Peri-Urban Agriculture and Multifunctionality: Urban Influence, Farm Adaptation Behaviour and Development Perspectives
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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Strategie und Management der Landschaftsentwicklung Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan Peri-urban agriculture and multifunctionality: urban influence, farm adaptation behaviour and development perspectives Ingo Zasada Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Agrarwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. J. Kollmann Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. St. Pauleit 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. K. Müller (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) 3. Prof. Dr. P. Verburg (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam/Niederlande) Die Dissertation wurde am 04.06.2012 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 26.06.2012 angenommen. “That city is more fully sufficient which the surrounding country supplies with all its vital needs than is another which must obtain these supplies by trade.” (St Thomas Aquinas, De Regimine Principum, 13th century) V Content SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ XIII ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ....................................................................................................... XV 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 HYPOTHESES AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................ 2 1.3 STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION .............................................................................. 4 2 STATE OF THE ART ........................................................................................................... 6 2.1 URBANISATION AND PERI-URBAN AREAS .................................................................. 6 2.2 AGRICULTURE IN PERI-URBAN AREAS ..................................................................... 10 2.3 URBAN PRESSURES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AGRICULTURE .............................. 13 2.4 MULTIFUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE ................... 18 3 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................ 24 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................... 24 3.2 LAND-BASED APPROACH – SPATIAL ANALYSIS ....................................................... 25 3.3 FARM-BASED APPROACH – SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ........................................... 26 3.4 CASE STUDIES, DATABASE AND EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGIES ............................ 28 VI 4 SYNTHESIS OF EMPIRICAL RESULTS ...................................................................... 38 4.1 PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE – ACTIVITIES AND URBAN INFLUENCE ..................... 38 4.2 PERCEPTION OF PERI-URBAN FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS ...................................... 39 4.3 FARM ADAPTATION AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ............................. 43 5 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 45 5.1 PERSPECTIVES OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL PERI-URBAN DEVELOPMENT ..................... 45 5.2 PUBLIC INTERVENTION – INSTITUTIONS, POLICY AND PLANNING ........................ 50 6 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 57 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................... 60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 77 ANNEX: RESEARCH PAPERS ............................................................................................. 79 VII List of Publications The following literature review and four research papers present the basis of this cumulative dissertation. They are referred to in the text in Roman numerals. At the time of the thesis’ submission two of them have been already published, two are in press and one more is within the process of review. I Zasada, I. (2011). Multifunctional peri-urban agriculture – A Review of societal demands and the provision of goods and services by farming. Land Use Policy 28(4): 639-648. II Zasada, I., Loibl, W., Köstl, M. and Piorr, A. (in press). Agriculture under urban influence: A spatial analysis of farming systems and land-use in European Rural- Urban-Regions. European Countryside. III Zasada, I., Fertner, C., Piorr, A. and Nielsen, T.A.S. (2011). Peri-urbanisation and multifunctional adaptation of agriculture around Copenhagen. Geografisk Tidsskrift– Danish Journal of Geography 111(1): 59-72. IV Zasada, I., Berges, R., Hilgendorf, J. and Piorr, A. (in press). Horse-keeping and the peri-urban development in the Berlin Metropolitan Region. Journal of Land Use Science. DOI:10.1080/1747423X.2011.628706. V Zasada, I. (2011). Peri-urban Adaptation Strategies of Horticultural Farms in the Berlin Metropolitan Area. Cahiers Thématiques 11 ‘Agriculture métropolitaine /Métropole agricole’: 131-140. VIII My contributions to the research papers contained in this doctoral thesis were as following: I Sole author II Development of the conceptual idea and analytical framework; Substantial contribution to data processing and statistical analysis (the spatial modelling has been carried out by co-authors); Predominant contribution to result discussion and the writing process. III Collaborative development of the conceptual idea and analytical framework with the co-authors; Contribution to the data processing, statistical analysis of the farming data (the peri-urbanisation modelling has been carried out by the co-authors); Contribution to the discussion and conclusion, as well as to the writing process in collaboration with the co-authors. IV Main conceptual work; Contribution to the questionnaire survey preparation (the survey has been carried out by a co-author); Predominant contribution to the writing process of results, discussion and conclusion. V Main conceptual work; Contribution to the interview guideline and participation in the interviews; Predominant contribution to the writing process of results, discussion and conclusion. Erratum: The Journal has mistakenly indicated a sole authorship. Additional authors of the article are Berges, R., Hinterstoisser, P. and Piorr, A. IX List of Figures No. 1 Structure and overview of the dissertation. Page 5 No. 2 The form of the regional city. Source: Bryant and Johnston (1992). Page 7 No. 3 Delineation of urban, peri-urban, rural areas (detail from the Page 10 European map: Southern parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and north-eastern France). Source: Paper II No. 4 Share of urban, peri-urban and rural areas per country within the EU Page 10 (no data available for Cyprus). Source: (Zasada et al. in press). No. 5 The structure of rural development at farm enterprise level. Source: Page 22 van der Ploeg et al. (2002). No. 6 Analytical model of the relationship between urbanisation, agriculture Page 23 and policy. No. 7 Rural-Urban Regions (RUR) within the EU. Source: Paper II. Page 29 No. 8 CSA Metropolitan Region Copenhagen. Source: Paper III. Page 32 No. 9 CSA Metropolitan Region Berlin-Brandenburg. Source: adapted from Page 32 Paper IV. No. 10 Distribution of horses kept in farms in the CSA Berlin-Brandenburg Page 35 2007. Source: LDS Berlin-Brandenburg. List of Tables No. 1 Land-use change from Agricultural Area 1990-2006. Page 31 No. 2 Overview of the main findings. Page 44 X List of Abbreviations ARL Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (Academy for Spatial Research and Planning) BBR Bundesamt für Bauen und Raumordnung (The Federal Institute for Research on Building and Spatial Development) CAP Common Agricultural Policy CEMAT Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Spatial/Regional Planning CLC Corine Land Cover CSA Case Study Area EEA European Environment Agency EESC European Economic and Social Committee ESDP European Spatial Development Perspective EU European Union FSS Farm Structure Survey GIS Geographical Information System MFA Multifunctionality of Agriculture NUTS Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ODPM Office of the Deputy Prime Minister PCA Principal Component Analysis PLUREL Peri-urban Land-use Relationships (Integrated Research Project) XI PUA Peri-urban Agriculture PURPLE Peri-urban Regions Platform in Europe RDP Rural Development Programme RUR Rural-Urban-Region SCoT Scheme of Territorial Coherence UBA Umweltbundesamt (German Environment Agency) WFD Water Framework Directive XII XIII Summary The analysis of the multifunctional character and development perspectives of peri- urban agriculture represents the central topic of this doctoral thesis. Peri-urban agriculture (PUA) is defined as the agricultural land-use in proximity to, and the under influence of, nearby urban areas. Distinguished from agriculture in rural areas, PUA reflects the spatial framework conditions of peri-urban areas brought about by adapting the mode of farming activity being carried