1 Three Essential Questions of Production

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

1 Three Essential Questions of Production Three Essential Questions of Production ~ Economic Understandings SS7E5a Name_______________________________________Date__________________________________ Class 1 2 3 4 Traditional Economies Command Economies Market Economies Mixed Economies What is In this type of In a command economy, the In a market economy, the Nearly all economies in produced? economic system, what central government decides wants of the consumers and the world today have is produced is based on what goods and services will the profit motive of the characteristics of both custom and the habit be produced, what wages will producers will decide what market and command of how such decisions be paid to workers, what will be produced. A.K.A. economic systems. were made in the past. jobs the workers do, as well Free-enterprise, Laisse- as the prices of goods. faire & capitalism. This means that most How is it The methods of In a command economy, no Labor (the workers) and countries have produced? production are one can start their own management (the characteristics of a primitive. Bartering, or business. bosses/owners) together free market/free a system of trading in The government determines will determine how goods enterprise as well as goods and services, how and where the goods will be produced in a market some government replaces currency in a produced would be sold. economy. planning and control. traditional economy. For whom is The primary group for In a command economy, the In a market economy, each it produced? whom goods and government determines how production resource is paid services are produced the goods and services are based on what is in a traditional economy distributed. contributed to the is the tribe or family production of goods and group. services. 1 Definition: An economic system is a collection of formal and informal institutions, laws, systems of beliefs, and values which provide a framework for collective decision making. Notes: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.
Recommended publications
  • Adam Smith 1723 – 1790 He Describes the General Harmony Of
    Adam Smith 1723 – 1790 He describes the general harmony of human motives and activities under a beneficent Providence, and the general theme of “the invisible hand” promoting the harmony of interests. The invisible hand: There are two important features of Smith’s concept of the “invisible hand”. First, Smith was not advocating a social policy (that people should act in their own self interest), but rather was describing an observed economic reality (that people do act in their own interest). Second, Smith was not claiming that all self-interest has beneficial effects on the community. He did not argue that self-interest is always good; he merely argued against the view that self- interest is necessarily bad. It is worth noting that, upon his death, Smith left much of his personal wealth to churches and charities. On another level, though, the “invisible hand” refers to the ability of the market to correct for seemingly disastrous situations with no intervention on the part of government or other organizations (although Smith did not, himself, use the term with this meaning in mind). For example, Smith says, if a product shortage were to occur, that product’s price in the market would rise, creating incentive for its production and a reduction in its consumption, eventually curing the shortage. The increased competition among manufacturers and increased supply would also lower the price of the product to its production cost plus a small profit, the “natural price.” Smith believed that while human motives are often selfish and greedy, the competition in the free market would tend to benefit society as a whole anyway.
    [Show full text]
  • The 4 Economic Systems What Is an Economic System?
    The 4 Economic Systems What is an Economic System? Economics is the study of how people make decisions given the resources that are provided to them Economics is all about CHOICES, both individual and group choices. We must make choices to provide for our needs and wants. The choices each society or nation selects leads to the creation of their type of economy. 3 Basic Questions Each economic system tries to answer the three basic questions: What should be produced? How it should be produced? For whom should it be produced? How they answer these questions determines the kind of system they have. Four Types of Systems There are four main types of economic systems. The Traditional Economic System The Command Economic System The Market Economic System The Mixed Economic System Each system has its strengths and weaknesses. Traditional Economy In a traditional economy, the customs and habits of the past are used to decide what and how goods will be produced, distributed, and consumed. Each member of society knows from early on what their role in the larger group will be. Jobs are passed down from generation to generation so there is little change in jobs over the generations. In a traditional economy, people are depended upon to fulfill their jobs. If someone fails to do their part, the system can break down. Farming, hunting, and herding are part of a traditional economy. Traditional economies can be found in different indigenous groups. In addition, traditional economies bartering is used for trade. Bartering is trading without money. For example, if an individual has a good and he trades it with another individual for a different good.
    [Show full text]
  • The Stock Market and the Economy
    BARRY BOSWORTH Brookings Institution The Stock Market and the Economy THE STOCKMARKET decline of 1973-74 marked the longest and steepest fall in corporate-stockprices since the depressionof the 1930s.The loss of stockholderwealth in marketprices amounted to $525 billion, or 43 per- cent.'The magnitudeof this declinein stockvalues, in conjunctionwith the subsequentcollapse of aggregatedemand in 1974-75, has sparkeda re- newed discussionof the role of the stock marketin businesscycles. The debate-as is so frequentlythe case-is not new to economics.Several sig- nificantcontributions recently made at both the conceptualand empirical levels seem, however,to justify a reexaminationof the issues. The disputeabout the import of changesin the stock marketrevolves around their causal role in economicfluctuation: Are they a source of variationin aggregatedemand? Does the causationrun solely in the op- posite direction?Or do the levels of economicactivity and of stock prices simplyrespond similarly to other,more basic, economic forces, with no di- rect causal link betweenthe two? This third interpretationis consistent with a view that the stock marketreflects investors' attempts to forecast economictrends. The fact that movementsin stock prices foretellmajor Note: I am gratefulto LeonardHerk for researchaid in writingthis article.Members of the Brookingspanel offeredvaluable comments and suggestionsin the preparationof the draft. David A. Wyss of the Federal Reserve Board staff provided the computer simulationsof the MPS model and answerednumerous questions. 1. Derived as the change between December 1972 and December 1974, as shown in Board of Governorsof the FederalReserve System, unpublisheddetail accounts, from the flow of funds (July 1975). 257 258 BrookingsPapers on EconomicActivity, 2:1975 cyclesin businessactivity is, thus, only evidencethat investors'forecasts are betterthan randomguesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Vanguard Economic and Market Outlook 2021: Approaching the Dawn
    Vanguard economic and market outlook for 2021: Approaching the dawn Vanguard Research December 2020 ■ While the global economy continues to recover as we head into 2021, the battle between the virus and humanity’s efforts to stanch it continues. Our outlook for the global economy hinges critically on health outcomes. The recovery’s path is likely to prove uneven and varied across industries and countries, even with an effective vaccine in sight. ■ In China, we see the robust recovery extending in 2021 with growth of 9%. Elsewhere, we expect growth of 5% in the U.S. and 5% in the euro area, with those economies making meaningful progress toward full employment levels in 2021. In emerging markets, we expect a more uneven and challenging recovery, with growth of 6%. ■ When we peek beyond the long shadow of COVID-19, we see the pandemic irreversibly accelerating trends such as work automation and digitization of economies. However, other more profound setbacks brought about by the lockdowns and recession will ultimately prove temporary. Assuming a reasonable path for health outcomes, the scarring effect of permanent job losses is likely to be limited. ■ Our fair-value stock projections continue to reveal a global equity market that is neither grossly overvalued nor likely to produce outsized returns going forward. This suggests, however, that there may be opportunities to invest broadly around the world and across the value spectrum. Given a lower-for-longer rate outlook, we find it hard to see a material uptick in fixed income returns in the foreseeable future. Lead authors Vanguard Investment Strategy Group Vanguard Global Economics and Capital Markets Outlook Team Joseph Davis, Ph.D., Global Chief Economist Joseph Davis, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Market Failure in Kidney Exchange†
    American Economic Review 2019, 109(11): 4026–4070 https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180771 Market Failure in Kidney Exchange† By Nikhil Agarwal, Itai Ashlagi, Eduardo Azevedo, Clayton R. Featherstone, and Ömer Karaduman* We show that kidney exchange markets suffer from market failures whose remedy could increase transplants by 30 to 63 percent. First, we document that the market is fragmented and inefficient; most trans- plants are arranged by hospitals instead of national platforms. Second, we propose a model to show two sources of inefficiency: hospitals only partly internalize their patients’ benefits from exchange, and current platforms suboptimally reward hospitals for submitting patients and donors. Third, we calibrate a production function and show that indi- vidual hospitals operate below efficient scale. Eliminating this ineffi- ciency requires either a mandate or a combination of new mechanisms and reimbursement reforms. JEL D24, D47, I11 ( ) The kidney exchange market in the United States enables approximately 800 transplants per year for kidney patients who have a willing but incompatible live donor. Exchanges are organized by matching these patient–donor pairs into swaps that enable transplants. Each such transplant extends and improves the patient’s quality of life and saves hundreds of thousands of dollars in medical costs, ulti- mately creating an economic value estimated at more than one million dollars.1 Since monetary compensation for living donors is forbidden and deceased donors * Agarwal: Department of Economics, MIT,
    [Show full text]
  • Power Market Economics LLC Evolving Capacity Markets in A
    Power Market Economics LLC Evolving Capacity Markets in a Modern Grid By Robert Stoddard State policies in New England mandate substantial shifts in the generation resources serving their citizen’s electrical needs. Maine, for example, has a statutory requirement to shift to 80 percent renewables by 2030, with a goal of reaching 100 percent by 2050. Massachusetts’ Clean Energy Standard sets a minimum percentage of renewables at 16 percent in 2018, increasing 2 percentage points annually to 80 percent in 2050. Facing these sharp departures from business-as-usual, policymakers raise a core question: are today’s wholesale market designs able to help the states achieve these goals? Can they even accommodate these state policy resources? In particular, are today’s capacity markets—which are supposed to guide the long-term investment in electricity generation resources—up to the job? Capacity markets serve a central role in New England’s electricity market. They serve a critical role in helping to ensure that the system operator, ISO New England (ISO-NE), will have enough resources, located strategically on the grid, to meet expected peak loads with a sufficient reserve margin. How capacity markets are designed and operate has evolved relatively little since the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) launched the first full-fledged capacity market in 1999, the primary innovations being a longer lead-time in procurement of resources, better to support the orderly exit and construction of resources, and higher performance requirements, better to ensure that resources being paid to be available are in fact operating when needed. Are capacity markets now irrelevant? No.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing What's There Lindy Davies Progress.Org / 2005 One Afternoon
    Seeing What's There Lindy Davies Progress.org / 2005 One afternoon, back in the days of the great bloom of New York City panhandling in the early 90s, I made the by-then reflexive plunge into my pocket, and found nothing but a twenty-dollar bill. I explained to the beggar that the twenty was all I had, and I couldn't afford to give it to him. A conversation ensued, which, the guy told me, meant a lot more to him than the money. "When so many people walk by and don't seem to see you," he said, "you start to wonder if you might really not be here." I often think of that moment as I ponder the plight of the Georgists. Having been given the responsibility of acquainting the world with a radically important insight, they go out and find that people simply cannot see them or, if they can, they refuse to admit it! That makes the Georgists sound rather pathetic. But, despite their lack of honor in their own country, I'd suggest that the Georgists are not the most pathetic players in the field of political economy. True, they lack sophisticated training, popular support and institutional funding. Nevertheless, Georgists can accomplish one thing that most of today's credentialed economists have a great deal of trouble with: they can discern the obvious. A highly-skilled stage magician can make something huge -- the Statue of Liberty, say -- seem to disappear. Yet if that magician were to actually start to believe in his own smoke and mirrors -- if he actually expected the statue to be gone -- our feelings about his performance would shift from awe to pity.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretation of Economic Systems Models in International Overview
    onomic c s & f E o M Victoria and Hua, Int J Econ Manag Sci 2018, 7:3 l a a n n a r g u e DOI: 10.4172/2162-6359.1000519 o m J International Journal of Economics & e l n a t n S o i c t i a ISSN: 2162-6359 e n n r c e t e s n I Management Sciences Research Article Open Access Short Communication Open Access Interpretation of Economic Systems Models in International Overview: Traditional, the Command-Administrative, Capitalism and Mixed-Economy Systems: Unified Economic Areas Chernyaeva Victoria A* and Wang Dian Hua College of Economic and Management, Tianjin Science and Technology University, P.R. China Abstract The important theoretical background directed to interpretation of economic models in different countries and regional cooperation scheme. It is relevant research topic because in various systems of interaction among nations there are particular methods of making the economical operations. Unified economic projects influenced by other spheres of interaction among regions, between countries as education, transport cooperation, industrial collaboration, humanitarian interaction. The research detailed the arguments of theory and practical experience of cooperation between different economical systems of States with appropriate results in common projects, their implementation results. Keywords: Economic models; Traditional economy system; The The command-administrative system under certain conditions, yields command-administrative economy system; Capitalism-economy positive economic results [3]. So, in the Chinese economy in a certain system; Mixed-economy system; Unified economic area period of command-administrative system has increased the growth rate. Introduction In Russian Federation, the administrative-command Economic system in theoretical overview system associated with the success in solving critical problems (industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, the mobilization of Considering about the acquisition of wealth Aristotle allocated the national economy).
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Microeconomics
    PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS A. Competition The basic motivation to produce in a market economy is the expectation of income, which will generate profits. • The returns to the efforts of a business - the difference between its total revenues and its total costs - are profits. Thus, questions of revenues and costs are key in an analysis of the profit motive. • Other motivations include nonprofit incentives such as social status, the need to feel important, the desire for recognition, and the retaining of one's job. Economists' calculations of profits are different from those used by businesses in their accounting systems. Economic profit = total revenue - total economic cost • Total economic cost includes the value of all inputs used in production. • Normal profit is an economic cost since it occurs when economic profit is zero. It represents the opportunity cost of labor and capital contributed to the production process by the producer. • Accounting profits are computed only on the basis of explicit costs, including labor and capital. Since they do not take "normal profits" into consideration, they overstate true profits. Economic profits reward entrepreneurship. They are a payment to discovering new and better methods of production, taking above-average risks, and producing something that society desires. The ability of each firm to generate profits is limited by the structure of the industry in which the firm is engaged. The firms in a competitive market are price takers. • None has any market power - the ability to control the market price of the product it sells. • A firm's individual supply curve is a very small - and inconsequential - part of market supply.
    [Show full text]
  • Underdevelopment in a Capital-Rich Economy Ahmed H
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1983 Underdevelopment in a capital-rich economy Ahmed H. Senani Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Senani, Ahmed H., "Underdevelopment in a capital-rich economy " (1983). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8959. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8959 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark; it is aji indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed.
    [Show full text]
  • Retail Money Market Funds
    Prospectus June 1, 2021 Retail Money Market Funds Fund Service Class Wells Fargo Money Market Fund WMOXX Wells Fargo National Tax-Free Money Market Fund MMIXX The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this Prospectus. Anyone who tells you otherwise is committing a crime. Fund shares are NOT deposits or other obligations of, or guaranteed by, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., its affiliates or any other depository institution. Fund shares are not insured or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency and may lose value. SUPPLEMENT TO THE PROSPECTUSES, SUMMARY PROSPECTUSES AND STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OF WELLS FARGO ALTERNATIVE FUNDS WELLS FARGO COREBUILDER SHARES WELLS FARGO FIXED INCOME FUNDS WELLS FARGO INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL EQUITY FUNDS WELLS FARGO MONEY MARKET FUNDS WELLS FARGO MULTI-ASSET FUNDS WELLS FARGO MUNICIPAL FIXED INCOME FUNDS WELLS FARGO SPECIALTY FUNDS WELLS FARGO TARGET DATE RETIREMENT FUNDS WELLS FARGO U.S. EQUITY FUNDS WELLS FARGO VARIABLE TRUST FUNDS (Each a “Fund”, together the “Funds”) At a meeting held July 15, 2021, the Board of Trustees of the Wells Fargo Funds approved a change in the Funds’ names to remove “Wells Fargo” from each Fund’s name and replace with “Allspring”. The change is expected to go into effect on Oct. 11, 2021. Wells Fargo Asset Management (WFAM) today announced that it will be changing its company name to Allspring Global Investments upon the closing of the previously announced sale transaction of WFAM by Wells Fargo & Company to GTCR LLC and Reverence Capital Partners, L.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Areas of Economic Analysis of Projects: an Overview
    KEY AREAS OF EcoNOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROJECTS An Overview ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND OPERATIONS SUPPORT DIVISION (EREA) ECONOMICS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT (ERD) June 2004 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART I: SCOPE OF PROJECT ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 2 PART II: THE 10 AREAS OF ANALYSIS 10 1. Assess Macroeconomic Context 10 2. Assess Sector Context 11 3. Assess Demand 12 4. Identify Economic Rationale 13 5. Identify Project Alternatives 13 6. Identify and Compare Benefits and Costs 14 7. Assess Financial and Institutional Sustainability 15 8. Undertake Distribution Analysis 16 9. Undertake Sensitivity and Risk Analyses 16 10. Establish a Project Performance Monitoring System (PPMS) 17 PART Ill: AREAS OF ANALYSIS IN ADB's PROJECT PROCESSING CYCLE 18 6. Identification of Costs and Benefits 7. Fiscal/Financial Sustainability 8. Distribution Analysis 9. Sensitivity and Risk Analyses 10. Project Performance Monitoring System INTRODUCTION conomic analysis of projects helps identify and Eselect public investments that will sustainably improve the welfare of beneficiaries and a country as a whole. This 2"d edition pamphlet1 outlines key areas of economic analysis of projects. It stresses that analysis begins during country strategy studies and programming, when projects are identified, and continues iteratively throughout the project cycle. Economic analysis is coordinated with institutional, financial, environmental, social, and poverty analyses, forming an integral part of investment appraisal. Part I of the pamphlet summarizes the principles and key areas of analysis needed to appraise the economic feasibility of every project. The detailed assessment methods are outlined in ADB's Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects (1997). Part II summarizes the main issues to be addressed in each of the 10 key areas of analysis (AAs).
    [Show full text]