La Crise Du Covid-19

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La Crise Du Covid-19 Patrick LAGADEC www.patricklagadec.net LA CRISE DU COVID-19 L’URGENCE DE L’INVENTION Contribution au retour d’expérience et au travail d’enquête 11 mai 2020 Version provisoire 2 SOMMAIRE Résumé exécutif …………………………………………………………………………..p. 5 Cadrage méthodologique Cadrage de mes analyses : du pathétique, du mieux, de l’abyssal Avant le torrent des faits Le temps d’une respiration………………………………………………………………p. 9 PREMIÈRE PARTIE Journal de bord Recueil de mes notes personnelles - 23 janvier- 6 mai 2020 À défaut de Force de Réflexion Rapide…………………………………………………..p. 16 23 janvier 2020 : Virus chinois – Questions-Réflexions-Force de Réflexion Rapide…………………………p. 23 28 janvier 2020 : Quelques éléments retirés d’une mission à Toronto en 2005 – pour échanger sur l’épisode de SRAS (2003) et les mesures pour une pandémie grippale, note préparée pour un entretien avec une journaliste de France info………………………………………………………………p. 25 29 janvier 2020 : Virus chine – exercice…………………………………………………………………… p. 28 30 janvier 2020 : Réflexions sur les difficultés posées par la chine au départ des étrangers - corona virus chine, force de réflexion rapide - note numéro 2 au dirigeant chinois …………………………. p. 30 1er février 2020 : Force de réflexion rapide – territoires et méthodes de questionnement……………………p. 32 7 février 2020 : Force de réflexion rapide - note numéro 3 au dirigeant chinois……………………………p. 36 11 février 2020 : Entre endiguement et débordement – initiatives et inventions…………………………….p. 39 15 février 2020 : Endiguement, débordement, déferlement – initiatives d’aide au pilotage…………………p. 43 3 19 février 2020 : Méga-crises : être en phase – terrible défi…………………………………………………p. 48 21 février 2020 : Naviguer avec discernement, entre débordement et engloutissement…………………….. p. 53 23 février 2020 : Défi mondial – irruptions locales : quels repères de pilotage ? ……………………...…… p. 57 29 février 2020 : Principes-guides pour temps de ruptures …….……………………………………………..p. 63 9 mars 2020 : Troisième phase, second souffle……………………………………………………………p. 70 19 mars 2020 : GPS en folie, cadrages à dompter………………………………………………………….p. 82 25 mars 2020 : L’hôpital en soins intensifs – Changer de logiciel…………………………………………p. 89 27 mars 2020 : Commission d’enquête : Vraiment pas le moment !……………………………………….p. 104 30 mars 2020 : Ruptures — Inventer, Mobiliser…………………………………………………………..p. 107 31 mars 2020 : Accident de déconfinement : anticipation, accompagnement, invention………………….p. 116 2 avril 2020 : avec Matthieu Langlois : Pilotage opérationnel de crise dans les organisations aux prises avec le coronavirus……p. 118 7 avril 2020 : Président en univers chaotique [reprise d’un texte 3 ans après) …………… ……………p. 123 9 avril 2020 : Projetés dans l’inconnu……………………………………………………………………p. 128 20 avril 2020 : Aux prises avec l’inconnu – Des grammaires de pilotage à inventer……………………...p. 134 23 avril 2020 : avec Matthieu Langlois Ne pas rater le retour d’expérience………………………………………………………...p. 139 4 mai 2020 Déconfinement, J — ?? : Le pilotage dans la tourmente des questions sauvages………….p. 150 6 mai 2020 Le Pilotage post-confinement – Esquisse de cadrage opérationnel………….……………p. 156 4 DEUXIÈME PARTIE Pour éviter les déroutes : Des béances à traiter I – Un tableau déroutant………………………………………………………………p. 163 1. La cartographie de nos risques bouleversée 2. Un terrain de crises en profonde mutation 3. Des capacités de pilotage de crise en retard d’une guerre II – Des impératifs et des pièges………………………………………………………..p. 164 1. Une préparation à la haute surprise et à l’inconnu – quasi inexistante 2. La prise de recul institutionnalisée – très loin de nos aptitudes 3. L’impératif de la confiance : une nouvelle alliance avec le citoyen – à contre-culture Un signal intéressant III – Des ancrages porteurs d’échec, des déroutes normales…………………………p. 166 1. Un terreau qui porte en lui la défaite 2. Les cliquets de la déroute IV – L’urgence de transformation………………………………………………………p. 171 1. Nouveaux ancrages 2. Nouveaux capitaines 3. Nouveaux équipages 4. Nouvelles préparations Et, en amont du pilotage des crises… 5 RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF Cadrage méthodologique Les enquêtes vont devoir s’efforcer de clarifier les mille et une composantes de cette crise. Bien sûr, ses problèmes les plus aigus : la question emblématique des masques et autres béances en matière de dispositif sanitaire, les retards, les viscosités, les communications officielles, la place de l’expertise, les comparaisons internationales… Sans oublier les exploits et dévouements de maints acteurs à commencer par les personnels de santé. Sans omettre non plus l’engagement des personnels sur toutes les lignes de défense mobilisées. L’auscultation des points faibles ne doit pas faire oublier la recherche des points forts. Il est certain aussi que les actes et paroles des dirigeants feront l’objet de toutes les attentions. Le risque dominant est bien connu : la recherche de bouc émissaire, qui soulage assurément. N’oublions cependant pas le risque opposé – la matière n’est faite que de chausse-trappes : effacer toute responsabilité personnelle. Le travail d’enquête de la commission Phillips1 sur l’Encéphalopathie Spongiforme Bovine (ESB) au Royaume-Uni donne sur ce point un repère pertinent : partir de ce qu’une fonction supposait de faire et ne reprocher que comportements montrant que la personne était clairement en dessous de ce qu’elle aurait dû faire. Nous l’avons souligné avec Matthieu Langlois dans une note commune en date du 23 avril, « Ne pas rater le retour d’expérience »2: des exigences de méthode s’imposent si l’on veut éviter que retours d’expérience et enquêtes conduisent à des impasses, des errements, ou aux trop habituels exercices d’autoprotection-promotion dépourvus de toute utilité pour le futur. La contribution que je propose aurait pu venir une fois recueillies toutes les observations des commissions qui seront mises sur pied. J’ai fait le choix inverse, qui comporte certes des risques : proposer dès à présent des éléments qui puissent venir, comme d’autres, alimenter la réflexion de ceux qui auront la lourde tâche de tirer les enseignements de l’épisode Covid-19. Cette contribution reprend en son corps central la série de notes qui ont fait mon journal de bord au long de la crise. De façon régulière, à partir de ce que je pouvais entendre ou lire, et sans accès direct aux acteurs au front – ce qui invite à la prudence –, je me suis efforcé de prendre du recul et de m’interroger sur ce qui aurait pu être considéré par une Force de Réflexion Rapide3 mobilisée sur le sujet [qui a d’ailleurs peut-être existé, sous une forme ou sous une autre, je n’ai pas l’information]. Dans une seconde partie, bien plus ramassée, j’ai pensé utile de proposer une analyse résolument distanciée, sur les questions plus génériques qui nous sont posées en matière de maîtrise des risques et de pilotage des crises. En dépassant le seul domaine de la crise Covid- 19, car l’enjeu est bien plus global. Je souhaitais répondre à l’interrogation : disposons-nous du terreau, de la culture, de l’entraînement, en phase avec les risques et crises contemporains ? C’est de cette analyse que découle le titre de cette contribution : L’urgence de l’invention. Il me semble que cette double prise de recul – à la fois au long de la crise, et en fin de période (au moins provisoire) – est de nature à aider celles et ceux qui vont engager les multiples travaux d’analyse. Car il ne suffit pas, comme on le lit toujours dans les rapports américains de « suivre les faits quel que soit le lieu où ils peuvent conduire », encore faut-il avoir le recul nécessaire pour aller chercher, interpréter et mettre en perspective les faits recueillis. On connait le mot de Goethe : « Tout fait est déjà une théorie ». 4 6 Et pour conforter encore la nécessaire prise de recul avant d’entrer dans le torrent des événements, je proposerai en forme d’exergue à ce document un temps de respiration. Cela ne veut pas dire que les examens et enquêtes ne pourront pas être conduits avec la vigueur qu’impose la gravité des enjeux, mais – précisément pour être à la hauteur de la tâche – il convient de ne pas partir dans la précipitation et l’essoufflement. La précision dans l’auscultation ne doit pas aller sans une grande profondeur de champ. Cadrage de mes analyses Puis-je dès à présent tracer et livrer mes lignes de réflexion essentielles – au moins de façon provisoire ? Tout résumé s’expose au risque du court-circuit. Tout long développement expose au risque de dilution de toute conviction forte. Je me risquerai à donner ici, d’entrée de jeu, mes lignes de réflexion essentielles sur l’épisode que nous venons de traverser, et continuons à connaître. En sachant bien que l’écoute de ce qui sera produit par les multiples retours d’expérience et enquêtes me conduira à ajuster, voire à bouleverser, ces repères qui, me semblent se dégager de ce que j’ai pu observer à ce jour. Elles tiennent en trois points. Du pathétique Le cas des masques et autres matériels essentiels apparaît emblématique. Ils auront tant manqué – notamment aux soignants comme à tant d’autres encore en première ligne, laissés largement démunis. Fidèles à Hippocrate, les soignants en hôpital comme en ville, sont allés au lit des malades, et en ont payé un lourd tribut. Un dénuement qui entre en écho – puisque l’on a parlé de « guerre » – avec les derniers mots d’un officier le 21 mai 1940 : « Je me tue, Monsieur le Président, parce que mes hommes étaient des braves, mais qu’on n’envoie pas des gens avec des fusils contre des chars d’assaut ».5 Et aux étages supérieurs, s’ils en avaient eu le loisir et la latitude, on aurait pu entendre une plainte déchirante : « Dans quel état avez-vous laissé le pays ? Dans quel gouffre vous nous avez jeté, en nous laissant le soin de nous débrouiller ? ». Et là aussi, on aurait pu entendre l’écho de Juin 40, avec la difficulté d’être dirigeant en situation impossible, quasi désespérée.
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