Exploring Audience Reactions to Self-Reflexivity in Television Narratives
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EXPLORING AUDIENCE RESPONSES TO SELF-REFLEXIVITY IN TELEVISION NARRATIVES A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By STEPHEN PRICE JR Dr. Michael Porter, Dissertation Supervisor & Dr. Melissa Click, Dissertation Co-Supervisor APRIL 2011 © Copyright by Stephen Price Jr. 2011 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled EXPLORING AUDIENCE RESPONSES TO SELF-REFLEXIVITY IN TELEVISION NARRATIVES presented by Stephen Price Jr., a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. _________________________________________________________ Dr. Michael Porter _________________________________________________________ Dr. Melissa Click _________________________________________________________ Dr. Jennifer Stevens Aubrey _________________________________________________________ Dr. Roy Fox I dedicate this work to my wife, who was patient when I needed it and impatient when I needed it more. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start by thanking my advisor, Dr. Michael Porter, for his constant support. I could not have asked for a better advisor or mentor. Dr. Porter has taught me how to be a teacher, advisor, mentor, and colleague. I hope that I can look back at the end of my career with as much amazement as I feel looking at his. He has made, and will continue to make, an important impact on many, many lives, including my own. I would also like to thank Dr. Melissa Click, whose guidance through my dissertation, even when she was not officially on my committee, was essential. And I would like to thank Dr. Aubrey, Dr. Fox, and Dr. Behm-Moyrowitz for their insight and helpful comments. Even during the defense, I felt such positive energy from my committee and learned so much. I also want to thank my graduate school colleagues at the University of Missouri. Corey, Todd, Mark, Dave, Leslie, Sacheen, Kathy, Disraelly, Jeff, Greg, Tina, Stephanie, Laura, Maria, Rebecca, and everyone else who used to play with the football on the third floor of Switzler. Even though most of you finished long before me, you were there to support me when I needed it the most. And I would like to thank Truman the Tiger. Now that I’m finished, you won’t have to eat me. My colleagues at Georgia College deserve thanks as well for their patience and prodding. Dr. Mary Jean Land, Dr. Ginger Miller, Macon McGinley, Pate McMichael, Angela Criscoe, Tulika Sinha, Tommie Benton, and Hope Buchanan have welcomed me into their family and put a lot of trust in me to finish this PhD. Thank you also to my friends at GC. I am thankful every day for being here and getting to work with such wonderful people. ii Lastly, I would like to thank my wife, Tamara, and the rest of my family. I appreciate your encouragement and patience. I am constantly amazed at how my life has turned out, and I would not be here without you. I am still enjoying the journey and I am glad you are all a part of it. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................vii 1. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION......................................................................1 1.1. Boston Legal................................................................................................4 1.2. Purpose and Design......................................................................................7 1.3. Justification..................................................................................................9 1.4. Previous Research......................................................................................12 2. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................14 2.1. Self-reflexivity...........................................................................................14 2.1.1. Self-reflexivity as Human Nature..................................................15 2.1.2. Defining Self-reflexive Media.......................................................18 2.1.3. Distinctions Between Different Traditions of Reflexivity.............22 2.1.4. Self-reflexive Production Techniques............................................26 2.1.5. Reasons Producers Use Self-reflexivity.........................................41 2.1.6. Possible Responses to Self-reflexivity...........................................44 2.2. Audience Analysis.....................................................................................48 2.2.1. Text................................................................................................49 2.2.2. Viewers (and Fans) .......................................................................52 2.2.3. Context (and Agency) ...................................................................56 2.2.4. Meaning.........................................................................................63 2.2.5. Audience Reception Studies..........................................................68 2.3. Research Questions....................................................................................70 iv 3. CHAPTER THREE: METHODS..........................................................................72 3.1. Textual Analysis........................................................................................73 3.2. Pilot Study..................................................................................................76 3.3. Watching Boston Legal..............................................................................82 3.4. Participants.................................................................................................87 3.5. Analyzing Thought Listings......................................................................91 3.6. Questionnaire.............................................................................................92 3.7. Focus Group Discussions..........................................................................93 4. CHAPTER FOUR: TEXTUAL ANALYSIS................................................................99 4.1. References to the Show Itself..................................................................101 4.2. References to Conventions of Other Shows or Genres............................108 4.3. References to the Medium of Television.................................................115 4.4. References to the Corporeal World..........................................................119 4.5. Audience..................................................................................................129 5. CHAPTER FIVE: AUDIENCE ANALYSIS..............................................................131 5.1. Audience Reactions to Self-reflexivity....................................................133 5.2. Negotiating the Meaning of Self-reflexive statements............................142 5.3. Audience Relationship to the Show.........................................................151 6. CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS..............................................165 6.1. Definition of Self-reflexivity...................................................................165 6.2. Research Question One: Types of Self-reflexivity..................................171 6.3. Research Questions Two, Three, Four: Audience Reactions, Meanings, and Relationships...................................................................176 v 6.4. Methodological Improvements................................................................186 6.5. Application of Findings...........................................................................187 6.6. Conclusions..............................................................................................188 7. REFERENCES............................................................................................................190 8. APPENDICES.............................................................................................................197 8.1. Appendix A: Framework for Classifying Self-reflexive Statements Based on Referent.................................................................197 8.2. Appendix B: Listing of all Boston Legal Episodes..................................198 8.3. Appendix C: (Pre-analysis) Notes on Self-reflexivity While Watching Boston Legal............................................................................201 8.4. Appendix D: Post Analysis Framework..................................................211 8.5. Appendix E: (Post-analysis) Notes on Self-reflexivity While Watching Boston Legal............................................................................212 8.6. Appendix F: Approach Script..................................................................226 8.7. Appendix G: Consent Form.....................................................................227 8.8. Appendix H: Information Form...............................................................228 8.9. Appendix I: Thought Listing Form..........................................................229 8.10. Appendix J: Open-ended Survey.............................................................231 8.11. Appendix K: Interview Guide..................................................................234