The International Fair Trade Charter

How the Global Fair Trade Movement works to transform trade in order to achieve justice, equity and sustainability for people and planet.

Launched on 25 September 2018

OVERVIEW CHAPTER THREE

03 OVERVIEW 17 FAIR TRADE’S UNIQUE APPROACH

04 ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL FAIR 18 CREATING THE CONDITIONS TRADE CHARTER FOR FAIR TRADE

06 THERE IS ANOTHER WAY 19 ACHIEVING INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC GROWTH 07 IMPORTANT NOTICE ON USE OF THIS CHARTER 19 PROVIDING DECENT WORK AND HELPING TO IMPROVE WAGES AND INCOMES

20 EMPOWERING WOMEN

CHAPTER ONE 20 PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AND INVESTING IN THE NEXT GENERATION

09 INTRODUCTION 21 NURTURING BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 10 BACKGROUND TO THE CHARTER 23 INFLUENCING PUBLIC POLICIES 10 OBJECTIVES OF THE CHARTER 23 INVOLVING CITIZENS IN BUILDING 11 FAIR TRADE’S VISION A FAIR WORLD

11 DEFINITION OF FAIR TRADE

CHAPTER FOUR

CHAPTER TWO

25 FAIR TRADE’S IMPACT AND ACHIEVEMENTS 13 THE NEED FOR FAIR TRADE

28 APPENDIX 29 NOTES

Pebble Hathay Bunano AN OVERVIEW AN OVERVIEW

AN OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL FAIR TRADE CHARTER

There is another way

02 03 AN OVERVIEW AN OVERVIEW

“Fair Trade is based on modes of production THE RICHEST 1% NOW OWN AS MUCH WEALTH AS THE REST and trading that put people and planet before OF THE WORLD financial profit.”

ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL FAIR TRADE CHARTER

All over the world and for many cen- Trade actors explain how their work con- turies, people have developed econom- nects with the shared values and generic ic and commercial relations based on approach, and to help others who work mutual benefit and solidarity. Fair Trade with Fair Trade to recognise those values GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN applies these ideas to the contemporary and approaches. challenges of international trade in a globalised world. Global trade has grown spectacularly in recent decades. This has been a major Consumers The Fair Trade movement is made up of contributor to economic growth in individuals, organizations and networks many countries but the gains have not that share a common vision of a world been shared evenly. The models of trade in which justice, equity and sustainable promoted by global institutions and Retailers development are at the heart of trade large corporations have not delivered structures and practices so that every- on their promise to eliminate poverty one, through their work, can maintain and have caused unprecedented levels of Processors & Brands a decent and dignified livelihood and inequality. develop their full human potential. Markets are typically dominated by a World Fair Trade Organization and handful of international firms who have Traders Fairtrade International have initiated the power to set the terms of trade for the process of drafting this Charter their suppliers, forcing prices down, in consultation with other actors and often to levels below the full costs of with the aim of producing a common production. This leaves small producers Supply Chain reference document for the Global Fair and workers struggling to earn a living Farmers & Workers Trade movement. It seeks to help Fair wage and vulnerable to exploitation. Input Suppliers

04 05 AN OVERVIEW AN OVERVIEW

THERE IS ANOTHER WAY! IMPORTANT NOTICE ON THE USE OF THIS CHARTER Fair Trade is based on modes of pro- creates more opportunities for produc- duction and trading that put people ers and their business partners. and planet before financial profit. Fair The Charter offers a concise explanation or as a standard by which the approach Trade also connects producers and The failures of the conventional trading of the generic objectives and approach- of specific organizations can be assessed. consumers through greater transparency system are deep-rooted and complex. es that are common to most Fair Trade of supply chains. By demonstrating that Fair Trade takes a holistic approach to initiatives. This document cannot therefore be greater justice in world trade is possible, tackling these by combining many indi- used to justify the Fair Trade claims or Fair Trade also seeks to involve citizens vidual approaches. It is not possible for such a document to credentials of any organisation, busi- in rewriting the rules of trade with the act as a manual of Fair Trade practices ness, or network. needs of small producers, workers and By supporting artisans, farmers and consumers at their heart. Fair Trade is workers to build democratic organi- not charity but a partnership for change zations, Fair Trade seeks to empower and development through trade. them to take more control over their own future and secure outcomes based 1. Fair Trade starts with producers work- on justice for people and planet. In this GENDER ing together in democratic organisations way, Fair Trade contributes to many of EQUITY to build stronger businesses that can the Sustainable Development Goals. INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC compete in international markets and GROWTH secure improved terms of trade. Traditional models of Fair Trade, based on the sale of products from Africa, Asia SECURITY 2. Trading enterprises help to connect and Latin America & the Caribbean to FOOD producers and consumers in a partner- markets in Europe, North America and ship for change. Pioneering 100% Fair the Pacific remain important but Fair DECENTWORK Trade enterprises have been joined by Trade ideas are increasingly a part of many mainstream commercial compa- initiatives to address social, economic and nies who recognise the importance of environmental challenges everywhere in supporting Fair Trade as part of their the world. FAIR TRADE FIRST” TRADE sustainability programmes. “PEOPLE Fair Trade’s work depends on trust; the POLICIES 3. Fair Trade helps consumers to act re- trust of consumers who buy Fair Trade sponsibly by choosing products that offer products and the trust of those who invest

SUSTAINABLE a better deal to the people at the other in new services and programmes. Fair LIVELIHOODS end of the supply chain. Fair Trade also Trade Organizations are committed to strengthens the voice of producers and protecting that trust, firstly by adopting THRIVING consumers as citizens, helping them lobby the highest possible standards of integri- COMMUNITIES their governments for fairer trade rules. ty, transparency and accountability, and ECOLOGICAL secondly by striving for continual im- BALANCE 4. By demonstrating the commercial provement of its impact by learning from success and development impact of trad- monitoring and evaluation of their work. ing fairly, the market grows, and this

06 07 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Justice, equity and sustainable development should be at the heart of trade structures

09 THE FAIR TRADE CHARTER INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE CHARTER FAIR TRADE’S VISION

This document uses the term of “Fair al, the two global networks that have The Fair Trade movement shares a vision so that everyone, through their work, Trade Organizations” to include all jointly led the process. of a world in which justice, equity and can maintain a decent and dignified organizations and networks who tackle sustainable development are at the livelihood and develop their full human poverty and inequality through trade as The updating of the Charter provides an heart of trade structures and practices potential. part of their mission. opportunity to restate the fundamental values of Fair Trade that unite the diverse This includes production, exchange and range of organizations and networks that marketing of goods as part of Fair Trade make up the Global Fair Trade movement. initiatives as well as promotion, aware- This is important at a time when the DEFINITION OF FAIR TRADE ness raising, and advocacy of the concept success of Fair Trade is encouraging more of Fair Trade. widespread use of the term, increasing the need for a common reference point. This document revises and updates the The main global networks of the Fair Trade movement agreed the following definition 2009 Charter of Fair Trade Principles The new Charter also seeks to highlight of Fair Trade in 2001(i): which has been widely used as a primary Fair Trade’s longstanding role in address- reference document for policy and ad- ing challenges such as inequality, gender vocacy work. An international group of rights, climate change and other topics of experts has advised the World Fair Trade the United Nations Sustainable Develop- Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, Organization and Fairtrade Internation- ment Goals. transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable OBJECTIVES OF THE CHARTER development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers The Charter offers a general explanation specific missions and strategies with the of the shared vision and values of the common philosophy of the movement, and workers – especially in the South. Global Fair Trade movement. It has three and to promote collaboration with the main aims: solidarity economy, organic agriculture movements and others that fight for sim- 1. To support the work of Fair Trade Or- ilar goals to the Fair Trade movement. Fair Trade Organizations, backed by consumers, are ganizations in raising awareness among consumers and citizens of the importance 3. To enable others who work with Fair engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness and impact of Fair Trade, so that more peo- Trade Organizations (in government, aca- ple will be inspired to join and support it. demia or the private sector) to recognise raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules the values and approaches that unite the 2. To facilitate collaboration among Fair global movement. and practice of conventional international trade. Trade Organizations by connecting their

10 11 THE NEED FOR FAIR TRADE

CHAPTER 2 THE NEED FOR FAIR TRADE

Trade liberalisation has not delivered its promise of poverty reduction

and workers struggling to earn enough is possible, the Fair Trade movement “Experience shows that economic growth on to maintain themselves and their families also works to persuade governments and its own is not sufficient. We must do more to with dignity. This also leaves workers international institutions to meet their vulnerable to unsafe working conditions responsibilities to bring fairness to trade empower individuals through decent work, and other forms of exploitation. structures and processes. support people through social protection, and Conventional trade also fails consumers It is clear that the “neoliberal” model who consistently express their outrage of free trade based on weak regulation ensure the voices of the poor and marginalized at production conditions that exploit of human rights and environmental are heard” people or planet. A fairer trading system protection that has prevailed for the UN SECRETARY-GENERAL BAN KI-MOON, WORLD DAY OF would provide citizens with information past 30 years has failed. But the solu- SOCIAL JUSTICE 2014. on supply chains and trading terms so tion does not lie in policies that simply they can make purchasing choices accord- reinforce protectionism and restrict ing to their principles. international trade; rather the need is for trade to be managed in a better way. Fair Trade Organizations work to a As a movement that seeks to transform The expansion of global trade in recent Even for those who have been able different business model that puts the trade into a force not just for economic decades has been a major contributor to move out of extreme poverty, their needs of people and planet first in trad- growth but also for social justice and to economic growth in most countries position is fragile, and economic shocks, ing relationships and connects producers sustainability, the values of the Fair but the gains from increased global food insecurity and climate change and consumers through greater transpar- Trade movement and the knowledge trade have not been shared evenly. threaten to rob them of their hard-won ency of supply chains. As well as demon- and experience of its members are more Trade liberalisation has not delivered gains (iv). The global economic crisis of strating that greater justice in world trade necessary and relevant than ever before. its promise of poverty reduction. For 2007/8 has amplified these trends. Cur- several decades, world trade has grown rent levels of inequality – within and on average nearly twice as fast as world between countries - are a major threat to production and countries that were human rights and a cause of instability, able to fully participate in this wave conflict and forced migrations (v). of globalisation have seen a reduction in the numbers of people living in ex- A fairer trading system based on pro- treme poverty (ii). tecting and enhancing common goods is vital if the international community Yet inequality has grown dramatical- is to achieve the goal of ending ex- ly and to unprecedented extremes; it treme poverty within a generation and has been estimated that the wealth of promoting shared prosperity in a sus- the richest 1% equals that of everyone tainable manner across the globe. As else and just 8 people (in 2017) own as well as improving access to markets for much as the poorer half of the world’s more producers in more countries, a population (iii). The other side of this fairer trading system would correct the coin is that wages for ordinary work- imbalances of power in supply chains ing people have not kept pace with the in which many markets are dominat- cost of living; many barely receive a ed by a handful of firms. These firms subsistence income. 800 million people have the power to set the terms of still suffer from extreme poverty and trade for their suppliers, forcing prices face a daily struggle to secure access to down, often to levels below the costs land, water, education, and healthcare. of production, leaving small producers

14 15 FAIR TRADE’S UNIQUE APPROACH

CHAPTER 3 FAIR TRADE’S UNIQUE APPROACH A holistic approach

Producers and workers face many barriers and global scenarios are interconnected to securing their fair share of the gains of and work together to achieve fairer eco- trade. Fair Trade takes a holistic approach nomic relations, respecting the cultural to these challenges, in which disadvan- diversity of each people and the leading ACHIEVING INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC GROWTH taged groups are empowered to work for role of producers in their communities the changes they need, according to their and countries. own situation and context. The interven- Trade is more than just an economic activ- been at the heart of Fair Trade because tions listed below are the most common Fair Trade transactions exist within a “so- ity about exchanging goods and services; it of their role in helping marginalised and approaches adopted by Fair Trade Or- cial contract” in which buyers (including is a social interaction between people. Fair disadvantaged producers and workers ganizations to enable change and sustain final consumers) agree to do more than Trade aims to strengthen social capital by improve their access to markets. Fair improvements. is expected by the conventional market, partnering with inclusive and democratic Trade Organizations support the efforts such as paying fair prices, providing organizations that are active in supporting of associations and cooperatives to build This multi-stakeholder approach gives a pre-finance and offering support for de- education, health and social facilities with- their capacity to manage successful busi- voice to those who are often marginal- velopment. In return for this, producers in their communities as a way of spreading ness, develop production capabilities and ized in the writing of trade rules. At the use the incomes of Fair Trade to improve the gains of trade as widely as possible. strengthen access to markets. same time it is a multi-dimensional ap- their social, economic and environmental proach that brings together economic, so- conditions. In this way, Fair Trade is not Associations or co-operatives of small cial, environmental and political dimen- charity but a partnership for change and and family-owned businesses have always sions of development; and a multi-level development through trade. approach where local, national, regional

CREATING THE CONDITIONS FOR FAIR TRADE PROVIDING DECENT WORK AND HELPING TO IMPROVE WAGES AND INCOMES Fair Trade Organizations apply their val- sides to co-operate and grow through ues in commercial contracts and transac- information sharing and joint planning. tions, putting human relationships rather Everyone should be able to live with provision of a safe and healthy working than profit maximization at the core of Overall, the Fair Trade movement aims dignity from the income generated environment. their work. to create an environment in which public from their work. Fair Trade promotes and private sector policies support eco- respect for local regulations or in- Beyond this, Fair Trade Organizations Trading terms offered by Fair Trade buyers nomic, social and environmental sustain- ternational conventions regarding work towards achieving a living wage for seek to enable producers and workers to ability in trade so that small producers freedom of association and collective workers in their supply chains and for maintain a sustainable livelihood; that and workers are able to achieve sustainable bargaining, elimination of discrimi- small-scale farmers and artisans to secure meets day-to-day needs for economic, social livelihoods by exercising their rights and nation, avoidance of forced work, and living incomes from their enterprises. and environmental well-being and that freedoms and earning a living income allows to improve conditions over time. from viable and resilient businesses. There is a commitment to a long-term trading partnership that enables both

18 19 FAIR TRADE’S UNIQUE APPROACH FAIR TRADE’S UNIQUE APPROACH

NURTURING BIODIVERSITY AND THE EMPOWERING WOMEN ENVIRONMENT

The protection of the environment and The entire value chain should be man- Although women are often the main pro- tion but they work actively to promote the longterm viability of natural re- aged to ensure that the real costs of viders of labour, they are often restrict- gender equity within their own opera- sources and biodiversity are fundamen- good environmental practice are reflect- ed from accessing land and credit that tions by including women in decision tal pillars of Fair Trade. ed in prices and terms of trade. would enable them to benefit fully from making and to influence positive change economic activity and opportunities for more widely. Good environmental practice including Small-scale farmers and artisans are social and economic development. Wom- protection of soil and water resources among the most vulnerable to the ef- en have the right to receive equal pay and For millions of women, Fair Trade pro- and reduction of energy consumption, fects of climate change and it is impor- treatment, and have access to the same jects have provided the first opportunity greenhouse gas emissions and waste is tant they are supported in developing opportunities, compared to men. to make decisions about household in- the responsibility of all actors in the and investing in adaptation and mitiga- come, and evidence shows this improves chain of production, distribution and tion strategies. Fair Trade Organizations not only outcomes in areas such as health, educa- consumption. respect this principle of non-discrimination and social development (vi).

PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AND INVESTING IN THE NEXT GENERATION

The exploitation of children can only be the lack of incentives for the next gen- addressed by targeting its causes as well eration to become farmers and artisans. as monitoring compliance with national Fair Trade Organizations offer young and international standards. people the option of a brighter future close to their families and as part of Fair Trade supports organizations that their communities by enabling them to help families earn sufficient income learn the skills required for their future without recourse to child labour and that working life. Leaders of Fair Trade builds understanding within communi- Organizations, especially women, are ties of the importance of children’s well- powerful entrepreneurial role models being, educational needs and right to play. for young people. Fair Trade also addresses the threats facing many rural communities from

20 21 FAIR TRADE’S UNIQUE APPROACH

INFLUENCING PUBLIC POLICIES

Fair Trade Organizations seek to build on Public policy can encourage businesses the direct impact they achieve through to conduct more trade under Fair Trade their work and share their experience so conditions with the aim of making Fair that Fair Trade values can be adopted Trade principles the norm. Seeking in conventional business practices and changes to the rules and practices of government regulations. They do this by conventional trade is an integral ele- campaigning and through lobbying and ment of Fair Trade. advocacy on the different levels of national and international governments.

INVOLVING CITIZENS IN BUILDING A FAIR WORLD

Fair Trade supply chains help connect Fair Trade’s focus on inclusion and em- producers and consumers. The grow- powerment helps connect local grass- ing presence of Fair Trade products roots campaigns with a global move- in mainstream markets illustrates the ment for alternative economic models power consumers wield in their con- that include a just and equitable global sumption choices. By informing people trading system for everyone. about the impact of their buying choices it contributes to responsible consump- The success of Fair Trade in its work tion that can be sustained within the with producers in Africa, Asia and Lat- ecological limits of the planet. in America & the Caribbean selling to markets in Europe, North America and But it should not just be the responsibil- the Pacific is increasingly referenced by ity of consumers to seek out Fair Trade; initiatives seeking to improve trade in they have a right to expect it as the norm all parts of the world. for all products. Therefore Fair Trade also engages with its stakeholders as citizens, recognizing that producers and consumers are social actors as well as economic ones.

23 FAIR TRADE’S IMPACT & ACHIEVEMENTS

CHAPTER 4 FAIR TRADE’S IMPACT AND ACHIEVEMENTS Fair Trade is a path

Dr. Bronner’s FAIR TRADE’S IMPACT & ACHIEVEMENTS FAIR TRADE’S IMPACT & ACHIEVEMENTS

Over 4,000 grassroots organizations, strengthening intercultural and inter-faith representing over two-and-a-half million understanding and co-operation and con- small-scale producers and workers in over necting initiatives with a global movement 70 countries work with the World Fair for change. As the business world has en- Trade Organization or Fairtrade Interna- gaged with sustainability issues in recent tional. Their products are sold in thou- years, the public’s support for Fair Trade sands of World-shops or Fair Trade shops, has played an important role in putting supermarkets and many other sales points production and labour conditions on this around the world. Advocacy work by their agenda (viii). members and partners has engaged political decision-makers on every continent Public support in turn depends on trust and has helped to bring social and envi- in Fair Trade Organizations to “say what ronmental responsibilities to the agenda they do and do what they say”. Fair of leading companies. Trade’s stakeholders have a right to expect the highest possible standards of integrity, Building public support for, and under- transparency and accountability from all standing of, Fair Trade is a significant con- Fair Trade actors. The Fair Trade move- tributor to impact. Communities across ment has therefore made sustained invest- the world are working to promote Fair ment over many years in assurance systems GreenNet Trade in their area and there are now 1830 that can objectively verify its claims. Fair Trade Towns in 28 countries (vii). the social and economic impact of Fair tiatives in protecting the environment Those who support Fair Trade also want Trade is therefore very important, and is and tackling climate change. Similar movements exist for schools, to know that their actions enable positive an increasing focus of academic research. universities and places of worship, outcomes for producers. Understanding However, it is not always possible to estab- Collaborations between researchers and lish causal relationships between interven- practitioners include the International tions and outcomes and some of the most Fair Trade Symposiums which have been important contributions of Fair Trade are held since 2002(ix). “human” or non-material such as empowerment, wellbeing and happiness. A range of studies(x) has shown benefits in areas such as Fair Trade has been recognised as a unique approach to development in the policies • increased incomes and/or better income of national governments and international security for producers and institutions. The former United Nations rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier • empowerment of farmers and workers De Schutter, has noted that: by enhancing democracy in producer organizations and strengthening their “The Fair Trade movement has set a mod- voice in supply chains, el that others should seek inspiration from, and that can ensure that global supply • increasing the participation of wom- chains work for the benefit of small-scale en in economic activity and decision farmers and thus contribute significantly making, and to the alleviation of rural poverty and to rural development (xi)”. • complementing the work of other ini- Copyright Florian Schueppel

26 27 APPENDIX APPENDIX

APPENDIX: EXTERNAL FRAMEWORKS & the Fair Trade movement’s political advocacy » A history of the Fair Trade movement can at European Union level and contributes to the be found here. SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION strengthening of the political advocacy capaci- ties of the Global Fair Trade movement.

Fair Trade recognises the importance of multi- Assembly as part of the 2030 Sustainable De- lateral frameworks for the protection of human velopment Agenda (xii). rights and the environment in public policies and business practices and references their pro- » Guiding Principles on Business and Human NOTES visions in its work. Among the most important Rights. A global standard for preventing and frameworks are: addressing the risk of adverse impacts on hu- Usually referred to as the “FINE Definition” paigns.org/2016/04/fairher-womens-empower- man rights linked to business activity, adopt- this text was agreed in 2001 by Fairtrade La- ment-and-fair-trade/ » Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s). ed by the United Nations General Assembly belling Organizations International (FLO), Adopted by the UN General Assembly in Sep- in June 2011. International Federation for Alternative Trade vi See www.fairtradetowns.org tember 2015, the SDG’s are an ambitious set (IFAT), Network of World Shops (NEWS), and of 17 global commitments aimed at “ending The development of the Fair Trade Charter the European Fair Trade Association (EFTA). vii “Does fair Trade change society”: : https:// poverty in all its forms, everywhere” by 2030 has been led by two global networks: IFAT has since been renamed as the World Fair www.fairtrade-deutschland.de/fileadmin/DE/ by tackling inequality and promoting sustain- Trade Organization and includes the former mediathek/pdf/fairtrade_society_study_short_ able development. The Fair Trade movement » World Fair Trade Organization (www.wfto. NEWS within its membership base. version_EN.pdf shares with the SDG’s the vision of a sustain- com) is the global network of producers, mar- able world in which people can escape poverty keters, exporters, importers, wholesalers and ii The World Bank estimated a reduction in ix See http://www.fairtradeinternationalsym- and enjoy decent work without harming the retailers that demonstrate 100% commit- the number of people living in absolute pover- posium.org/ earth’s essential ecosystems and resources and ment to Fair Trade and apply the 10 WFTO ty of 58% between 1998 and 2010. See World in which women and girls are afforded equal Principles of Fair Trade to their supply chain. Bank Poverty Overview http://www.world- x See the bibliography in a paper by independ- rights and equal opportunities. The Fair Trade WFTO operates in over 70 countries across 5 bank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview ent research consultant Sally Smith for Max movement has for a long time recognised regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, Havelaar Netherlands in 2013, accessed via the importance of raising awareness among and North America and the Pacific Rim) iii Oxfam Inequality Report to Davos World http://www.fairtradegemeenten.nl/wp-con- consumers of the impact of their purchasing with elected global and regional boards. Economic Forum, 2017 https://www.oxfam. tent/uploads/2013/03/Bijeenkomsten_Im- decisions and so it welcomes the inclusion of org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-01-16/just- pact-Day.pdf responsible consumption in the sustainability » Fairtrade International (xiii) (www.fairtrade. 8-men-own-same-wealth-half-world agenda. Accordingly The Fair Trade move- net) is the Organization that coordinates the xi Olivier de Schutter (2013): The contribution ment seeks to partner with governments, civil Fairtrade labelling scheme. It is co-owned by 3 iv World Bank Poverty Overview http://www. of Fair Trade to securing human rights in ag- society organizations and the private sector on Regional Producer Networks (representing over worldbank.org/ en/topic/poverty/overview riculture” – Q&A from the Special Rapporteur achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. 1400 Organizations certified to Fairtrade stand- (11 May 2013). http://www.srfood.org/images/ ards in 73 countries) and 19 National Fairtrade v Forced Migration is “a general term that refers stories/pdf/otherdocuments/20130510_fair- » International Labour Organization (ILO) Organizations who licence the Fairtrade label to the movements of refugees and internally dis- trade.pdf Conventions. Comprising 190 laws which and promote it to businesses and consumers. placed people (those displaced by conflicts within aim to improve the labour standards of their country of origin) as well as people displaced xii Decent work and the Agenda for Sustain- people around the world. Eight of these (on » With the support of their joint Fair Trade by natural or environmental disasters, chemical able Development http://ilo.org/global/topics/ prohibition of forced labour, child labour, Advocacy Office(www.fairtrade-advocacy. or nuclear disasters, famine, or development pro- sdg-2030/lang--en/index. htm the right to organize in a trade union, and org) these networks seek to enable dialogue jects.” http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/ suffer no discrimination) are fundamental beyond their membership bases and provide modules/forced- Migration/definitions.html: xiii Formally, Fairtrade Labelling Organiza- Conventions which are binding upon every more accessible information on other parts of tions International eV but operating as Fair- member country. The ILO’s Decent Work the Fair Trade movement. Based in Brussels, vi FAIRHER: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT trade International Agenda was adopted by the UN General Belgium, the Fair Trade Advocacy Office leads AND FAIR TRADE http://fairtradecam-

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