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Political Shibboleths: a Study of Religious Rhetorical

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Political Shibboleths: a Study of Religious Rhetorical View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Texas A&M University POLITICAL SHIBBOLETHS: A STUDY OF RELIGIOUS RHETORICAL FORMS IN THE CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN PRESIDENCY A Dissertation by DAVID C. BAILEY Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2008 Major Subject: Communication POLITICAL SHIBBOLETHS: A STUDY OF RELIGIOUS RHETORICAL FORMS IN THE CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN PRESIDENCY A Dissertation by DAVID C. BAILEY Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Kurt Ritter Committee Members, Leroy G. Dorsey James A. Aune C. Jan Swearingen Head of Department, Richard L. Street May 2008 Major Subject: Communication iii ABSTRACT Political Shibboleths: A Study of Religious Rhetorical Forms in the Contemporary American Presidency. (May 2008) David C. Bailey, B.A., Southwest Baptist University; M.A., Missouri State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Kurt Ritter From Jimmy Carter’s self-identification as a “born again Christian” in the 1976 presidential campaign to George W. Bush’s declaration of “Christ” as his favorite political philosopher “because he changed my heart” in a Republican primary debate of the 2000 campaign, presidential speeches and campaigns are often laced with religious language. Such an observation is nothing new. However, many scholars and political observers do not know what to make of such religious references. Such language is often dismissed as either shameless pandering to religious constituencies or something hopelessly out of place in American politics. This dissertation attempts a deeper analysis of this controversial subject by identifying how presidents use the rhetorical resources of religion by employing religious argument patterns stemming from the Jewish and Christian religious traditions in presidential speeches. Specifically, this dissertation explores how the last five presidents (Jimmy Carter through George W. Bush) have used such religious rhetorical forms in attempts to strike a symbolic chord within the larger American public. The religious rhetorical forms explored herein, if employed judiciously, can serve as political shibboleths—or passwords—which indicate a basic level of iv identification with the public thanks to the basic elements, such as transformation, atonement, and renewal, which comprise the mythical core of these forms. v To my first debate coach Mr. Elwin Roe who taught me the enduring power of speech vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The most deserving acknowledgments and thanks go to my family. Thanks to my loving wife Jodee for being my best friend and constant encouragement. You are my strength. Thanks also to my son Ethan who was born as the final pages of this dissertation were being written. Daddy loves you. This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance of my doctoral committee. Thanks to Dr. James A. Aune for challenging me to view the topic of religion through a wider lens. Thanks to Dr. C. Jan Swearingen for encouraging me to think more deeply about how religious discourse influences American political rhetoric. Thanks to Dr. Leroy G. Dorsey for helping me think about how religion and religious forms operate publicly at the mythological level. A special thanks to my advisor Dr. Kurt Ritter—the father of this project. Thank you for allowing me to use your work and ideas as a springboard for my own. You are a great scholar, mentor, teacher, and friend. Thanks to the College of Liberal Arts at Texas A&M University for its financial support of the archival research contained herein. Thanks also to the very professional archival staffs of the Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Bush, and William J. Clinton presidential libraries for their dedication and patience in helping me find many of the items I needed. There are many other friends and colleagues whom I should thank; Jeremiah Hickey for being a good friend and an excellent sounding board for all things professional and personal, Nancy Street for encouraging my development as a teacher, and Brian Quick for introducing me to a great department. These and many others have made this project possible. My sincere appreciation and thanks to you all. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...iii DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………….v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………..vi TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………..vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: RELIGIOUS RHETORICAL PATTERNS IN A POLITICALWORLD……………………………………………….1 Research Questions………………………………………………..4 Shibboleth…………………………………………………………5 Identification and Consubstantiality………………………………6 Religious Rhetorical Form………………………………………...7 Review of Scholarship…………………………………………...12 Outline of Chapters………………………………………………19 II RECONSIDERING RELIGIOUS RHETORIC IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE: CIVIL RELIGION, CIVIC PIETY, OR RELIGIOUS RHETORICAL FORM?............................................................................28 American Civil Religion…………………………………………32 The Contract of Civic Piety……………………………………...43 The Religious Rhetorical Form Construct……………………….46 Theoretical and Methodological Benefits of Religious Rhetorical Form………………………………………………….50 III DEFINED BY DECLENSION: THE MORALISTIC RHETORICAL TRAJECTORY OF JIMMY CARTER’S ENERGY JEREMIAD…………………………………………………...62 The American Jeremiad………………………………………….66 Rhetorical Trajectories…………………………………………...74 Jimmy Carter’s Energy Jeremiad………………………………...76 Carter’s Jeremiad as a Failed Shibboleth………………………...92 viii CHAPTER Page IV THE POWER OF AMERICAN PROMISE: THE POLITICAL POSTMILLENNIALISM OF RONALD REAGAN’S ECONOMIC JEREMIAD……………………………………………………………..103 The Postmillennial American Jeremiad………………………...106 Ronald Reagan’s Postmillennial Jeremiad……………………...114 The Reagan Economic Jeremiad as Political Shibboleth……….143 V “KICKING THE VIETNAM SYNDROME”: GEORGE H.W. BUSH, INCOMPLETE NATIONAL REDEMPTION, AND OPERATION DESERT STORM………………………………………………………155 Atonement as Religious Rhetorical Form………………………159 America’s Public Guilt over Vietnam…………………………..165 “Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome”……………………………...170 An Incomplete Redemption…………………………………….178 VI WILLIAM J. CLINTON’S “NEW COVENANT”: A PROPHECY OF NATIONAL DELIVERANCE……………………………………..191 Deliverance Prophecy as a Religious Rhetorical Form………...197 Deliverance and American Exceptionalism…………………….201 Bill Clinton’s Prophecy of American Deliverance……………..204 Deliverance, Not a Jeremiad……………………………………220 VII ENACTING TRANSFORMATION: GEORGE W. BUSH AND THE PAULINE CONVERSION NARRATIVE………………...229 Cultural Prevalence and Features of the Pauline Conversion Narrative………………………………………………………..233 Conforming Bush’s Conversion Narrative to the Pauline Form…………………………………………………………….246 Bush’s Pauline Conversion Narrative as Political Shibboleth….261 VIII CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS………………………….......270 Major Findings………………………………………………….270 Normative Considerations……………………………………...279 Limitations……………………………………………………...285 Future Scholarship and the Future of Religion in American Politics……………………………………………….285 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………291 ix Page VITA……………………………………………………………………………………324 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: RELIGIOUS RHETORICAL PATTERNS IN A POLITICAL WORLD “Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of the Jordan . .” Judges 12:61 On December 13, 1999 Republican presidential hopefuls— Steve Forbes, George W. Bush, Gary Bauer, John McCain, Orrin Hatch, and Alan Keyes—gathered in Des Moines, Iowa at the Des Moines Civic Center to participate in the state’s only Republican presidential primary debate of the season. The nationally-televised contest exhibited all the characteristics of presidential primary debates including testy exchanges like the one between Governor Bush and Senator McCain about the role of soft money in elections, and Senator Hatch’s punchy one-liner comeback at multi-millionaire Steve Forbes who said that Hatch’s tax plan was really code for “hold onto your wallet”—“Steve, I couldn’t even lift your wallet.”2 Despite each candidate’s desire to strike a decisive blow early in the debate, the defining moment of this contest would come in the form of a surprising answer to an anonymously-posed question from the audience in the closing minutes. Veteran reporter John Bachman of Des Moine’s WHO-TV, who co-moderated the debate with NBC-TV’s Tom Brokaw, asked the candidates: “What political philosopher or thinker do you most ________________ This dissertation follows the style of the journal Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 2 identify with and why?”3 Steve Forbes and Alan Keyes offered John Locke and the founding fathers respectively as their primary political influences because of the important philosophical and political roles they played in the foundation of the American political structure. Bachman next directed the question to Governor Bush prompting the following exchange: Bachman: “Governor Bush, a philosopher/thinker and why?” Bush: “Christ. Because he changed my heart.” Bachman: “I think that the viewer would like to know more on how he has changed your heart.” Bush: “Well if they don’t know it’s going to be hard to explain. When you turn your heart and your life over to Christ—when you accept Christ as the Savior, it changes your heart, and
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