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Government of Kerala Local Self Government Department Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (PPTA 4106 – IND) FINAL REPORT VOLUME 2 - CITY REPORT THIRUVANANTHAPURAM MAY 2005 COPYRIGHT: The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of ADB & Government of Kerala. Use or copying of this document in whole or in part without the written permission of either ADB or Government of Kerala constitutes an infringement of copyright. TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project Project Preparation FINAL REPORT VOLUME 2 – CITY REPORT THIRUVANANTHAPURAM Contents 1. BACKGROUND AND SCOPE 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Project Goal and Objectives 1 1.3 Study Outputs 1 1.4 Scope of the Report 1 2. CITY CONTEXT 2 2.1 Geography and Climate 2 2.2 Population Trends and Urbanization 2 2.3 Economic Development 5 2.3.1 Sectoral Growth 5 2.3.2 Industrial Development 6 2.3.3 Tourism Growth and Potential 7 2.3.4 Growth Trends and Projections 7 3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE 8 3.1 Introduction 8 3.2 Household Profile 9 3.2.1 Employment 9 3.2.2 Income and Expenditure 9 3.2.3 Land and Housing 10 3.2.4 Social Capital 10 3.2.5 Health 11 3.2.6 Education 12 3.3 Access to Services 12 3.3.1 Water Supply 12 3.3.2 Sanitation 12 3.3.3 Drainage 13 3.3.4 Solid Waste Disposal 14 3.3.5 Roads, Street Lighting & Access to Public Transport 14 4. POVERTY AND VULNERABILITY 15 4.1 Overview 15 4.1.1 Employment 16 4.1.2 Financial Capital 16 4.1.3 Poverty Alleviation in Thiruvananthapuram 16 5. INSTITUTIONS, MANAGEMENT AND CAPACITY 18 5.1 Decentralization 18 5.2 Service Delivery and Inter-Agency Coordination 18 FR Volume 2 - City Report - Thiruvananthapuram PAGE i TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project Project Preparation 5.3 Organization Structure of the Municipal Corporation 20 5.3.1 Deliberative/Executive Wing 20 5.3.2 Administrative Wing 21 5.4 Capacity Building 23 6. MUNICIPAL FINANCE 27 6.1 Municipal Fund 27 6.2 Revenue Account 27 6.2.1 Revenue Receipts 29 6.2.2 Revenue Expenditures 35 6.3 Capital Account 36 6.3.1 Capital Receipts 38 6.3.2 Capital Expenditures 38 6.4 Key Financial Issues 38 6.5 Kerala Water Authority Finance 39 6.5.1 Mandate and Sources of Finance 39 6.5.2 Cost Recovery 40 6.5.3 KWA Financial Performance in Thiruvananthapuram 41 6.5.4 Key KWA Financial Issues 42 7. URBAN PLANNING AND LAND USE MANAGEMENT 44 7.1 Planning Efforts in the Past 44 7.2 Land Use Management 45 7.2.1 Land Use Pattern 45 7.2.2 Development Pattern 47 7.3 Key Issues 49 8. SUB-PROJECT RATIONALE - NEED AND DEMAND 50 8.1 Approach to Sub-Project Component Selection 50 8.1.1 Municipal Corporation Priorities 50 8.1.2 Community Priorities 50 8.2 Sub-Project Objectives and Component Selection Criteria 50 9. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES 51 9.1 Water Supply 51 9.1.1 Existing Status 51 9.1.2 Water Demand 53 9.1.3 Analysis of Existing Situation and Needs 53 9.2 Sanitation and Sewerage 54 9.2.1 Existing Sewerage System 54 9.2.2 Existing Sanitation Situation 57 9.2.3 Service Adequacy, Key Issues and Needs Assessment 58 9.2.4 Project Identification 60 9.3 Stormwater Drainage 63 9.3.1 Existing Situation, Service Adequacy and Key Issues 63 9.3.2 Drainage Component Identification 64 9.4 Solid Waste Management 67 9.4.1 Present Situation Analysis and Key Issues 67 9.4.2 Component Preliminary Design 73 FR Volume 2 - City Report - Thiruvananthapuram PAGE ii TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project Project Preparation 9.5 Roads and Transportation 76 9.5.1 Overview 76 9.5.2 Existing Roads 78 9.5.3 Urban Travel Demand and Traffic Characteristics 80 9.5.4 Road Safety 85 9.5.5 Existing Street Lighting 86 9.5.6 Existing Access to Public Transport 87 9.5.7 Roads and Transportation Scheme Selection 89 10. THE PROPOSED SUB-PROJECT 91 10.1 Project Purpose 91 10.2 Part A: Urban Infrastructure Improvement 91 10.2.1 Water Supply Component 91 10.2.2 Sewerage and Sanitation Component 91 10.2.3 Urban Drainage Component 93 10.2.4 Solid Waste Management Component 96 10.2.5 Roads and Transportation Component 96 10.3 Part B: Urban Management and Institutional Development 96 10.3.1 State Level Institutional Development 98 10.3.2 Municipal Corporation Institutional Development 98 10.3.3 Municipal Staff Training 99 10.3.4 Poverty Alleviation 99 10.4 Part C: Implementation Assistance 100 11. CITY SUB-PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 101 11.1 Executing and Implementing Agencies 101 11.1.1 Executing Agency 101 11.1.2 Implementing Agencies 101 11.2 Project Management 102 11.2.1 Project Management Office 102 11.2.2 Project Implementation Units 102 11.2.3 Project Management and Design Consulting Services 102 11.3 Procurement and Disbursement Procedure 105 11.3.1 Procurement of Goods and Works 105 11.3.2 Disbursement Procedures 105 11.4 Procurement Packages and Implementation 106 11.4.1 Procurement Packages 106 11.4.2 Implementation Schedule 106 11.5 Reports, Accounting and Auditing Requirement 107 11.5.1 Reporting Requirement 107 11.5.2 Accounting 107 11.5.3 Auditing 107 11.6 Project Review 107 11.7 Project Performance Monitoring System 108 11.8 Long-Term Sustainability 108 12. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING PLAN 109 12.1 Cost Estimates 109 12.2 Financing Plan 110 13. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 111 FR Volume 2 - City Report - Thiruvananthapuram PAGE iii TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project Project Preparation 13.1 General 111 13.2 Assumptions Used in Financial Projections 111 13.3 Cost Recovery 113 13.4 Financial Internal Rate of Return 114 13.5 Average Incremental Financial Cost and Subsidy 115 13.6 Beneficiary Affordability 116 13.7 Project Sustainability 117 14. SUB-PROJECT RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS 118 14.1 Physical Component Risks 118 14.2 Policy Risks 118 14.3 Institutional Risks 118 14.4 Social Risks 119 14.5 Financial Risks 119 14.6 Economic Risks 119 FR Volume 2 - City Report - Thiruvananthapuram PAGE iv TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project Project Preparation List of Annexes Annex A Proposed Procurement Packages Annex B Sub-Project Implementation Schedule Annex C Sub-Project Cost Estimates and Financing Plan Annex D Financial Improvement and Action Plan Annex E Financial Analysis FR Volume 2 - City Report - Thiruvananthapuram PAGE v TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project Project Preparation List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in District Net Domestic Product 5 Table 2-2: Population Growth and Projections 7 Table 3-1: Distribution of Workers in Thiruvananthapuram 9 Table 5-1: Staffing Pattern of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation 23 Table 6-1: Revenue Account 28 Table 6-2: Property Tax – Rate Schedule 32 Table 6-3: Property Tax -Demand and Collection (Rs. Million) 32 Table 6-4: Profession Tax -Demand and Collection 33 Table 6-5: Capital Account 37 Table 6-6: KWA Water Tariff Schedule 40 Table 6-7: KWA Sewerage Connection Fee 41 Table 6-8: Water and Sewerage Operations – Income and Expenditure (Rs. Million) 42 Table 7-1: Development Plan (2001) Status 45 Table 7-2: Land Use Pattern (2001) 47 Table 8-1: Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Priorities 50 Table 8-2: Thiruvananthapuram - Community Municipal Service Priorities 50 Table 9-1: List of Existing Water Treatment Plants -Thiruvananthapuram 51 Table 9-2: Water Supply Design Parameters 53 Table 9-3: Water Supply Demand and Phased Development 53 Table 9-4: Overall Sanitation in MC Area (Census 2001) 57 Table 9-5: Sanitary Conditions in Slums (KUDP 1994) 57 Table 9-6: Pumping Details of Existing Pumping Stations 58 Table 9-7: Zone wise requirements for Sewage Treatment 61 Table 9-8: Thiruvananthapuram City Drainage Network 63 Table 9-9: Agencies Responsible for Thiruvananthapuram City Drainage 64 Table 9-10: Source-Wise Solid Waste Generation in Thiruvananthapuram (2001) 67 Table 9-11: Physical Composition of Wastes Generated in Thiruvananthapuram 68 Table 9-12: Chemical Analysis of Wastes Generated in Thiruvananthapuram 68 Table 9-13: Details of Transfer Stations in Thiruvananthapuram 70 Table 9-14: Details of Hospitals and Other Facilities in Thiruvananthapuram 71 Table 9-15: Preliminary Requirement for Integrated SWM System 75 Table 9-16: Road Network in Thiruvananthapuram City 78 Table 9-17: Classification of Major Roads in Thiruvananthapuram 78 Table 9-18: Speed and Delay Characteristics at Selected Links 79 Table 9-19: Traffic Growth Rate during 2000-04 80 Table 9-20: Peak Hour Traffic Distribution at Selected Locations 82 Table 9-21: Peak-hour Traffic Volume on Selected Road Stretches 82 Table 9-22: Details of Commercial Vehicular Through Traffic 83 FR Volume 2 - City Report - Thiruvananthapuram PAGE vi TA 4106 –IND: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project Project Preparation Table 9-23: Peak-hour Turning Traffic at Selected Junctions 84 Table 9-24: Peak On–Street Parking Accumulation 85 Table 9-25: Mid-block Pedestrian Count at Selected Outer City Locations 85 Table 9-26: Details of Road Accidents in Thiruvananthapuram District 86 Table 9-27: Details of Street Lights Availability at Selected Road Sections 87 Table 9-28: Distribution of Household Trips by Public Transport 89 Table 9-29: Proposed Road and Transport Improvement Schemes for Thiruvananthapuram 90 Table 11-1: Proposed Contract Packages - Thiruvananthapuram 106 Table 12-1: Summary of Sub-Project Cost Estimate 109 Table 12-2: City Level Financing Plan (Rs.
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    LATIN ARCHDIOCESE OF TRIVANDRUM His Grace, Most Rev. Dr. M. Soosa Pakiam L.S.S.S., Thl. Metropolitan Archbishop of Trivandrum Date of Birth : 11.03.1946 Date of Ordination : 20.12.1969 Date of Episcopal Ordination : 02.02.1990 Metropolitan Archbishop of Trivandrum: 17.06.2004 Latin Archbishop's House Vellayambalam, P.B. No. 805 Trivandrum, Kerala, India - 695 003 Phone : 0471 / 2724001 Fax : 0471 / 2725001 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.latinarchdiocesetrivandrum.org 1 His Excellency, Most Rev. Dr. Christudas Rajappan Auxiliary Bishop of Trivandrum Date of Birth : 25.11.1971 Date of Ordination : 25.11.1998 Date of Episcopal Ordination : 03.04.2016 Latin Archbishop's House Vellayambalam, P.B. No. 805 Trivandrum, Kerala, India - 695 003 Phone : 0471 / 2724001 Fax : 0471 / 2725001 Mobile : 8281012253, 8714238874, E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Website : www.latinarchdiocesetrivandrum.org (Dates below the address are Dates of Birth (B) and Ordination (O)) 2 1. Very Rev. Msgr. Dr. C. Joseph, B.D., D.C.L. Vicar General & Chancellor PRO & Spokesperson Latin Archbishop's House, Vellayambalam, Trivandrum - 695 003, Kerala, India T: 0471-2724001; Fax: 0471-2725001; Mobile: 9868100304 Email: [email protected], [email protected] B: 14.04.1949 / O: 22.12.1973 2. Very Rev. Fr. Jose G., MCL Judicial Vicar, Metropolitan Archdiocesan Tribunal & Chairman, Archdiocesan Arbitration and Conciliation Forum Latin Archbishop's House, Vellayambalam, Trivandrum T: 0471-2724001; Fax: 0471-2725001 & Parish Priest, St. Theresa of Lisieux Church, Archbishop's House Compound, Vellayambalam, Trivandrum - 695 003 T: 0471-2314060 , Office ; 0471-2315060 ; C: 0471- 2316734 Web: www.vellayambalamparish.org Mobile: 9446747887 Email: [email protected] B: 06.06.1969 / O: 07.01.1998 3.
  • Planning Strategies for Akkulam Lake Rejuvenation

    Planning Strategies for Akkulam Lake Rejuvenation

    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 SJIF (2020): 7.803 Planning Strategies for Akkulam Lake Rejuvenation Gayatri Krishnan R .J1, Gesno George2 1M.Plan (Urban Planning) Student, Dept. of Architecture, TKM College of engineering, Kollam, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, India Abstract: Healthy lakes and their shores not only provide us with a number of environmental benefits but they influence our quality of life and they strengthen our economy. Lakes cover an important physical feature of India, other than tourism it acts as drinking water source, venue for commercial activities, historical importance venue for sacred holy activities, power generation, and shelter for migratory birds. Currently, India is losing wetlands at the rate of 2-3% each year. Due to indiscriminate meddling of man, lakes are on the verge of extinction. There is an urgent need to alert world nations about the current state and trajectory of the world‘s lakes. They are important ecosystems that, when respected and cared for, can sustain a healthy balance of aquatic life, provide us with much enjoyment, and help support our socio-economic needs. The study mainly focuses on the causes of Akkulam lake (a small inland brackish water lake in the southwest coast of Kerala) degradation and importance of lake rejuvenation in tourism sector. And finally planning strategies for the Akkulam lake are formulated based on the rejuvenating efforts through case studies from International and National contexts. Keywords: Wetland, Degradation, Rejuvenation, Planning strategies 1. Introduction b) To study the causes of degradation of lake, opportunities and benefits of lake rejuvenation.