titanium, calcium, and uranium. samples showed that the chief elements in the mine'ral Golovnin Bay between Cape Darby and Portage Creek. are niobium, uranium, titanium, and calcium. Traces Thorianite is the chief radioactive mineral in a concen- of silicon and iron were also found. In only one of the trate from the head of the Xwiniuk River. samples was a niobate mineral thorium bearing. Although it is likely that the uranium- and The relatively high radioactivity of the sample thorium-bearing minerals in the southern and eastern frotn Grouse Creek is ascribed to the occurrence of a parts of the Darby Mountains are largely disseminated la.rge amount of sphene and the relatively high concen- in the granite, local concentrations of the radioactive tration ratio. elements may have formed through hydrothermal activity in a late stage of consolidation of the granite magmas. This is suggested by the common association SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS of topaz and, locally, fluorite with the radioactive minerals. The association of topaz and traces of The widespread cover of vegetation, mostly cassiterite with the uraniferous niobate mineral in the tundra and talus, in the Darby Mountains necessitated Clear Creek-Vulcan Creek area suggests also that the use of a placer-sampling technique to evaluate these minerals may be genetically related to lode tin adequately the potentialities of the district for radio- occurrences or pegmatitic phases of the granite. active materials. Field studies and the radiometric analysis and mineralogic study of the heavy-mineral fractions of numerous concentrates frotn placers of LITERATURE CITED the district showed that essentially all the radioactive minerals in the district occur in, or were derived from, Gault, H. R., Killeen, P. L., West, W. S., and bodies of felsic igneous rocks, chiefly granite. others, 1953, Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the northeastern part of the Seward Peninsula, The most common and widespread radioactive Alaska, 1945-47 and 1951: U. S. Geol. Survey minerals are sphene, allanite, hematite, and zircon. Circ. 250. These minerals, with the possible exception of the Mendenhall, W. C., 1901, A reconnaissance in the hematite, probably are all primary accessory minerals Norton Bay region, Alaska (in Reconnaissance In the in the granite. Locally in the Clear Creek-Vulcan Cape Nome and Norton Bay regions,Alaska): U. S. Creek area and near the mouth of McKinley Creek, Geol. Survey Special Publication. abnormally high radioactivity of concentrates derived Smith, P. S., and Eakin, H. M., 1911, A geologic from the granite appears to be due to the presence of recennaissance in southeasternseward Peninsula and a uraniferous titanium niobate mineral. Monazite was the Norton Bay-Nulato region, Alaska: U. S. Geol. identified in one concentrate from the east shore of Survey Bull. 449.

IA.-WP. SEC.. WASH.. D.Cgoytl