DOCSLIB.ORG

The Fluvial Reworking of Late Pleistocene Drift, Squamish River

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Fluvial Reworking of Late Pleistocene Drift, Squamish River Document généré le 29 sept. 2021 22:32 Géographie physique et Quaternaire The Fluvial Reworking of Late Pleistocene Drift, Squamish River Drainage Basin, Southwestern British Colombia Le remaniement fluviatile des dépôts glaciaires du Pléistocène supérieur dans le bassin versant de la Squamish River, au sud-ouest de la Colombie-Britannique Die fluviatile Umgestaltung glazialer Ablagerungen des späten Pleistozan, Emahrüngsbecken des Squamish River, südwestliches British Columbia Gregory R. Brooks Volume 48, numéro 1, 1994 Résumé de l'article Les sédiments glaciaires remaniés sont une composante de la sédimentation URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032972ar périglaciaire issue du remaniement fluviatile des dépôts glaciaires dans le DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/032972ar paysage postglaciaire. Dans le bassin versant de la Squamish River, la principale source de sédiments glaciaires remaniés provient d'un Aller au sommaire du numéro encaissement fluvial dans les matériaux de remblaiement des cinq principales vallées tributaires du bassin-versant. La quantité de matériaux transportée de ces vallées tributaires à la vallée Squamish est de 415 x 106m3. Les volumes Éditeur(s) impliqués à partir de chacune des vallées varient de 6 à 130 x 106m3, la morphologie de la vallée et le type d'évolution au Quaternaire supérieur étant Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal les principaux facteurs intervenant dans les quantités exportées. Les données géomorphologiques démontrent que la plus grande partie de l'apport ISSN sédimentaire était déjà répartie dans la vallée Squamish il y a des milliers d'années, mais qu'il se poursuit à un taux résiduel dans le paysage actuel. Les 0705-7199 (imprimé) dépôts glaciaires remaniés représentent une composante mineure de 1492-143X (numérique) l'approvisionnement de sédiments postglaciaires dans la vallée de la Squamish River. Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Brooks, G. R. (1994). The Fluvial Reworking of Late Pleistocene Drift, Squamish River Drainage Basin, Southwestern British Colombia. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 48(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.7202/032972ar Tous droits réservés © Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1994 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 1994, vol. 48, n° 1, p. 51-68, 8 fig., 4 tabl. THE FLUVIAL REWORKING OF LATE PLEISTOCENE DRIFT, SQUAMISH RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN, SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA Gregory R. BROOKS*, Department of Geography and The Institute for Quaternary Reseach, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6. ABSTRACT Reworked glacial sediment(s) RÉSUMÉ Le remaniement fluviatile des ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die fluviatile Um- (RGS) represents the component of paragla- dépôts glaciaires du Pleistocene supérieur gestaltung glazialer Ablagerungen des spà- cial sedimentation derived from the fluvial dans le bassin versant de la Squamish River, ten Pleistozan, Emahrungsbecken des reworking of late Pleistocene glacial depos­ au sud-ouest de la Colombie-Britannique. Squamish River, sùdwestliches British its in the postglacial landscape. In Squamish Les sédiments glaciaires remaniés sont une Columbia. Umgestaltete glaziale Sedimente River drainage basin, southwestern British composante de la sédimentation périgla- sind ein Bestandteil der paragiazialen Columbia, the primary source of the RGS ciaire issue du remaniement fluviatile des Sedimentierung, die aus der fluviatilen Um- transferred to Squamish Valley is fluvial inci­ dépôts glaciaires dans le paysage postgla­ gestaltung glazialer Ablagerungen des spà- sion into valley-fill deposits in the five major ciaire. Dans le bassin versant de la ten Pleistozâns in der postglazialen Land- tributary valleys of the watershed. The total Squamish River, la principale source de schaft hervorgegangen ist. Im Emahrungs­ volume of RGS transferred to Squamish sédiments glaciaires remaniés provient d'un becken des Squamish River, sùdwestliches 6 3 encaissement fluvial dans les matériaux de Valley is 415 x 10 m . The volume of RGS British Columbia, ist die Hauptquelle der zum from the individual tributary valleys range remblaiement des cinq principales vallées Squamish-Tal transportierten umgear- from 6 to 130 x 106m3 with valley morphol­ tributaires du bassin-versant. La quantité de beiteten glazialen Sedimente fluviatiles Ein- ogy and late Quaternary history being the matériaux transportée de ces vallées tribu­ schneiden in die Talaufschùttungs- important controls upon the specific amount. taires à la vallée Squamish est de 415 x ablagerungen in den fùnf wichtigsten Geomorphic evidence indicates that the bulk 106m3. Les volumes impliqués à partir de Nebentàlern des Flussbeckens. Das of the RGS was contributed to Squamish chacune des vallées varient de 6 à 130 x gesamte Volumen der zum Squamish-Tal Valley thousands of years ago. The transfer 106m3, la morphologie de la vallée et le type transportierten umgestalteten glazialen of RGS continues at a very low residual rate d'évolution au Quaternaire supérieur étant Sedimente betràgt 415 x 106m3. Das in the contemporary landscape. RGS appear les principaux facteurs intervenant dans les to represent a minor portion of the Squamish quantités exportées. Les données géomor­ Volumen des Materials von den einzelnen 6 3 valley-fill and a small component of the post­ phologiques démontrent que la plus grande Nebentàlern reicht von 6 bis 130 x 10 m , glacial sediments stored in Squamish Valley. partie de l'apport sédimentaire était déjà wobei Talmorphologie und Geschichte im répartie dans la vallée Squamish il y a des spàten Quaternàr die wichtigen Kontrollfak- milliers d'années, mais qu'il se poursuit à un toren fur die jeweilige Menge darstellen. taux résiduel dans le paysage actuel. Les Geomorphologische Daten zeigen, dass der dépôts glaciaires remaniés représentent une grôsste Teil der umgestalteten glazialen composante mineure de l'approvisionne­ Ablagerungen schon vor mehreren tausend ment de sédiments postglaciaires dans la Jahren im Squamish-Tal verteilt war. Der vallée de la Squamish River. Transport dieses Materials setzt sich in der gegenwârtigen Landschaft in einer sehr nie- drigen Rùckstandsrate fort. Umgestaltete glaziale Sedimente scheinen einen gering- fugigen Teil der Squamish-Talauffullung auszumachen und sind ein kleiner Bestandteil der im Squamish-Tal gelagerten postglazialen Sedimente. Manuscrit reçu le 3 septembre 1992; manuscrit révisé accepté le 25 juin 1993 * Present address: Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8 52 G. R. BROOKS INTRODUCTION have an important role in conditioning the morphology of con­ temporary river systems. Specifically, the paper investigates In the Canadian Cordillera during the waning of the Fraser the volume of reworked glacial sediment(s) (RGS) delivered Glaciation, vast quantities of sediment were available to flu­ to the trunk valley of Squamish River drainage basin and the vial systems. The late Quaternary stratigraphie record shows timing of this sediment transfer. This volume is assessed in thick sequences of glacio-lacustrine and glacio-fluvial depos­ terms of its contribution to the valley-fill deposits stored within its accumulating in valley bottoms (Clague, 1986). The sed­ Squamish Valley. iments carried by rivers during this time were derived primar­ ily from proglacial sources and from the reworking of glacial deposits left behind by the ice (Church and Ryder, 1972). The PARAGLACIAL SEDIMENTATION proglacial component is contributed directly by the ice and is As outlined above, the notion of paraglacial sedimentation contingent upon the existence of glaciers in the landscape. is relatively straightforward for a watershed that was totally The "reworked glacial" component will persist into the post­ deglaciated; sedimentation rates decrease and eventually 1 glacial period , but is dependent upon a finite source of gla­ reflect "normal" postglacial denudation. The persistence of cial deposits which eventually will become exhausted glaciers in the alpine areas of many Cordilleran drainage (Church and Ryder, 1972). Thus, it will decrease over time as basins (such as the Squamish River study area), however, supplies of easily erodible glacial deposits wane or become complicates the definition of paraglacial sedimentation inaccessible to the stream network and as the land surface because glaciers have influenced fluvial sedimentation becomes stabilized by a vegetation cover. throughout the entire postglacial period (see Eyles and Kocsis, 1988; Church and Ryder, 1989; Eyles and Kocsis, The combined proglacial and reworked glacial compo­ 1989). In such a setting, alpine glaciers have introduced pro- nents produce fluvial sedimentation rates that initially are very glacial sediments into the river system continuously over the high during déglaciation and decrease gradually into the post­ postglacial period so that the proglacial component, and thus glacial period as the ice wanes and easily erodible glacial paraglacial sedimentation, has
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open File Report
    l 122 EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMOLOGY - LEGAL ASPECTS OPEN FILE REPORT 92-2 EARTHQUAKES AND Ludwin, R. S.; Malone, S. D.; Crosson, R. EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMOLOGY - LEGAL S.; Qamar, A. I., 1991, Washington SEISMOLOGY - 1946 EVENT ASPECTS eanhquak:es, 1985. Clague, J. J., 1989, Research on eanh- Ludwin, R. S.; Qamar, A. I., 1991, Reeval­ Perkins, J. B.; Moy, Kenneth, 1989, Llabil­ quak:e-induced ground failures in south­ uation of the 19th century Washington ity of local government for earthquake western British Columbia [abstract). and Oregon eanhquake catalog using hazards and losses-A guide to the law Evans, S. G., 1989, The 1946 Mount Colo­ original accounts-The moderate sized and its impacts in the States of Califor­ nel Foster rock avalanches and auoci­ earthquake of May l, 1882 [abstract). nia, Alaska, Utah, and Washington; ated displacement wave, Vancouver Is­ Final repon. Maley, Richard, 1986, Strong motion accel­ land, British Columbia. erograph stations in Oregon and Wash­ Hasegawa, H. S.; Rogers, G. C., 1978, EARTHQUAKES AND ington (April 1986). Appendix C Quantification of the magnitude 7.3, SEISMOLOGY - NETWORKS Malone, S. D., 1991, The HAWK seismic British Columbia earthquake of June 23, AND CATALOGS data acquisition and analysis system 1946. [abstract). Berg, J. W., Jr.; Baker, C. D., 1963, Oregon Hodgson, E. A., 1946, British Columbia eanhquak:es, 1841 through 1958 [ab­ Milne, W. G., 1953, Seismological investi­ earthquake, June 23, 1946. gations in British Columbia (abstract). stract). Hodgson, J. H.; Milne, W. G., 1951, Direc­ Chan, W.W., 1988, Network and array anal­ Munro, P. S.; Halliday, R. J.; Shannon, W.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Geothermal Potential of the AWA Claim Group, Squamish
    Geology and Geothermal Potential- of the AWA Claim$koup, JAN t-l 5 2004 I Squamish, British Columbia Gold COmIniSSioner’S Office I VANCOUVER,B.C. I Prepared for Lisa Rummel & AWA Spa Glenn J. Woodsworth, P. Geo. April 2003 3 SUMMARY A geologicalstudy was done on the AWA group of 6 mineral claims with a view to assessingthe geothermalpotential. The claims are almost entirely underlain by granitic rocks of the latest JurassicCloudburst pluton and, south of the Stawamus River, by the mid-CretaceousSquamish pluton. Fracture and joint analysisshows a , weak north-northeast trend, but fractures tend to be widely spaced.No signsof faulting or of igneousactivity related to Garibaldi volcanism were seenon the .zproperty. Faults, if they exist, are likely to be narrow, making them difficult drilling targets. The low regional heat flow-. and the lack of a “plumbing system”in the granitic, rocks on the property indicate that the geothermalpotential is very low. No further work is warranted. INTRODUCTION The AWA claim group consistsof 6 mineral claims,AWA #l to 6, stakedOctober 8, 2002,and owned by Lisa Rummel. The claims are situated in and just eastof the District of Squamishmunicipality, northeast of the subdivision of Valleycliffe (Figure 1). On the southwest,the claim group abuts StawamusChief Provincial Park and private property of the Valleycliffesubdivision and Squamishwaterworks. I was contracted by the owner to make a geologicalappraisal of the geothermal potential of the claim group and to make suggestionsfor further work. Field work was done in two long days;this work was supplementedwith an air photo study and review of the recent geologicalliterature on the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Cottid Recolonization in the Cheakamus River, Bc: Implications for Management
    INVESTIGATING COTTID RECOLONIZATION IN THE CHEAKAMUS RIVER, BC: IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT By CAROLINE KOHAR ARMOUR B.Sc., University of Ottawa, 2001 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard .......................................................... Dr. Lenore Newman, MEM Program Head School of Environment and Sustainability .......................................................... Dr. Tom A. Watson, R.P. Bio., P. Biol., Senior Environmental Scientist Triton Environmental Consultants Ltd. .......................................................... Dr. Tony Boydell, Director School of Environment and Sustainability ROYAL ROADS UNIVERSITY February 2010 © Caroline Kohar Armour, 2010 Investigating Cottid Recolonization ii ABSTRACT An estimated 90% of resident sculpin (Cottus asper and C. aleuticus) were impacted by a spill of 45,000 litres of sodium hydroxide, which occurred on the Cheakamus River, British Columbia on August 5, 2005. This study examined sculpin biology, life history, how sculpins are recovering from the impact, and whether they are re-entering the Cheakamus River from the adjacent Squamish and Mamquam Rivers. Sculpins were sampled in the three river systems via minnow trapping and electrofishing. Morphometric data were recorded and fin clips were taken as deoxyribonucleic acid vouchers to validate field species identification and to determine population distinctiveness among the three systems. Populations were not distinct, suggesting recolonization from other rivers is occurring. The data show sculpins will undergo seasonal downstream spawning migrations and also suggest sculpins are opportunistic habitat colonizers. This research bears useful implications for the adaptive management, recovery, and sustainability of sculpins in the Cheakamus River. Investigating Cottid Recolonization iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Derivation of the Eruption History of the Prehistoric Ring Creek Lava Flow, Southern British Columbia
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2011 Derivation of the eruption history of the prehistoric Ring Creek lava flow, Southern British Columbia Samuel Bruno Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Bruno, Samuel, "Derivation of the eruption history of the prehistoric Ring Creek lava flow, Southern British Columbia" (2011). WWU Graduate School Collection. 132. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/132 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DERIVATION OF THE ERUPTION HISTORY OF THE PREHISTORIC RING CREEK LAVA FLOW, SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA BY Samuel Bruno Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. Scott Babcock Dr. Pete Stelling Dr. Cathie Hickson Dr. Scott Linneman MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non-exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Cottid Recolonization in the Cheakamus River, Bc: Implications for Management
    INVESTIGATING COTTID RECOLONIZATION IN THE CHEAKAMUS RIVER, BC: IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT By CAROLINE KOHAR ARMOUR B.Sc., University of Ottawa, 2001 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard .......................................................... Dr. Lenore Newman, MEM Program Head School of Environment and Sustainability .......................................................... Dr. Tom A. Watson, R.P. Bio., P. Biol., Senior Environmental Scientist Triton Environmental Consultants Ltd. .......................................................... Dr. Tony Boydell, Director School of Environment and Sustainability ROYAL ROADS UNIVERSITY February 2010 © Caroline Kohar Armour, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-65943-4 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-65943-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • Squamish River Watershed Status Report
    Squamish River Watershed Status Report Prepared for: Squamish River Watershed Fisheries Sustainability Forum: November 27-30, 1997 Prepared by: David A. Levy and Shawn Davies HATFIELD CONSULTANTS LTD. Suite 201 - 1571 Bellevue Avenue West Vancouver, BC V7V 3R6 Tel: (604) 926.3261 Fax: (604) 926.5389 Email: [email protected] NOVEMBER, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose and Focus of Project 2 1.3 Definition of Study Area 2 2.0 THE SQUAMISH RIVER WATERSHED ENVIRONMENT 5 2.1 Physical Description 5 2.2 Geology 5 2.3 Climate 6 2.4 Watershed Hydrology 6 2.5 Water Quality 7 2.6 Contaminant Sources 10 3.0 LAND AND WATER USE 12 3.1 General Land Use Classification 12 3.2 First Nations 12 3.3 Industrial 13 3.4 Settlement 15 3.5 Recreation 15 3.6 Squamish River Estuary 15 3.7 Water Withdrawals and Impoundment 16 4.0 FISH AND AQUATIC-DEPENDENT WILDLIFE 19 4.1 Aquatic Habitat Characteristics 19 4.2 Fish Community 19 4.3 Distribution of Salmonids 20 4.4 Abundance of Salmonids 26 4.5 Aquatic-Dependent Wildlife 26 5.0 FISHERIES EXPLOITATION 30 5.1 Historical Commercial Fishery in Howe Sound 30 5.2 Exploitation of Squamish River Fish in Pacific Coast Fisheries 30 5.3 Recreational Fishery 34 i 5.4 First Nations Fishery 34 Page 6.0 FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT AND WATERSHED RESTORATION 36 6.1 Salmonid Enhancement Program 36 6.2 Watershed Restoration Program 39 7.0 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 42 7.1 General 42 7.2 Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat 42 7.3 Industry 42 7.4 Human Settlement 43 7.5 Tourism and Recreation 43 7.6 Non-Governmental
    [Show full text]
  • Brackendale Eagles Provincial Park BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
    Brackendale Eagles Provincial Park BACKGROUND DOCUMENT Prepared for: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks BC Parks Garibaldi/Sunshine Coast District Prepared by: Chris Armstrong, Fish & Wildlife, BCIT Victor Keong, Fish & Wildlife, BCIT David Vockeroth, Fish & Wildlife, BCIT May 5, 1999 Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................1 Park Establishment and Legislation................................................................... 1 Planning and Management History.................................................................... 4 Natural Values........................................................................................5 Physiography .................................................................................................... 5 Geology............................................................................................................ 5 Mineral Resources ............................................................................................ 6 Soils ................................................................................................................. 6 Hydrology ........................................................................................................ 7 Climate............................................................................................................. 7 Vegetation........................................................................................................ 7 Wildlife............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Pdf Pages
    Exploring The Coast Mountains On Skis A Guide to Ski Mountaineering John Baldwin Third Edition Chapter Reference Map 1 Howe Sound Contents 2 Garibaldi 3 Whistler Using this Guidebook 9 4 Callaghan Trip Planning 15 About the Coast Mountains 21 5 Birkenhead 6 Duffey Lake Pacific Ranges 7 Stein 1. Howe Sound 35 8 Chilliwack River 2. Garibaldi 51 9 Baker 3. Whistler 69 4. Callaghan 87 10 Coquihalla 5. Birkenhead 105 11 Manning Park 6. Duffey Lake 119 12 Ashlu 7. Stein 153 13 Upper Lillooet 8. Chilliwack River 163 14 Chilcotin Ranges 9. Baker 173 15 Lillooet Icefield 10. Coquihalla 191 16 Homathko Icefield 11. Manning Park 203 17 Waddington 12. Ashlu 213 18 Bella Coola 13. Upper Lillooet 233 19 Smithers 14. Chilcotin Ranges 261 20 Terrace 15. Lillooet Icefield 271 21 Stewart 16. Homathko Icefield 287 22 Juneau 17. Waddington 299 18. Bella Coola 333 Kitimat Ranges 19. Smithers 355 20. Terrace 383 Boundary Ranges 21. Stewart 405 22. Juneau 425 23. Extended Traverses 441 Index 445 Metres to Feet 448 34 Exploring the Coast Mountains on Skis A Guide to Climbing and Hiking in Southwestern BC, Websites Bruce Fairley www.bivouac.com Scrambles in Southwestern British Columbia, Matt The Canadian Mountaineering Encyclopedia is an excellent Howe Sound Gunn 1 online guidebook that contains route descriptions, photos, A Climber’s Guide to the Coastal Ranges of BC, Dick detailed road information and updates and trip reports. Culbert (out of print) www.clubtread.com Stein Valley Wilderness Guidebook, Gordon White (out Online forum and trip reports. of print) www.turns-all-year.com Alpine Select, Kevin McLane Online forum and trip reports focused on Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • Alpine Archaeology of the Squamish* and Oral Traditions
    CHAPTER 5 Alpine Archaeology and Oral Traditions of the Squamish* RUDY REIMER Introduction Intense vertical relief dominates the Coast Range as well as by influence from the adjacent marine Mountains of southwestern British Columbia environment. In this paper I examine the con­ (Figure 5:1), part of the traditional territory of nections between Squamish culture and this the Squamish people. Many mountains rise mountainous terrain with a specific focus on the from sea level or valley bottoms to elevations of sub-alpine and alpine areas of the southern over 2000 meters in less than 1-kilometer hori­ Coast Range within Squamish traditional terri­ zontal distance. The Coast Range has been tory (Figure 5:2), and without the notion of this shaped by both vulcanism and heavy glaciation landscape as a barrier to human use. Figure 5:1. The Southern Coast Mountains of the Squamish Area. *A11 cultural information and material presented in this paper is the sole property of the Squamish Nation. 46 Archaeology of Coastal British Columbia Figure 5:2. Squamish Nation Traditional Ter­ Figure 5:3. Glacial Areas along the south ritory. Coast of British Columbia. This review of the role of mountains in tradi­ Notable peaks include Mount Garibaldi, the tional Squamish life illustrates that there are Black Tusk, Mount Fee, Mount Cayley, the many intriguing themes that offer insights for Tricuni Peaks and Tantalus Range. On these researchers in the fields of archaeology, anthro­ mountains the topography can range from steep pology and geology. Many of the Squamish and rugged, to gentle sloping meadow table­ people’s traditional beliefs, stories, legends and lands, creating habitats suitable for a diversity of activities took place in this mountainous terrain.
    [Show full text]
  • Mamquam Landscape Unit
    TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM MAPPING: MAMQUAM LANDSCAPE UNIT Prepared For: Soo Licensee Group Ian Robertson, R.P.F., FIA Coordinator c/o International Forest Products Ltd. 311-1180 Ironwood St. Campbell River, BC V9W 5P7 Prepared By: Timberline Natural Resource Group Ltd. 401-958 West 8 th Ave Vancouver, BC V5Z 1E5 March 31, 2007 TEM REPORT: MAMQUAM LANDSCAPE UNIT Soo Licensee Group ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Terrestrial ecosystem mapping of the Mamquam Landscape Unit could not have been successfully completed without the efforts of many people. This project was funded through the Forest Investment Account (FIA) and was coordinated by the participating Soo TSA Licensee Group. Ian Robertson, R.P.F., of Forsite Forest Management Specialists acted as the FIA Coordinator on behalf of the participating Soo licensees. Ecological data collection was completed by the following Timberline staff: Scott Hawker (R.P.Bio., project manager) and Kara Aleksich (B.Sc., F.I.T.). Digital photo control was completed by Andrew Neale of Andrew Neale Digital Mapping (Victoria, B.C.). Data capture (monorestitution) was completed by Eros Pavan, R.P.F., Timberline. Nick Zukanovic and Jouni Tanskanen of Timberline provided their GIS expertise throughout the project. Helen Reid, R.P.Bio., of Madrone Environmental Services Ltd. (Duncan, B.C.), provided an independent quality assurance check of the final mapping. i TEM REPORT: MAMQUAM LANDSCAPE UNIT Soo Licensee Group EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Mamquam Landscape Unit (LU) is located directly east of Squamish, BC, in a coastal climatic zone. It encompasses approximately 49,946 hectares. Of the total area, 28,908 hectares are productive forest and the remaining 21,038 hectares are either non- forested or non-Crown lands (Gill 2004).
    [Show full text]