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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9505213 Cultural knowledge and upward influence: A study of non-academic middle managers at multi-purpose midwestern university Hallenbeck, Susan Leslie, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1994 Copyright ©1994 by Hallenbeck, Susan Leslie. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE AND UPWARD INFLUENCE: A STUDY OF NON-ACADEMIC MIDDLE MANAGERS AT MULTI-PURPOSE MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Susan Leslie Hallenbeck, M.B.A. The Ohio State University 1994 Dissertation Committee: roved by Robert J. Silverman Brad A. Mitchell Adviser liege of Education Carla Edlefson Department of Educational Policy and Leadership Copyrighted 1994 by Susan Leslie Hallenbeck ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No undertaking of this magnitude is possible without the help and support of a great many individuals. I have been fortunate to have been guided in this process by my advisor, Dr. Robert Silverman. His insight and counsel were critical to both the development of the dissertation itself and also to the learning that accompanied this study. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee, Dr. Carla Edlefson and Dr. Brad Mitchell, for their suggestions and encouragement. Thanks are also due to my firm, Clemans, Nelson & Associates, for their understanding and support throughout the final phases of the dissertation. I would like to express my appreciation to the staff of Multi-Purpose Midwestern University, with special thanks to Jay, Scott, Joyce and Carrie for their willingness to participate and share their experiences with me. Without their cooperation, and the support of the institution itself, this study would not have been possible. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their love and * understanding. I would especially like to recognize my mother, Shirley Hallenbeck, for her faith in my abilities and her constant support throughout my doctoral program. VITA July 10, 1958 Bom - New Haven, Connecticut June, 1976 B.A., Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio 1983-84 Director of Transfer Admissions, Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio May, 1986 M.B.A., Executive Management, Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio 1987-1989 Associate Director of Admissions, Capital University, Columbus, Ohio 1989-1993 Graduate Assistant, University College, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1993-Present Management Consultant, Clemans, Nelson & Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Education TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................... ii VITA .......................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. x CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1 Framework and Assumptions of the Study .................................... 2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................ 5 Theoretical Propositions ..................................................... 6 Methodological Framework ............................................................. 8 Participants: Middle Managers .......................................... 9 Participants: Decision-Makers.......................................... 10 Documentary Analysis ..................................................... 11 Research Site ...................................................................... 11 Significance of the Study ............................................................. 12 Focus and Limitations of the Study ............................................. 13 CHAPTER II .......................................................................................................... 16 REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE .......................................... 16 Collegiate Middle Managers ........................................................ 16 Middle Managers and Decision-Making in Higher Education . 20 Definition of Decision Making ....................................... 20 Information Processing ..................................................... 21 Exclusion of Middle Managers From Formal Decision Making ..................................................... 23 Inclusion of Middle Managers in Formal Decision M aking ...................................................................... 25 Informal Roles and Structures .......................................... 31 Upward Influence . ■>...................................................................... 31 Organizational Culture ................................................................... 37 Definitions of Organizational Culture ............................ 38 iv Knowledge and Organizational Culture ....................................... 46 CHAPTER III . ................................................................................................. 47 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................. 47 Ethnographic Research Perspective............................................. 47 Research Site ...................................................................... 48 Holistic and Embedded Research .................................... 50 Research Participants: Middle Managers ...................... 52 Research Participants: Decision M akers......................... 53 Data-Gathering Methods .................................................. 54 Interview s................................................................ 54 Interview questions ................................................ 56 Observational research .......................................... 60 Documentary analysis .......................................... 61 Research Time L in e ........................................................... 62 CHAPTER I V .......................................................................................................... 64 THE CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE FRAMEWORK............................ 64 Cognitions ................ 64 Dictionary Knowledge ................................................................... 66 Directory Knowledge ...................................................................... 69 Recipe Knowledge ........................................................................ 71 Axiomatic Knowledge ................................................................... 73 Functional Domains ...................................................................... 74 Sackmann’s Framework and the Current S tudy ...................... 75 Similarities Between Sackmann and the Current Study 76 Differences Between the Two Studies ............................ 76 CHAPTER V .......................................................................................................... 79 INSTITUTIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL PROFILES . 79 Multi-Purpose Midwestern University: An Institutional P rofile................................................................................... 81 Individual Profiles: Middle Managers ....................................... 85 Profile for J a y ...................................................................... 85 Profile for Scott................................................................... 88 Profile for Joyce ................................................................ 92 Profile for C arrie ................................................................ 95 Individual Profiles: Senior Administrators ....................................... 99 Profile for F rank ......................................................................99