A Critical Analysis of the Representation of the Black African Migrants in the South African Daily News and Daily Sun Newspapers, 2016- 2017
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The Good, the Bad and the Balanced: A critical analysis of the representation of the black African migrants in the South African Daily News and Daily Sun newspapers, 2016- 2017 By Clifford Jani Student Number 218086376 Ethical clearance Number HSS/0611/018M Supervisor Dr Lauren Dyll Submitted to the School of Applied Human Sciences, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu- Natal in fulfilment of the requirements of a Master’s Degree in the Centre for Communication, Media and Society (CCMS) January 2019 i College of Humanities Declaration - Plagiarism I, Clifford Jani, hereby declare that the research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research; this thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university; and, this thesis does not contain other person’s data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers; where other written sources have been quoted, the i) their words have been re-written, but retains the meaning and is referenced, ii) where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in quotation marks and referenced. I also declare that this thesis does not contain text, graphics or tablets copied and pasted form the internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the Reference section. Signature: Clifford JANI Date: 15 March 2019 Supervisor: Dr Lauren Dyll Signature: Date: 15 March 2019 ii Acknowledgement Firstly, I would like to thank God for everything in my life. Sincere appreciation and gratitude is extended to my supervisor Dr Lauren Dyll and mentor, Marion Alina, who made it possible for this study to happen with their support and guidance throughout the preparation of my dissertation. I would like to thank my family for their support and encouragement during my studies at University of KwaZulu-Natal. iii Abstract The number of black African migrants in South Africa keep rising and currently stands at around two million despite the xenophobic attacks (Statistics South Africa's 2011). The post- apartheid era in South Africa has witnessed an influx of both permanent and temporary African and Asian migrants (Enigbokan et al. 2015: 3). The representation of black African migrants in the press remains contested, with some studies acknowledging the dominance of a negative and biased portrayal of Black African migrants in the press (Danso and McDonald 2001). This paper analysed how black African migrants are represented in some of the dominant newspapers in Durban, South Africa. Content and critical discourse analyses were used to examine the key words, tone and metaphors in newspaper articles to identify how black African migrants are represented. Stories about refugees, immigrants, foreigners and asylum seekers were selected for analysis across 40 news articles in the two newspapers. Data was analysed using a two-step process of content analysis and critical discourse analysis. The research findings from this study indicate that black African migrants in the two newspapers are presented using more negative than positive metaphors. One of the critical findings of this study is the negative association of black African migrants with ‘illegality’, ‘drug dealing’ and ‘crime’. The study noted few newspaper reports on the successes of migrants. The press tends to cover more of the gory activities of the black African migrants. This study analysed the linguistic character of newspaper content pertaining to black African migrants during the period 2016 – 2017. It then identified significant patterns that are consistent with extant literature on media constructions of migrants and the migration debate. Overall, the study established that black African migrants are portrayed negatively in most news articles. Keywords: Migrant, representation, discourse, South Africa, foreigner, immigrant. iv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations SA South Africa IOM International Organisation for Migration UN United Nations StatsSA Statistics South Africa BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CNN Cable News Network CDA Critical Discourse Analyses DHA Discourse Historical Analysis AMPS All Media Products Survey IOL Independent Online ANC Africa National Congress MMP Media Monitoring Project DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs v List of Figures Figure 2.1 Number of newspapers and television station 27 Fig 3.1 Election billboard used by UKIP 71 Fig 5.1 Number of news articles with words (Foreigner/Foreign Nationals) 101 vi List of Tables Table 1.1 Sample size 18 Table 2.1 African immigrants in SA 25 Table 2.2 Language difference between a Tabloid and a Broadsheet newspapers 48 Table 4.2 Data Corpus 92 Table 5.1 Keywords/phrases found in 40 articles 102 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................ iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. iv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... v List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................ 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Location ................................................................................................................................................. 2 What is a Migrant? ............................................................................................................................... 4 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................................... 6 Study Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 8 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................... 9 Theoretical framework ....................................................................................................................... 12 Representation as Construction/Interpretive ...................................................................................... 12 Representation and Difference ............................................................................................................ 13 Representation and Discourse of migrants in the media .................................................................... 14 Stereotype ............................................................................................................................................. 15 The Other.............................................................................................................................................. 15 Sampling .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Purposive Sampling ............................................................................................................................. 17 Table 1.1 Sample size .......................................................................................................................... 18 Content Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 19 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ...................................................................................................... 19 Structure of the Study......................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 23 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 23 Overview of Black African Migration to South Africa .................................................................... 24 South African Print Media ................................................................................................................. 27 Newspaper Narratives about Black African Migrants .................................................................... 31 Categorisation of Black African Migrants in the Media ................................................................. 34 Black African Migrants as Illegals and Undocumented People ...................................................... 34 The Black African Migrants as Criminals .......................................................................................