DOCSLIB.ORG

Article 678827 C92d184711ef9

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Article 678827 C92d184711ef9 [Type text] داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 (ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 12 ، ﺷﻤﺎره1 ، ﺳﺎل 1399 ، (---1111 161616-16) ﻓﺎز و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ دﻻﻳﻞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻠﺦ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal, 1775) (Orthoptera; Cyrtacanthacridinae) * ﺳﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﺖ1 ، اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﻧﮋادﻳﺎن2 1 - ﻣﻮزه اﺳﺘﺎد ﺟﻼ ل اﻓﺸﺎر - ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ - ﭘﺮ دﻳﺲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي وﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان – ﻛﺮج -2 ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺧﻮراﺳﮕﺎن، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎز ﻣﻠﺦ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ از ﻓﺮم اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ در اﺛﺮ اﺳﺘﺮس ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات وراژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ (اﭘﻲ ژﻧﺘﻴﻚ) ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎراﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻃﻲ ﺳﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﺮد زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺘﺮس زاي ﻣﺤﺮك ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات وراژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ اﻧﺪوﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﺳﻠﻮل ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺘﻴﻞ دار ﺷﺪن" آر ان اي" ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. از 319 ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﻠﺦ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ، ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﻧﻴﺘﻴﻦ و ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﺳﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎز اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﺘﺮس ﻫﺎ در زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه اي اوﻟﻴﻪ در ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ در آوردن ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ از ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ، ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻃﻐﻴﺎن و ﻛﻨﺘﺮ ل اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺮ روي ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺮس زا در زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدد. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺮوري اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﺛﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺮس زاي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات وراژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ، ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و ﻫﻮرﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ در ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﻣﻠﺦ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ، وراژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ، اﺳﺘﺮس، ﻓﺎز * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: /3 /10 98 - ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: /12/2 99 99 ١ ﺣﺠﺖ و ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﻧﮋادﻳﺎن: ﻓﺎز و ﺑﺮ رﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ي ﺟﺪ ﻳﺪ دﻻ ﻳﻞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻠﺦ ﺻﺤﺮا ﻳﻲ ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ1 در ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﻮري اﻣﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﻣﺘﺪاول اﺳﺖ (Simpson et al ., 2011) . از ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﺎي روﺷﻦ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎره ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎ وﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎن اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ آن درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ در دوره رﺷﺪ روي ﻧﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎده ﺑﻮدن ﺟﺎﻧﻮر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دارد (Navarro et al ., 2011) . ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي و ﺗﻨﻮع از ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ رده ﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﻮري روي زﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﻮن ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ آﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ ان ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻳﻚ ﻓﻨﻮﺗﻴﭗ را در آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آورد. ﻣﺘﺎﻣﻮرﻓﻮز در ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﺎ دﮔﺮدﻳﺴﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻻرو ، ﺷﻔﻴﺮه و ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ؛ داﺷﺘﻦ ﺷﺎخ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻳﺎ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ در ﺳﻮﺳﻚ ﻫﺎ ي ﺳﺮﮔﻴﻦ؛ وﺟﻮد اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺎﻟﺪار و ﺑﻲ ﺑﺎل در ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ و دو ﺷﻜﻠﻲ در ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎرز ﭼﻨﺪﺷﻜﻠﻲ در ﺣﺸﺮات ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ (Simpson et al ., 2011). ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﺎز ﻫﺎي اﻧﻔﺮادي و ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻳﺎ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ2 اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ آن ﺷﻜﻞ، رﻓﺘﺎر، واﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺼﺒﻲ - ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎ را ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ (Verlinden et al ., 2009; Uvarov, 1966) . ﻃﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻓﺎزي در ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﻣﺜﻞ اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺪن و رﻧﮓ از ﺻﻔﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮات ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ (Pener & Simpson, 2009; Uvarov, 1966) . در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻧﻔﺮادي اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺰرﮔ ﺘﺮ و رﻧﮓ آن ﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻮدن در زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه داﻳﻤﻲ ﻫﻢ آﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاق ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ دارا ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت رﻳﺰﺗﺮ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ و اﻧﺪازه ﭼﺸﻢ ﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎل ﻫﺎ، ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ، ﭘﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﻘﺐ و ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮر ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺣﺴﻲ روي ﺑﺪ ن در دوﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻧﻔﺮادي و ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ (Pener & Yerushalmi, 1998) . در ﻧﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﭘﺮوﺗﻴﻴﻦ زرد رﻧﮓ در زﻳﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮل رﻧﮓ آن ﻫﺎ زرد ﺑﺮاق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد (Sas et al ., 2007). ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﺎﺣﺶ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ و رﻓﺘﺎري ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي اﻧﻔﺮادي و ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. اﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ، ﺳﻮﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز، واﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ، ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﻏﺪد درون رﻳﺰ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ & Wang) (Kang, 2014 . درﻣﻠﺦ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ در ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺨﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ وﻟﻲ اﻧﺪازه ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻧﺪ (Maeno & Tanaka, 2009) . از ﻧﻈﺮ رﻓﺘﺎري ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺑﻄﻮر ﻋﺎدي از ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ دوري ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ در ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ در ﻓﺎز ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ آن ﻫﺎ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺮ راه ﺧﻮد ﺧﺴﺎرت زﻳﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن وارد ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ (Pener & Simpson,2009) . ﻣﻠﺦ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ در ﻓﺎز ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔ ﺮادي داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮ و ﺗﻮان ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي در اﻏﻠﺐ اوﻗﺎت روزﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮواز در ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ (Pener, 1991;Uvarov, 1977) . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ اي ﺧﻮد، ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي در ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻮ و ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺮاد در ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي دارﻧﺪ (Simos et al ., 2013) . ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺷﻜﻞ، رﻧﮓ، و رﻓﺘﺎر، در ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ، زﻳﺴﺘﻦ در ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ و ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻣﻠﺦ در ﻓﺎز ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان 30 % از ﻣﻐﺰ اﻓﺮاد در ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ آن ﻫﺎ اﺟﺎزه ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ردﻫﺎي ﺣﺴﻲ را از ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮدرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺧﻮار ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻛﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ داﺧﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ (Ott & Rogers, 2010) . 2 flexible ٢ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 12 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1399 ، ( )16-1 اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻓﺎزي در ﻣﻠﺦ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻓﻨﻮﺗﻴﭙﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﮕﻴﺮد & Whitman) (Ananthakrishnan, 2003; Pigliucci, 2001 . ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ زﻣﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ دارد. ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ در ﻣﺪت ﻓﻘﻂ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮓ، ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژي و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﻢ و ﺑﺘﺪرﻳﺞ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ در ﻣﺪت ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد (ﺷﻜﻞ Pener & Simpson, ( 5) (209 . ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت ﻋﺼﺒﻲ دارد در ﺣ ﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ واﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻐﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژي ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد ,Burrow et al ., 2011; Simpson & Miller ) . 2007) ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎراﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎ از ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮ اﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن آﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﻓﺼ ﻞ ﺧﺸﻚ و ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎران ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﮔﻴﺎه از ﻣﻴﺰان ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﮔﺮاﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺮس زده ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ و ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ در ﺧﻮد ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن اﺳﺘﺮس زده ارزش ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ اي ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎ دارﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ زﻳﺎدﺗﺮ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﺻﺤﺮاﺋﻲ ﻣﻬ ﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮوز ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﭘﺎﺗﻮژن ﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﺗﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري زا ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﺗﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي دارﻧﺪ و ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ آﻧﺘﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪان ﻫﺎ رادﻳﻜﺎل ﻫﺎي آزاد ﺑﺪن ﺧﻮد را ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺪه اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺪﻧﺸﺎن 2 -5 -5 2 درﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺑﻴﻤﺎر در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ آﻓﺘﺎب اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و از ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ. ﻋﺪم ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ در ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮم ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ را ﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﻫﻴﭻ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻓﺎزي در ﻣﻠﺦ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻃﻲ دو دﻫﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دراﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ذﻛﺮ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ (Ernst et al ., 2015) . ازدﻳﺎد ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﻛﻢ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (Hodjat , 2006; Uvarov, 1921) . ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﭘﺎي ﻋﻘﺐ ﻳﻜﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ از ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎز ﻣﻠﺦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (Ellis, 1959) . در ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﺋﻲ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎﻳﻴﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم Chortoicetes terminifera ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي آﻏﺎز ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ از ﻓﺎز اﻧﻔﺮادي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮي ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎرو و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران دو ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﺎت ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳ ﻲ و ﺑﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻐﺰ و دﻳﮕﺮي ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد را ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ(ﺷﻜﻞ Burrow et al ., 2011 ) ( 5). در ﭘﻮره ﻫﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﺎت ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي از ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﺎت ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻫﻢ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻓﺮاد از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﻏﺎز ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎز ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد Leo Lester) (et al . 2005 . ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﻮادﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﺷﺢ از اﻓﺮاد دﻳﮕﺮ و ﻳﺎ دﻳﺪ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﭘﺮواز در ﻣﻠﺦ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎز ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﺣﺠﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﻤﺒﻮد ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ اﺷﺎره دارد. ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮده درك ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤ ﻴﻄﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ، ﻻﻣﺴﻪ و ﺷﺎﺧﻜﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻠﺦ ﻫﺎي اﻧﻔﺮادي و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ و ﻫﻮرﻣﻮن ﻫﺎي ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ را دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎز ﻣﻲ داﻧﺪ(ﺷﻜﻞ )Hodjat, 2006) 1) . ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻨﻮﺗﻴﭙﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ در ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺟﺎﻧﻮران دارد، وﻟﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻣﻮﻇﻒ در ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪن اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻫﻨ ﻮز ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ (Wu et al ., 2012) . ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ درك ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اﺳﺘﺮس زا از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ، ﻻﻣﺴﻪ، ﺑﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻗﺒﻮل ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﺦ ﺷﻨﺎس ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ و ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻳﻦ درك درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ، ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ و رﻓﺘﺎري ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪف اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﺷﺎره ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮات و ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ اﺳﺖ. ٣ ﺣﺠﺖ و ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﻧﮋادﻳﺎن: ﻓﺎز و ﺑﺮ رﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ي ﺟﺪ ﻳﺪ دﻻ ﻳﻞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻠﺦ ﺻﺤﺮا ﻳﻲ ... ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ و واﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻋﺼﺐی ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ زﻳﺎد زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻢ زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﭘﺮي ﻛﻮﺳﻦ ﺑﺎران ﺑﻬﺎري و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎران ﻛﻢ ﺑﻬﺎري و ﻛﻤﺒﻮد ﮔﻴﺎه وﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ JH ﺑﻠﻮغ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ، ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ زﻳﺎد، اﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﻠﻮغ آﻫﺴﺘﻪ، ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻢ اﻧﺒﻮﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﺮس ﻛﻢ، ﺗﺮﺷﺢ CA ﺗﺮﺷﺢ NSH از CC ﻫﻮرﻣﻮن ﺟﻮاﻧﻲ DCIN His رﻧﮓ ﺳﺒﺰ رﻧﮓ ﺗﻴﺮه ﺷﻜﻞ -1 ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﺎوت رﻧﮓ ﻣﻠﺦ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺲ از درك اﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺣﺴﻲ.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Epigenetics Mechanisms in Insects: a Review
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(5): 2961-2971 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 5 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.339 Epigenetics Mechanisms in Insects: A Review U. Pirithiraj1, R. P. Soundararajan2* and C. Gailce Leo Justin1 1Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli-620 027, India 2Horticultural College and Research Institute (Women), Tiruchirappalli-620 027, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence (or) a change in phenotype without a change in genotype. Phenotype is K e yw or ds the observable or measurable characteristics of an organism i.e., height, behaviour, colour, shape, and size. Insects are being examined for their epigenetic phenomena and the underlying mechanism Epigenetics, Insects, behind it. Epigenetics is well studied in fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Gene is segments of the DNA methylation, DNA sequence that store the information to synthesize proteins or RNAs that carry out specific Histone functions. Epigenetics is important in cellular differentiation which is responsible for the phenotypic modification and plasticity. Epigenetics is been investigated in plants and animals. On comparing other organisms RNAi insects possess a high degree of phenotypic variation. This variation is due to switch on and off mechanism of gene. Gene expression and repression in insects is regulated through epigenetic Article Info mechanisms i.e. DNA Methylation, Histone modification and Noncoding RNAs which influence the Accepted: phenotypic modification.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Methylation Suppresses Chitin Degradation and Promotes the Wing
    Xu et al. Epigenetics & Chromatin (2020) 13:34 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-020-00356-6 Epigenetics & Chromatin RESEARCH Open Access DNA methylation suppresses chitin degradation and promotes the wing development by inhibiting Bmara-mediated chitinase expression in the silkworm, Bombyx mori Guanfeng Xu1,2†, Yangqin Yi1,2†, Hao Lyu1,2, Chengcheng Gong1,2, Qili Feng1,2, Qisheng Song3, Xuezhen Peng1,2, Lin Liu1,2 and Sichun Zheng1,2* Abstract Background: DNA methylation, as an essential epigenetic modifcation found in mammals and plants, has been implicated to play an important role in insect reproduction. However, the functional role and the regulatory mecha- nism of DNA methylation during insect organ or tissue development are far from being clear. Results: Here, we found that DNA methylation inhibitor (5-aza-dC) treatment in newly molted pupae decreased the chitin content of pupal wing discs and adult wings and resulted in wing deformity of Bombyx mori. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the up-regulation of chitinase 10 (BmCHT10) gene might be related to the decrease of chitin content induced by 5-aza-dC treatment. Further, the luciferase activity assays demonstrated that DNA methylation suppressed the promoter activity of BmCHT10 by down-regulating the transcription factor, homeobox protein arau- can (Bmara). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, DNA pull-down and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that Bmara directly bound to the BmCHT10 promoter. Therefore, DNA methylation is involved in keeping the structural integrity of the silkworm wings from unwanted chitin degradation, as a consequence, it promotes the wing develop- ment of B. mori. Conclusions: This study reveals that DNA methylation plays an important role in the wing development of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Epigenetics in Timema Cristinae Stick Insects: on the Patterns, Mechanisms and Ecological Consequences of DNA Methylation in the Wild
    Ecological epigenetics in Timema cristinae stick insects: On the patterns, mechanisms and ecological consequences of DNA methylation in the wild Clarissa Ferreira de Carvalho A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Science Department of Animal and Plant Sciences Submission Date April 2019 I II Abstract Epigenetic factors can contribute to phenotypic diversity and to ecological processes. For instance, DNA methylation can influence gene regulation, and thus phenotypic plasticity. However, little is yet known about how and why methylation varies in the wild. In this dissertation, I build on this knowledge by combining ecological, genetic and DNA methylation data from natural and experimental populations of the stick insect Timema cristinae. This species is an important system to ecological genetics studies, which provides good starting point for the investigation of the patterns, drivers, and the possible ecological consequences of natural methylation variation. I obtained methylation data using whole- genome bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) and genetic data from restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). From a population survey, I found natural methylation variation in T. cristinae (1) is characteristic of “Hemimetabola” insects; (2) is structured in geographical space; and (3) is strongly correlated to genetic variation. In addition, an experiment simulating a host shift was carried out to test for the direct effects of host plant species on T. cristinae methylation levels. In both the population survey and in the experiment, binomial mixed models were used to perform a methylome scan in search of candidate single methylation polymorphisms (SMPs) associated with host plant use.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Mechanisms Underlying the Evolutionary Success of Eusocial Insects
    insects Review (Epi)Genetic Mechanisms Underlying the Evolutionary Success of Eusocial Insects Kayli R. Sieber 1 , Taylor Dorman 1, Nicholas Newell 1 and Hua Yan 1,2,* 1 Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; kayli.sieber@ufl.edu (K.R.S.); taylor.dorman@ufl.edu (T.D.); nicholas.newell@ufl.edu (N.N.) 2 Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA * Correspondence: hua.yan@ufl.edu; Tel.: +1-352-273-4983 Simple Summary: Social insects, namely ants, bees, and termites, are among the most numerous and successful animals on Earth. This is due to a variety of features: highly cooperative behavior performed by colony members and their specialization on a variety of tasks. Diverse physiological and behavioral specializations are regulated not only by the genetic system, but also by the epige- netic system which alters gene expressions without modifying the genetic code. This review will summarize recent advancements in such studies in eusocial insects. Abstract: Eusocial insects, such as bees, ants, and wasps of the Hymenoptera and termites of the Blattodea, are able to generate remarkable diversity in morphology and behavior despite being genetically uniform within a colony. Most eusocial insect species display caste structures in which reproductive ability is possessed by a single or a few queens while all other colony members act Citation: Sieber, K.R.; Dorman, T.; as workers. However, in some species, caste structure is somewhat plastic, and individuals may Newell, N.; Yan, H. (Epi)Genetic switch from one caste or behavioral phenotype to another in response to certain environmental cues.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Methylation Differs Extensively Between Strains of the Same
    Hearn et al. Epigenetics & Chromatin (2021) 14:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-020-00379-z Epigenetics & Chromatin RESEARCH Open Access DNA methylation difers extensively between strains of the same geographical origin and changes with age in Daphnia magna Jack Hearn1* , Fiona Plenderleith2,3 and Tom J. Little4 Abstract Background: Patterns of methylation infuence lifespan, but methylation and lifespan may also depend on diet, or difer between genotypes. Prior to this study, interactions between diet and genotype have not been explored together to determine their infuence on methylation. The invertebrate Daphnia magna is an excellent choice for testing the epigenetic response to the environment: parthenogenetic ofspring are identical to their siblings (making for powerful genetic comparisons), they are relatively short lived and have well-characterised inter-strain life-history trait diferences. We performed a survival analysis in response to caloric restriction and then undertook a 47-replicate experiment testing the DNA methylation response to ageing and caloric restriction of two strains of D. magna. Results: Methylated cytosines (CpGs) were most prevalent in exons two to fve of gene bodies. One strain exhibited a signifcantly increased lifespan in response to caloric restriction, but there was no efect of food-level CpG methylation status. Inter-strain diferences dominated the methylation experiment with over 15,000 diferently methylated CpGs. One gene, Me31b, was hypermethylated extensively in one strain and is a key regulator of embryonic expression. Sixty-one CpGs were diferentially methylated between young and old individuals, including multiple CpGs within the histone H3 gene, which were hypermethylated in old individuals. Across all age-related CpGs, we identifed a set that are highly correlated with chronological age.
    [Show full text]
  • Hexapod Herald April 3, 2019 Two Early Career Faculty Receive Large Grants
    Hexapod Herald April 3, 2019 Two early career faculty receive large grants Two University of Georgia Entomology faculty members have received significant funding awards which will help keep their research on the forefront of solving critical entomological issues. Dr. Gaelen Burke was awarded the Faculty Early Career Development Program grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) which is a five-year grant. These grants have greater emphasis on education compared to other grants in order to develop research-based learning materials to distribute to local middle schools. Burke focuses her research on the parasitoid wasp, a natural enemy of agricultur- al pest insects. She studies the relationships the wasps have with certain viruses that help the wasp kill insect pests to learn how those relationships originate and how they function. Once the five-year grant research period is over, Burke be- lieves her team might be able to manipulate these viruses to better kill pest in- sects. “If we didn’t have grants from the National Science Foundation or other funding sources, we wouldn’t be able to hire the people to do the work. We wouldn’t be able to afford the reagents (substances used for chemical analysis) that we need. Dr. Gaelen Burke If you compared the lab to a small business, this would be like the bread and Assistant Professor butter to keep us going,“ Burke said. Dr. Ashfaq Sial, coordinator of UGA Integrated Pest Management (IPM), has been awarded a $2 million grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National In- stitute of Food and Agriculture to develop organic methods of controlling the Spotted-Wing Drosophila (SWD).
    [Show full text]
  • The Essential Role of Dnmt1 in Gametogenesis in the Large
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The essential role of Dnmt1 in gametogenesis in the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus Joshua T Washington1, Katelyn R Cavender1, Ashley U Amukamara1, Elizabeth C McKinney1, Robert J Schmitz2, Patricia J Moore1* 1Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Given the importance of DNA methylation in protection of the genome against transposable elements and transcriptional regulation in other taxonomic groups, the diversity in both levels and patterns of DNA methylation in the insects raises questions about its function and evolution. We show that the maintenance DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1, affects meiosis and is essential to fertility in milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus, while DNA methylation is not required in somatic cells. Our results support the hypothesis that Dnmt1 is required for the transition of germ cells to gametes in O. fasciatus and that this function is conserved in male and female gametogenesis. They further suggest that DNMT1 has a function independent of DNA methylation in germ cells. Our results raise thequestion as to how a gene that is so critical to fitness across multiple insect species is able to diverge widely across the insect tree of life. Introduction Despite the apparent ubiquity of DNA methylation across the eukaryotic tree of life (Schmitz et al., 2019; Lewis et al., 2020), in the insects there is considerable variation both in the presence and *For correspondence: [email protected] extent of DNA methylation and even the presence and number of the DNA methyltransferases (Bewick et al., 2016; Lyko, 2018; Glastad et al., 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • Variation, Plasticity and Possible Epigenetic Influences in Species Belonging to the Tribe Gomphocerini (Orthoptera; Gomphocerinae): a Review
    J. Crop Prot. 2021, 10 (1): 1-18________________________________________________________ Review Article Variation, plasticity and possible epigenetic influences in species belonging to the tribe Gomphocerini (Orthoptera; Gomphocerinae): A review Seyed Hossein Hodjat and Alireza Saboori* Jalal Afshar Zoological Museum, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Abstract: Environmental conditions can cause variation in morphology, behavior, and possibly epigenetic in the numerous species of the Gomphocerinae, especially in mountain habitats. Plasticity and changes in morphology in many of the species in this subfamily is caused by character segregation through the female choice of copulation that has produced various clines, sub-species or species groups. The variation and plasticity, as a result of environmental stress, besides morphology, affect physiology and epigenetics of many insect species. Environmental stress and female assortative mating might be accompanied by hybridization in populations, resulting in character divergence and speciation after a long period of time. Contemporary evolution and/or epigenetic inheritance may be a reason for their variation in acoustic and morphology of Gomphocerinae and the main factor in the present situation of difficulty in their classification. We review possible effects of environmental stress on plasticity, hybridization, and speciation by the appearance of endemic species. About half of the insect pest species have reduced their impacts as pests under global warming. The present insect pest situation in Iran is discussed. Keywords: Classification, Hybridization, Groups, Gomphocerini, Phenotype, Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 8:44 IRST on Saturday September 25th 2021 Song 1. Introduction12 2002; Mol et al., 2003; Tishechkin and Bukhvalova, 2009; Vedenina and Helversen, Geographical distribution of Gomphocerinae 2009; Şirin et al., 2010, 2014; Stillwell et al., species is the source for variation, plasticity, 2010; Vedenina and Mugue, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • More Than DNA Methylation: Does Pleiotropy Drive the Complex Pattern of Evolution of Dnmt1?
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/824052; this version posted October 30, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. More than DNA methylation: does pleiotropy drive the complex pattern of evolution of Dnmt1? 1 Ashley U. Amukamara1, Joshua T. Washington1, Zachary Sanchez1, Elizabeth C. McKinney1, 2 Allen J. Moore1, Robert J. Schmitz2, and Patricia J. Moore1* 3 1Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA 4 2Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA 5 *Correspondence: 6 Patricia J. Moore 7 [email protected] 8 Keywords: DNA methylation, epigenetics, Dnmt1, oogenesis, germ cells, Oncopeltus fasciatus. 9 Abstract 10 DNA methylation is an important chromatin modification that can stably alter gene expression in 11 cells and maintain genome integrity in plants and vertebrates. The function of DNA methylation 12 outside of these well-studied systems, however, is unclear. Insects, in particular, represent an 13 understudied group. Variation in the level of DNA methylation and gains and losses in the 14 maintenance methyltransferase, DNMT1, across the insect tree of life suggests that there is much we 15 don’t understand about DMNT1 function and evolution. One constant across the studies examining 16 patterns of Dnmt1 expression in insects is that expression is consistently high in reproductive tissues 17 compared to somatic tissue. The explanation for this has been that DNMT1 is required in tissues that 18 have high levels of cell division.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Methylation Differs Extensively Between Strains of the Same Geographical Origin and Changes with Age in Daphnia Magna
    Edinburgh Research Explorer DNA methylation differs extensively between strains of the same geographical origin and changes with age in Daphnia magna Citation for published version: Hearn, J, Plenderleith, F & Little, TJ 2021, 'DNA methylation differs extensively between strains of the same geographical origin and changes with age in Daphnia magna', Epigenetics and Chromatin, vol. 14, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-020-00379-z Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1186/s13072-020-00379-z Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Epigenetics and Chromatin General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Hearn et al. Epigenetics & Chromatin (2021) 14:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-020-00379-z Epigenetics & Chromatin RESEARCH Open Access DNA methylation difers extensively between strains of the same geographical origin and changes with age in Daphnia magna Jack Hearn1* , Fiona Plenderleith2,3 and Tom J. Little4 Abstract Background: Patterns of methylation infuence lifespan, but methylation and lifespan may also depend on diet, or difer between genotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Worker Policing in the Honeybee, Epigenetics in Locusts, Ageing In
    The Honeybee as a model to study Worker policing, Epigenetics, and Ageing Ulrich ERNST Supervisor: Prof. Liliane Schoofs Co-Supervisors: Dr. Peter Verleyen Prof. Tom Wenseleers Members of the Examination Committee: Prof. Johan Billen Dissertation presented Dr. Elke Clynen in partial fulfilment of Prof. Arnold De Loof the requirements for Dr. Christoph Grüter the degree of Doctor in Prof. Roger Huybrechts Science January 2016 © 2016 KU Leuven, Science, Engineering & Technology Uitgegeven in eigen beheer, Ulrich Ernst, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, elektronisch of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaandelijke schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, electronic or any other means without written permission from the publisher. Table of contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. 1 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 3 1.1 HONEYBEES ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Life history..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Regulation of Environmentally-Induced Polyphenism in Insects
    insects Review Contribution of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Regulation of Environmentally-Induced Polyphenism in Insects Gautier Richard , Julie Jaquiéry and Gaël Le Trionnaire * INRAE Bretagne-Normandie-UMR 1349 IGEPP, Domaine de La motte BP 35327, CEDEX, 35653 Le Rheu, France; [email protected] (G.R.); [email protected] (J.J.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Polyphenism is a widespread phenomenon in insects that allows organisms to produce alternative and discrete phenotypes in response to environmental conditions. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, are essential mechanisms that can promote rapid and flexible changes in the expression of transcriptional programs associated with the production of alternative phenotypes. This review summarizes knowledge regarding the contribution of those mechanisms in the regulation of the most-studied examples of polyphenism in insects. Abstract: Many insect species display a remarkable ability to produce discrete phenotypes in response to changes in environmental conditions. Such phenotypic plasticity is referred to as polyphenism. Seasonal, dispersal and caste polyphenisms correspond to the most-studied examples that are environmentally-induced in insects. Cues that induce such dramatic phenotypic changes are very diverse, ranging from seasonal cues, habitat quality changes or differential larval nutrition. Once Citation: Richard, G.; Jaquiéry, J.; Le these signals are perceived, they are transduced by the neuroendocrine system towards their target Trionnaire, G. Contribution of tissues where gene expression reprogramming underlying phenotypic changes occur. Epigenetic Epigenetic Mechanisms in the mechanisms are key regulators that allow for genome expression plasticity associated with such Regulation of Environmentally- developmental switches.
    [Show full text]