Year in Review 2005

asdf United Nations For more information on United Nations peace operations, visit the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/peace/

Produced by the Peace and Security Section of the United Nations Department of Public Information DPI/2420 — February 2006 — 10M TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 2005: A good year for peacekeeping operations Introduction 2 UN establishes the Peacebuilding Commission

3 Sierra Leone: A success story in peacekeeping 4 Liberia: Elections mark a historic turning point 6 Burundi: A major breakthrough in peacekeeping 7 Haiti: MINUSTAH prepares for overdue elections 9 Côte d’Ivoire: Peace efforts move on despite a succession of delays 11 Sudan: New mission deploys, provides assistance to the African Union in Darfur 12 DR Congo: Robust posture hastens political process 14 Kosovo: Status talks get underway 15 Ethiopia-Eritrea: Political stalemate continues amid rising tension 16 Georgia: UNOMIG police mark two years Major peacekeeping operations 17 Other DPKO-led missions

18 Afghanistan: Beyond the Bonn Agreement 19 Iraq: UNAMI underpins the transitional political process 20 UNSCO mediates, coordinates UN work in the Middle-East Other peace operations 20 Political missions

21 DPKO stresses conduct and a duty of care Challenges in peace operations 22 Gender in peacekeeping: An evolving field of practice

24 UN peacekeeping missions 26 UN political and peace-building missions 28 Peacekeeping contributions Peace operations facts and figures 29 Peacekeeping 2005 in a snap shot INTRODUCTION 2005: A good year for peacekeeping operations For UN peacekeeping, 2005 was in trations, monitoring human rights and integrated mission offices with man- many ways a banner year. shoring up fragile peace agreements. dates of longer-term peacebuilding are under way in both those countries. After having launched four new opera- During the same year, two external tions in 2004 and the Sudan mission in reports credited UN peace operations In Kosovo, the UN peacekeeping oper- 2005, the Department of Peacekeeping with a quantifiable reduction in ation worked to hold the local adminis- Operations (DPKO) was, at its peak international conflict and war-relat- tration to standards of governance to during the year, directing 18 peace ed deaths. prepare for talks on final status which operations across the world, compris- were to begin in early 2006. In the DRC, ing some 85,000 troops, police and A number of major milestones were UN troops, in a series of operations, civilian personnel and directly affecting achieved in 2005: a large peace support progressed dramatically toward restor- some 200 million men, women and operation began deployment in Sudan ing stability in Eastern Congo. In Côte children in host countries. to bolster the Comprehensive Peace d’Ivoire, the mission wrestled with seri- Agreement signed in March between ous challenges to the peace agreement The Department of Political Affairs north and south Sudan. Missions led by of 2003, but a crisis was averted when (DPA) also led eight special political DPKO and DPA supported the organi- all parties accepted Charles Konan missions and peacebuilding support zation of landmark elections in Banny as interim prime minister in offices in West and Central Africa, Afghanistan, Burundi, Liberia, Iraq and December. In Georgia, the UN observ- Central Asia, Iraq and the Middle East. the Democratic Republic of the Congo, er mission continued to monitor the which held its first democratic vote in ceasefire and promote a political settle- As the expression of the collective will four decades, during which the popula- ment of the conflict. of the international community to tion approved a draft constitution. assist societies moving from armed Plans for parliamentary elections in Regrettably, no progress was made in over- conflict to peace, peacekeeping contin- Haiti and in the DRC were in the works coming the deadlock in Western Sahara, ued to grow in scope and complexity. for early 2006. and stalemate persisted in the peace process between Eritrea and Ethiopia. New missions tackled a range ofcom- Two peacekeeping operations closed— plex and multidisciplinary tasks includ- in Sierra Leone and Timor-Leste— Other long-standing UN operations ing disarming combatants, organizing having successfully achieved their man- remained on the ground in the Middle democratic elections, building local dates to solidify peace and help expand East, India and Pakistan and Cyprus, police and security capacities, restoring and strengthen the authority of demo- continuing to provide much needed public order, running public adminis- cratically elected governments. New stability in their areas of operation. t e r r Nearly two dozen countries contributed e P uniformed personnel for the first time e n i

t to UN peace operations, bringing the r a total number of troop and police con- M

y tributing countries to 107, with b

o Bangladesh the largest troop contribu- t o

h tor by the end of the year (9,758 P troops), and the U.S. the largest finan- N

U cial contributor, accounting for 27 percent of peacekeeping’s $5.03 billion budget for July 2005 through June 2006.

The need for long-term efforts to maintain sustainable peace convinced UN Member States at the 2005 Summit to create a Peacebuilding Commission, an advisory body which will work to coordinate and ensure long-term international commitments to countries Cibitoke woman voting in Burundi election, 7 April 2005 emerging from conflict.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 1 UN establishes Peacebuilding Commission As a major outcome of reform initiatives endorsed by world leaders at the September Summit, the General Assembly established a new Peacebuilding Commission on 20 December to help rebuild and stabilize countries emerging from conflict. As studies have shown that up to half those countries can relapse into conflict within five years of a peace agreement, this decision could mark a watershed in UN efforts to help states and societies manage the difficult transition from war to peace.

The Commission will for the first time bring together all the major actors concerned with a country emerging from conflict to decide on a long-term peacebuilding strategy. By establishing a link between immediate post-conflict efforts on the one hand and long-term recovery and development efforts on the other, it will fill a previously existing gap in the UN system. The Commission will focus attention on reconstruction and institution-building and improve coordination within and outside the UN system so that international attention does not wane during the crucial post-conflict years.

The Commission, an advisory body, will be made up of 31 members: seven from the Security Council, including the five permanent members; another seven from the Economic and Social Council; five from the top 10 financial contributors to the United Nations; and five from the 10 nations that supply the most troops for peacekeeping missions. Seven others will be chosen to ensure geographical balance by regional groupings. Representatives of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other institutional donors will be expected to attend meetings. Authorities of the country under consideration by the Commission – as well as its neighbors – will also play an active role in the process.

The idea for a Peacebuilding Commission evolved from the perceived need at the UN for a coordinated, coherent and integrated approach to post-conflict peacebuilding and reconciliation. The Commission is expected to address the special needs of individual countries emerging from conflict and to help prevent future conflicts by helping parties to end hostilities and work towards recovery, reconstruction and development and in mobilizing international assistance.

The Commission will be supported by a small Peacebuilding Support Office, which will provide the Commission with the information and analysis needed to coordinate UN's peacebuilding efforts.

The roles of peacekeepers also grew more The UN Secretariat continued to stable nations. The Human Security complex and risky in 2005: robust peace- improve its capacity to deploy peace- Report, wrote one of its UBC authors, keeping, including military operations to keeping operations immediately upon a showed that the UN has “played a criti- protect civilians in the DRC and Haiti, peace agreement. Although proposals for cal role in enhancing global security.” also cost lives: 121 peacekeepers died on a reserve military force did not win mission in 2005, including nine Member States’ approval at the 2005 The International Crisis Group in its Bangladeshi soldiers killed in an ambush World Summit, its Outcome Document end of the year “CrisisWatch” cited four in the DRC in February. did authorize the creation of a standing, conflict situations that had improved at on-call police capacity. the end of 2005: three of these were the The peacekeeping community also sites of UN peace operations—the confronted the ugly specter of sexual Peacekeeping missions became increas- DRC, Côte d’Ivoire and Afghanistan. exploitation and abuse by peacekeep- ingly “integrated” during the past year, ers, which Under-Secretary-General with Deputy Special Representatives of During a year of growth and renewed Jean-Marie Guéhenno has called “one the Secretary-General in several missions reliance on UN peace operations, the doubling as UN Resident Coordinators, UN’s objective has been to improve its of the most shameful episodes in UN ensuring that the humanitarian and capacities to deploy quickly and effi- peacekeeping.” Enforcing the development aspects of a post-conflict sit- ciently, fulfill its mandates with a Secretary-General’s zero tolerance uation—and the relevant UN agencies— unique range of expertise and a “duty policy on sexual exploitation and were progressively better coordinated of care” for the host population and abuse became a major priority for with the peacekeeping operation. create an effective and cost-efficient DPKO and the entire Organization basis for sustainable peace. Facing new during 2005, which began implement- Two major studies in 2005—one by the and ever growing challenges, the ing a wide range recommendations US’ Rand Corporation and another by Organization will continue the imple- proposed by the Secretary-General’s the University of British Columbia— mentation of reforms aimed at further special advisor on the issue, Jordan’s credited UN peace operations with improving the way it plans, deploys and Prince Zeid Ra’ad Al-Hussein. helping to reduce conflict and build sustains peace operations. I

2 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 MAJOR PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Sierra Leone: A success story in peacekeeping The UN Mission in Sierra Leone towards rehabilitating the infrastruc- adversaries back to the negotiation (UNAMSIL) completed its mandate in ture and bringing government services table. It brought in more troops to December, ending six years of peace- to local communities. monitor the ceasefire and began dis- keeping in the country. UNAMSIL’s arming fighters from both sides. The achievements may serve as a model for The UN also helped the government United Kingdom, which had sent a successful peacekeeping, as well as a stop illicit trading in diamonds and force to restore peace following RUF’s prototype for the UN’s new emphasis regulate the industry. During the war, breach of the ceasefire, later started on peacebuilding. rebels had used money from “blood” or restructuring the army while UNAM- “conflict” diamonds to buy weapons SIL and other international partners In 1999, UN peacekeepers moved into which then fuelled the conflict. Now concentrated on training the local Sierra Leone to oversee a feeble peace diamonds have become an engine of police force. process which included monitoring a growth, with government income from shaky ceasefire and supporting a diamonds soaring from just $10 mil- UNAMSIL’s withdrawal marked the transition to democratic governance. lion in 2000 to $160 million in 2004, completion of most of the tasks Since then, the UN has helped the according the International Monetary assigned it by the Security Council. The war-ravaged country to make impres- Fund figures. mission assisted the voluntary return of sive gains towards peace, demonstrat- more than half a million refugees and ing how the world body can respond UNAMSIL was not always foreseen to internally displaced persons. It helped to the needs and demands of coun- succeed: at one point, in May 2000, the the government restore its authority tries emerging from conflict in a rap- mission nearly collapsed when the rebel and social services in areas previously idly changing global environment. Revolutionary United Front (RUF) kid- controlled by rebels, recruited and napped hundreds of peacekeepers and trained about 4,000 police personnel Over the course of its mandate, the UN renounced the ceasefire in a move that with the help of a team of officers from disarmed more than 75,000 ex-fighters, endangered the credibility of UN Commonwealth countries, and con- including about 7,000 child soldiers; peacekeeping. Outraged by the chaos structed and renovated dozens of assisted in holding national and local that followed, the international com- police stations. Meanwhile, the UK government elections, which enabled munity put pressure on the rebels to continued to assist the government people to participate in decisions that obey the ceasefire and slapped sanc- restructure the army. affected their daily lives; helped to tions against RUF sponsors. rebuild the country’s police force to its Subsequently, UNAMSIL launched new UNAMSIL monitored and trained pre-war strength and contributed mediation efforts and brought the two dozens of Sierra Leoneans in human rights and was instrumental in setting n i e t up the Special Court for Sierra Leone to s l a try those most responsible for war n a crimes. The mission also assisted the K c i government in setting up a Truth and r E Reconciliation Commission, tasked y b with healing the wounds of war by o t o bringing together perpetrators and vic- h

P tims of atrocities. L S I

M Working together with UN agencies, A

N the mission launched quick-impact U and income-generating projects to provide jobs to thousands of unemployed youths and ex-fighters and basic services to local communities. UNAMSIL troops reconstructed schools and clinics, launched and funded agricultural projects and sponsored free medical clinics in far-flung areas.

As a sign of continued international Vehicles are loaded onto the Ukranian freighter “Kataryn Zelenko,” departing Sierra Leone – community confidence in the future of 12 October 2005

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 3 Sierra Leone, donors pledged $800 million in aid at a conference held in Liberia: Elections mark historic London in November to raise money for development. Economic revival is turning point

also being boosted by returning U N

refugees and other displaced persons M I

eager to rebuild their communities. L P

Former ghost towns like Kono and h o t

Tongo Fields are now havens of com- o b

mercial activities, as diamond-produc- y E

ing areas attract thousands of young r i c

people. Since 2002, the economy has K a

expanded at an average of about 7 per- n a l cent, and the IMF predicts future s t e i

growth of 6-7 per cent per year if the n political and economic situation remains stable.

Despite the optimism over the gains UNAMSIL has brought, Sierra Leone still faces many challenges: the country remains fragile, and as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission warned, it has to take concrete steps to address the root causes of the conflict Liberians count ballots after polls closed, Monrovia, Liberia, 10 November 2005 and cultivate a culture of human rights in order for peace to be sustain- Liberians made history in November vincingly, taking 60 per cent of the total able. The economy is heavily depend- when they voted into office Africa’s first votes cast. The huge voter turnout was ent on donor funds. A disproportion- elected woman head of state, Ellen a rousing testimony to the people’s ate share of income from diamond Johnson-Sirleaf, under the watchful eye desire for peace and an end to the cycle mining still finds its way into private of UN peacekeepers. The elections, of violence and instability. hands, rather than Government cof- described by international observers as fers. Despite ongoing reintegration generally free and fair, marked an The UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), programmes, thousands of ex-com- important landmark in the struggle for with a 15,000-strong peacekeeping batants and youths – many of whom peace in this war-ravaged country as force, played a critical role in all facets never went to school – are unem- people opted for ballots over bullets. of the elections. It provided the ployed. In short, the peace has yet to National Elections Commission produce tangible economic dividends The 11 October national elections and (NEC), which conducted the elections, and social benefits for the majority of the subsequent presidential run-off on with technical advice and gave exten- the country’s 4.8 million people. 8 November, which pitted Johnson- sive logistical assistance, which enabled Sirleaf, a former World Bank economist the NEC to cover all parts of the coun- To help meet these challenges, the newly and George Weah, a one-time FIFA try in the face of a destroyed infrastruc- created UN Integrated Office for Sierra International Footballer of the Year, ture and virtually no means of commu- Leone (UNIOSIL) was to take over were the result of a peace process that nication. UNMIL provided security from UNAMSIL beginning in January began with the signing of the throughout the elections process. 2006. Its mandate is to cement Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Despite security concerns as well as lack UNAMSIL’s gains. The new office will August 2003, bringing to an end a 14- of accommodation and office space in help the Government strengthen human year civil war that had turned a once areas where electoral staff were rights, realize the Millennium prosperous country into one of the deployed, UNMIL gradually overcame Development Goals, improve trans- world’s poorest. these difficulties, setting up electoral parency and hold free and fair elections offices throughout the country. in 2007. It will also work together with Voter turnout was overwhelming. In other UN agencies and missions in the the first round, 75 percent of the 1.35 Due to the high illiteracy rate in the sub-region and provide security for the million registered voters showed up at country, the next major challenge was the polls, with the figure dropping Special Court. I educating the electorate on registering slightly in the run-off presidential elec- to vote and then on voting in the elections, which Johnson-Sirleaf won con- tions. Civic educators fanned out to

4 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 all parts of the country equipped with along with the Mission’s police officers Representative, after visiting polling flip charts, flyers and posters explain- and the local police force trained by stations across the country. ing the voting process. So did cultural UNMIL, also kept round-the-clock groups (musicians, dancers and vigil to maintain a secure environment By ushering in participatory democra- comedians), entertaining village and on the election days. cy through free and fair elections, townspeople while at the same time Liberia has turned a new page in its his- conveying crucial messages. Sporting On 11 October, voters began queuing tory. For a country that has known only events organized by UNMIL, especial- as early as 2 a.m. to cast their ballots war for a long time, this was is an ly football matches, and major musi- at polling stations set up in churches, extraordinary political breakthrough, cal concerts with artists from Liberia schools, dilapidated public buildings and a tribute to the international rescue and neighbouring countries attracted and even tents and rural huts. Some operation led by the UN. large crowds, offering a perfect setting carried benches to sit on and umbrel- for passing on critical messages. las to shield themselves from rain and However, the economic challenges in UNMIL distributed thousands of T- sun. Queues spilled out of the voting 2006 facing Liberians are enormous. shirts, flyers and posters depicting precincts winding through streets. The national budget has shrunk to a election messages. More than 3,500 national and 421 fraction of its pre-war levels. Liberia international observers, including owes about $3 billion in foreign debt. Throughout the process, the Mission’s former US President Jimmy Carter, Four in five Liberians are unemployed. 24-hour radio station filled Liberia’s who monitored Liberia’s first post- The infrastructure is so badly damaged airwaves with information and educa- war elections, endorsed the exercise that even the capital Monrovia has had tional messages, galvanizing the popu- as free and fair. no piped water or electricity for more lation to welcome the elections as an than a decade. It will take huge interna- opportunity to chart a new course for “At all polling places I visited, I was tional investments to rebuild the coun- the country. Skits, drama performanc- struck by the patience, the determina- try. And no one appreciates the magni- es, live audience and magazine shows, tion, and the friendliness displayed by tude of the problem more than its newly talks and discussions as well as features all Liberians as they set about exercising elected leader, who spent most of her and documentaries were among the this most precious right and responsi- career helping other countries develop daily fare. bility,” said Alan Doss, head of UNMIL their economies. Her country is now in and UN Secretary-General’s Special urgent need of her experience. I Despite the numerous challenges U N faced by electoral officials, the regis- M I tration exercise was completed with a L P record 1.35 million voters, half of h o t whom were women, out of a popula- o b tion of an estimated 3 million. They y E included more than 61,000 internally r i c displaced persons. K a n a l For the elections, UNMIL hired and s t e i trained thousands of Liberian poll n workers as crowd controllers, identifi- cation officers, ballot paper issuers, ballot box controllers and ink providers to assist at the 3,070 polling places scattered across the country. It was a daunting task, made more chal- lenging by the high illiteracy rate, particularly in rural areas.

UNMIL’s peacekeepers helped move election materials to polling places across the country by truck, helicopter and even ship to coastal areas that could not be reached by land. In some areas, porters carried ballots for miles Villagers read instructional material during pre-election sensitization, Madikoma, Liberia, in wheel barrows. The peacekeepers, 16 September 2005

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 5 Burundi: A major breakthrough in peacekeeping U

The UN’s work in Burundi in 2005 N

may be considered a success in peace- P h o

keeping and a vital demonstration of t o

the importance of strong and sus- b y

tained international support for a nas- M a

cent post-conflict democracy. r t i n

Established in June 2004 to support a e P

political transition to an era of democ- e r r

racy and national reconciliation, the e UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) in t 2005 conducted intense electoral assistance activities culminating in the presidential election of 19 August.

An ambitious electoral timetable was drawn up by the Independent National Electoral Commission at the request of the Great Lakes Regional Peace Initiative on Burundi, a group of mediators which includes, among others, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Burundian electoral marathon comprised six separate CNDD-FDD man surrendering his weapons to the UN registration desk, near Macamba, elections over a period of seven Burundi, 3 February 2005 months, beginning with a constitu- Three months later, on 3 June, voters new President of Burundi. The last in tional referendum in February and again turned out in large numbers, the series of elections was conducted ending in September with elections at giving a landslide victory to Pierre at the village level in September. the village level. Nkurunziza’s Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie-Forces pour The success of the peace process led to During the period of elections, ONUB la Défense de la Démocratie (CNDD- an influx of some 55,000 Burundian provided support for the electoral FDD) in the communal elections, refugees in 2005 – mainly from process in the form of logistics, trans- which won 93 of the 129 communes. Tanzania, and thousands of internally port of ballot boxes and papers displaced persons also returned to throughout the country, and voter On 4 July, voters once again went to their communities of origin. UN education through public informa- the polls to elect members of the agencies made significant contribu- tion activities. National Assembly. On 29 July, an tions to help the country address this electoral college of commune and new challenge. The UN refugee While the western part of the country provincial councils indirectly elected agency, UNHCR, supported the continued to be affected by repeated members of the Senate. Lawmakers returns and rehabilitated and built attacks by the Palipehutu-FNL (Forces were also selected in order to ensure a schools, houses and health centres. de Liberation Nationale) rebels, the balance in the gender and ethnic rep- UN helped with the organization of resentation in the Parliament, as The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) the first elections since 1993. After required under the constitution. Four provided assistance such as stationery to twelve years of civil war which caused of the country’s former heads of state, schools; the World Food Programme great suffering, the population was and representatives from the Hutu, (WFP) opened school canteens, contin- determined to participate and turned Tutsi and Twa ethnic communities ued food-for-work projects and provid- out massively in February, voting were amongst the selected senators. ed food aid to vulnerable populations in overwhelmingly in favour of the post- the northern provinces, where there transition constitution. Out of 3.3 On 19 August, a joint session of mem- were food shortages. million registered voters, 92 per cent bers of the National Assembly and the exercised their civil right, with 90 per Senate overwhelmingly elected Pierre ONUB’s activities have included: sup- cent casting a “yes” vote. Nkurunziza of the CNDD-FDD as the porting the disarmament and demobi-

6 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 lization of combatants; protection of human rights and strengthening the Haiti: MINUSTAH prepares for police and judiciary. Through its quick impact projects, the mission has overdue elections addressed some local needs by building community centres and schools Despite progress achieved in preparing million Haitians, out of an estimated and providing assistance to needy chil- for elections and in establishing a safe and maximum 4.5 million eligible voters, dren and former child soldiers. secure environment, the Transitional registered to vote in the elections at the Government and the UN Stabilization 450 centres established nationwide, With the establishment of a democrati- Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) were con- including in the slum of Cité Soleil. cally-elected Government, ONUB’s fronted with serious political and security mandate is to change during 2006. A challenges during 2005. State institutions The registration of 35 presidential remained generally weak; and lack of candidates and 42 political parties gradual withdrawal of peacekeepers, resources continued to hinder local gives an idea of the breadth of the which began in December, is expected authorities from functioning smoothly, Haitian political spectrum. Their par- to continue. However, nationwide peace with negative effects on the State’s credi- ticipation in the electoral process continues to be elusive, since the bility. In some areas, disbanded local symbolised the commitment by a Palipehutu-FNL rebel group had yet to authorities remained in place, and vio- majority of Haitians to take part in agree to a ceasefire and to commence lence by criminal gangs continued. the democratic process. Recognizing peace talks. the importance of dialogue among While throughout the year electoral different political parties, MINUS- Meanwhile, the new Government has preparations were faced with substantial TAH succeeded in getting political to grapple with the daunting tasks of technical difficulties and several post- parties to agree on codes of conduct rebuilding an economy left in sham- ponements of the election dates, the reg- against corruption and not to use vio- bles by the decade-long, war and rec- istration of parties, candidates and vot- lence for political purposes. onciling ethnic communities torn ers included a relatively wide range of apart by the fratricidal conflict and Haitian political opinion. This enhanced The Provisional Electoral Council deep-rooted mistrust. the credibility of the electoral process announced in late November that it and the possibilities for a broad debate was again postponing the country’s It must work to integrate the coun- regarding the future of Haiti. first elections since President Jean- try’s economic and social fabric, Bertrand Aristide was forced out of resettle the massive influx of refugees Remarkably, the registration of voters office in February 2004. The Council encouraged to return home by the was a resounding success. Over a period called for presidential and legislative prospects of peace, provide employ- stretching for five months, more than 3.5 elections, to be held in early 2006, to be

ment to former combatants and gar- U diens de la paix, and find resources to N P deliver on the promise of free pri- h o t mary education for all. o b y S

Most of these challenges can be met o p h

only with the continued assistance of i a

the international community. To con- P a r

solidate the gains of the peace i process, ONUB will continue work- s ing closely with the new government, focusing its activities on promoting human rights and helping to establish a National Truth and Reconciliation Commission, a vital step in the promoting national reconciliation.

It will also help train the national police force and assist security sector reform. The Burundi Partners Forum will also play an important role in mobilizing international support for MINUSTAH's Office of Public Information and the Electoral Assistance Section hold a session Burundi’s nascent democracy. I at the Petionville High School for teenagers in order to introduce and discuss the upcoming elections. Students read pamphlets describing MINUSTAH's role in Haiti, 11 December 2005

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 7 U

followed by a possible run-off in N

February and local and municipal elec- P h o

tions in March. The Prime Minister t o

announced that the Transitional b y

Government would resign on 7 S o p

February, but would carry out ongoing h i business until the naming of a new a P a

Prime Minister [elections were held on r i 7 February, 2006]. s

The different postponements in the electoral calendar were the result an array of factors ranging from the crumbling infrastructure in the country to the weaknesses of the Provisional Electoral Council (CEP). The latter, however, were largely addressed through the appointment in October of a Director-General and the adoption of a decree spelling MINUSTAH Public Information staff interviewing a local resident of Cite Soleil, Haiti, out the division of responsibilities 30 November 2005 within it. Port-au-Prince the security situation Cité Soleil, another hotspot in the Throughout 2005, MINUSTAH was became relatively calm following capital, continued to pose a serious providing extensive logistical and MINUSTAH operations, the situation security threat, and several peace- technical assistance to the CEP in in the capital remained fragile. keepers were killed or wounded in organizing the elections with a view to shooting incidents over the course of ensure the credibility of the process. Kidnappings surged in Port-au-Prince the year. By the end of the year, the mission had during the spring and became a major deployed dozens of senior trainers in source of income, affecting victims of The HNP remained weak despite the provinces to train 1,325 electoral all ages and economic backgrounds, MINUSTAH’s efforts to reform and agents and 809 polling station super- despite several operations by MINUS- restructure the force. Of particular visors. The electoral agents, in turn, TAH and the Haitian National Police concern was the pattern of alleged were expected to train over 37,000 to arrest suspected kidnappers and serious misconduct of HNP officers, polling station personnel. free their victims. including their alleged involvement in the summary execution of at least nine Hundreds of electoral observers from The lack of strong and profes- people on 20 August at a football game different international organizations sional rule of law institutions in Port-au-Prince. and countries had started arriving in remain one of the biggest In addition to political and security Haiti, expecting to contribute to the challenges facing Haiti. conduct of free and fair elections. problems, Haiti also continued to face Their presence, alongside local elec- economic catastrophe. Massive unem- tion observers, was to help to prevent, To counter the violence, MINUSTAH ployment, a high illiteracy rate and a report and correct election irregulari- reinforced its troop numbers to its destroyed infrastructure have com- ties, particularly given concerns over authorized strength of 6,700 and later bined to make Haiti one of the poorest possible links between political par- in the year to almost 7,500, following a countries in the world. ties and armed groups, questions over Security Council decision to increase the independence of electoral work- the number of peacekeepers in view of There is no doubt Haiti was at a criti- ers, and other technical issues which the many security threats linked to the cal juncture at the end of the year. could impede voter access and the electoral process. High voter registration, however, and transparency of the voting and count- the presence of candidates represent- ing processes. Over the summer, the situation in ing a broad range of opinion had Port-au-Prince improved substantial- improved the prospects for credible Inside the country, the overall security ly in the Bel-Air area, where MINUS- elections in early 2006. MINUSTAH situation also improved, despite gang TAH and the Haitian National Police made progress in handling urgent violence that continued to threaten the (HNP) established a permanent secu- security threats. Nevertheless, the public in many areas. While outside rity presence. However, the slum of gains remained fragile. I

8 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 Côte d’Ivoire: Peace efforts move on despite a succession of delays The UN and its partners in the interna- Nouvelles former rebel movement tentious issues on elections and disar- tional community continued efforts to retained control over the north of the mament. Under the accord, the two move Côte d’Ivoire’s peace process for- country, while the south remained sides agreed not to veto the presidential ward, encourage the parties to the con- under governmental control. UN candidates put forward by the signato- flict to reach a negotiated agreement, peacekeepers and French forces main- ries of the Linas-Marcoussis Accord, of avoid violence and end the three-year- tained peace along the Zone of January 2003. The Pretoria Agreement old conflict in the West African nation. Confidence separating the two sides. also included a timetable to disarm the former rebels and dismantle pro- A May 2003 ceasefire monitored by the In June, the Security Council author- government militias. UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire ized an increase in UNOCI’s military (UNOCI) and the French Licorne strength by 850 troops, bringing the The Pretoria Agreement breathed new forces, continued to hold, with no Mission’s military strength to just over momentum into the peace process, and major violations of the UN-imposed 7,000. It also raised the number of UN both former rebel and government arms embargo. However, the target police officers to 725. forces withdrew heavy weapons from dates by which combatants were to be the frontline on each side of the Zone disarmed, demobilized and reintegrat- A sign of hope emerged in April when of Confidence. However, the momen- ed into society were not met, nor was the Ivorian parties, at a meeting con- tum was, short-lived. In June, the the deadline for a presidential election, vened by South Africa’s President Forces Nouvelles announced that it which constitutionally, should have Thabo Mbeki, the African Union medi- would not disarm until pro-govern- been held by 30 October 2005. The ator, signed the Pretoria Agreement, ment militias laid down their weapons, country remained divided. The Forces which addressed a number of con- thus delaying the peace process. A new U N P h o t o b y K y C h u n g

Ivorian police cadets respond to commands at the inauguration ceremony of their new training centre. These police officers will provide security at DDR sites during the disarmament process, 5 August 2005

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 9 U

timetable for disarmament was set N

when the two sides met again in P h o

Pretoria in June and approved an t o

agreement urging international sanc- b y

tions against anyone obstructing peace. K y

However, once again the parties failed C h

to implement the provisions of the u n Pretoria Agreement. g

By September, it had become clear that elections could not be held by the end of October 2005 as scheduled. Combatants had not disarmed; the registration of voters had been held up and the country was still divided. As the deadline approached, new disagreements emerged over presidential decrees and the work and composition of the Independent Electoral Commission.

With a missed electoral deadline and the threat of a constitutional vacuum looming, leaders of the Economic Community of West African States Ivorian reggae star Alpha Blondy becomes UNOCI's first Musician for Peace and accepts his (ECOWAS) and the AU agreed to nomination at a ceremony marking the fourth International Day of Peace, Abidjan, extend President Laurent Gbagbo’s Côte d'Ivoire, 21 September 2005 term of office for a year. Significant Bank for West African States, as the need to resolve the crisis. UN High powers would be entrusted to a Prime new Prime Minister. Commissioner for Human Rights, Minister – acceptable to all parties – Louise Arbour, visited in July and called who would oversee a power-sharing The Ivorian crisis has affected the popula- for an end to the reign of terror, fuelled government and the transition to fresh tion in many ways: thousands lost their by impunity, by both sides. During her elections by October 2006. ECOWAS jobs, poverty deepened, political violence visit, UN Deputy Secretary-General, and the AU also created two new bodies, spread, and social cohesion has been dis- Louis Frechette, raised awareness of sex- the International Working Group and a rupted. UNOCI documented human ual exploitation and abuse, while the Mediation Group to oversee the peace rights abuses by armed individuals, groups chairman of the UN Sanctions process, with both bodies co-chaired by and forces throughout the country. Committee on Côte d’Ivoire, the UN Special Representative in Côte Adamantios Vassilakis, warned leaders d’Ivoire. The Security Council endorsed Continuing ethnic clashes limited that sanctions would be imposed these decisions in October. UNOCI’s capacity to help. Violence in against anyone obstructing the peace government-controlled areas in the vil- process. The Special Adviser of the The International Working Group lages of Guitrozon and Petit Duékoué led Secretary-General for the Prevention of was established to evaluate and mon- to restrictions on UNOCI’s freedom of Genocide Juan Mendes, also visited itor the peace process and to ensure movement. Pro-government supporters Côte d’Ivoire and expressed concern that all Ivorian parties respect their barred UN peacekeepers and Licorne that ongoing tensions could lead to fur- commitments. The group also was to forces from entering some villages and ther serious human rights violations. act as a guarantor and impartial arbi- towns, thus hampering their operations. trator of the peace and reconciliation In July the obstructions spread to the Despite setbacks in the Ivorian peace process leading to elections before 31 south after unidentified assailants process in 2005, optimism remained that October 2006. In early December, the attacked the towns of Agboville and Côte d’Ivoire’s new roadmap – drawn up Chairperson of the African Union, Anyama, sparking fears that the peace by the International Working Group– President Olusegun Obasanjo of process might unravel. The Forces would move the country out of the cur- Nigeria; the Chairperson of ECOW- Nouvelles also restricted the movement of rent impasse of no-war-no-peace and AS, President Mamadou Tandja of peacekeepers in areas under its control. result in the disarmament of combatants, Niger; and the African Union dismantlement of militias, restoration of Mediator, President Mbeki brokered In the latter months of 2005, a number State authority throughout the country, the appointment of Charles Konan of senior UN officials visited Côte and, ultimately, to the holding of national Banny, the governor of the Central d’Ivoire, each time highlighting the elections by October 2006. I

10 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 Sudan: New mission deploys, provides assistance to the African Union in Darfur Three important events dominated the delays in implementing the Peace its international partners agreed to pro- political landscape of Sudan in 2005: the Agreement caused by Garang’s death vide technical support to help in setting signing of the historic Comprehensive and disagreements over the allocation up key commissions to assist with the Peace Agreement, ending a 21-year civil of cabinet posts between the implementation of the Comprehensive war in the southern Sudan between the Government and the SPLM. In Peace Agreement. In August, the Government and the Sudan Peoples’ December, the Government of Government set up the Ceasefire Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A); Southern Sudan was established after Political Commission to supervise, the establishment of the UN Mission in the adoption of the interim constitu- monitor and oversee implementation Sudan (UNMIS) to assist in implement- tion of Southern Sudan. of the Agreement, as well as to provide ing the Agreement; and the unexpected a political forum for discussions death of SPLM/A leader John Garang, The establishment of the Government between the parties and the interna- three weeks after he was sworn in as of National Unity and positive develop- tional community. Sudan’s First Vice President. ments in Southern Sudan despite Garang’s death gave momentum to the UNMIS was also providing good offices The news of Garang’s death in a heli- implementation of the peace accord. and political support to the numerous copter crash on 30 July sparked off vio- Yet, UNMIS faced mounting challenges efforts being made to resolve the ongo- lent riots that left dozens of people in launching such a large and complex ing conflicts in the country. The dead and destroyed property in operation in a country roughly the size Sudanese Government, with the sup- Khartoum and several other areas of Western Europe, and as of 13 port of UNMIS, UNDP and UNICEF, including Juba and Malakal in southern December, it had deployed about 4,300 was finalizing plans to disarm, demobi- Sudan. The riots threatened to undo military personnel out of its authorized lize and reintegrate combatants under a not only the gains made since the sign- strength of 10,000 troops. programme tailored to pay special ing of the peace accord in January, but attention to the needs of child soldiers, also the stability of the Government. While UNMIS worked to increase its women and the disabled associated The SPLM moved swiftly to confirm peacekeeping presence in Sudan, the with the various armed groups. There Salva Kiir as Garang’s successor, and as mission also started, along with UN has also been a steady flow of funds for stipulated in the peace accord, he also agencies, assisting the country to the disarmament programme from became Sudan’s First Vice President resolve ongoing conflicts, promoting several donor countries. and President of the semi-autonomous social reconciliation and encouraging government of Southern Sudan. dialogue as well as identifying the needs The Comprehensive Peace Agreement, of the new Government. The UN and however, did little to ease the crisis in

Under the terms of the Comprehensive U N

Peace Agreement, the South will be M I autonomous for six years after which it S P

will hold a referendum to decide h o t

whether to secede or remain under a o b

unitary state. Oil revenues and other y J resources will be shared equally o h between the Government and the n C

South. The political system of the h a r

Khartoum government will be restruc- l e tured on principles of democracy and s respect for human rights. And the two armies will merge if the South decides against secession in six years. These are no doubt enormous challenges that will require full mobilization of the institutional capacity, human resources and political will by both parties.

A Government of National Unity final- ly took office on 22 September, after Peacekeepers from Bangladesh busy with road construction work in Juba, Sudan, 18 July 2005.

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 11 the Darfur region where two local Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The UN was ning a series of seminars on the rule of rebel groups, the Justice and Equality also working closely with other inter- law and on conflict resolution. Movement and the Sudanese Liberian national partners to facilitate the AU However, in late 2005, the situation in Movement/Army, were still fighting Commission’s efforts to get resources Darfur has became more complex Government forces and allied militia and other needs for AMIS. with the proliferation of armed groups groups. The rebels took up arms in and bandits and the entry of Chadian 2003, claiming neglect and marginal- In addition to monitoring the fragile rebels and army deserters assembling ization in the country’s political and ceasefire in the Darfur region, the AU in Darfur to attack Chad. economic life. Mass killings, attacks on also stepped up efforts to broker a deal villages and rapes had left tens of to end the fighting between the rebel As 2005 came to an end, the thousands of people dead and more groups. However, despite several Government of National Unity con- than 2 million fled their homes into rounds of talks in Abuja, Nigeria, a tinued to face several challenges. It refugee camps in Darfur and neigh- solution remained elusive as divisions had to end conflicts in the east, south bouring Chad. within the rebels widened. To give and west of the country, particularly backing to the AU’s mediation efforts, the ongoing instability in Darfur, Outraged by the continued killings UNMIS met with political and mili- which remained a threat to the overall and mass displacement of whole vil- tary commanders of both armed security situation in Sudan and the lages, the African Union Mission in movements to encourage political region. Both parties to the peace Sudan (AMIS), supported by logistics flexibility in the negotiations and accord would need to show the neces- from the UN and funds from the greater political will to reach an agree- sary political will required to imple- European Union, the United States, ment at the Abuja talks. UNMIS has ment the Comprehensive Peace NATO and other donors, increased its also been supporting the reconcilia- Agreement, as they were already deployment of ceasefire monitors to tion process in Darfur by maintaining falling behind schedule in meeting its more than 6,300 troops to help end contacts with local civil society groups timetable. Sudan also faced serious the crisis in Darfur. UNMIS assisted and encouraging them to support the challenges in delivering the dividends the AU monitors in planning and pro- Abuja negotiations. As part of the rec- of peace that would convince its peo- viding technical advice through the onciliation drive, UNDP and academic ple, particularly the Southerners, of UN Assistance Cell to the AU, based in institutions in Darfur have been run- the merits of peace and unity. I

DR Congo: Robust posture hastens political process

In 2005, the UN Mission in the a pilot disarmament and community with MONUC and UNDP. By mid- Democratic Republic of the Congo reintegration programme, which the April, some 15,000 militiamen had (MONUC) took a series of important DRC Transitional Government had been disarmed and 7,000 weapons steps in supporting the country’s tran- launched in late 2004 in conjunction recovered. To support the stabilization

sitional political process and changing M

the overall scope of UN peacekeeping. O N U With an authorized strength of 16,700 C P

uniformed personnel under Security h o t Council resolution 1565, the mission o began the year began with the establishment of the first multinational divisional headquarters in UN peacekeeping history. (Most peacekeeping missions operate as a single division.) Based in the north central city of Kisangani, MONUC's Eastern Division began operations in February, oversee- ing a brigade with four battalions in Ituri District, and two more brigades in the two Kivu provinces.

MONUC’s Divisional Headquarters in First training and deployment of the integrated brigade of the Armed Forces of Congo, the troubled region of Ituri carried out crossing the river into Lituri, Kisangani, DR Congo, 29 November 2005

12 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 M

and continue applying pressure on the O estimated 2,000-strong remnants of Ituri N U armed groups, MONUC subsequently C P

created the Ituri Task Force of UN peace- h o keepers and the Congolese army, Forces t o b

Armées de la République Démocratique y du Congo (FARDC), with the capacity to C h r conduct “robust” peace operations any- i s t o

where in the district. p h e B

The creation of a fully-fledged army o u l and police force was among the DRC's i e r most pressing needs. In 2005, a c MONUC trained six army brigades and 18,000 Congolese police officers. The first phase of integrating the new army was completed at the year's end with the deployment of the sixth integrated FARDC brigade.

In a partial victory for the peace process, on 31 March, the Rwandan Hutu insurgent group, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda MONUC Moroccan contigent doctors treat refugees in Che, Ituri after they fled their homes (FDLR), which had been operating in due to violent militia fighting 4 February 2005. the Kivus, denounced the 1994 Bangladesh, who were on a routine December, polling for the constitu- Rwandan genocide and pledged to foot patrol to protect a camp of some tional referendum took place in the return home peacefully. MONUC 8,000 internally displaced persons, absence of serious security incidents, swiftly set up six assembly areas in the were killed in a well-planned and marking a turning point in the history Kivus, but FDLR members did not sur- coordinated ambush at Kafé, some 80 of the country, as it represented the render in significant numbers. In June, kilometers north of Bunia on Lake first opportunity for the Congolese the FDLR leadership subsequently split, Albert. people to choose their system of gov- delaying the full repatriation of the ernance in over 40 years. rebels to Rwanda. MONUC's strong mandate coupled with a high level of international sup- While peacekeepers ensured safety At the end of June, the Transitional port facilitated in 2005 what would where they were deployed on the Government announced its intention to have seemed impossible just a few ground, MONUC aviation set new safe- forcibly disarm FDLR combatants oper- years earlier: more than 24 million ty records in the sky. The DRC is a vast ating in the east. Using its mandate to Congolese registered to vote. Between country with its infrastructure virtually protect civilians, MONUC peacekeep- June and December, MONUC provid- destroyed, and almost all key logistical ers and government forces launched a ed the country’s Independent transport is by air. On 18 October, when series of joint robust military opera- Electoral Commission with logistical, MONUC marked its sixth anniversary, tions that attempted to flush out the technical and advisory expertise. Voter the mission had recorded 130,000 hours rebels and clear their camps. These registration kits were distributed to of safe operations, yet another mile- operations while achieving some 9,000 registration centres throughout stone in UN peacekeeping. With a fleet impressive results, did not complete the even the most remote corners of the of 68 aircraft operating from more than full repatriation of the foreign armed DRC, a country the size of Western 60 airports and airfields, MONUC avia- groups. At several points throughout Europe. Some materials were even tion came to rival commercial carriers the year, intensified action by MONUC transported by canoe. The commit- and overtook them to become Africa's peacekeepers in Ituri and the Kivus ment of MONUC troops further largest airline. Furthermore, this infra- drew retaliatory fire from would-be allayed widespread fears that internal structure proved indispensable in the spoilers and hostile combatants. strife and violence would derail the transport of electoral kits, cargo and Thirteen blue helmets were killed in registration. In Ituri, almost 90 per- personnel in support of the organiza- combat in 2005, while dozens of others cent of the electorate registered, while tion of elections scheduled for 2006. suffered injuries. The most deadly inci- seven out of the DRC's 11 provinces dent happened on 25 February when completed the registration process. In the area of mission support and nine MONUC peacekeepers from Significantly also on 18 and 19 reform, MONUC took the lead

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 13 through its implementation of an “integrated mission” concept. Diverse Kosovo: Status talks get members of the UN family present in the DRC operated in tandem to underway achieve such results as the repatriation of Congolese refugees from Tanzania On 24 October, the UN Security tioned though that “standards” and and the production of cross-cutting Council provided the green light to “status” were not the be-all and end-all videos and radio programmes initiate the process to determine the of the political process leading to gen- designed to educate Congolese citizens future status of the ethnically-divided uine protection of minority rights by while mobilizing funds from the inter- Kosovo. The process began in the majority population. The national community. December under the leadership of Norwegian diplomat warned that Martti Ahtisaari, the UN Special political life in Kosovo could not be MONUC meanwhile set a tangible Envoy, thus marking the culmination consumed entirely by status talks, vital example for future peacekeeping oper- of a political process lasting six years as they would be. There was a huge ations with the opening on 1 March of and signalling, the beginning of the amount of work to be done even as the Office for Addressing Sexual Abuse next phase of the life of the UN talks proceeded, he emphasized. and Exploitation, the first of its kind in Interim Administration Mission in a peacekeeping mission. Eleven staff Kosovo (UNMIK). Meanwhile, in September, UNMIK members worked on policy develop- started working on six priority areas: ment, training, and advocacy, and also Over the past four years, UNMIK has continued implementation of the stan- investigated some 100 civilian and mil- attempted to implement policy accord- dards, a comprehensive reform of local itary cases over a six-month period. ing to the formula “Standards for government, improving security, build- The efforts of the office resulted in a Kosovo”,more generally known as “stan- ing local capacity, maintaining a safe total of 38 repatriations, dismissals and dards before status.”Under this arrange- and secure environment and restruc- criminal charges for severe misconduct. ment, Kosovo was expected to develop turing the mission itself. stable democratic institutions under Also, in 2005, Radio Okapi, the joint UNMIK administration before any Progress was already evident in some radio project launched in 2002 by decision could be made on its future sta- areas. UNMIK has drawn up a plan to MONUC Public Information and tus. The standards include promoting restructure its presence in Kosovo. It Foundation Hirondelle, a Swiss non- human rights, establishing the rule of initiated informal, technical-level governmental organization, became law and protecting minority rights. talks with the European Union and the largest national radio network not the Organization for Security and only in the DRC but also in the histo- The task was clearly huge, and Cooperation in Europe on contin- ry of UN peacekeeping. Broadcasting progress of the fledgling institutions of gency planning for possible future in both FM and shortwave transmis- Kosovo had been inconsistent. arrangements for their involvement in sion, Radio Okapi’s listenership sky- However, despite frustration on the Kosovo following the determination rocketed in all of country’s provinces, part of the majority Kosovo Albanians of its future status. The mission start- including in the capital Kinshasa. As over lack of progress toward their ulti- ed discussions with all Kosovo com- the electoral calendar unfolds in 2006, mate goal of independence, there have munities on their future security the radio network, with its credibility been some positive developments over arrangements. By the end of 2005, the established as the “voice of MONUC”, the past year. Significant steps have mission will commenced the transfer will serve as a key tool in helping vali- been taken in meeting the “standards”. of some police and justice responsibil- date the democratic electoral process Whereas security improved, imple- ities from UNMIK to the new min- and poll results even in the most iso- mentation in the area of rule of law istries of interior and justice. The lated corners of the country. was inconsistent. Progress has been transfer of police station management particularly slow in the protection of was completed, with all 33 police sta- During 2005 MONUC made consid- minority rights and return of internal- tions and five of the six regional erable advances towards meeting its ly displaced persons. police headquarters being run by core objectives. Its partners remained Kosovans at the end of 2005. optimistic that in 2006, the DRC's In October, Ambassador Kai Eide, who first independent elections in more was appointed by the UN Secretary- While the duration and eventual out- than 40 years would yield sustainable General to review the situation in come of status talks remained as yet peace and security, while also Kosovo, noted that progress in meeting uncertain, the Security Council deci- attempting to address the war’s legacy the standards had been uneven. sion meant that UNMIK had started through tangible humanitarian and However, he recommended starting down the road which will eventually the process leading to the determina- see it join growing group of successful economic development. I tion of Kosovo’s future status. He cau- peacekeeping missions. I

14 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 Ethiopia-Eritrea: Political stalemate continues amid rising tension

The year 2005 saw the stalemate in were also not possible. UNMEE, result of its initiatives, the forum the Ethiopia-Eritrea peace process joined by the UN Security Council took steps to improve management becoming more entrenched, and the and the Secretary-General, among of quick-impact projects, speed up possibility of an outbreak of war others, made urgent appeals, in vain, their adoption and get Mission funds increased as the year came to a close. to the Eritrean Government to lift the with minimum delays. Though the leadership of UNMEE ban immediately. continued to engage all stakeholders UNMEE, in collaboration with the in the peace process in an effort to In November, the Security Council International Committee of the Red resolve the deadlock, the two parties demanded that Eritrea lift all its Cross and the office of the UN High remained as polarised as ever. restrictions imposed on UNMEE and Commissioner for Refugees, contin- Sustained efforts by the international urged both parties to exercise maxi- ued to monitor and report human community to convince Eritrea to mum restraint and to return to the rights cases involving vulnerable engage Ethiopia in dialogue were also status that existed in December 2004, groups such as children and women, in vain. While Ethiopia continued to within 30 days. On 6 December, the especially abductions, disappearances reject significant parts of the decision Eritrean Government requested that and border crossing in the TSZ and of the Eritrea- Ethiopia Boundary UNMEE staff with nationalities from surrounding areas.

Commission (EEBC), Eritrea main- the US, Canada, Europe and the U N

tained its rejection of the Five-Point Russian Federation leave Eritrea with- M

Peace Plan that Ethiopia announced in 10 days, a decision which was E E

in November 2004. strongly condemned by the UN. In a P h

statement, the Secretary-General o t o

Two factors further worsened the ten- stressed that Eritrea’s decision contra- b y

sion. First, Ethiopia moved its armed vened its obligations under the H e forces closer to the Temporary Charter and the fundamental princi- l e n

Security Zone (TSZ), between ples of UN peacekeeping. a December 2004 and early 2005. M u l Although Ethiopia insisted the change The helicopter ban forced UNMEE to k e r was largely defensive, Eritrea viewed relocate some of its deployment sites n this as an aggressive stance. Ethiopia for the safety of peacekeepers and to s did not heed Security Council calls to avoid logistical problems. The deepen- reverse its decision. Then, on 5 ing stalemate and continued restric- October, Eritrea imposed a ban on all tions imposed on UNMEE also forced UNMEE helicopter flights in its air- the Security Council to authorise space, as well as many night-time UNMEE to temporarily relocate some patrols by the Mission’s vehicles inside of its personnel from Eritrea to the TSZ. The Government said the ban Ethiopia, an operation which was car- was needed to protect its territory, but ried out in December. the move generated suspicion within the international community – and These difficulties notwithstanding, more so in Ethiopia – as to Eritrea’s the Mission continued to focus its Deminers of the Bangladeshi Contingent real intentions. work on other important areas. For hard at work as part of UNMEE's Integrated example, in 2005, UNMEE’s humani- Demining Operations in the Temporary The helicopter ban immediately tarian component began to advocate Security Zone, Eritrea, 19 June 2005 reduced the Mission’s ability to mon- a more coordinated approach itor and observe developments in the towards the implementation of the In response to the stalemate, TSZ and its capability to warn the quick impact projects, the HIV/AIDS UNMEE increased its public infor- international community of any programme, sexual exploitation and mation activities by reaching com- impending danger. In addition, the abuse training, as well as the inclu- munities on both sides of the border ban endangered the safety of UNMEE sion of gender view points in its to raise awareness of UN days and peacekeepers deployed along the TSZ, work. A forum met regularly to the issues they represent. These as it meant that in the event of acci- coordinate work, exchange informa- activities were carried out in both dents, medical evacuations by air tion and implement projects. As a capitals as well as in the Sectors,

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 15 where they were received most tiative led to an immediate, significant For UNMEE, 2005 began with a note of enthusiastically by the public. rise in mine clearance at a much lower concern over the increased Ethiopian operational cost. So far UNMEE has troop strength close to the border. The UNMEE’s work to clear landmines in cleared millions of square metres of year ended on an even more disquiet- the TSZ has been largely successful. In minefields in some of the most heavi- ing note with the mission’s ability to 2005, UNMEE formed an “integrated” ly mined areas of the TSZ. The land monitor the TSZ degraded by some 60 approach to clearing landmines, com- has been returned to the local popula- percent due to the helicopter ban and bining the Mission’s military resources tion for farming and occupancy. other restrictions imposed by Eritrea with those of a private demining con- UNMEE’s unique approach to inte- on its ground patrols. The stalemate tractor, Mechem of South Africa. grated demining could serve as a remained intractable, and a real threat Mechem’s use of mechanical tech- model for future UN peace operations, of renewed hostilities existed between niques and mine detection dogs com- and has already been adopted by the Ethiopia and Eritrea, despite calls for plemented the manual demining UN mission in Sudan. restraint by the Security Council. I expertise of the peacekeepers. This ini-

Georgia: UNOMIG police mark two years U

The UN Observer Mission in Georgia N O

(UNOMIG) was established by the M I

Security Council in August 1993 to veri- G

fy the ceasefire agreement between the P h

Government of Georgia and the Abkhaz o t de-facto authorities in Georgia. Its man- o date was expanded following the signing by the parties of the 1994 Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces. Being a relatively small mission in a cur- rently generally calm area, UNOMIG has a tendency to be overshadowed by larger, multidimensional missions deployed in volatile situations.

It is often overlooked, however, that UNOMIG has been given one of the most extensive mandates, ranging from pursuing a comprehensive political settlement of the conflict to monitoring the ceasefire and other military arrangements agreed upon by the two parties. Additional responsibilities in the field of human rights and humanitarian activities, as well as recently added certain civilian police functions further enhance the level of complexity of the mission’s work. Police officers at an event marking the establishment of Georgia's first Policewomen’s Association in, Zugdidi-town, Georgia, November 2005 Since its arrival in Georgia two years Georgian Government-controlled conflict of 1992-1993. UN police offi- ago, a small team of UNOMIG police side of the ceasefire line. Abkhaz cers carry out patrols, train local officers have started to make its presence authorities, however, continued to police on law enforcement and human felt. The officers have gained the trust of refuse a UN police presence on their rights issues, provide equipment and the local population by working togeth- side of the line. forensic assistance. er with local law enforcement agencies, and have started helping build the The mandate of the UN police team The team’s biggest achievements to date capacity of the local police force. includes creating conditions that are in crime prevention and communi- would encourage the return of ty policing. UN police have set up sev- The team of 12 police officers from refugees and internally displaced per- eral crime-prevention committees in seven nations operates on the sons to their homes left during the cooperation with local and regional

16 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 police commanders. With the encour- The refusal by Abkhazia to allow the ness of anti-crime efforts. During his agement of an UNOMIG female police deployment of UN police officers in the brief visit to Georgia in November, UN officer, the local police force has set up Gali region continues to hamper coop- Secretary-General Kofi Annan empha- the Police Women’s Association, with eration across the ceasefire line. It has sized the importance of ensuring the the goal of encouraging more women also hindered progress in criminal inves- respect for rule of law and human rights to join the force. tigations and has limited the effective- in the conflict zone. I Other DPKO-led missions Other, long-term peacekeeping missions the Secretary-General appoint a Special senior officials in the Syrian and continued to provide valuable measures Adviser who would engage the parties Lebanese security services. On 15 of stability in areas where sustainable in exploring common ground needed December, the Security Council extend- peace has not yet been fully achieved. to resume talks. ed the inquiry into the assassination by a further six months, saying Syria had not A landmark bus service across the In the Middle East, the 31-year old UN cooperated fully with the investigators. Indian-Pakistani ceasefire line in Jammu Disengagement Observer Force In April, Syrian forces withdrew from and Kashmir was inaugurated on 7 April, (UNDOF) continued to observe the Lebanon at the request of the Security marking what UN Secretary-General ceasefire between Israeli and Syrian Council, which was followed by free and called “a powerful gesture of peace and an forces in the Golan Heights, a buffer fair elections in May and June. opportunity to reunite families divided zone set up after the 1973 Arab-Israeli for nearly 60 years.” The UN Military War. In calling for the renewal of In Western Sahara, the UN Mission for Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNDOF’s mandate in December, the the Referendum of Western Sahara (UNMOGIP) has been observing a UN Secretary-General noted that the (MINURSO) continued to play an impor- ceasefire in disputed state of Jammu and situation in the Middle East remained tant stabilizing and ceasefire monitoring Kashmir since 1949. The state was split tense and was likely to remain so. A role in the region. This was in spite of con- between India and Pakistan after they comprehensive settlement covering all tinued instability as a result of the political won independence from the United aspects of the Middle East problem was impasse between the Moroccan Kingdom in 1947. UNMOGIP also pro- needed to resolve the situation. In car- Government and the Frente POLISARIO vided assistance to the victims of the rying out its mandate, UNDOF was also independence movement, as well as con- powerful earthquake that struck north- assisted by military observers from the tinued violations of their military agree- ern Pakistan in October. After 57 years of UN Troop Supervision Organization ment and alleged human rights abuses. In UN presence, conflict has not resumed, (UNTSO) based in Jerusalem. addition to monitoring a ceasefire, the 14- and small steps towards reconciliation year old mission is also seeking to organize have increased. The UN played several roles in Lebanon a referendum in the former Spanish in 2005. The 40-year old UN Interim colony which Morocco has claimed as its In Cyprus, the situation remained gen- Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) continued own, and where the POLISARIO has been erally calm and stable along ceasefire to monitor a ceasefire to prevent further fighting for independence. A senior UN lines but progress toward a political escalation of sporadic outbreaks of vio- envoy, Peter van Walsum, who visited the solution was negligible at best. In 2005, lence that occurred in 2005 between area in October to break the political dead- the opening of additional crossing Hezbollah militia in Lebanon and Israel lock, concluded that the positions of most points and small increases in trade troops along the Blue Line the two coun- key players in the Western Sahara dispute between the Greek Cypriot and the tries. Violence along the Blue Line result- were “quasi-irreconcilable”, although they Turkish Cypriot communities ed in civilian casualties on both sides. In all held strong views on the need for a enhanced opportunities for people-to- July, the Security Council extended durable solution. While there was progress people contacts. The UN Peacekeeping UNIFIL’s mandate, acknowledging that on removing unexploded mines, and the Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) contin- the occasional exchange of fire in the release of 404 prisoners of war after 20 ued to enjoy generally good coopera- Shab’a farms area in Lebanon showed years of incarceration by the POLISARIO, tion from both sides, although there that the situation remained volatile and both sides continued to violate the cease- were no official contacts between them. fragile and could deteriorate at any time. fire by increasing their military presence in In June, former UN Under-Secretary- There was political tension and uncer- the restricted areas, staging incursions in General Kieran Prendergast, traveled to tainty in Lebanon following the assassi- the buffer zone and restricting movements Cyprus, Turkey and Greece for consul- nation of former Prime Minster Rafik of the UN military observers. Meanwhile, tations on how best the UN could help Hariri in February. The Secretary- MINURSO restructured its military posts bring about a settlement. He recom- General appointed a Special Envoy, by decreasing some stations while simulta- mended that the UN continue to offer Detlev Mehlis, to investigate the assassi- neously increasing the number of military its good offices to both sides and that nation. Mehlis’ investigation implicated observers. I

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 17 OTHER PEACE OPERATIONS

Afghanistan: Beyond the Bonn Agreement

Following last year’s historic presidential ment institutions managed the elections, electoral complaints were filed. The sin- elections that brought President Hamid particularly the military and the police. gle non-transferable voting system, Karzai’s government into office, Afghans under which people voted for individual once again headed to the polls in Threats and attacks on election workers candidates not political parties, saw September this year to elect a new parlia- and candidates failed to derail the many candidates without affiliation to ment, its first fully representative legisla- process. More than half of the 12.4 mil- any political party being elected into ture in three decades. The birth of the lion registered voters went to the polls, parliament at the expense of established new parliament also marked a successful with relatively few security incidents. political parties. conclusion of the Bonn Agreement, the About 5,800 candidates ran for election, political blueprint that has guided with 25 percent of the seats reserved for The 2005 parliamentary provincial Afghanistan’s transition to peace and women. In addition, women also won council elections, which were supported national reconciliation since it was seats in their own right in about 13 of by the United Nations, also presented signed in Germany in December 2001. the 34 provinces. It took more than a significantly greater challenges than in month to count and certify the elec- 2004, from the need for extensive civic The parliamentary election highlighted tions, and the final results were education to the transporting of voting the immense strides Afghanistan has announced in early November. materials to more than 26,000 polling made in a few short years. Civil society stations – roughly ten times last year’s and the media participated actively at In spite of positive changes, however, volume – with some ballots listing hun- every step of the process, and there was a turnout was lower than expected in dreds of candidates. UNDP started marked improvement in how govern- some parts of the country, and many training 270 parliamentary staff begin- a y n u D a t h s e r F y b o t o h P A M A N U / I P C O

Women mark their ballots in Afghanistan's National Assembly and Provincial Council elections, Kabul, 18 September 2005.

18 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 ning in February to ensure the smooth functioning of the legislature. The new Iraq: UNAMI underpins the Afghan parliament opened its first session in December, signaling the birth of transitional political process a new nation and the fulfillment of a promise made four years ago in Bonn. Although events in Iraq during 2005 were With UN assistance, Iraq was able to well chronicled in the media, the contri- meet each major stage during the past Meanwhile, the UN Mission in butions of the UN Assistance Mission in year’s political timetable as set by the Afghanistan (UNAMA) continued its Iraq (UNAMI) received less attention. Yet Security Council. Elections for the work supporting Afghan institutions in throughout the year, UNAMI’s team of Transitional National Assembly in the face of several challenges that includ- political, electoral, constitutional, infor- January 2005, organized by the IECI, ed persistent security problems, a boom- mation, humanitarian and human rights produced a Transitional Iraqi ing illegal economy fuelled by opium experts-- working mostly from within Government and set in motion the poppies, a weak justice system and gov- Baghdad’s International Zone and from process to draft a national constitu- ernment institutions susceptible to cor- Amman and Kuwait,--employed their tion. Intense negotiations over the ruption. Nonetheless, the groundwork that expertise and resources to assist the Iraqi drafting went on from May through UNAMA and its international partners people and government with their politi- mid-October, with the SRSG encour- laid over the past several years enabled cal and economic development. aging all parties to support the important steps to be made towards fur- process, and emphasizing that the ther stability and development. The mandate given UNAMI in Security constitution be inclusive and repre- Council resolution 1546 tasks the mis- sentative of all Iraqis. The disarmament, demobilization, and sion with facilitating the political reintegration programme, which begun process in Iraq and encouraging that During this period, UNAMI’s Office of in 2003, was completed in July. Of the process to be as inclusive and transpar- Constitutional Support provided techni- 63,380 ex-fighters who were disarmed ent as possible. In November 2005 the cal advice, capacity-building and donor under the programme, more than 60,000 Security Council reaffirmed UNAMI’s coordination. Together with UNDP, the had received or were undergoing training mandate with the passage of resolution Office also arranged for the printing and in agriculture or business. A few thousand 1637. To that end the Special dissemination of the constitution, while combatants joined the Afghan National Representative of the Secretary General the Iraqi authorities were responsible for Army, which is expected to reach its target and the UNAMI team engaged Iraqis of distributing it. UNAMI also mobilized strength of 43,000 by September 2007, all political and ethnic backgrounds the Iraqi media to raise public awareness three years ahead of schedule. The current throughout the year. of the entire process. plan provides for the training of 62,000 police officers, two-thirds of whom were As Iraq underwent the complexity of a With the 15 December elections for a trained by the end of the year. political transition process, UNAMI Council of Representatives, Iraq entered focused its activities on providing polit- the last phase of its formal transition UNAMA has also taken an active role in ical, electoral and constitutional sup- process under the Transitional mediating long-standing tribal disputes. port, while at the same time coordinat- Administrative Law. However, Iraq con- The most successful was the settlement ing donor assistance and providing sup- tinues to face significant challenges, par- in June of a 60-year-old feud between port for Iraq’s reconstruction and devel- ticularly with regard to national security, the Balkhel and Sabari tribes in Khost opment. The mission’s human rights which continues to be a daunting and province in the southeast. The dispute office monitored abuses and strove to elusive goal. had caused the death of dozens of peo- support the rehabilitation of Iraqi insti- ple in recent years, along with kidnap- tutions that would be responsible for While the tenuous security forced the pings, livestock losses, and the closure of improving the human rights situation in UN’s 95 international staff to remain an important road linking the affected the country. Terrorism, torture, arbi- largely confined to the Green Zone, the area to the provincial capital. trary detentions and extrajudicial UN deployed hundreds of local and killings continued to present a major international staff in Iraq at the peak of Even without continued insecurity, challenge to the rule of law. operations during 2005, including in Afghanistan faces enormous develop- Basra and Erbil. ment challenges. The government’s In 2005, the Iraqi people voted three endorsement in 2005 of Afghanistan’s times on the future of their country, On 12 November, 2005 Secretary- first Millennium Development Goals including a referendum on 15 October General Kofi Annan visited Iraq to reit- Report, drafted with UNDP and on the new Iraqi constitution. Through erate the UN’s commitments. UNAMA assistance, represented a cru- its assistance to the Independent cial step. The priority of the UN family in Electoral Commission of Iraq (IECI), In his last report of 2005, the Secretary- the country will be to assist Afghanistan the UN provided critical support to General cautioned that the December to meet the MDG targets. I these electoral processes. elections would not mark the end of the

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 19 n e t

r Political missions: a G k

r The main tasks for UN political mis- a sions, which are run by the M y

b Department of Political Affairs, are o

t to prevent or resolve deadly conflicts o

h around the globe and to consolidate P

N peace in societies emerging from war. U In May, the UN Mission of Support in Timor-Leste (UNMISET) completed its mandate after six years of steering the country’s independence from Indonesia. In its report released in July, the Commission of Experts set up to review the prosecution of serious crimes in Timor-Leste recommended that Indonesia review its prosecutions and that some cases of abuse be reopened.

As a testimony of UNMISET’s success and the country’s political stability, its successor, the UN Office in Timor- Secretary-General Kofi Annan Arrives in Baghdad, Iraq, 12 November 2005 Leste (UNOTIL), did not have peace- country’s political transition, “but the engaged in further implementing its keeping troops. The international beginning of a new phase in which Security Council mandate with a view to community had recognized that responsible politics and leadership will promoting national dialogue and recon- Timor-Leste was safe and peaceful and make the difference between success and ciliation and shaping the democratic that its authorities were able to take failure.” In 2006 UNAMI is to remain future of Iraq. I over the responsibility for maintaining internal and external security. UNSCO mediates, coordinates UN UNOTIL’s mandate included support in capacity building to Timor-Leste’s work in the Middle East state institutions, such as the national police. In December, as evidence of For Gaza, where the United Nations sides. Restrictions on the movement of the transformation of the world’s Special Coordinator’s Office (UNSCO) people and goods continued to have a newest nation from a beneficiary to a for the Middle East works to improve devastating impact on the Palestinian contributor to UN peacekeeping oper- the prospects for real peace, the high- economy. Israeli authorities eased ations, 10 UNOTIL-trained police light of 2005 was Israel’s unilateral restrictions somewhat on the move- officers from the Timor-Leste national withdrawal from the occupied ment of Palestinians in the West Bank police were deployed for peacekeeping Palestinian territories of Gaza Strip and this year by removing several military duties with the UN police contingents parts of the northern West Bank. The checkpoints, but numerous constraints in Kosovo. withdrawal raised hopes of a resump- to social and economic development tion of the peace process under the remained. As a consequence, a high Meanwhile, Timor-Leste’s relations Road Map, the peace plan presented to proportion of Palestinians now rely on with Indonesia continued to improve. the parties in 2003 by the Quartet, a humanitarian assistance. diplomatic grouping comprising the The UN Observer Mission in UN, the European Union, Russia and UN agencies continued to deliver Bougainville (UNOMB) ended in June the United States. humanitarian and development assis- with the swearing in of Bougainville’s tance under the leadership of first autonomous provincial govern- This hope, however, has yet to be met. UNSCO. Meanwhile, UNSCO contin- ment. The mission had helped to end Following the withdrawal, there was a ued its mediation efforts, bilaterally violence in the province of brief period of quiet before yet another with the parties to the peace process, Bougainville Island which had fought a cycle of violence was set in motion, and also as part of the wider interna- long secessionist struggle against causing deaths and injuries on both tional community. I

20 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 U

Papua New Guinea. During its stay in legislation on the prevention, treat- N the region, the UN was instrumental ment and control of HIV/AIDS. P h o

in negotiating, mediating and facilitat- t o ing the resolution of the decade-long The UN Political Office for Somalia b y I conflict that ended in 1998. The UN (UNPOS) provided intensive support a n

also supervised the collection and to the Somali National Reconciliation S t e destruction of some 2,000 weapons, Conference held in Nairobi, Kenya, e l pushed the parties to meet agreed pre- under the auspices of the Inter-govern- e election deadlines and ultimately facil- mental Authority on Development itated the election itself. (IGAD), and worked with international partners to help Somali leaders agree The main tasks for UN political on a transitional administration. missions, which are run by the Department of Political Affairs, By early 2005, the Conference had pro- are to prevent or resolve dead- duced a broad-based Transitional ly conflicts around the globe Federal Government which moved and to consolidate peace in back to Somalia in mid-2005 from its societies emerging from wars. temporary base in Nairobi. Somalia continued to be beset by seri- One of the demobilized women who recent- With The Central African Republic ous political problems, including an ly graduated as a police officer after train- gradually returning to a path of assassination attempt in November ing offered by UNDP, Hargeisa, Somalia, peace, economic recovery, recon- against Prime Minister Ali Mohammed 30 October 2005 struction and sustainable develop- Gedi in Mogadishu, and an increased ment, the UN Peacebuilding Support inflow of illegal weapons inside the commissions and 3,000 local election Office (BONUCA) continued to country in violation of the UN arms commission members took part in a pursue its mandate to strengthen embargo and political violence. series of seminars on international political dialogue and promote the election standards, election laws and rule of law. The UN Tajikistan Office of procedures in Tajikistan. Peacebuilding (UNTOP) was instru- However, the country’s economic mental in helping to build democratic The UN Office for West Africa recovery was hindered by an upsurge in institutions and foster peace in the (UNOWA) was active in promoting cross-border banditry and the prolifera- country during the vulnerable post- cooperation among UN peacekeeping tion of weapons in the sub-region. civil war period. It provided technical and political missions based in the assistance for the parliamentary elec- region. There was visible progress in The UN Peacebuilding Support tions in February 2005. maintaining political stability in Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNOG- Sierra Leone, and in Liberia,where BIS) supported the country’s presi- UNOWA used its good offices elections led to the election of the first dential elections in June and the run- women head of state in Africa, Ellen off held in July. On 1 October, the to coordinate UN support to Johnson-Sirleaf. winner, João Bernardo Vieira, was the region, mediate and sworn into office as President, ending organize meetings in an The situation in Togo stabilized after three decades of coups and counter- effort to address sub-regional days of violence caused by the death coups. With the swearing in of a new cross-border challenges to of former President Eyadema. leader, the country hoped to move peace and security. However, a political stalemate in Côte away from the divisions of the past d’Ivoire caused the postponement of towards a more harmonious and UNTOP’s human rights information the country’s elections. constructive future. resource centre became popular with Tajiks who were able to use it for study- Regional challenges included the flow However, political tensions along per- ing human rights, accessing the inter- of small arms and light weapons in sonality and party lines continued to net and receiving legal consultations. the region; disarmament, demobiliza- cast a shadow on the prospects for station and reintegration of former com- bility. Meanwhile, UNOGBIS contin- By the end of the year, UNTOP, with batants; the fight against HIV/AIDS; ued to promote the rule of law and support from UNDP, had trained refugees and displaced persons and human rights, consolidate peace and 1,100 police officers on human rights. youth unemployment. I assist national authorities in drafting More than 300 people from 41 district

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 21 CHALLENGES IN PEACE OPERATIONS DPKO stresses conduct and a duty of care Over the past year, DPKO set in motion Group of Legal Experts to study ways to sweeping reforms of the culture of strengthen the criminal accountability The Peacekeeper’s DUTY OF CARE peacekeeping, initiated in the wake of of UN personnel who commit crimes revelations of sexual exploitation and while serving on UN peacekeeping • You are privileged to have been select- abuse on peacekeeping missions during operations. DPKO is also working with ed to serve in a UN peacekeeping oper- the previous year. Member States to ensure effective fol- ation. This privilege confers upon you serious responsibilities towards the low up when offenders are repatriated. population you have come to serve. In June, the General Assembly approved a wide-ranging package of A task force led by the UN Secretariat's • When serving in a peacekeeping oper- recommendations proposed by the two high-level policy groups--the ation, you represent the United Secretary-General's Advisor on Sexual Executive Committee on Peace and Nations. The Blue Beret should be Exploitation and Abuse by UN Security and the Executive Committee on worn with pride and with awareness of Peacekeeping Personnel, Prince Zeid Humanitarian Affairs--worked through- its meaning to the world. Ra'ad Zeid Al-Hussein. out the year to develop the details of these policy changes. Meanwhile, the Deputy • The trust bestowed upon the United Subsequently DPKO established Secretary-General visited five peacekeep- Nations and the mandate entrusted to the Conduct and Discipline units at UN ing operations to carry the Secretary- United Nations by the international com- headquarters and in the eight largest General’s message of zero tolerance for munity call upon you to exercise the peacekeeping operations, prepared a sexual misconduct. highest standards of professional conduct far-reaching policy on victims assis- and behaviour, whether on or off duty. tance, launched communications and In the field, investigations into allega- public outreach strategies, designed tions of sexual exploitation and abuse • UN peacekeepers are deployed into and implemented mandatory training continued, now handled by the Office extraordinary situations in which local for personnel in all categories, strength- of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS). populations are often at extreme risk. ened management accountability, A comprehensive data base is being The entire population that we serve are worked to improve living conditions developed to track and report all mis- considered beneficiaries of our assis- and welfare for peacekeepers and made conduct cases. Since January 2004, tance. It is the duty of each peacekeep- progress in amending legal agreements investigations were completed of some er to protect the vulnerable and to of various categories of peacekeeping 291 peacekeeping mission personnel, refrain from doing harm. personnel to include prohibitions on resulting in the dismissal of 16 civilians, sexual exploitation and abuse. This the repatriation of 16 members of • UN peacekeepers have a unique oppor- included amendments to the memo- formed police units and 137 repatria- tunity to help populations emerging randa of understanding between the tions or rotations home on disciplinary from difficult conflict situations and to UN and troop-contributing countries. grounds of military personnel, includ- contribute to a lasting peace and stabil- The Secretary-General also appointed a ing six commanders. ity. Because of our sensitive role, mis- behaviour of one single peacekeeper g

n can diminish the positive role of the u

h entire UN. Maintain respect for the C

y local population and the highest stan- K

y dards of professionalism at all times. b o t o

h • Any form of exploitation or abuse of P the local population is unacceptable. N

U UN standards of conduct forbid sexual exploitation and abuse. These standards apply to all peacekeepers irre- spective of local customs or laws, or the customs or laws of your own country.

• The United Nations is an expression of the best hopes and aspirations of the international community. Each peacekeeper is an ambassador of this organization. Stay mindful of your role and of your responsibilities. Soldiers of ONUCI Ghanaian battalion 3 participate in sexual exploitation and awareness training, 22 July 2005

22 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 Mission such as MONUC in the DRC In order to reinforce the message that serv- population.DPKO is committed to eradicat- employed strict measures such as no-go ice with a UN peace operation is a privilege ing exploitation and abuse with preventative areas and establishments, curfews and not a right, DPKO introduced the and disciplinary measures while also re- policies requiring troops to wear uni- Peacekeepers Duty of Care (see box) and a enforcing the message that UN peacekeepers forms both on and off-duty. They also film on conduct which stresses the crucial make a real and tangible difference in peo- established focal points and hot lines to and unique relationships between individ- ples’ lives all over the world in a service too receive complaints from the public. ual peacekeepers and members of the host important to be derailed by misconduct. Gender in peacekeeping: an evolving field of practice This year saw remarkable progress in When a provisional survey showed that issued new policy guidelines on gender women’s participation in many aspects women made up only 25-30 percent of mainstreaming in March, with an action of peacekeeping in countries emerging those who registered to vote in Liberian plan finalized later in the year. from conflict. elections, the interim government launched a nation-wide awareness cam- The adoption of gender sensitive In Afghanistan, an action plan devel- paign encouraging women to register. approach in all aspects of peacekeeping oped by the United Nations Assistance UNMIL supported initiatives advocating remained a new area for the United Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) to the government to adopt laws that would Nations. Much more remains to be done improve the participation of Afghan give women 30 percent representation to ensure that all peacekeeping personnel women in political life continued to on all political parties’ candidates lists. and Member States alike embrace gender have a significant impact. The Election Although the Electoral Reform Law did mainstreaming as a critical strategy for Task Force chaired by UNAMA’s gender not include quotas, the political parties’ making peacekeeping more effective. I advisor worked with various women’s guidelines stipulated that 30 percent of M I groups to promote women’s representa- the candidates be women. In November, N U

tion in the election process both as vot- Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf was elected Africa’s S T ers and candidates. In the September first woman head of state. A parliamentary elections, 44 percent of H P h

the voters registered were women, an A full third of lawmakers in the new o t increase of 4 percent from the 2004 Burundi parliament are women, o b presidential elections. In the lower including the speaker of parliament y S o house of the new Parliament, 68 of 249 and several cabinet ministers. p h i seats were reserved for women. In addi- a P

tion, women also won seats in their own Despite progress achieved in involving a r i right in about 13 of the 34 provinces. women in peacekeeping missions, major s challenges remain, including ending Since the appointment of the first gen- sexual exploitation and abuse by some der advisor of the UN Office in peacekeepers. The UN’s zero tolerance Burundi (ONUB) in 2004, a major policy and strategies of prevention, focus has been disarmament, demobi- enforcement of discipline standards and lization and reintegration of women regulations, training and raising aware- fighters. As a result of the gender advi- ness, which the UN started implement- sor’s lobbying, the category of “women ing together with the Member States in fighters” was redefined to include not 2004, has started to have real impact. only active fighters but also women who supported the war in different While these steps are clearly needed, roles, including porters, cooks and sex- abuse cannot be prevented without ual slaves. Of the 485 women disarmed empowering women and girls through in Burundi, 231 joined the country’s gender mainstreaming, and the inclusion police force. Using the same method, of gender issues in all aspects of the UN’s A potential police recruit hoping to make the the UN Mission in Liberia facilitated work. To advance the efforts, the Under- minimun height (1.60m) required for a woman the disarmament and demobilization Secretary General for Peacekeeping to register to become a HNP recruit, Police of more than 21,000 women and girls. Operations, Jean-Marie Guehenno, Academy in Frere, Haiti, 16 November 2005

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 23 UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

as of 31 December 2005 Peacekeeping operation since 1948 ...... 60 Current peacekeeping operations ...... 15 Current peace operations directed and supported by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ...... 18

PERSONNEL Uniformed personnel ...... 69,748 Countries contributing military and police personnel ...... 108 International civilian personnel ...... 4,730 Local civilian personnel ...... 8,041 UN Volunteers ...... 1,649 Total number of personnel serving in peacekeeping operations ...... 83,808 Total number of fatalities in peace operations since 1948 ...... 2,226 Fatalities in 2005 ...... 121

FINANCIAL ASPECTS Approved resources for the period from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006...... About $5.03 billion Estimated total cost of operations from 1948 to 30 June 2006...... About $41.04 billion Outstanding contributions to peacekeeping (30 November 2005)...... About $1.99 billion NOTE: The term “uniformed personnel” refers to troops, military observers, and UN police.

24 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 CURRENT PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

UNTSO Since May 1948 UNMEE Since July 2000 United Nations Truce Supervision Organization Strength: United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea military observer 150; international civilian 104; local civilian 119; Strength: military observer 202; troop 3,130; international civilian total personnel 371 191; local civilian 228; UN volunteer 75; total personnel 3,837 Fatalities: 44 Fatalities: 13 Appropriation 2005: $29.04 million Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $185.99 million UNMOGIP Since January 1949 UNMIL Since September 2003 United Nations Military Observer Group in India United Nations Mission in Liberia and Pakistan Strength: military observer 197; troop 14,824; police 1,091; international Strength: military observer 42; international civilian 22; local civilian 552; local civilian 828; UN volunteer 286; total personnel 17,768 civilian 47; total personnel 110 Fatalities: 67 Fatalities: 11 Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $760.57 million Appropriation 2005: $8.37 million UNOCI Since April 2004 UNFICYP Since March 1964 United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus Strength: military observer 195; troop 6,698; police 696; interna- Strength: troop 840; police 69; international civilian 37; local civil- tional civilian 358 ; local civilian 424; UN volunteer 205; total ian 110; total personnel 1,057 personnel 8,541 Fatalities: 175 Fatalities: 14 Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $46.51 million including volun- Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $438.17 million tary contributions of one third from Cyprus and $6.5 million MINUSTAH Since June 2004 from Greece United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti UNDOF Since June 1974 Strength: troop 7,286; police 1,748; international United Nations Disengagement Observer Force civilian 449; local civilian 512; UN volunteer 171; total Strength: troop 1,047; international civilian 37; local civilian 105; personnel 10,108 total personnel 1,188 Fatalities: 13 Fatalities: 42 Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $541.30 million Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $43.71 million ONUB Since June 2004 UNIFIL Since March 1978 United Nations Operation in Burundi United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon Current strength: military observer 187; troop 5,170; police 82; Strength: troop 1,989; international civilian 100; local civilian 297; international civilian 316; local civilian 388; UN volunteer 146; total personnel 2,390 total personnel 6,466 Fatalities: 256 Fatalities: 20 Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $99.23 million Approved budget 07/05–06/06 $307.69 million MINURSO Since April 1991 UNMIS Since March 2005 United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western United Nations Mission in the Sudan Sahara Strength: authorized – troop 10,000; civilian police 715; Strength: military observer 195; troop 31; police 6; international proposed – international civilian 1,018; local civilian 2,632; civilian 120; local civilian 96; total personnel 449 UN volunteer 214; total personnel 14,579 Fatalities: 14 Current strength: military observer 467; troop 4,009; police 289; inter- Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $47.95 million national civilian 526; local civilian 1,023; UN Volunteers 71; UNOMIG Since August 1993 total personnel 5,783 pproved budget 07/05–06/06: $969.47 million United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia A Strength: military observer 122; police 12; international civilian 107; local civilian 187; UN volunteer 2, total personnel 419 Missions completed in 2005: Fatalities: 10 UNAMSIL (22 October 1999 – 31 December 2005) Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $36.38 million United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone UNMIK Since June 1999 Peak strength: (31 March 2002); military 17,368; UN Police 87; United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo international civilian 322; local civilian 552 Strength: military observer 37; police 2,146; international civilian Fatalities: 188 623; local civilian 2,289; UN volunteer 202; total personnel 5,482 Total expenditures: $2.8 billion Fatalities: 42 UNMISET (20 May 2002 - 20 May 2005) Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $252.55 million United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor MONUC Since November 1999 Peak strength: (31 August 2002): military 4,776; UN police 771; United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic international civilian 465; local civilian 856; Republic of the Congo Fatalities: 25 Strength: military observer 707; troop 15,046; police 1,038; international Total estimated expenditures: $565 million civilian 828; local civilian 1,388; UN volunteer 491; total personnel 19,247 Fatalities: 75 Approved budget 07/05–06/06: $1,153.89 million

NOTE: UNTSO and UNMOGIP are funded from the United Nations regular biennial budget. Costs to the United Nations of the other current operations are financed from their own separate accounts on the basis of legally binding assessments on all Member States. For these missions, budget figures are for one year unless otherwise specified. All budgets include requirements for the support account for peacekeeping operations and the UN Logistics Base in Brindisi (Italy).

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 25 UNITED NATIONS POLITICAL AND PEACEBUILDING MISSIONS

as of 31 December 2005

NUMBER OF MISSIONS ...... 11

PERSONNEL Uniformed personnel ...... 139 International civilian personnel ...... 817 Local civilian personnel ...... 1,741 UN Volunteers ...... 163 Total number of personnel serving in political and peacebuilding missions ...... 2,860

26 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 CURRENT POLITICAL AND PEACE-BUILDING MISSIONS

UNAMA* Since 28 March 2002 UNTOP Since 1 June 2000 United Nations Assistance Mission in United Nations Tajikistan Office of Peacebuilding Afghanistan Representative of the Secretary-General for Tajikistan: Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Jean Vladimir Sotirov (Bulgaria) Arnault (France) Strength: international civilian 10; police adviser 1; Strength: international civilian 185; local civilian 751; local civilian 18 military observer 11; civilian police 7; UN volunteer 42 Office of the Special Since 29 November 2001 BONUCA Since 15 February 2000 Representative of the Secretary-General United Nations Peacebuilding Office in the for West Africa Central African Republic Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah (Mauritania) Strength: international civilian 7; local civilian 7 BONUCA: Lamine Cissé (Senegal) Strength: international civilian 25; military advisers 5; UNAMI Since 14 August 2003 police 6; local civilian 44; UN volunteer 2 United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq: Office of the Special Since 19 December 1997 Ashraf Jehangir Qazi (Pakistan) Representative of the Secretary-General Authorized strenght: 816 (344 international, 472 local) for the Great Lakes Region Current strength (staff based in Iraq, Jordan and Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Kuwait): international civilian 222; local civilian 365; Ibrahima Fall (Senegal) military advisor 5 Strength: international civilian 8; local civilian 8 UNOTIL* Since 21 May 2005 UNOGBIS Since 3 March 1999 United Nations Office in Timor-Leste United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in Special Representative of the Secretary General and Guinea-Bissau Head of Office: Sukehiro Hasegawa (Japan) Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of Strength: international civilian 158; local civilian 281; UNOGBIS: João Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique) military advisor 15; police 57; UN volunteer 36 Strength: international civilian 11; military adviser 2; police adviser 1; local civilian 13 UNIOSIL* Since 1 January 2006 United Nations Integrated Office in Sierra Leone UNSCO Since 1 October 1999 Executive Representative for UNIOSIL: Victor da Silva Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator Angelo (Portugal) for the Middle East Strength: international civilian 159; local civilian 228; Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process military observers 10; police 20; UN volunteer 83 and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority: Alvaro de Soto (Peru) Mission completed in 2005: Strength: international civilian 27; local civilian 23 UNOMB 1 January 2004 - 30 June 2005 UNPOS Since 15 April 1995 United Nations Observer Mission in Bougainville United Nations Political Office for Somalia Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of UNPOS: Francois Lonseny Fall (Guinea) Strength: international civilian 5; local civilian 3

* Political or peacebuilding mission directed and supported by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. All other political and peacebuilding missions are directed by the Department of Political Affairs. For information on political and peace-building missions, visit the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/prev_dip/fst_prev_dip.htm

YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 27 PEACEKEEPING CONTRIBUTIONS

Military observers, Police and Troops as of 31 December 2005

No. Country Police Milob Troops Total No. Country Police Milob Troops Total 1. Albania 3 3 55. Lebanon 2 2 2. Algeria 10 2 12 56. Lithuania 8 8 3. Argentina 26 7 864 897 57. Madagascar 6 6 4. Australia 18 23 9 50 58. Malawi 27 37 112 176 5. Austria 24 15 385 424 59. Malaysia 16 52 7 75 6. Bangladesh 478 92 8,959 9,529 60. Mali 35 49 3 87 7. Belgium 15 1 16 61. Moldova 9 1 10 8. Benin 77 32 312 421 62. Mongolia 5 5 9. Bolivia 21 223 244 63. Morocco 5 1,701 1,706 10. Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 14 37 64. Mozambique 6 12 18 11. Brazil 14 30 1,226 1,270 65. Namibia 7 21 862 890 12. Bulgaria 52 8 2 62 66. Nepal 431 41 2,994 3,466 13. Burkina Faso 169 23 2 194 67. Netherlands 9 14 1 24 14. Cambodia 4 4 68. New Zealand 12 1 13 15. Cameroon 135 4 139 69. Niger 104 27 367 498 16. Canada 136 40 211 387 70. Nigeria 374 84 1,954 2,412 17. Central African Republic 11 11 71. Norway 27 29 8 64 18. Chad 34 12 46 72. Pakistan 394 107 8,498 8,999 19. Chile 23 6 541 570 73. Palau 2 2 20. China 197 71 791 1,059 74. Paraguay 46 6 52 21. Congo 5 5 75. Peru 31 214 245 22. Cote d’Ivoire 8 8 76. Philippines 113 30 340 483 23. Croatia 5 20 9 34 77. Poland 129 21 555 705 24. Czech Republic 17 14 31 78. Portugal 16 6 22 25. Denmark 25 33 7 65 79. Republic of Korea 28 21 49 26. Djibouti 40 40 80. Romania 191 54 245 27. Dominican Republic 4 4 81. Russia 115 96 1 212 28. Ecuador 25 68 93 82. Rwanda 15 255 270 29. Egypt 50 69 623 742 83. Samoa 21 21 30. El Salvador 21 16 37 84. Senegal 416 41 1,388 1,845 31. Estonia 2 2 85. Serbia and Montenegro 7 8 6 21 32. Ethiopia 22 3,388 3,410 86. Sierra Leone 7 250 257 33. Fiji 55 2 57 87. Slovakia 2 290 292 34. Finland 8 28 4 40 88. Slovenia 15 2 17 35. France 152 38 392 582 89. South Africa 26 1,984 2,010 36. Gabon 5 5 90. Spain 43 7 203 253 37. Gambia 30 16 3 49 91. Sri Lanka 40 11 961 1,012 38. Germany 252 17 24 293 92. Sweden 64 27 236 327 39. Ghana 84 62 2,374 2,520 93. Switzerland 7 18 1 26 40. Greece 11 13 2 26 94. Thailand 3 177 180 41. Guatemala 26 189 215 95. Timor-Leste 10 10 42. Guinea 96 19 115 96. Togo 10 18 300 328 43. Honduras 12 12 97. Tunisia 50 474 524 44. Hungary 10 14 82 106 98. Turkey 236 5 3 244 45. India 381 93 6,810 7,284 99. Uganda 33 12 2 47 46. Indonesia 24 175 199 100. Ukraine 202 32 486 720 47. Iran 3 3 101. United Kingdom 69 14 266 349 48. Ireland 18 26 429 473 102. United Rep. of Tanzania 3 18 3 24 49. Italy 38 21 53 112 103. United States of America 359 18 10 387 50. Jamaica 15 15 104. Uruguay 16 67 2,345 2,428 51. Japan 30 30 105. Vanuatu 9 9 52. Jordan 739 76 2,888 3,703 106. Yemen 9 26 1 36 53. Kenya 62 79 1,341 1,482 107. Zambia 50 49 352 451 54. Kyrgyzstan 5 14 19 108. Zimbabwe 70 20 90 POLICE UNMO TROOP * Includes 90 uniformed personnel from UNAMA, UNOTIL and UNIOSIL, which are political or peacebuilding missions also directed and supported by the Totals 7,241 2,527 60,070 Department of Peacekeeping Operations Grand total in PKO 69,838*

28 YEAR IN REVIEW 2005 PEACEKEEPING 2005 IN A SNAP SHOT

India - 7,284 Top 10 Troop Contributors Pakistan - 8,999 As of 31 December 2005 Jordan - 3,703

Bangladesh - 9,529 Nepal - 3,466

Ethiopia - 3,410

Ghana - 2,520

Others - 24,077 Uruguay - 2,428 Nigeria - 2,412

South Africa - 2,010

Surge in Troops: 1995-2005

As of 31 December of each year 70,000 69,838 64,720 60,000

50,000 47,108 45,815 40,000 37,773 39,652 31,031 30,000 24,919 20,000 18,460 14,879 14,347* 10,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 * As of 30 November 2004 Troop Strength of UN Peace Operations in Africa

As of 31 December 2005

18,000 16,791 16,112 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 7,589 6,000 5,439 4,765 4,000 3,332 2,000 232

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