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JAPAN AS a PEACE ENABLER Views from the Next Generation

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JAPAN AS A PEACE ENABLER Views from the Next Generation EDITED BY YUKI TATSUMI JAPAN AS A PEACE ENABLER Views from the Next Generation EDITED BY YUKI TATSUMI MARCH 2016 © Copyright 2016 by the Stimson Center. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Visit www.stimson.org for more information about Stimson. Japan as a Peace Enabler Contents Preface.............................................................7 Acknowledgments...................................................8 Abbreviations.......................................................9 Introduction ......................................................13 Japan and the UN: An Overview .....................................19 Human Security: The Way Forward...................................27 Addressing State Fragility ...........................................39 Developing Human Resources for Peace...............................57 New Dimensions for Japan’s Contributions to UN Blue Helmets . 71 Final Thoughts ....................................................83 About the Experts ..................................................89 6 Japan as a Peace Enabler Preface I am pleased to present the latest publication from Stimson’s Japan program. This volume Japan as a Peace Enabler: Views from the Next Generation is a collection of short, current analyses by leading and emerging policy experts from Japan. The five authors are scholars and advisors to the Japanese government, who also embody Stimson’s quarter-century-long tradition of building useful and effective bridges between independent experts and government decision makers. The topics they cover in this volume — Japan’s relationship with the United Nations, the concept of “human security,” US-Japan efforts to address state fragility, human resource development for peacebuilding, and Japan’s contributions to peacekeeping operations — are all issues of considerable policy interest and concern in Washington and the wider UN community. I am confident that this volume will make an important contribution to the public conversation about Japan’s increasingly robust diplomatic efforts in peacebuilding, as part of its proactive contribution to international peace and stability. I am grateful to Yuki Tatsumi, who leads Stimson’s work on Japan and is a facilitator of US-Japan relations on several levels, for her leadership of this project, and for her insights and analysis on these topics. Yuki is a deeply respected non-partisan voice on both sides of the Pacific. This volume contributes to her reputation as a solid and pragmatic scholar in this critical region of the globe. I am also appreciative of the support and guidance from our friends at the Embassy of Japan as well as our in-house research team, most notably Hana Rudolph. Brian Finlay President The Stimson Center 7 Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank the contributors to this report. Dr. Toshiya Hoshino, Colonel Michio Suda, Mr. Kazuo Tase, Mr. Kazuto Tsuruga, and Dr. Yuji Uesugi made time out of their busy schedule to travel to Washington, D.C. for workshops and public seminars. They are all well-respected for their scholarly work and therefore in high demand. I cannot thank them enough for their commitment to complete these policy briefs. I am also grateful for the collaboration, support, and encouragement of the Embassy of Japan. Without their support, this project would not have been possible. As usual, I am very grateful for my Stimson colleagues. Brian Finlay, Stimson’s new president, has been wonderfully supportive. I appreciate the participation by William Durch (Distinguished Fellow, Future of Peace Operations program) and Aditi Gorur (Director, Protecting Civilians in Conflict program) in the workshops, as they provided very helpful feedback to the contributors. I would also like to thank two Stimson alums — Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Victoria Holt and Senior Advisor for Department of State Alison Giffen — for their participation. Lita Ledesma, Hana Rudolph, and Linnea Logie all must be recognized for their role in taking on the labor-intensive details to prepare this report for publication. Finally, my gratitude and appreciation goes to my family — Hideaki and Akiyoshi. Yuki Tatsumi Senior Associate, East Asia program March 2016 8 Japan as a Peace Enabler Abbreviations APRRP African Peacekeeping Rapid Response Partnership ARDEC African Rapid Deployment of Engineering Capabilities ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASIFU All Source Information Fusion Unit CERF Central Emergency Response Fund CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies CSO Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations DDR Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration DPJ Democratic Party of Japan DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo EU European Union FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organization FCC Financial Contributing Countries FHS Friends of Human Security FY Fiscal Year GA UN General Assembly GHRDPD Global Human Resource Development for Peacebuilding and Development GPOI Global Peace Operations Initiative HPC Hiroshima Peacebuilders Center HRDAP Human Resource Development in Asia for Peacebuilding HRDP Human Resource Development for Peacebuilding HSI Human Security Index HSU Human Security Unit HUMINT Human Intelligence IDA International Development Association IED Improvised Explosive Device ILO International Labour Organization IMINT Imagery Intelligence IOP International Organization of Migration IPC International Peace Cooperation IPCA International Peace Cooperation Act 9 IPI International Peace Institute IS Islamic State ISAF International Security Assistance Force JDR Japan Disaster Relief JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JIIA Japan Institute of International Affairs JMSDF Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force JOCV Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers JPO Junior Professional Officers JSDF Japan Self-Defense Forces LDP Liberal Democratic Party MDGs Millennium Development Goals MINUSMA UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali MINUSTAH UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MONUSCO UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC MTDP Mid-Term Defense Program NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDPG National Defense Program Guidelines NGO Non-Governmental Organization NSC National Security Council NSS National Security Secretariat NSS National Security Strategy OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PA Program Associate PBF Peacebuilding Fund PKO Peacekeeping Operations POC Protection of Civilian P5 Permanent 5 (Members of the UN Security Council) QDDR Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review S/CRS Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization SDGs Sustainable Development Goals 10 Japan as a Peace Enabler SIGINT Signals Intelligence SML Senior Mission Leaders SRSG Special Representative of the UN Secretary General TCC Troop Contributing Countries Tech CC Technology Contributing Countries TICAD Tokyo International Conference on African Development TTP Tactics, Techniques and Procedures UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNAMA UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNDOF UN Disengagement Observer Force in Golan Heights UNDP UN Development Programme UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF UN International Children’s Emergency Fund UNIFIL UN Interim Force in Lebanon UNMIN UN Mission in Nepal UNMIS UN Mission in Sudan UNMISET UN Mission of Support to East Timor UNMISS UN Mission in South Sudan UNOMOZ UN Operations in Mozambique UNTAC UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAET UN Transition Authority in East Timor UNTFHS UN Trust Fund for Human Security UNV UN Volunteer US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development WFP World Food Programme WMD Weapon of Mass Destruction WW2 World War Two 11 12 Japan as a Peace Enabler Introduction Yuki Tatsumi and Hana Rudolph “Japan is resolved to continue to take on great responsibility, working hand-in-hand with the international community… At the time the United Nations came into being, Japan was recovering from having been reduced to ashes. Since then, Japan has never for a moment forgotten the horrors of war. Japan’s future lies in a straight extension of our history over the past 70 years. Our pledge never to wage war is something that will be handed down and fostered by the Japanese people for generations upon generations to come. Japan has been, is now, and will continue to be a force providing momentum for proactive contributions to peace.” —Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, September 15, 20141 The evolution of Japan’s contribution to international peace through the United Nations has been remarkable. Today, Japan engages with the UN through peacekeeping operations and collective security measures, diplomatic efforts, and humanitarian assistance and relief. Japan now seeks to be an active, permanent member of the UN Security Council too, to aid in the decision-making. Seventy years after the end of World War Two and sixty years since Japan’s accession into the UN, the remarkable post-war development of Japan into a peace-loving nation could not be more evident. “Proactive contribution to peace” is a major diplomatic initiative that Japan has actively pursued under Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. In December 2013, Japan’s National Security Strategy
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