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LANDSCAPE RESEARCH RECORD Is Published Annually and Consist of Papers Focused on Landscape Architecture Subject Landscape Areas No. 4 2015 Incite CHANGE Insight LANDSCAPE RESEARCH RECORD is published annually and consist of papers focused on landscape architecture subject Landscape areas. Each issue is a collection of papers presented at the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture annual conference of that year. Conference theme is expressed as the Research Record subtitle of Landscape Research Record. The views expressed in papers published in Landscape Research Record are those of the Editor-in-Chief authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Charlene M. LeBleu, FASLA, Auburn University conference planning committee, or the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture. Co-Editors Karen Wilson Baptist, University of Manitoba PEER REVIEW OF PAPERS: All papers published in Elizabeth Brabec, University of Massachusetts Landscape Research Record have been reviewed and accepted Terry Clements, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State for publication through the Council of Educators in Landscape University Architecture's peer review process established according to Christopher Ellis, University of Maryland procedures approved by the Board of the Council of Educators Paula Horrigan, Cornell University in Landscape Architecture. Reviewers are recruited by track Mintai Kim, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University chairs from among conference attendees and other outside Byoung-Suk Kweon, University of Maryland experts. The track chairs also serve as co-editors in the peer Charlene LeBleu, Auburn University review process. The Council of Educators in Landscape Patrick Mooney, University of British Columbia Architecture requires a minimum of two reviews; a decision is Galen Newman, Texas A&M University based on reviewer comments and resultant author revision. For Joni Palmer, University of Colorado details about the peer review process and reviewers' names, see Madis Pihlak, Penn State University REVIEWERS in Table of Contents. Deni Ruggeri, University of Oregon Bo Yang, Utah State University · All CELA Standard Tracks are considered for LLR. The CELA Standard Tracks (12) are: Communication and Visualization, Editorial Assistant Design Education and Pedagogy, Design Implementation (LA Elizabeth Matthews, Auburn University CES track), History, Theory and Culture, Landscape Performance (LA CES track), Landscape Planning and Ecology CELA Board (LA CES track), People-Environment Relationships, Research Ming-Han Li, President and Methods, Service-Learning and Community Engagement, Kenneth McCown, Past President Sustainability (LA CES track), Urban Design, and the Film Katya Crawford, First Vice President-President Track (added 2015). Charlene LeBleu, Vice President Research & Creative Scholarship IN THIS ISSUE: In 2015, the conference committee accepted Hala Nassar, Second Vice President 316 abstracts for presentation and rejected 22 abstracts. Authors Judith Wasserman, Secretary of accepted abstracts were invited to submit a full paper. A total Paul Voos, Treasurer of 40 papers were received, 28 papers were selected for peer Linda Ashby, Region 1 Representative review. Finally, 25 papers were accepted for publication in this Lauri M. Johnson, Region 2 Representative issue. The organization of this issue follows the standard Jun-Hyun Kim, Region 3 Representative conference tracks listed in the table of contents. Matthew J. Kirkwood, Region 4 Representative Ryan Hargrove, Region 5 Representative Chuo Li, Region 6 Representative Elizabeth Brabec, Region 7 Representative Linda Corkery, Region 8 Representative Beth Faragan, Student Regional Director CELA Executive Office Pat Taylor, Interim Executive Director Dee Solco, Interim Business Manager © 2015 Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture. All Rights Reserved. ISSN 2471-8335 COUNCILc OFe EDUCATORSl a IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE No. 4 2015 Incite CHANGE Insight A Peer-Reveiwed Publication www.thecela.org Landscape Research Record No. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................vi REVIEWERS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................vii THE OUTSTANDING PAPER COUNTY CEMETERIES AND CHURCHYARDS: ENDURING CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN APPALACHIA Elisabeth (Lisa) Orr………………………………………………………………………………………………………...119 COMMUNICATION AND VISUALIZATION…………………………………………………………………………………………1 SOCIAL MEDIA AS A VISUALIZATION TOOL: MAPPING THE URBAN LANDSCAPE Aidan Ackerman and Beth Lundell Garver…………………………………………………………………………………2 DESIGN EDUCATION AND PEDAGOGY………………………………………………………………………………………….10 FACTORS IMPACTING STUDENTS’ DECISIONS TO STAY OR LEAVE THE DESIGN STUDIO: A NATIONAL STUDY Benjamin George and Simon Bussiere…………………………………………………………………………………….11 A CASE STUDY COMPARING CHINESE AND AMERICAN INTRODUCTORY DESIGN STUDIO PEDAGOGY Sun Jing, Juanjuan Liu and Iain M Robertson……………………………………………………………………………22 INTEGRATED PROJECT EXPERIENCES AND STUDENT PERCEPTION Sean Rotar and David Barbarash………………………………………………………………………………….……….33 PROMOTING COGNITIVE PLAY BEHAVIORS THROUGH CHILDREN’S ACCESS TO NATURAL LOOSE ELEMENTS IN OUTDOOR PRESCHOOLS Zahra Zamani…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………45 DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION…………………………………………….………………………………………………………….57 VEGETATION IN DRYLAND BIORETENTION SYSTEMS Reid Coffman, Darren Graves, Jason Vogel and Glenn Brown……………………………………………….…….…58 HISTORY, THEORY AND CULTURE………………………………………………………………………………………...…….72 THE FORCE OF THINGS: LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND THE PANAMA CANAL Brett Milligan, Rob Holmes, and Brian Davis………………………………………………………………….…….……73 ARBORETUM ON THE NATIONAL MALL: A STUDY OF TREE LABELING Nathan Heavers……………………………………………………………………………………….………….………….84 MATERIAL FAILURE AND ENTROPY IN THE SALTON SINK Rob Holmes and Justine Holtzman…………………………………………………………………………….…..………95 iii Landscape Research Record No. 4 ROBERTO BURLE MARX AND THE CONSERVATION OF THE BRAZILIAN FOREST Catherine Seavitt Nordenson……………………………………………………………………………………......……111 COUNTY CEMETERIES AND CHURCHYARDS: ENDURING CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN APPALACHIA Elisabeth (Lisa) Orr……………………………………………………………….………………………………......……119 LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND ECOLOGY…………………………………………………………..……...……..……...…...137 THE STATE OF HERITAGE TREE PROGRAMS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN/INTERIOR PLAIN PROVINCE Jennifer Britton, Elisa K. Boyd and William A. Hoch………………………………….........................………..….…138 EFFECTS OF LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN URBANIZNG COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS Charlene M. LeBleu…………………………………………………………………………………...........................…150 STRUCTURES OF COASTAL RESILIENCE: DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR STORM RISK REDUCTION AT JAMAICA BAY, NEW YORK Catherine Seavitt Nordenson……………………………………………………………………..................................161 PEOPLE-ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS………………………………………………………………………….........171 WHEN THE WELL RUNS DRY Erin Colwel, Reid Coffman and Richard Ryan………………………………………………………………...............172 YOUNG CHILDREN’S COGNITIVE PLAY PREFERNCES FOR NATURAL, MIXED, OR MANUFACTURED SETTINGS IN OUTDOOR PRESCHOOL Zahra Zamani…………………………………………………………………………………….....................................183 RESEARCH METHODS………………………………………………………………………………………………...................193 UNDERSTANDING HOW STUDENTS APPROACH DESIGN; A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY Charles H. Klein…………………………………………………………………………...…………………....................194 NATURE DISCOURSES: META-PARADIGMS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Richard P. Perron………………………………………………………………………………..............................…….203 MAPPING SEA LEVEL RISE AND STORM INUNDATION BY 3Di HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE PLANNING AND DESIGN Yang Ju and John Radke……………………………………………………………………………...................………211 IMPROVING COMMUNITY WALKABILITY THROUGH UNIVERSITY OUTREACH, TECHNOLOGY AND CROWDSOURCING Christopher Seeger...................................…………………………………………………………..................………223 SERVICE LEARNING AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT……………………………………………………………......…229 TOGETHER WE DESIGN: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS OFFER THEIR BEST TECHNIQUES FOR TRANSACTIVE FORM-MAKING David de la Pena, Randy Hester, Jeff Hou, Diane Allen Jones and Laura Lawson…………………................…230 iv Landscape Research Record No. 4 SUSTAINABILITY…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......………244 IS CHANGE NEEDED: WHY DO THE UNITED NATION’S SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS SOUND SO FAMILIAR? Lauren Stubbs Sosa……………………………………………………………………………………..................……245 URBAN DESIGN………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......…..258 INVESTIGATING COMMERCIAL PEDESTRIAN SPACES BASED ON FORM-BASED CODES Dan Chen, Bo Zhang and Shengquan Che ………………………………………………….......................………259 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR HISTORICAL URBAN LANDSCAPES: CASE STUDY OF IZNIK CITY (TURKEY) Canan Cengiz and Bulent Cengiz………………………………………………………………........................……270 BIO-CENTERS: ECOLOGICAL SANITATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY HARVESTING IN INFORMAL SETTLMENTS Andrea Godshalk and Eric Zencey………………………………………………………......................……………286 v Landscape Research Record No. 4 FOREWARD Welcome to the fourth issue of Landscape research Record, published by the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture (CELA). In 2013, the CELA Board approved and adopted a procedure to become fully responsible for publishing peer-reviewed conference papers annually and named the publication Landscape Research Record (LRR). LRR is a post-conference publication and published online only. This fourth issue of LRR is a collection of peer-reviewed papers presented at CELA 2015 hosted by Kansas State University, with the theme “Incite – CHANGE – Insight.” The conference called
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