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Proposal of a State- Wide REDD+ System in Amazonas

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Proposal of a State- Wide REDD+ System in Amazonas Proposal of a State- wide REDD+ System in Amazonas Study for Opportunities on REDD+ Initiatives in the South/Southeast of the state of Amazonas Proposal of a State- wide REDD+ System in Amazonas Study for Opportunities on REDD+ Initiatives in the South/Southeast of the state of Amazonas Preparated by: Supported by: Manaus - Amazonas February 2014 Proposal of a State-wide REDD+ System in Amazonas Study for Opportunities on REDD+ Initiatives in the South/Southeast of the state of Amazonas Authors: Institute for Conservation and Sustainable Delevopment of Amazonas (IDESAM) Mariano Colini Cenamo Pedro Gandolfo Soares Mariana Nogueira Pavan Gabriel Cardoso Carrero Forest Trends Jacob Olander Carbon Decisions International Lucio Pedroni State Climate Center (Ceclima/SDS) João Talocchi Rodrigo Freire Verena Almeida Geoprocessing and Map Design Team (IDESAM) Heberton Barros Noeli Aline Images: Arquivo Idesam Graphic Design: Eriam Franco Manaus, February 2014 C395s Cenamo, Mariano Colini Sistema Estadual de REDD+ no Amazonas: Desa- fios, Oportunidades e Recomendações / Mariano Colini Cenamo; Proposal of a State- Pedro Gandolfo Soares; Mariana Nogueira Pavan; Gabriel Cardo- so Carrero et al. Manaus-AM, 2013. 52p. wide REDD+ System ISBN: 978-85-64371-04-0 1. Climate Change. 2. REDD+. 3. Emissions Reduc- in Amazonas tion. 4. Amazonas State. I. Title. II. Authors IDESAM CDU - 502/504(811.3) Study for Opportunities on REDD+ Initiatives in the South/Southeast of the state of Amazonas Copyright © 2014 by Idesam Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil Responsibility for the information and views set out in this report lies entirely with the authors. Presentation This report was prepared by the Institute for Conservation and Sustainable Development of Amazonas (IDESAM), Forest Trends and Carbon Decisions International (CDI), with technical support from the State Climate Center of Amazonas (CECLIMA) and financial support from KfW. It is a product of the project “Study of opportunities for REDD+ Initiatives in the South/Southeast of the State of Amazonas”. The report presents proposals for structuring a State-wide REDD+ System (SisREDD+) in Amazonas, as well as key elements for integrating state REDD+ systems into the National REDD+ System in Bra- zil. The report includes a broad analysis of all laws, programs and regulations related to REDD+ that are already in force or currently in discussion at the national and sub-national levels in Brazil. It is important to stress that all ideas and proposals presented in this report are still under discussion and they do not represent an official proposal agreed upon between the Amazon region Member States and the Federal Government. Special Thanks: The authors of this document would like to thank the valuable contributions of Dr. Rita Mesquita (INPA), Dr. Niro Higuchi (INPA), Adenilde Almeida (GTA), Dr. José Alberto Machado (UFAM), Marco Antonio (IPE), Ro- berto Franklin (CECLIMA/AM), Raquel Correa (FUNAI), Virgílio Viana (FAS), Victor Salviati (FAS), Laurent Micol (ICV), Monica de los Rios (Institute of Cli- mate Change/Acre), Ana Euler (Institute of the State Forests/Amapá), Grayton Toledo (SEMA/Amapá), Elaine Corsini (SEMA/Mato Grosso), Maurício Philipp (SEMA/Mato Grosso), Wendell Andrade (SEMA/Pará), Raquel dos Santos Agra (Secretary of Environment and Sustainable Development/Tocantins), for their consolidation of this report. Index 1. REDD+ in the UNFCCC 11 2. Legal Framework for REDD+ in Brazil 15 2.1 The National Policy on Climate Change (PNMC) 15 2.2 National Plan on Climate Change 16 2.3 Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforesta- 17 tion in the Amazon (PPCDAm) 2.4 Legislative Procedures of REDD+ Bill 195/2011 (PL 18 REDD+) and Senate Bill 212/2011 3. The National REDD+ Strategy (EN-REDD+) 21 4. A proposal for the National REDD+ System (SysREDD+) 23 4.1 Financing Options for REDD+ Activities: Implications and 24 Opportunities 4.2 U-REDD+ Allocation mechanism in the Brazilian Amazon 25 4.3 Methodology of the stock and flow mechanism 27 5. The State REDD+ System in Amazonas (SisREDD+ AM) 31 5.1 REDD+ Regulation in Amazonas 31 5.2 REDD+ benefit allocation methodology for Stock-Flow Risk 33 5.3 Scenarios for allocation of U-REDD+ 35 6. SisREDD+ AM Institutional Architecture 41 7. State REDD+ Registry 43 8. Preliminary Conclusions and Recommendations 47 9. Bibliographic References 51 1 REDD+ in the UNFCCC limate change and its impacts are consi- in recent years, the loss of forests in the Amazon dered the greatest environmental threats has been occurring at an average rate of 0.56% ever faced by mankind. Scientific eviden- (1,762,995 ha/year) in the past ten years. From 2002 ce obtained in recent years leaves no to 2011, more than 17,6 million hectares were des- Cdoubt that human activities are the main cause of troyed in the Brazilian Legal Amazon6, which corres- this process1. In the last century, the average surface ponds to an area the size of Uruguay. temperature globally has increased by 0.7°C, caused Understanding the causes that drive defores- by increased atmospheric concentrations of so-called tation around the world is crucial for identifying and greenhouse gases (GHG)2 which have nearly doubled implementing appropriate strategies to change land since the beginning of the industrial revolution. use trends, benefit traditional populations and indi- Forest ecosystems occupy about 30% of the genous peoples who depend on the forest for their Earth’s surface and are immense carbon reservoirs, survival. In the last years the United Nations Fra- containing more than twice as much carbon as is mework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)7 the atmosphere. Deforestation and the loss of fo- recognized the need for adopting policy approa- rests are responsible for approximately 20% of glo- ches and positive incentives for assisting developing 3 bal GHG emissions . Forest conservation has been countries reducing GHG emissions in the forestry singled out as one of the most effective options for sector. A mechanism for “Reducing Emissions from 4 cost-effective climate change mitigation . Deforestation and Forest Degradation” (REDD+)8 In Brazil, the land use and forest sector is res- in developing countries is expected to provide such ponsible for about 58% of the national GHG emis- incentives and is currently being developed. It will be sions5. Most of these emissions come from defores- part of the global climate protection regime under tation in the Amazon. Despite significant reductions negotiation for after 2020. 12 The design of the REDD+ mechanism under trative activities based on performance (Norway’s the UNFCCC is subject of a great international dis- Fund, KfW/REM, FCPF Carbon Fund)11 and the vo- cussion. During the eleventh Conference of the Par- luntary carbon markets. ties (CP11, 2005), REDD+ entered the agenda of the This has encouraged several countries, such UNFCCC negotiations through a joint bid betwe- as Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico and Peru, as well as sub- en Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica9, which was -national entities (states, provinces) to begin cons- strongly supported by several countries, including tructing their own REDD+ schemes and regulations. Brazil. In subsequent CPs, the REDD+ mechanism has broadened its scope and it now includes acti- In the case of Brazil, REDD+ motivated a vities related to forest degradation, forest conser- broad national discussion, the consideration of the vation, sustainable forest management and enhance- possibility of using national resources, through ap- ment of carbon stocks, in order to address different proaches ranging from the negotiation of credits be- circumstances in various developing countries. tween states, to the use of resources from diverse sources like oil extraction and the renegotiation of At the their sixteenth meeting in Cancun debt of states with the Union. (CP16, 2010), the Parties to the UNFCCC achieved an important milestone, by adopting a decision wi- thin the framework of the AWG-LCA10 that REDD+ would be included in the future UNFCCC climate change agreements. Although not defining important aspects of the REDD+ mechanism, such as the scale 1 - IPCC, 2007. of implementation and funding sources, this decision 2 - Greenhouse gases (GHG), when accumulated in the at- also established that REDD+ activities should be im- mosphere, prevent the output of solar radiation, causing global warming. The main GHG are carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by plemented “in phases”, according to each country’s burning fossil fuels and deforestation; Methane gas (CH4)-emit- national circumstances, and that guidelines must be ted by decomposition of plant and animal waste in dumps and landfills and rumination (digestion) in bovine animals and herds; laid down to ensure the existence of appropriate Nitrous oxide (N2O)- resulting mainly from agriculture. social and environmental safeguards. 3 - IPCC, 2007a. The subsequent CP17, which occurred the 4 - Stern et al., 2006. next year (2011) in Durban, concluded with a “po- 5 - MCT, 2009. sitive balance” on the REDD+. However, since many 6 - Prodes 2011. key aspects of the overall climate change agreement remained undefined, several issues that are impor- 7 - United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change - UNFCCC tant for the REDD+ mechanism remained unresol- ved, such as: origin of financial resources, ideal scale 8 - While REDD refers to “reducing emissions from defores- tation and forest degradation” the “+” refers to the concepts of implementation, accounting rules, links with Na- of “conservation”,
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