Motivations and Challenges of Developing Women's Football Through Local Sports Events
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COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index?site_name=Research%20Output (Accessed: Date). Motivations and Challenges of Developing Women’s Football Through Local Sports Events Paulina Maria Ngubeni 201203826 School of Tourism and Hospitality, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg Supervisor: Professor T.M. Tichaawa Co-supervisor: Dr P. Thomas A Dissertation submitted to the College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, in fulfilment for the requirement of the degree of Master in Tourism and Hospitality Submitted: August 2018 PLAGIARISM DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own original work, conducted under the supervision of Prof Tembi Tichaawa and Dr Peta Thomas. It is submitted for the degree of Master in Tourism and Hospitality in the College of Business and Economics at the University of Johannesburg. This work has not been submitted as part of a degree at another institution but it has informed the production of two journal articles written by the same author. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and to pretend that it is one’s own. I have used the Harvard Method convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to, and quotation in, this essay/assignment from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. This essay/assignment is my own work and has not been partially or wholly copied from another. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s assignment or essay, or part of it, is wrong, and declare that this is my own work. Signature: ___________________________________________________________ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to the following people My Co-supervisor, Dr P Thomas for her endless support and having mentored me since my second year while doing my undergraduate degree. I am thankful for her presence in my life, for having inspired me to study further and to face my fears and for always believing in me. I am most thankful for her support while undertaking this study where I would find myself second-guessing my ability, she has always found ways to lift me out of those dark moments. I am the woman I am today because you have allowed me to make mistakes and learn from them. My supervisor, Prof TM Tichaawa, I am thankful for the time and effort you have put in to ensuring that I complete this study. Your expertise and knowledge in the field of Sport Tourism has ensured that I had access to unlimited knowledge. Your passion and life story has been a motivation for me, and has assured me that I can make my dreams a reality. This journey has been one which I will always treasure and I have only seen further because I have been standing on the shoulders of giants, such as Prof Tichaawa and Dr Thomas. For the time that I was given by all those who participated in the study, your responses have made this study possible. My siblings for helping with data collection and for always keeping me motivated. The College of Business and Economics at the University of Johannesburg for awarding me the Supervisor-linked bursary. The National Research Foundation, for funding this study. iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my siblings, to whom I am grateful for their support. iv ABSTRACT This study departs from the premise that previous research, which focused on sport tourism participation, including motivation, has largely been conducted with specific reference to male dominated sport, particularly soccer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the motivations and challenges linked to women’s soccer in Gauteng province in South Africa and understand how this motivations influence the decision to participate in sport tourism activities. This study adopted a mixed-methods approach, where quantitative data was collected at three different women’s soccer events in Gauteng, and qualitative interviews were conducted with key stakeholders directly involved in the advancement of women’s soccer. The study adopted the spatially based systematic sampling technique to collect the quantitative data and 167 useable surveys were collected. The five key stakeholders were purposely selected for the qualitative interviews, based on their role and involvement in women’s soccer. The study findings are based on the responses of the participants. The quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), and qualitative data was analysed using thematic content analysis where themes were identified and grouped together based on the responses. The key findings of the study revealed socialising, and observing the skill of the players as some of the main motivations for attending women’s soccer events. In terms of challenges, it was noted that the late release of fixture dates, delays plans to attend women’s soccer events. The study concluded that stakeholders directly involved in the advancement of women’s soccer need to work together to combat these challenges; furthermore, communities need to show more support for women’s soccer. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM DECLARATIONii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSiii DEDICATIONiv ABSTRACTv TABLE OF CONTENTSvi LIST OF TABLESxi LIST OF FIGURESxiii LIST OF APPENDICESxiii LIST OF ACRONYMSxiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY1 1.1 PREAMBLE1 1.2 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS3 1.2.1 Tourism3 1.2.2 Sport tourism3 1.2.3 Sport fan4 1.2.4 Motivation4 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT5 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES5 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY6 1.6 STRUCTURE OF THESIS7 1.7 SUMMARY7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW8 2.1 INTRODUCTION8 vi 2.1.1 Tourism in South Africa linked to sport tourism events8 2.1.2 Relationship between sport and tourism11 2.1.3 Sport tourism definitions in context12 2.1.4 Overview of sport tourism12 2.1.5 Categories of sport tourism14 2.1.6 Sport tourism events16 2.1.7 Benefits of hosting events17 2.1.8 Sport tourism consumer motives19 2.1.9 Profiles of sport fans20 2.1.10 The 2010 FIFA World Cup as a catalyst for women’s sport25 2.2 WOMEN AND SPORTS28 2.2.1 Feminism and sport31 2.2.2 Women and soccer in Africa32 2.2.3 The historical development of women’s soccer in South Africa34 2.2.4 Women’s sport media coverage36 2.3 SUMMARY37 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY39 3.1 INTRODUCTION39 3.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS39 3.3 BACKGROUND TO STUDY AREA39 3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN40 3.4.1 Research methodology41 3.4.2 Method and tools for data collection42 3.4.2.1 Primary data43 3.4.2.2 Secondary data43 3.4.3 Quantitative survey43 3.4.4 Qualitative survey44 3.4.5 Survey population44 3.4.5.1 Quantitative population44 3.4.5.2 Qualitative population45 3.4.6 Sampling procedure46 3.4.6.1 Quantitative survey46 3.4.6.2 Qualitative interviews47 vii 3.4.7 Qualitative trustworthiness48 3.4.8 Quantitative validity and reliability49 3.5 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS50 3.6 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS50 3.6.1 Quantitative data50 3.6.2 Qualitative data50 3.7 SUMMARY51 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION52 4.1 INTRODUCTION52 4.2 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS52 4.2.1 Gender of respondents53 4.2.2 Age of respondents53 4.2.3 Ethnic group of respondents54 4.2.4 Income of respondents55 4.2.5 Educational level of respondents56 4.2.6 Home province of respondents57 4.2.7 Employment status of the respondents58 4.3 MARKETING OF WOMEN’S SOCCER EVENTS59 4.4 FREQUENCY OF ATTENDANCE AT WOMEN’S SOCCER EVENTS60 4.5 INTEREST IN WOMEN’S SOCCER61 4.5.1 Interest in support for growth in South African women’s soccer61 4.5.2 Interest in soccer as a recreational activity62 4.5.3 Interest in women’s soccer63 4.6 PERCEPTIONS ABOUT WOMEN’S SOCCER63 4.6.1 Perceptions regarding support for women’s soccer64 4.6.2 Perceptions about fun at women’s sport events68 4.6.3 Perceptions of spectator support for women’s soccor69 4.6.4 Perceptions about professionalism in women’s soccer71 4.7 WOMEN’S SOCCER DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES72 4.8 WOMEN’S SOCCER FUNDING CHALLENGES74 viii 4.9 SOCCER KNOWLEDGE AND MOTIVATION76 4.9.1 Relaxation as motivation to attend women’s football events78 4.9.2 Socialising motivation to attend women’s football events79 4.9.3 Skill as a motivation to attend women’s football events81 4.10 LEGACY OF THE 2010 FIFA WORLD CUP84 4.11 VALIDITY ANALYSIS85 4.11.1 Perceptions of women’s soccer85 4.11.2 Women’s soccer challenges87 4.11.3 Decision making about attending a women’s soccer match89 4.11.4 Sports as a legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup91 4.12 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS93 4.13 GROUP COMPARISONS94 4.13.1 Perceptions of women’s football and gender94 4.13.2 Decision making about attending a women’s soccer match and gender95 4.13.3 Sports as a legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and gender95 4.13.4 Decision making