ISSN (Online) 2456 -1304 International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020 Affordable housing in Kerala with special reference to PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme, ‘Housing for all by 2022’ in Thiruvananthapuram corporation area [1] Thasneem Kahar, [2] Dr. Sumam Panjikaran [1] M.Plan (Urban Planning) Student, Dept. of Architecture, TKMCE, Kollam, Kerala, India [2] Professor, Dept. of Architecture, TKMCE, Kollam, Kerala, India [1][email protected], [2][email protected] Abstract—India is witnessing rapid urbanization thereby expanding urban population which has increased the housing demand, however the housing demand and its supply was never met. The Indian Government has formulated many policies and schemes since independence for overcoming housing shortage in India, but they weren't able to overcome the grave issue of housing crisis. This paper attempts to study the housing shortage in Kerala along with various urban housing schemes and its effectiveness in providing Affordable housing for all. The paper tries to analyze PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme in providing affordable housing for all by 2022 in Thiruvananthapuram corporation area. The paper also attempts to evaluate the national affordable housing schemes like BSUP, IHSDP, and RAY with relevant case studies to understand the effectiveness of PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme. Keywords—Affordable housing for all by 2022, Housing shortage, Urban housing schemes- BSUP, IHSDP, RAY, PMAY(U)- LIFE Kerala a total of 1.01L houses were grounded for I. INTRODUCTION construction [5]. The Kerala Livelihood Inclusion and India is witnessing rapid urbanization where the growth in Financial Empowerment scheme (LIFE) was implemented the urban population is by almost 3% every year as a result in 2016 with a target of providing safe housing to nearly of migration from small towns and villages [1]. Expanding 4.30L of homeless in the State within a period of 5 years [6]. urban population has thus made increasing the housing Having similar objectives, PMAY(U) verticals and LIFE supply necessary, however the housing demand and supply scheme were later converged in 2017 by the Kerala was never met. The urban housing shortage, prominent Government, thereby formulating PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme within the EWS (economically weaker sections) and LIG in overcoming the housing crisis in Kerala with a total (lower income groups), was estimated at 18.78 million 5.13L sanctioned houses for completion by 2022. By households in 2012 [2]. The Indian Government has February 2020, 2.14L houses are completed under formulated many policies and schemes since independence PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme [6]. With 2 more years for the for overcoming housing shortage in India. They all focused deadline, only 42% of the total houses are completed. So the on affordable housing as a key objective for sustainable paper tries to analyze the effectiveness and inadequacies in urban development but weren't able to overcome the grave the PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme for achieving its objective. th issue of housing crisis. Kerala stands at 11 position in III. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY contributing housing shortage in India [2]. The State has to undertake a task of completing 12L Housing units of which To understand the challenges in provision of affordable around 60 % are the needs of the Economically Weaker housing for urban poor. Sections of the society [3]. To evaluate the effectiveness of housing schemes such II. MOTIVATION OF STUDY as BSUP & IHSDP (JNNURM) and RAY based on case studies in Thiruvananthapuram corporation area. As a part of the continuous efforts of the Indian Government To analyze the effectiveness of PMAY(U)- LIFE scheme to fulfill the housing needs of urban poor, Pradhan Mantri in achieving housing for all by 2022 in Awas Yojana (Urban) scheme (PMAY(U)), ‘Housing for all Thiruvananthapuram corporation area. by 2022’ was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in June 2015 with an aim to provide affordable housing for the IV. PROPOSED METHODOLGY OF STUDY urban poor including economically weaker sections and low income groups by the year 2022 through financial Housing shortage in Kerala and various urban housing assistance from central government [4]. Under PMAY(U) in schemes implemented are discussed using data collected All Rights Reserved © 2020 IJSEM 76 ISSN (Online) 2456 -1304 International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020 from relevant secondary sources. Secondary data are also Figure V-1Growth of Households in Kerala in Lakh [9] used for the study area (Thiruvananthapuram corporation area) delineation. Study and evaluation of housing schemes GROWTH OF HOUSEHOLDS based on case studies in the Thiruvananthapuram corporation area are done using various primary data 250 collected through household surveys, field visits, 200 stakeholder meetings and interviews, which is further used 150 to analyze the effectiveness and inadequacies in PMAY(U)- HOUSEHOLDS 100 LIFE Scheme. Primary data collected are also used to understand the common challenges in provision of 50 0 affordable housing for urban poor. 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 DECADE V. HOUSING SHORTAGE IN KERALA VARIATION OF 12.12 27.35 22.48 28.84 24.64 22 24.83 HOUSEHOLDS % According to 2011 housing census, Kerala stands at 11th TOTAL 22.01 28.03 34.33 44.23 55.13 67.26 83.15 position in contributing housing shortage to India. There URBAN 2.58 3.81 5.14 7.92 14.11 17.16 22.02 RURAL 19.43 24.22 29.19 36.31 41.02 50.1 61.13 were 336 houses for every 1000 persons in Kerala (all-India 273 houses per 1000 persons). The average size and quality of housing units are far better than in the rest of the country. VI. URBAN HOUSING SCHEMES IN KERALA More than two-third households reside in good quality houses where 53.1 per cent is the all-India average. A. BASIC SEVICES TO THE URBAN POOR (BSUP), However, average cost per unit of a house in Kerala is more 2005 than four times the costs at the all-India level. The housing Basic Services to the Urban Poor was introduced as a sub- Census also shows that 10.6 per cent of the total census part of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission houses in Kerala remains vacant. But at the same time a (JNNURM) in 2005. BSUP is designed for the up-gradation large number of households among underprivileged and and improvement of the conditions of slum settlements, poor sections of society still do not have a reasonable shelter assuring universal access to basic amenities [10]. In Kerala, and the State stood top in terms of housing inequality among BSUP was implemented in Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi the disadvantaged social groups [7]. The State needs a Corporations. Kudumbashree acts as the State Level Nodal completion of 12L housing units of which around 60 % are Agency for implementing BSUP in Kerala. The fund the needs of the Economically Weaker Sections of the sharing pattern for Thiruvananthapuram is 80:20 by Central society, as envisaged in the State Housing Policy 2011 [3]. and State Governments. For Kochi Corporation the sharing pattern is 50:50 by Central and State Governments. Out of Table V.1 Housing shortage in Kerala, 2001& 2011[8]- 50% of State share, 30% would be born State Govt. and the [3] balance amount after deducting beneficiary share would be borne by the respective ULBs [11]. 2001 2011 (Lakh) (Lakh) Table VI.1Physical and Financial progress of BSUP [11] Numerical shortage of houses 0.54 - Substandard houses which 5.50 5.5 Particulars BSUP are to be reconstructed No. of ULBs 2 No. of Projects sanctioned 7 Houses which required major 2.70 - Houses sanctioned 23577 repair/construction Houses started 19530 Additional demand 5.7 6.5 Houses completed 18813 Total Housing shortage 14.44 12 Physical progress, % 80% Project cost 343.67Cr Expenditure 226.13Cr Financial progress, % 66% All Rights Reserved © 2020 IJSEM 77 ISSN (Online) 2456 -1304 International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020 B. INTEGRATED HOUSING AND SLUM Houses completed 222 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IHSDP), 2005 Physical progress, % 12% Integrated housing and slum development programme is Project cost 16074 L another sub-part of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Expenditure 2223.58L Renewal Mission (JNNURM) introduced in 2005. IHSDP Financial progress, % 14% seeks to tackle poor housing for urban slum dwellers in cities and towns as per the 2001 Census, excluding those which were being targeted under BSUP [12]. IHSDP was D. PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (URBAN) - implemented in 45 urban local bodies of Kerala. LIVELIHOOD INCLUSION AND FINANCIAL Kudumbashree acts as the State Level Nodal Agency for EMPOWERMENT SCHEME, ‘HOUSING FOR ALL implementing IHSDP in Kerala. The financing pattern is in BY 2022’ [PMAY(U) –LIFE, ‘HFA,2022’] the ratio of 80:20 by Central and State Governments. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) scheme, ‘Housing for Beneficiary share of 12% for General and 10% for SC/ST is all by 2022’ was launched by Prime Minister Narendra only for individual housing projects. Out of 20% State share Modi in June 2015 with an aim to provide affordable the balance fund after deducting beneficiary share will be housing for the urban poor including economically weaker borne equally by the ULB and State [13]. sections and low income groups by the year 2022 through financial assistance from central government [5]. The four Table VI.2 Physical and Financial progress of IHSDP verticals of PMAY(U) scheme are given in figure VI-1 [16]. [13] Particulars IHSDP No. of ULBs 45 No. of Projects sanctioned 53 Houses sanctioned 26295 Houses started 20572 Houses completed 19537 Physical progress, % 75% Project cost 273.32Cr Expenditure 179.37Cr Financial progress, % 65% C.