Radio Frequency Identification Based Smart

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020 Affordable housing in Kerala with special reference to PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme, ‘Housing for all by 2022’ in Thiruvananthapuram corporation area

[1] Thasneem Kahar, [2] Dr. Sumam Panjikaran [1] M.Plan (Urban Planning) Student, Dept. of Architecture, TKMCE, Kollam, Kerala, India [2] Professor, Dept. of Architecture, TKMCE, Kollam, Kerala, India [1][email protected], [2][email protected]

Abstract—India is witnessing rapid urbanization thereby expanding urban population which has increased the housing demand, however the housing demand and its supply was never met. The Indian Government has formulated many policies and schemes since independence for overcoming housing shortage in India, but they weren't able to overcome the grave issue of housing crisis. This paper attempts to study the housing shortage in Kerala along with various urban housing schemes and its effectiveness in providing Affordable housing for all. The paper tries to analyze PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme in providing affordable housing for all by 2022 in Thiruvananthapuram corporation area. The paper also attempts to evaluate the national affordable housing schemes like BSUP, IHSDP, and RAY with relevant case studies to understand the effectiveness of PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme.

Keywords—Affordable housing for all by 2022, Housing shortage, Urban housing schemes- BSUP, IHSDP, RAY, PMAY(U)- LIFE

Kerala a total of 1.01L houses were grounded for I. INTRODUCTION construction [5]. The Kerala Livelihood Inclusion and India is witnessing rapid urbanization where the growth in Financial Empowerment scheme (LIFE) was implemented the urban population is by almost 3% every year as a result in 2016 with a target of providing safe housing to nearly of migration from small towns and villages [1]. Expanding 4.30L of homeless in the State within a period of 5 years [6]. urban population has thus made increasing the housing Having similar objectives, PMAY(U) verticals and LIFE supply necessary, however the housing demand and supply scheme were later converged in 2017 by the Kerala was never met. The urban housing shortage, prominent Government, thereby formulating PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme within the EWS (economically weaker sections) and LIG in overcoming the housing crisis in Kerala with a total (lower income groups), was estimated at 18.78 million 5.13L sanctioned houses for completion by 2022. By households in 2012 [2]. The Indian Government has February 2020, 2.14L houses are completed under formulated many policies and schemes since independence PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme [6]. With 2 more years for the for overcoming housing shortage in India. They all focused deadline, only 42% of the total houses are completed. So the on affordable housing as a key objective for sustainable paper tries to analyze the effectiveness and inadequacies in urban development but weren't able to overcome the grave the PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme for achieving its objective. th issue of housing crisis. Kerala stands at 11 position in III. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY contributing housing shortage in India [2]. The State has to undertake a task of completing 12L Housing units of which  To understand the challenges in provision of affordable around 60 % are the needs of the Economically Weaker housing for urban poor. Sections of the society [3].  To evaluate the effectiveness of housing schemes such II. MOTIVATION OF STUDY as BSUP & IHSDP (JNNURM) and RAY based on case studies in Thiruvananthapuram corporation area. As a part of the continuous efforts of the Indian Government  To analyze the effectiveness of PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme to fulfill the housing needs of urban poor, Pradhan Mantri in achieving housing for all by 2022 in Awas Yojana (Urban) scheme (PMAY(U)), ‘Housing for all Thiruvananthapuram corporation area. by 2022’ was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in June 2015 with an aim to provide affordable housing for the IV. PROPOSED METHODOLGY OF STUDY urban poor including economically weaker sections and low income groups by the year 2022 through financial Housing shortage in Kerala and various urban housing assistance from central government [4]. Under PMAY(U) in schemes implemented are discussed using data collected

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020 from relevant secondary sources. Secondary data are also Figure V-1Growth of Households in Kerala in Lakh [9] used for the study area (Thiruvananthapuram corporation area) delineation. Study and evaluation of housing schemes GROWTH OF HOUSEHOLDS based on case studies in the Thiruvananthapuram corporation area are done using various primary data 250 collected through household surveys, field visits, 200 stakeholder meetings and interviews, which is further used 150 to analyze the effectiveness and inadequacies in PMAY(U)-

HOUSEHOLDS 100 LIFE Scheme. Primary data collected are also used to understand the common challenges in provision of 50 0 affordable housing for urban poor. 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 DECADE V. HOUSING SHORTAGE IN KERALA VARIATION OF 12.12 27.35 22.48 28.84 24.64 22 24.83 HOUSEHOLDS % According to 2011 housing census, Kerala stands at 11th TOTAL 22.01 28.03 34.33 44.23 55.13 67.26 83.15 position in contributing housing shortage to India. There URBAN 2.58 3.81 5.14 7.92 14.11 17.16 22.02 RURAL 19.43 24.22 29.19 36.31 41.02 50.1 61.13 were 336 houses for every 1000 persons in Kerala (all-India 273 houses per 1000 persons). The average size and quality of housing units are far better than in the rest of the country. VI. URBAN HOUSING SCHEMES IN KERALA More than two-third households reside in good quality houses where 53.1 per cent is the all-India average. A. BASIC SEVICES TO THE URBAN POOR (BSUP), However, average cost per unit of a house in Kerala is more 2005 than four times the costs at the all-India level. The housing Basic Services to the Urban Poor was introduced as a sub- Census also shows that 10.6 per cent of the total census part of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission houses in Kerala remains vacant. But at the same time a (JNNURM) in 2005. BSUP is designed for the up-gradation large number of households among underprivileged and and improvement of the conditions of slum settlements, poor sections of society still do not have a reasonable shelter assuring universal access to basic amenities [10]. In Kerala, and the State stood top in terms of housing inequality among BSUP was implemented in Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi the disadvantaged social groups [7]. The State needs a Corporations. Kudumbashree acts as the State Level Nodal completion of 12L housing units of which around 60 % are Agency for implementing BSUP in Kerala. The fund the needs of the Economically Weaker Sections of the sharing pattern for Thiruvananthapuram is 80:20 by Central society, as envisaged in the State Housing Policy 2011 [3]. and State Governments. For Kochi Corporation the sharing pattern is 50:50 by Central and State Governments. Out of Table V.1 Housing shortage in Kerala, 2001& 2011[8]- 50% of State share, 30% would be born State Govt. and the [3] balance amount after deducting beneficiary share would be borne by the respective ULBs [11]. 2001 2011 (Lakh) (Lakh) Table VI.1Physical and Financial progress of BSUP [11] Numerical shortage of houses 0.54 - Substandard houses which 5.50 5.5 Particulars BSUP are to be reconstructed No. of ULBs 2 No. of Projects sanctioned 7 Houses which required major 2.70 - Houses sanctioned 23577 repair/construction Houses started 19530 Additional demand 5.7 6.5 Houses completed 18813 Total Housing shortage 14.44 12 Physical progress, % 80% Project cost 343.67Cr Expenditure 226.13Cr Financial progress, % 66%

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020

B. INTEGRATED HOUSING AND SLUM Houses completed 222 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IHSDP), 2005 Physical progress, % 12% Integrated housing and slum development programme is Project cost 16074 L another sub-part of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Expenditure 2223.58L Renewal Mission (JNNURM) introduced in 2005. IHSDP Financial progress, % 14% seeks to tackle poor housing for urban slum dwellers in cities and towns as per the 2001 Census, excluding those which were being targeted under BSUP [12]. IHSDP was D. PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (URBAN) - implemented in 45 urban local bodies of Kerala. LIVELIHOOD INCLUSION AND FINANCIAL Kudumbashree acts as the State Level Nodal Agency for EMPOWERMENT SCHEME, ‘HOUSING FOR ALL implementing IHSDP in Kerala. The financing pattern is in BY 2022’ [PMAY(U) –LIFE, ‘HFA,2022’] the ratio of 80:20 by Central and State Governments. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) scheme, ‘Housing for Beneficiary share of 12% for General and 10% for SC/ST is all by 2022’ was launched by Prime Minister Narendra only for individual housing projects. Out of 20% State share Modi in June 2015 with an aim to provide affordable the balance fund after deducting beneficiary share will be housing for the urban poor including economically weaker borne equally by the ULB and State [13]. sections and low income groups by the year 2022 through financial assistance from central government [5]. The four Table VI.2 Physical and Financial progress of IHSDP verticals of PMAY(U) scheme are given in figure VI-1 [16]. [13] Particulars IHSDP No. of ULBs 45 No. of Projects sanctioned 53 Houses sanctioned 26295 Houses started 20572 Houses completed 19537 Physical progress, % 75% Project cost 273.32Cr Expenditure 179.37Cr Financial progress, % 65% C. RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY), 2011

Rajiv Awas Yojana scheme aims for a “Slum Free India" Figure VI-1The four verticals of PMAY(U) scheme [16] where every citizen has access to basic civic infrastructure, social amenities and decent shelter. The project was Under PMAY(U) in Kerala a total of 1.01lakh houses were launched in two phases, the preparatory phase was from grounded for construction under the four verticals [5]. The 2011-2013 and implementation phase was from 2013-2022 Kerala Livelihood Inclusion and Financial Empowerment [14]. However, in June 2015 Government of India has scheme (LIFE) was implemented in 2016, where the subsumed Rajiv Awas Yojana project with PMAYscheme. homeless will be provided with modern housing complexes Kudumbashree acts as the state level nodal agency for with provision for pursuing their livelihoods, converging implementing RAY in Kerala. RAY is implemented in all social services including Primary Health Care, Geriatric the 6 corporations of Kerala covering 811 slums under it. Supports, Skill Development and provision for financial Slum Free City Plan of Actions of corporations has been services inclusion [6]. The target of the mission is to provide submitted to the Ministry and they have approved Detailed safe housing to nearly 4.32L of homeless (1.58L landless Project Reports of 5 slums of Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, and houseless, 2.3L have land but are houseless and 44,000 Kochi, Thrissur and Kozhikode Corporations [15]. houses are incomplete) identified through survey, in the State within a period of 5 years [7]. Table VI.3 Physical and Financial progress of RAY [15] Kerala Government in convergence with Kudumbashree has undertaken the activities of LIFE in the state. LIFE scheme Particulars IHSDP is implemented in three Phases; In First phase, completion No. of ULBs 6 of incomplete houses already constructed under LIFE No. of Projects sanctioned 5 scheme; In Second phase, construction of 400 square feet Houses sanctioned 2159 houses under a budget of Rs. 4L for beneficiaries owning 3 Houses started 932 cents of land (beneficiaries with land but are homeless); In

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020

Third phase, construction of flats for landless beneficiaries Thiruvananthapuram district, Thiruvananthapuram (beneficiaries that are landless and homeless) [17]. corporation area tops in housing shortage among other local CONVERGENCE OF PMAY(U)- LIFE, 2017: bodies like Neyyattinkara, Varkala, Nedumangad and Having similar objectives, PMAY(U) verticals and LIFE Attingal. 9,161 dwelling units are sanctioned as part of scheme were later converged in 2017 by the Kerala PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme in Thiruvananthapuram Government, thereby formulating PMAY(U)- LIFE corporation area, out of which 2,210 units (24%) are scheme. The fourth vertical of PMAY(U) was combined completed as of January 2020. Thiruvananthapuram with the II phase of LIFE, thereby producing beneficiary led Corporation has an area of 214.86sq.km with 100 wards. It construction (BLC) houses with an increased carpet area of has a population of 9, 55,494 with 1, 91,446 households and 60sq.m or less. The finance for a dwelling unit was 17 slums as notified in census 2011. Figure VII-1 shows a increased to 4L, where 1.5L is Government of India (GoI) map of Thiruvananthapuram corporation area. share, 0.5L is Government of Kerala (GoK) share and 2L is urban local body (ULB) share. The third vertical of PMAY(U) was combined with the III phase of LIFE, thereby producing affordable house in partnership (AHP) with every single dwelling unit a carpet area of 50sq.m. A total 5.13L houses were sanctioned for completion under PMAY(U)- LIFE by 2022. By February 2020, 2.14L houses are completed under PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme as given in figure VI-2 [6]. With 2 more years for the deadline, only 42% of the total houses are completed.

Figure VI-2 PMAY(U)- LIFE completion status, February 2020 [6]

VII. THE STUDY AREA AND HOUSING SCENARIO OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM Figure VII-1 Thiruvananthapuram corporation area CORPORATION AREA [21] VIII. AFFORDABLE HOUSING SCHEMES IN As per data from LIFE Mission, which is also accepted by the draft13th Plan Working Group Report on Housing, out THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CORPORATION of a total of 4.32L houseless families identified through AREA survey in 2016, 1.58L are landless and houseless, 2.3L have A. BASIC SERVICES TO URBAN POOR, JNNURM, land but are houseless and 44,000 houses are incomplete [7]. 2005 On the basis of number of homeless and landless families included in the survey, Thiruvananthapuram district tops Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation had spent a with 65,042 landless families and 13,013 houseless families total amount of Rs 158Cr under BSUP by constructing 8678 in the state [17]. Also, Thiruvananthapuram has the highest new homes, upgraded 413 homes and undertook 147 types number of PMAY(U)- LIFE houses constructed (32,426) of infrastructure development programmes. 23 Colonies and within the scheme as of February 2020 [6]. Within 13 coastal wards were addressed in BUSP. Kalladimukham,

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020

Karimadom and Kannammoola colony redevelopment HH Size to DU area HH>4.3 = 44%, projects are some of the major initiatives taken from HH≤ 4.3 = 56% Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation as a part of There is overcrowding slum improvement. 983 families assisted with adequate Occupancy rate Owned 82% shelter and basic amenities through these three projects. An Leased 18% Old age home named ‘Sayahnam’, destitute rehabilitation Beneficiary Identification EWS and LIG are targeted centre name ‘Sakshalkaram’ and BUDS school for through surveys conducted differentially abled children were constructed under BSUP by corporation project. Corporation has designed and constructed using the Cost Effective construction technology in the Housing condition Better – 68% Kalladimukham, Karimadom and Kannammoola project. Dilapidated - 32% Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation has been Maintenance Self maintenance – 18% recognized with best practice award from JNNURM for No maintenance – 82% “Best city for effective use of cost effective building Infrastructure: technologies in construction of houses under BSUP” [18]. 1.Drainage Poor drainage facilities 2.Water supply Good, continuous water flow a) CASE STUDY OF KARIMADOM COLONY: 3. Safety Drug usage and petty fights According to the 2007 baseline survey used by COSTFORD 4.Accessibility to civic Within 2km (Implementing agency), Karimadom is home to 2341 amenities, hospitals, residents comprising 632 families. Habitat housing was Educational centers, provided by government for 72 families years prior to the market, Anganwadi, survey, leaving 560 still in dilapidated houses or shacks. etc Under BSUP scheme, implemented through COSTFORD’s 5.Livelihood accessibility Within city limits 4 phase plan will provide housing for the 560 families that currently live in shacks or dilapidated houses along with 6.Sanitary facilities Poor sanitary facilitiies multiple community oriented upgrades. While the National 7. Electricity 100% electrified and State Governments will be financing most of the 8.Lighting and ventilation Poor lighting & ventilation project, the beneficiaries are responsible for about 10% of 9.Social interaction level High social interaction housing and community facility construction [19]. The total area of colony is 9.75 acre. The dwelling units are 1BHK Residential satisfaction 40% Not satisfied and have a size of 35 sq m. The 480 dwelling units are 60% Satisfied distributed in 28 blocks, each block has 20 houses in G+3 floors. I phase = 4 block = 80 houses + Anganwadi + market + other social infrastructure; II phase = 3 block = 60 houses + social infrastructure; III phase = 9 block = 180 houses + social infrastructure; IV phase = 12 block = 240 houses (ongoing). The project started in 2008 and it’s still ongoing.

Table VIII.1 Features of Karimadom colony (Data collected through Household survey) Parameters BSUP, Karimadom colony (2008- ongoing) Houses sanctioned 480DU Houses Completed 220DU (46%) Plinth area 35sq.m Cost of DU 3.40L Figure VIII-1 Layout of Karimadom colony Implementing agency COSTFORD Sanctioned amount 10.8Cr b) CASE STUDY OF KALLADIMUKHAM COLONY Spent amount 10.8Cr The Kalladimukham colony is a rehabilitation project Beneficiary contribution SC/ST- Rs18,500 proposal. Destitute, mainly homeless schedule caste people General- Rs 21,600 residing in the district of Thiruvananthapuram is being Net residential density 23DU/Acre, Low density relocated to Kalladimukham. The design is proposed in a site, 10.42 acres of area situated 2 km from Ambalathara (Low density: 20-50)

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020 junction. The beneficiaries do not possess any title deeds [20]. The implementing agency for the project is COSTFORD. The dwelling units are 1BHK and have a size of 35 sq m. The 318 dwelling units are distributed in 32 blocks, in G+3 floors. Phase I = SC/ST flats: 105; Phase II= general category flats: 213. Social Infrastructure provided include Community hall, Anganwadi (2 units), Library, work centre, Health clinic, old age home, destitute rehabilitation centre, Television Kiosk, study centre, etc. The project started in 2008 and completed by 2016. Figure VIII-2 shows the layout of Kalladimugham colony.

Table VIII.2 Features of Karimadom colony (Data collected through household survey) Parameters BSUP, Kalladimukham colony (2008-2016) Houses sanctioned 318DU Figure VIII-2 Layout of Kalladimukham colony Houses Completed 318DU (100%) Plinth area 35sq.m B. RAJIV AWAS YOJANA, 2011 Cost of DU 3.50L Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation had sanctioned Implementing agency COSTFORD a total amount of Rs 7186.94L under RAY for Mathipuram Sanctioned amount 25Cr colony redevelopment at Vizhinjam. A total number of 1032 Spent amount 25Cr dwelling units for 5060 beneficiary population are Beneficiary contribution SC- Rs 12,500 sanctioned under the scheme [15]. General- Rs 37,002 a) CASE STUDY OF MATHIPURAM COLONY Net residential density 31DU/Acre, Low density (Low density: 20-50) The Mathipuram colony is a redevelopment project. The HH Size to DU area HH>4.3 = 15%, implementing agency for Mathipuram flats are Hindustan HH≤ 4.3 = 85% Prefab Limited (HPL) which functions under the No overcrowding administrative control of the Ministry of Housing & Urban Occupancy rate Owned 100% Affairs. The dwelling units are 1BHK and have a size of 30.25 sq m. I phase = 222 houses; II phase = 320 houses, Beneficiary Identification EWS and LIG are ongoing; III phase = 326 houses, yet to start; IV phase = 164 targeted through surveys houses, yet to start. The project started in 2013 and still conducted by corporation ongoing. Housing condition Better – 100% Maintenance Self maintenance – 12% Table VIII.3 Features of Mathipuram colony No maintenance – 88% (Data collected through household survey) Infrastructure: Parameters RAY, Mathipuram Flats 1. Drainage Poor drainage facilities (2013- ongoing) 2. Water supply Good, continuous water Houses sanctioned 1032 3. Safety flow Houses Completed 222 (21.5%) 4. Accessibility to civic Drug usage Plinth area 30.25sq.m amenities, hospitals, Cost of DU 4.13L-5.88L Educational centers, market, Within 2km Implementing agency HPL Anganwadi, etc Sanctioned amount 71.86Cr 5. Livelihood accessibility Within city limits 6. Sanitary facilities Better sanitary facilities Spent amount 9.99Cr 7. Electricity 100% electrified Beneficiary contribution Rs 54,000 8. Lighting and ventilation Better Net residential density 64DU/Acre, medium density 9. Social interaction level High social interaction (Medium density: 50-100) Residential satisfaction 100% satisfied HH Size to DU area HH>4.3 = 17%,

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HH≤ 4.3 = 83% C. PMAY(U)- LIFE SCHEME, 2015 No overcrowding In Thiruvananthapuram corporation area, under PMAY(U)- Occupancy rate Owned 95% LIFE scheme, a total of 9910 houses are sanctioned under Leased 5% beneficiary led construction (BLC) vertical, out of which Beneficiary Identification EWS and LIG are targeted 2,210 units (24%) are completed as of January 2020. A total through surveys conducted amount of 88.40Cr is spent for the completed houses; where by corporation the amount for a single dwelling unit is 4L, 1.5L is GoI Housing condition Better – 100% share, 0.5L is GoK share and 2L is ULB share. Maintenance No maintenance – 100% a) CASE STUDY OF EAST BHEEMA PALLI WARD Infrastructure: Within Thiruvananthapuram corporation area, East Bheema 1.Drainage Better condition Palli ward, ward 76, is chosen for conducting case study on 2.Water supply Poor supply of water PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme. The East Bheema Palli ward is 3.Safety Safe the largest ward in Kerala. 236 houses are sanctioned under 4.Accessibility to civic Within 2km the beneficiary led construction (BLC) vertical of PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme in the ward, out of which 52 amenities, hospitals, houses are completed. Under the BLC vertical of Educational centers, PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme, beneficiaries within the EWS and market, Anganwadi, etc LIG having a minimum of 3 cents of land will be provided 5.Livelihood accessibility Within 1Km with a finance of 4L for constructing their own dwelling 6.Sanitary facilities Better sanitary facilities units within a carpet area of 60sq.m. The finance will be 7.Electricity 100% distributed to the beneficiaries in 4 installments based on the 8.Lighting and ventilation Better completion of dwelling units, which is monitored using the 9.Social interaction level High social interaction process of geo-tagging. The monitoring agency for PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme in the ward is the District Residential satisfaction I phase – satisfied Kudumbashree office headed by the Kudumbashree state II phase – not satisfied mission office. Stages for releasing finance to beneficiaries: Stage 1 – on verifying the land is genuine – 40K; Stage 2 – Social Infrastructure facilities provided include Transit on completion of foundation – 1.6L; Stage 3 – on Facilities (50 Units), Library cum Study Centre (4 Units), completion of roof – 1.6L; Stage 4 – Complete DU with TC Anganwadi (2 Units), Community Hall (1Unit), Dry Fish Number – 40K. Unit (1Unit), Community Work Centers (2 Units), Garment Unit (1Unit), Health Centre (2Units), Grocery, Vegetable Table VIII.4 Features of Karimadom colony shops (6 Units), Kiosks for night vending (5Units), Storage (Data collected through household survey) for Fishermen (39 Units), Informal Markets (2 Units). Parameters PMAY(U)- LIFE, BLC Houses (2015- ongoing) Houses sanctioned 236 Houses Completed 52 (22%) Plinth area 42sq.m- 149sq.m Cost of DU 4L- 26L Implementing agency - Sanctioned amount 9.44Cr Spent amount 2.08Cr Beneficiary contribution - Net residential density - HH Size to DU area 4/10 DU have size greater than the limited DU area, No overcrowding Occupancy rate Owned 100% Beneficiary Identification Through survey conducted Figure VIII-3 Layout of Mathipuram Flats by LIFE mission with the help of Kudumbashree

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020

Housing condition Good Maintenance Self maintenance – 100% Infrastructure: 1.Drainage Better condition 2.Water supply good, continuous flow 3.Safety Safe 4.Accessibility to civic 2- 4km amenities, hospitals, Educational centers, market, Anganwadi, etc 5.Livelihood accessibility Within city limits 6.Sanitary facilities Good 7.Electricity 100% 8.Lighting and ventilation Good 9.Social interaction level High

Residential satisfaction 100% satisfied

Figure VIII-5 Case studies mapped in During the household survey, it is found that dwelling unit Thiruvananthapuram corporation map size ranges from 42sq.m to 149sq. m, more than the IX. ANALYSIS permitted dwelling unit size of 60sq.m. The original amount given by government for DU is 4L but the construction cost BSUP, KARIMADOM COLONY: The project which of beneficiaries ranges from 4L to 26. started way back in 2008 was expected to be completed by 2016 but got delayed due to the unwillingness of beneficiaries to temporarily evacuate from the site. Only few beneficiaries were provided with transit shelters, the rest were asked to move out on their own. These beneficiaries didn’t comply with the evacuation asking for allowances from the government for their temporary rehabilitation. Another issue persisting in the colony is the overcrowding and congestion caused due to increased household size. The beneficiaries are illegally selling and giving for lease the dwelling units even before the permitted period of 7years. Older buildings has structural defects, the corporation had agreed for free maintenance work for the first 7 years but no such maintenance works were done by the corporation nor the implementing agency. Only 60% of the beneficiaries show residential satisfaction while the rest are dissatisfied due to delay in completion of dwelling units and persisting structural defects in the building. The major constraint to provision of affordable housing faced in this project is delay in completion period which has further caused increased construction cost. As of now, the entire

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1 finance sanctioned is already spent for the project and yet the phase IV is incomplete. BLC Houses surveyed in Bheema Palli ward

BSUP, KALLADIMUKHAM COLONY: Kalladimugham project is considered as one of the successful projects undertaken by BSUP scheme in Kerala. Even though the project is successful, this project too suffered slight delay in its completion period. Initially it was decided to provide the

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020 dwelling units to the beneficiaries after the completion of household survey conducted for the study, it is found that each block, however later, it was decided to complete the four out ten dwelling units have size greater than the entire project in two phases and then distribute it to the permitted dwelling unit area. Accordingly the cost for the beneficiaries, which lagged the project. But the delay in its dwelling unit is also increased where the extra cost is met by completion period never affected the finance sanctioned. the beneficiaries through formal and informal loans causing The entire project was completed within the sanctioned financial constraints to the beneficiaries. Through the survey amount. The project have 100% occupancy rate unlike it is found out that the construction cost of dwelling unit Karimadom colony and also has better housing conditions. ranges from the 4L (govt. granted) to 26L. Another issue Here too no maintenance work from corporation or the faced is the delay in the approval for getting the TC No. for the house, without which the fourth installment will not be implementing agency is executed in the promised 7 years. given to the beneficiary. There are also issues related to the One reason for the success of this project is it being a land claimed by the beneficiaries for BLC houses, rehabilitation project where the land was acquired by the sometimes the claimed land may be a wetland, land under government in an area that provides good livelihood government control, land under airport authority or Harbor. accessibility and the entire work was done independent of Kerala having a higher construction cost and labor charge any factors affecting unlike Karimadom project. But this than the other states, the finance of 4L granted by the doesn’t mean that slum rehabilitation is the best way to government for a dwelling unit is lower than the estimated provide affordable housing because urban land availability amount for the permissible size of a dwelling unit (i.e., is limited and acquiring a land that has good livelihood Construction cost for 1Sq.ft = Rs 1040, so accessibility with all infrastructures is hard. In this project, Construction cost for 646 Sq ft (60sq.m) = 1040* 646 = the government and implementing agency (COSTFORD) 6.72L, which is quite higher than the sanctioned amount of has executed it better making a successful project. 4L). The major constraints to provision of affordable RAY, MATHIPURM FLATS: Mathipuram project initially housing faced in the PMAY(U)- LIFE project are (i) Delay had a good start but midway through the work, the RAY in approval from local authorities (ii) Constraints in finance scheme got subsumed with PMAY(U) scheme causing a (iii) Technical constraints and (iv) Land unavailability. hiatus to the work because of the changes happened in the scheme being carried over to PMAY(U). The finance flow X. INFERENCE was also stopped. Now with only the completion of I phase Under BSUP and RAY schemes, beneficiary contribution is and II Phase midway, the project was paused for almost 5 ascertained, whereas no beneficiary contribution is years. It being a in- situ slum redevelopment project, some ascertained in PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme. Technical beneficiaries were temporarily shifted to transit shelters and assistance is ascertained for BSUP and RAY scheme the others were asked to move out on their own. For the last through the implementing agencies COSTFORD and 5 years these beneficiaries are in unhealthy shelters away Hindustan prefab limited respectively, whereas no technical from their livelihood. Phase III & IV are unlike to happen assistance or an implementing agency for PMAY(U)- LIFE due to issues with land which originally belongs to the scheme is ascertained . For both BSUP and RAY schemes, harbor authority. The land for phase III &IV were allocated the plinth area of the dwelling units is completed within the without proper investigation into the background of land permissible dwelling unit size, whereas four out of ten BLC causing a huge blow to the project and also to the houses under PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme are not completed beneficiaries that was promised of getting a dwelling unit of within the within the permissible dwelling unit size. Under their own. The major constraints to provision of affordable BSUP and RAY schemes, the cost of the dwelling units is within the sanctioned loan amount, whereas for BLC houses housing faced in this project are (i) Urban land under PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme are not completed within unavailability (ii) Constraints in finance (iii) Archaic the sanctioned amount. government laws and unclear guidelines after the scheme being subsumed (iv) Regulatory constraints and (v) Lack of XI. CONCLUSION concurrent approach. Ascertaining beneficiary contributions in schemes is needed PMAY(U)- LIFE, BHEEMA PALLI WARD: Residential to exhibit the sense of ownership and prove the genuiness of satisfaction of beneficiary led construction (BLC) houses beneficiaries. Beneficiary participation can be ensured in under PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme are quite high. The houses various aspects like involvement in decision making, labor been constructed according to the beneficiaries interest is contribution, finance contribution, monitoring construction, the main reason for the good satisfaction rate. The finance post occupancy maintenance and management. For of 4L/ DU is given in four installments according to the PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme where the cost of dwelling unit is completion rate of dwelling unit. However from the primary not within the loan amount, the increased cost is met

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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020 through formal and informal loans by the beneficiaries, [16] PMAY(U). Kudumbashree.gov.in making them financially constraint thereby affecting their [17] LIFE. Kudumbashree.gov.in. livelihood. Government could provide technical help for [18] BSUP Report. Thiruvananthapuram: Kudumbashree BLC houses like introducing cost effective construction State mission office. techniques, beneficiary involved material production & [19] A Sustainable Approach to Slum Redevelopment: The marketing centers and their involvement in construction; or Karimadom Colony. (2014, July 11). The Centre of by providing materials under subsidy so as to reduce Science and Technology for Rural Development . construction cost. An implementing agency for overlooking [20] 318 houses for the urban poor: COSTFORD. (2014, BLC houses could help in providing advices on housing September 1). Costfordtvm.blogspot . design and distribute common housing plans with different [21] Thiruvananthapuram draft master plan 2012. options thereby reducing the risk of exceeding permitted plinth size. Through PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme plotted development expands but the affordability level is affected due to permanent liability of beneficiaries. Role of government just as a financer without proper monitoring can cause the beneficiaries to misuse the objective of PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme. The major constraints to affordable housing for the urban poor seen in these schemes are (i) Unavailability of urban land, (ii) Delay in approvals from multiple local authorities, (iii) Lack of building materials and rising construction costs, (iv) Lacked of skilled manpower, (v) Financing constraints for low-income groups, (vi) Archaic government laws and unclear guidelines, (vii) Regulatory constraints, (viii) Lack of concurrent approach and, (ix) Lack of beneficiary participation. If the government and developers are able to overcome these constraints, then the state will be able to successfully produce affordable houses for the economically weaker sections and low income groups by 2022, to overcome the housing crisis persisting in the state. REFERENCES [1] NSSO. (2007). [2] CENSUS. (2011). [3] Economic Review. (2012). [4] PMAY Guidelines. (2015). [5] MoHUA, PMAY(U)- HFA,2022. [6] LIFE Mission, Kerala Government. [7] Economic Review. (2016). [8] Economic review. (2002). [9] CENSUS 1951,1961,1971,1981,1991,2001,2011. [10] MoHUA, BSUP. (2005). Scheme Guidelines of "Basic services of Urban poor", Jnnurm. New Delhi: Ministry of Housing & Urban affairs. [11] BSUP. Kudumbashree.gov.in. [12] MoHUPA, IHSDP. (2005). Scheme guidelines of 'Integrated housing and slum development programme', Jnnurm. [13] IHSDP. Kudumbashree.gov.in. [14] MoHUPA, RAY. (2011). Scheme guidelines of 'Rajiv Awas Yojana'. [15] RAY. Kudumbashree.gov.in.